And it must be remembered that questions of public economy are also questions of public honesty and morality, and of consti¬ tutional freedom. Experience has shown that, when the public money is lavishly granted, efficiency in the public service is little cared for. It is a moral and a social evil to maintain great masses of men in idleness, whether as military or as civil servants of the Crown, and to interfere, as fleets and armies must of ne¬ cessity interfere, with the domestic institutions and habits con¬ genial to our nature. Mr. Disraeli has been ridiculed foi so much as mentioning the jealousy with which our forefathers regarded standing armies, but, as we think, unjustly. Even at this moment, salaried military offices, apart from mere pay and allowances, are bestowed upon members of Parliament without the checks that are applied to the dispensation of civil appoint¬ ments. Though the army is unlikely to escape from Parlia¬ mentary control, it is not so sure that we may not see it placed in dangerous connection, and that, too, under the name of Army Reform, with Parliamentary influence. Of the navy the pa¬ tronage has never been thoroughly dissociated from party. The needless enlargement of classes who live on public salary is a great mischief and a great injustice to the people ; and the passion for military public works at we know not how many points and places adds largely to the influence upon elections possessed by the Government of the day. The new Parliament cannot, we apprehend, proceed to busi¬ ness before the middle of May. Whitsuntide will by time- hallowed usage claim its recess, whether a shorter or a longer one. June and July will scarcely afford more nights to the Government for the transaction of its business than will be ab¬ sorbed by the estimates and in the completion of its interrupted financial proposals. The attempt will doubtless be made to force a Reform Bill upon the Ministry, or the Ministry upon a Reform 582 The New Parliament and its Wovlt. Reform Bill. But Lord Palmerston will be justified in pleading the time necessary for maturing a plan ; and if he is prepared to promise a measure of the kind for next year, he will at once checkmate Lord John Russell for what remains of the present session. The proposal of Mr. Locke King will, we presume, be renewed ; but, upon the merits of the case at least, he can have no difficulty in renewing his just resistance to that crude, partial, and merely unsettling measure. At the same time it may be found hard to justify the statement of Lord Granville, made just before the elections, that the Government only determined to oppose the Bill upon seeing a draft of it, which draft, it now appears, never existed. But that statement, like the repudiation of Commissioner Yeh by the Emperor of China, did its work. A promise, then, of a Reform Bill is clearly the utmost that can be obtained from the Minister during the present Session. Will he give such a promise? If he does, it will be heard with disappointment by those who grudge him the nine months’ further lease of power with tranquillity, not very far removed in his case from the old otium cum dignitate, which it will secure him ; but with grim satisfaction by those of his foes who have accu¬ rately forecasted the difficulties in which it is likely to involve him when the day of ledemption comes. Respect is one thing, popularity and temporary ease are another. With a view to the latter, we might counsel him to give the pledge ; but it will be known to be given insincerely. Whatever else he may earn, he will earn respect by refusal, because it will be known that it can only be dictated by his conscience, and is in keeping with his true sentiments. It is needless to repeat the reasons why we cannot regard Lord Palmerston with confidence ; or why we have looked upon him as one who appreciates neither freedom nor autho¬ rity, neither progress nor tradition, and as the author of great political and greater moral mischief in the sphere of public affairs. The negative merit of hostility to reform which has secured him so much favour in the elections from the less instructed portion of the Conservative party, is one that we cannot fully appreciate until we can be satisfied that it does not mean indifference to improvement, and that it will not give way at the proper time to considerations of ministerial convenience. Why should it prove more durable than his famous resistance to the second Conferences at Paris, followed by their meeting ? or than his support of Mr. Crampton in America, fallowed by his exjmlsion ? or than his hardy assertion of our right to Ruatan, followed by its abandonment ? or than his announced intention to send a fleet to Naples, followed by keep- The New Parliament and its Work, 583 ing it at Malta? If he give way, will those who have relied on his firmness be able to deny, that his whole career have given them warning of what they had reason expect? But we have no patent privilege for interpreting the future ; and Lord Palmerston may yet die the martyr of the Constitution. He may, relying on the means of resistance which his fonder followers and his ordinary opponents will supply, refuse to coun¬ tenance a democratic measure of reform. In such case we trust that, irrespective of general confidence, he will receive from the independent portion* of the House a warm support, stinted neither by the recollection of what they have disapproved, nor by any unworthy jealousy of his perpetuating his power. Upon one point it is essential that all politicians really con¬ servative should be wary and resolute — it is upon maintaining the distinct character of the county representation. It may be possible to maintain this character without refusing the pruden¬ tial franchise which was proposed in 1854 for depositors in Savings Banks and the like, or the fiscal franchise dependent on the payment of a certain amount of direct taxes, or the educa¬ tional franchise of professional men. But it must never for a moment be forgotten that property and beneficial interest are the basis of the county franchise, as occupancy is the basis of the franchise for boroughs. It is urged, indeed, that the fifty-pound, or Chandos clause, has divested the county franchise of this character. We entirely deny it. Whatever there may be in law, there is in fact and by custom a beneficial interest in farming- tenancies, whether under lease or not. It may be said that this is a proof of the immense power of the landlord over voters of such a class. Whatever the theory of that power may be, we have yet to learn that it is in practice either excessive or mis¬ used : the social and moral restraints upon it, spontaneously acknowledged, appear to prevent its degenerating into mischief. But the fact remains, that, if such a power exist, it is because of the interest of the tenant in his holding, which is entirely different from a mere house-tenancy. In short, it may well deserve consideration whether, at least below a certain amount of rating, a legislative distinction could be drawn between mere inhabitancy and occupancy for the cultivation of land. The ob¬ servation of this distinction might tend to make a Parliamentary Reform practicable, which, without it, would break down ; for if town constituencies are to flood the counties, the counties will never bear the continuance of the disproportion between their share of the representation and that which has fallen to the lot of the towns. The irresistible demand that they will make can only be met either by sweeping disfranchisement, or by the abolition 584 The New Parliament and its Work. abolition of all our ancient landmarks, and a complete re¬ distribution of the country in departments. But any Bill which attempts the one or the other will probably make shipwreck both of itself and of the Ministry by which it may be proposed. Upon the whole, the Ministerial house is more glittering than comfortable. The unhappy itch for foreign quarrels has, we trust, received a check from the great defeat on China: nothing short of madness can induce Lord Palmerston to court his fate by provoking an assault on Persian ground, which he will be fortunate indeed if, even with the use of all possible prudence for the future, he escapes. But that itch may return ; and it is plain that, as regards the interior at least of Parliament, the spell by which he once bound or baffled his adversaries is now broken. The financial difficulties which he has stored up for next year, in order to purchase popularity for this one, are not far ahead. His failure in legislation up to this lime will be remembered : and the plea, such as it was, which he derived from the want of an overwhelming majority, has disappeared. The wave which has borne him to the shore, may dash him to pieces now that he is there. But he may plausibly, if not justly, urge the advanced period of the season ; the evil of bringing in measures without a reasonable prospect of carrying them into law ; and especially of reviving projects which have failed a thousand times — such as the plans for reforming the ecclesiastical jurisdiction — unless with some improvement of composition or of circumstances sufficient to warrant him in casting for them a better horoscope. But, more than any other subject, Parliamentary Reform will probably task those remarkable instincts of self-preservation in which he has always shown himself to excel, not mankind only, but even birds, beasts, and fishes : for, in acceding to what may be a popular demand, he may find himself involved in a most unpopular undertaking ; and in binding himself by pledges, while other men, sections, and parties remain unfettered, he will leave to them the power, to be exercised at their convenience, of com¬ plaining against him either for too little or too much ; of at once claiming property in his strong points, and selecting his weak ones for attack ; of keeping abreast of him, or even marching ahead of him in his hits, and leaving to him the undivided re¬ sponsibility of his failures, in a matter where to fail ordinarily means to perish. AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY. BY VARIOUS WRITERS. EDITED BY WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D., CLASSICAL EXAMINER IN TIIE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. Profusely Illustrated, and Complete in Six large Vols., medium 8vo., COMPRISING - Page I. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES . 3 II. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY . 4 III. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY . . 5 Ruins of the Olympieium at Athens. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, AND WALTON AND VIABLE LY, UPPER GOWER STREET. 1857. 2 DR. VM. SMITH’S CLASSICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA. LIST OP WRITERS. ALEXANDER ALLEN, Ph.D. CHARLES THOMAS ARNOLD, M.A., one of the Masters in Rugby School. JOHN ERNEST BODE, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. GEORGE FERGUSON BOWEN, M.A., late Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. CHRISTIAN A. BRANDIS, Ph.D., Professor in the University of Bonn. EDWARD HERBERT BUNBURY, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. GEORGE BUTLER, M.A., late Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. ALBANY JAMES CHRISTIE, M.A., late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH, M.A., late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH COTTON, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; Head Master of Marlborough College. SAMUEL DAVIDSON, LL.D. WILLIAM FISHBURN DONKIN, M.A., Sa- vilian Professor of Astronomy in the Uni¬ versity of Oxford. WILLIAM BODHAM DONNE. THOMAS DYER. EDWARD ELDER, M.A., Head Master of the Charterhouse School. JOHN THOMAS GRAVES, M.A., F.R.S. WILLIAM ALEXANDER GREENIIILL, M.D., Trinity College, Oxford. ALGERNON GRENFELL, M.A., one of the Masters in Rugby School. WILLIAM MAXWELL GUNN. J. S. IIOWSON, M.A., Principal of the Col¬ legiate Institution, Liverpool. WILLIAM IHNE, Ph.D., of the University of Bonn. EDWARD BOUCHER JAMES, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Queen’s College, Oxford. BENJAMIN JOWETT, M.A., Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford. CHARLES RANN KENNEDY, M.A., late Fel¬ low of Trinity College, Cambridge. THOMAS HEWITT KEY, M.A., Head Master of University College School, London. ROBERT GORDON LATHAM, M.A., late Fel¬ low of King’s College, Cambridge. HENRY GEORGE LIDDELL, D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. GEORGE LONG, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. JOHN MORELL MACKENZIE, M.A. JOHN SMITH MANSFIELD, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. CHARLES PETER MASON, B.A., Fellow of University College, London. JOSEPH CALROW MEANS. nENRY HART MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul’s. AUGUSTUS DE MORGAN, Professor of Mathe¬ matics in University College, London. WILLIAM PLATE, LL.D., of the University of Bonn. CONSTANTINE ESTLIN PRICHARD, M.A., Fellow of Baliol College, Oxford. WILLIAM RAMSAY, M.A., Professor of Hu¬ manity in the University of Glasgow. ANTHONY RICH, Jun., B.A., of Caius College, Cambridge. JOHN ROBSON, B.A., of the University of London. LEONHARD SCHMITZ, Ph.D., LL.D., Rector of the High School of Edinburgh. PHILIP SMITH, B.A., Head Master of Mill Hill School. ARTHUR PENRIIYN STANLEY, M.A., Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Oxford. ADOLPH STAHR, Ph.D., late Professor in the Gymnasium of Oldenburgh. LUDWIG URLienS, Ph.D., late Professor in the University of Bonn. W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., of the British Mu¬ seum. HENRY WALFORD, M.A., of Wadham College, Oxford. ROBERT WIIISTON, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. GEORGE WILLIAMS, B.D., Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. RALPH NICHOLSON WORNUM. JAMES YATES, M.A., F.R.S. From the Quarterly Review, July 1854. “ The British Classical Public has long ago delivered a unanimous verdict in favour of Dr. IV m. Smith’s Dictionaries, and it would be superfluous to commend in detail a series of works to which every scholar pays the tribute of habitual and constant reference. Ihey are as complete and critical a digest of the whole rauge of subjects which they treat as could reasonably be expected from even the strong phalanx of able contributors which the learned and accomplished editor has united for his undertaking, and will long remain the best and eompletest works on the important body of subjects which they embrace.” DR. WM. SMITH’S CLASSICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA i. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. EDITED BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. SECOND EDITION. REVISED, WITH VERY NUMEROUS ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS. With numerous Woodcuts. One Volume, 8vo. 21. 2s. This Work comprehends all the topics of Antiquities, properly so called, including the laws, institutions, and domestic usages of the Greeks and Romans; Painting, Sculpture, Music, the Drama, and other subjects on which correct information can be obtained elsewhere, only by consulting a large number of costly works. “Great improvements have been made in this work since the first edition. Many of the most important articles have been re-written, several omitted subjects supplied, and the whole subjected to thorough revision. Beside the additional illustrations, the present volume contains more than three hundred pages of new matter. It is decisive evidence how greatly such a book was wanted that a large impression should have been sold so quickly, and we hope that no less success will reward the spirit and enterprise of the publishers till the whole of Dr. Smith’s plan shall be completed. The 4 Dictionary of Biography ’ is already, we believe, nearly finished ; and this, with the promised * Dictionary of Geography,’ and the work we have been noticing, will form an Encyclopaedia of the classic ages such as no country yet can boast. An undertaking honourable to all concerned in it, and challenging eager support from every lover and student of the classics.” — Examiner. “In the Pandora of May 19, 1855, a Journal published twice a month at Athens, we find proposals for a translation of Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities into modern Greek. The translator, Mr. Pantazis, applied to the Minister of Education for a contribution to his great undertaking, and received a most favourable reply, in which Dr. Smith’s services are recognised far more warmly than they will be for some time to come by the British Government. Ilis Dictionary is styled ‘tt}? 'EAAt 7- vucrjs apxai.o\oyCa<; \e%LKOv tov QinttiS Sen' ov nepl to eZSos touto tt)s ap^ato/xafletas ’’A'yyAov, W. Smith.’ ‘ Tlie Lexicon of Greek Archaeology of the Englishman W. Smith, who is truly terribly clever in that kind of ancient learning.’ ” — Eclectic Review , Dec. 1855. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, AND WALTON AND MABERLY. 4 DR. WM. SMITH’S CLASSICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. ii. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. EDITED BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. With numerous Woodcuts. Three Volumes, 8vo. 51. 15s. 6d. This title has been given to the Work to indicate that it contains an account of all the persons mentioned in the Greek and Roman writers : but it is, in fact, a Dictionary of Ancient Biography in the widest acceptation of the term (with the exception of Scrip¬ tural names), and it contains a history of the Ancient World, civil, literary, and eccle¬ siastical, from the earliest times to the downfall of the Roman empire. “As we have mentioned the work, we may add that the title gives a very inadequate idea of the contents, as regards either extent or quality. Who would suppose that it contains the Fathers of the Church, and also heretics of note ? Who would look here for an account (the best it has ever been our fortune to see) of the works of St. Jerome? Indeed, it is not easy to determine how low down in point of date it was intended to come. We have a copious account of Theodore Gaza, who died a.d. 1478. Many of the articles are elaborate dissertations, and some of them highly interesting, e.g. that on Epictetus. The genealogical tables, too, are of great value ; and the engravings of coins thickly scattered over the volume give it a living character. Altogether, this Dictionary — the work of thirty- six scholars — all names of note, who. have made great use of the best German writers — is, on most subjects connected with Greek and Roman literature, in the Christian as well as heathen sense, a library in itself.” — English Journal of Education. “ It is a pleasing duty to notice the completion of this admirable work. It is enough to say that it is superior to everything of the kind in our own language. The truth is, that we have nothing which will at all stand comparison with it. And it is not only relatively to others above and beyond all con¬ trast or resemblance, but absolutely, considered in reference to its own merits and usefulness, it is a production on account of which England may well be both proud and thankful.” — Classical Museum. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, AND WALTON AND MABERLY. DR. WM. SMITH’S CLASSICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 5 m. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY. EDITED BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. With numerous Woodcuts. Two Volumes, 8vo. 4 1. (Now Ready. ) Arch of Constantine. This Work, though called a “Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,” is, in reality, a Dictionary of Ancient Geography in the widest acceptation of the term. Our knowledge of ancient geography has been much enlarged within the last few years by the researches of modern travellers, many of whom have united an accurate knowledge of the ancient writers with great powers of observation and accuracy of description. There are few countries of the ancient world which have not been explored and described by our own countrymen ; but a knowledge of the results thus obtained is confined to a small number of persons, and has not yet been made available for the purposes of instruction. Hitherto there has not existed, either in the English or in the German language, any work sufficiently comprehensive and accurate to satisfy the demands of modern scholarship. The German works upon this subject are unusually scanty. In English the only sys¬ tematic works worthy of mention are the well-known treatises of Cramer upon Greece, Italy, and Asia Minor ; which, however, have now become obsolete. Since the publi¬ cation of his “Greece,” for instance, we have had the incomparable travels of Colonel Leake, the results of the discoveries of the French Commission in the Peloponnesus, and the works of Ross, Ulrichs, Curtius, and other learned German travellers. No apology is therefore necessary for the publication of a new work upon Ancient Geography , which is in many respects more needed by the student than the two former Dictionaries. Preface. Preparing for Publication. HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. Forming a Companion Work to the ‘ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.’ 4to. 4 DICTIONARY of BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES, BIOGRAPHY, A and GEOGRAPHY. Woodcuts. 8vo. Uniform with the ‘Dictionaries of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Biography, and Geography.’ LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, AND WALTON AND MABERLY. 6 DR. WM. SMITH’S CLASSICAL ENCA'CLOPiEDIA. The Parthenon. OPINIONS OF SCHOLARS. The Right Honourable SIR G. CORNEWALL LEWIS, Bart., M.P. “ I have been for some time in the habit of using the Dictionaries of Antiquity and Ancient Biography, as well as the Dictionary of Ancient Geography, and I have no hesitation in saying, from my knowledge of them, that they are far superior to any other publications of the same sort in our language. They are works which every student of ancient literature ought to consult habitually, and which are indis¬ pensable to every person engaged in original researches into any department of antiquity.” GEORGE GROTE, Esq. “ I willingly bear testimony to the great value of your Dictionaries of Classical Antiquities, of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, and of Greek and Roman Geography. I have had frequent occasion to consult these works, and have derived from them great assistance and instruction. In no other publications known to me is so much trustworthy information got together and rendered easily accessible for elucidating matters of fact connected with the history of Greece and Rome. I think you have performed the editorial duty in a manner highly creditable and successful. To ensure completeness of the general plan, as well as accuracy in the details — to apportion suitably a limited space among so many distinct persons and places — must have required from the Editor not only much labour and discrimi¬ nation, but also a comprehensive acquaintance with the ancient world as a whole.” WILLIAM MARTIN LEAKE, Esq., F.R.S. “ The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography edited by Dr. William Smith is a work of so much utility to the study of ancient history, and of such general import¬ ance to classical education and the progress of knowledge, that its extensive circulation wherever the English language is spoken or read may confidently be anticipated.” WILLIAM MURE, Esq., of Caldwell. “ ^ 'iavc much pleasure in expressing the high estimate which I have formed of Dr. William Smith’s many valuable works, which have been for some years past in general circulation. I consider his Dictionary of Classical Biography more especially, which I have been much in the habit of using as an aid to my own studies, as the most complete work of its kind, in so far as my knowledge extends, which exists.” DR. WM. SMITH’S CLASSICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 7 Rev. W. H. THOMPSON, M.A., Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge. “ In common with all scholars of my acquaintance, I consider myself under great obligations to you for the zeal and diligence with which you have performed your editorial task in completing your three very important Dictionaries. They contain a large proportion of most able articles, and must contribute in no mean degree to raise and sustain the character of English scholarship. It is obvious that no scholar’s library can pretend to be complete without them.” Rev. HENRY G. LIDDELL, D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford ; late Head Master of Westminster School. “ The fame and success of Dr. Smith’s Dictionaries is their best recommendation. I consider their publication to have conferred a great and lasting service on the cause of classical learning in this country.” Rev. CHARLES J. VAUGHAN, D.D., Head Master of Harrow School. “ I have much pleasure in expressing my sense of the invaluable services rendered to the cause of Greek and Latin literature, and of classical education gene¬ rally, by the great and laborious works of Dr. Win. Smith, which are extensively used, and with great profit, at Harrow, as in all the public schools of England.” Rev. E. C. HAWTREY, D.D., Late Head Master of Eton College. “ I am extremely glad of the opportunity of ex¬ pressing to you the strong sense of obligation which I, in common with all teachers and lovers of classical literature, feel to you for your admirable Diction¬ aries, published wholly under your superintendence, and in a great degree by your personal contributions. Hardly a day passes in which I do not consult them, and never without finding all I want, and often much more than I thought was attainable.” Rev. HERBERT KYN ASTON, D.D., Head Master of St. Paul's School. “ I have the pleasure of assuring you that your Dictionaries of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Biography, and Geography, are in very general use, and are highly esteemed at St. Paul’s School. I never lose an opportunity of recommending these most valuable publications to my scholars and friends. Your Latin Dictionary I should also include in my acknowledgment of the many obligations which you have conferred upon our public schools. My practice here is, to recommend the scholars to content themselves with the pocket and mere text editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, so long as they possess, or have ready access to, your compre¬ hensive cycle of illustrative publications, which seem to render all other commentary unnecessary for their purpose.” Rev. J. A. HESSEY, D.C.L., Head Master of Merchant Tailors' School. “ I do not express myself too strongly when I declare that I consider that the works of which you have been the presiding mind, and to which you have personally DR. WM. SMITH’S CLASSICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. contributed so much, have commenced a new era in English scholarship. So far as 1 can judge, no author, no monument or even fragment of antiquity that could illustrate the periods called Classical, has escaped your notice ; and every available contribution which foreign scholars, as well as our own, could supply, has been most judiciously employed by you.” Rev. EDWARD ELDER, D.D., Head Master of Charterhouse School. “ There can be no doubt, I think, among scholars as to the great value of the three Dictionaries which you have edited, least of all among those who are engaged in the work of educa¬ tion. Constantly used as they have been by my pupils and myself, I feel that their excellence can hardly be over-estimated. Besides this, let me say that the task of editing these Diction¬ aries — a difficult one, and requiring high qualifications — has been, in my opinion, admirably performed. The plan and arrangement of the works, the wide range of subjects, and the judgment which has at the same time been shown in their selection — these advantages, so great and so obvious, are due to the Editor, and deserve the thanks of all scholars.” BP3 Rev. GEORGE MOBERLY, D.D., Head Master of Winchester College. “ I consider your Dictionaries extremely valuable works. I am best acquainted with the Dictionary of Antiquities ; and I have no hesitation in saying that it is a book which does credit to the scholarship of this country, and one which none who desires to keep on a lead with the progress of classical learning can afford to be without.” ms- mm wmmm —M The Column of Trojan, without them.” Rev. ROBERT SCOTT, D.D., Master of Balliol College, Oxford ; joint Author of the Oreek-JEnglish Lexicon. “ I can safely say that I have never consulted your Diction¬ aries without advantage and satisfaction ; and that I believe them to be invaluable to the student of classical literature. Let me add that I have found the Latin Dictionary a great conve¬ nience to me. I think that you have been very judicious in what you have omitted, as well as what you have inserted.” Rev. R. H. BROWNE, M.A., Professor of Classical Literature in King's College , London. “ It gives me the greatest pleasure to have this opportunity afforded me of bearing testimony to the eminent service which you have rendered to classical literature by your invaluable Dictionaries. No scholar, however advanced he may be, can do Rev. CHARLES EVANS, M.A., Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and one of the Masters in Rugby School. the publication of Dr. Smith’s Dictionaries forms, it appears to me, an epoch m classical learning, and places all persons connected with tuition under a deep obligation to their Editor.” Primitive Vessels from Athens anti Argos. DR. WM. SMITH’S SCHOOL SERIES; I. A NEW LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY . 10 II. A SMALLER LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY .... 11 III. A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY FOR THE HIGHER FORMS 12 IY. A SMALLER CLASSICAL DICTIONARY . 12 Y. A SMALLER DICTIONARY OF ANTIQUITIES .... 13 VI. A SCHOOL HISTORY OF GREECE . 14 VII. THE STUDENT’S GIBBON . 15 Medal of the Emperor John Pal&'ologus II. “ Dr. Smith’s smaller compilations are concise but comprehensive summaries, for the benefit of less advanced scholars, of the varied learning and critical research embodied in his more voluminous publications. They have thus the advantage, not very common in elementary books, of comprising the results of investigations more extended than could ever have been undertaken for such a subsidiary purpose, and of furnishing every tyro with the latest conclusions of the best scholars at home and abroad.” — Quarterly Review, July, 1854. 10 DR. WM. SMITH’S LATIN DICTIONARY. Fifth Thousand. One Volume (1210 pp.), Medium 8vo., 21s., A NEW LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. BASED UPON THE WORKS OF FORCELLINI AND FREUND. BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. “Dr. Wm. Smith’s Latin Dictionary is a worthy companion to the works he has edited ; and we have no doubt it will be even more extensively used than they, because its bulk and price are such as to render it more accessible. In point of cheapness, as well as more essential qualities, it has the advantage of all other Latin Dictionaries.” — Athenaeum. “ This Latin-English Dictionary is based upon the elaborate work of Forcellini, originally published at Padua in 1771, and Freund’s German edition. The result is an unrivalled book for the position it is intended to fill — that is, a middle place between the extensive work of Forcellini or his translators, and the school dictionaries.” — Spectator. “Dr. Wm. Smith’s 'Latin-English Dictionary’ is the best that a man can have who keeps on his shelf one Latin-English Dictionary as his oracle.” — Examiner. “ It has been Dr. Smith’s purpose, in the preparation of this elaborate volume, to produce a dictionary which should be sufficiently copious to illustrate the meaning of all Latin authors, and at the same time be as compact and as cheap as possible. As a Latin dictionary for general use, affording a complete analysis and exposition of the lan¬ guage, with judiciously selected examples, this book is all that could be desired ; 1210 closely printed pages, of three columns each, attest the comprehensiveness of the work and the industry of the compiler. We emphatically recommend it as an admirable aid to sound scholastic education, and the best and most useful work that can possibly be placed in the hands of a student, and as the dictionary which every gentleman should have on his shelf in companionship with classic authors. A more remarkable instance of what may be accomplished by the union of learned labour with publishing liberality has never been witnessed.” — The Press. “ The quantity as well as the quality of the information given by Dr. Smith is such as to leave all other Latin dictionaries which we have seen far behind. . . . Great credit is due for the manner in which the work is got up. The paper is good, the print, though small, is beautiful and clear, and though extending to 1200 pages, the price is only one guinea.’ ’ — English Churchman. “ It is incomparably the best ' Latin-English Dictionary’ in our language, whether we regard its adaptation to the modern requirements of classical studies, the judgment dis¬ played in its plan, the jihilosophical knowledge of language everywhere manifested in it, the extensive acquaintance with the researches of the most recent philologists, gram¬ marians, and archaeologists, or lastly, the minute accuracy in the correction of the press.” — Quarterly Itevicw. “No modern scholar has done so much practically to enlarge the classic knowledge and interest of his contemporaries as Dr. IVm. Smith, by the various dictionaries which he has published during the last fifteen years. His Latin Dictionary appears, by reference to difficult, and in some sort crucial articles, to be worthy of his high reputation for ability and scholarship. The book is beautifully and accurately printed.” — The Guardian. At length Dr. William Smith, whose services in the cause of classical learning are so many and so valuable, has crowned them by the publication of a Latin-English Dictionary based upon the Works of Forcellini and Freund. That the work is destined to take a per¬ manent place as the Latin Dictionary for everybody’s use, we have not the slightest doubt.” — Notes and Queries. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. DR. WM. SMITH’S SMALLER LATIN DICTIONARY, II Seventh Thousand. One Volume (650 pp.), square 12mo., 7s. 6d., A SMALLER LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. ABRIDGED FROM THE LARGER WORK, FOR THE USE OF JUNIOR CLASSES. BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. “ Dr. ffm. Smith’s ‘ Smaller Latin-Euglisli Dictionary ’ is designed for the use of the younger classes in schools. Its two great features are the order of exhibiting the mean¬ ing of words, which shows first the primitive and then the figurative sense, sufficiently illustrated by comment and quotation of authorities ; and the manner in which the pupil’s attention is directed to the use of etymology. In form it is like the common Entick’s ; in system, completeness, and all the comprehensiveness and refinements of modern scholarship, it far surpasses that very useful book.” — Spectator. “ As a school dictionary this abridgment of Dr. Wm. Smith’s great work must rank as the best extant. It has two peculiar claims to favour. In the first place every word is given which the youthful scholar is likely to meet with in the course of his classic reading; and, in the second place, the various meanings and uses of words are given in detail, so that the student may select that signification most appropriate to the sense of the passage in which a particular word occurs. One authority, at least, is given for every word in the book, and in the case of important terms many authors are quoted to illustrate different significations. The typography and general plan are those of the larger work ; and, in addition, there is a tolerably copious list of proper names. For elementary scholastic purposes the dictionary is all that could be desired.” — Press. “ It is undoubtedly the best cheap dictionary that can be desired for common use.” — Examiner. “ With that strong practical instinct for which Dr. Wm. Smith is remarkable, he has here adapted his recently-published ‘ Latin-English Dictionary ’ to school purposes. The abridgment, which has been made under his superintendence, contains all that portion of the larger work which is required for the study of the classical authors read in schools, and retains all the characteristic excellences of that work — its clearness and correctness of explanation, simplicity of arrangement, sufficiency of illustration, exhibition of etymo¬ logical affinities and modern derivatives, and careful accuracy of typography. At the same time, by omitting words not likely to be wanted by those for whom the book is intended, the editor has been enabled to give all requisite information within a moderate compass.” — Athenaeum. “ The Abridgment has been made under the immediate superintendence of the author, and is an excellent adaptation of the larger work for the use of younger students, with some additions for their special advantage. We sincerely envy those who enjoy the assistance of a book so infinitely superior to any which existed in our own school-boy days.” — Quarterly Review. Preparing for Publication , AN ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY. By William Smith, LL.D., and John Robson, B.A. 8vo. A SMALLER ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY. Abridged from the larger Work. 12mo. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 12 DR. WM. SMITH’S SCHOOL CLASSICAL DICTIONARIES. i. Sixth Thousand. One Volume (832 pp)., 8vo., 15s., A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY OP MYTHOLOGY, BIOGRAPHY, AND GEOGRAPHY, ABRIDGED FROM THE LARGER WORKS, FOR THE HIGHER FORMS IN SCHOOLS. BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. “ The great progress which classical studies have made in Europe, and more especially in Germany, during the present century, has superseded most of the works usually employed in the elucidation of the Greek and Roman writers. It had long been felt by our best scholars and teachers that something better was required than we yet possessed in the English language for illustrating the Antiquities, Literature, Mythology, and Geography of the Ancient Writers, and for enabling a diligent student to read them in the most profitable manner. It is invidious for an author to speak of the defects of his predecessors ; but it may safely be said that Lempriere’s work, which originally contained the most serious mistakes, has long since become obsolete; and that, since the time it was compiled, we have attained to more correct knowledge on a vast number of subjects comprised in that work. The present Dictionary is designed chiefly to elucidate the Greek and Roman writers usually read in schools; but at the same time it has not been considered expedient to omit any proper names connected with classical antiquity, of which it is expected that some knowledge ought to be possessed by every person who aspires to a liberal education. Accordingly, while more space lias been given to the prominent Greek and Roman writers, and to the more distinguished characters of Greek and Roman history, other names have not been omitted altogether, but only treated with greater brevity.” — Preface. li. Ninth Thousand. With 200 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. A SMALLER CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ABRIDGED FROM TIIE ABOVF, WORK, FOR THE USE OF JUNIOR CLASSES. BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. Hercules and Bull. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, AND WALTON AND MABEELY. DR. WM. SMITH’S SCHOOL CLASSICAL DICTIONARIES. 13 Twelfth Thousand. With 200 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6 d. A SMALLER DICTIONARY OF ANTIQUITIES. ABRIDGED FROM THE LARGER WORK FOR THE USE OF JUNIOR CLASSES. BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. Roman Soldiers. This Work, abridged from the large “Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,” exhibits, in a form adapted to the use of junior pupils, the results of the labours of modern scholars in the various subjects included under the general term of Greek and Roman Antiquities. It will also be found useful to general readers who, without having studied the Latin and Greek writers, are desirous of popular information on topics con¬ nected with classical antiquity. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, AND WALTON AND MABERLY. 14 DR. WM. SMITH’S HISTORIC CLASS BOOKS. Tenth Thousand. With 100 Woodcuts. One Volume (632 pp.), Post 8vo., 7s. 6d. A SCHOOL HISTORY OF GREECE. from the earliest times to the roman conquest. WITH SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS ON THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE & ART. BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. Yale of Tempo. “We are too much concerned for the improvement of school-books to regret the pub¬ lication of a new History of Greece for schools by such a scholar and teacher as Dr. Wm. Smith. We have much satisfaction in bearing testimony to the excellence of the plan on which he has proceeded, and 'the careful, scholarlike manner in which he has carried it out. The great distinctive feature, however, is the chapters on Literature and Art. This gives it a decided advantage over all previous works of the kind.” — Athenwum. “A good plan capitally executed. A ‘vivid picture of the main facts of Grecian history,’ rather than a dry accumulation of small events, is the principle on which the compiler conducts his narrative. Historical action or political incident is not the only feature of the book ; disquisitions on the literature, philosophy, and arts of Greece, are introduced at determining epochs, and form interesting and instructive portions.” — Spectator. “Dr. Smith shows himself to be not only thoroughly acquainted with his subject, but what is a much rarer merit, possessed of that practical skill which is indispensable to the production of a good school-book. The logical skill manifested in the arrangement of this book is only equalled by the happy tact with which the attention is kept alive — now by an apt and striking quotation from some ancient or modern poet ; now by a charac¬ teristic anecdote, or by a just and appropriate reflection, in which the sound judgment and the enlightened views of the author are unequivocally displayed.” — Journal of English Education. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, AND WALTON AND MABEL LY. DR. WM. SMITH’S HISTORIC CLASS BOOKS. 15 Third Thousand. With 100 Woodcuts. One Volume (676 pp.), Post 8vo., 7s. 6 d., THE STUDENTS GIBBON: HISTORY OP THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ABRIDGED. INCORPORATING THE RESEARCHES OP RECENT COMMENTATORS. BY WM. SMITH, LL.D. The Triple Wall of Constantinople. “ Gibbon’s ‘ Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ’ forms the important link between Ancient and Modern history. Its title conveys an inadequate idea of its contents. It contains nearly a complete history of the world for a period of more than twelve centuries, from the time of the Antonines to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. Since the history of all ancient nations ends in that of Rome, and the history of the modern states of Europe springs out of the Roman empire, the youthful historical student, after making himself acquainted with the leading facts in the histories of Greece, Rome, and England, cannot employ his time more profitably than in mastering the history of the vast period comprehended in Gibbon’s Work. It is mainly for the benefit of such students that the present Abridgment has been prepared; the original work is too voluminous for their purpose ; and at pre¬ sent there is no compendious account of this period corresponding to the ordinary manuals of Greek, Roman, and English history. It is believed that this Abridgment will also prove acceptable to the general reader, whose time or circumstances prevent him from studying so large a work as Gibbon’s, but who wishes to make himself acquainted with some of the most memorable events in the history of man.” — Pbeface. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1G DR. WM. SMITH’S EDITION OF GIBBON’S ROMAN EMPIRE. Now Ready, with Portrait, 13 Maps, and Index, 8 Vols. 8vo., 7s. G d. each, THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. BY EDWARD GIBBON. WITH NOTES AND PREFACE, BY DEAN MILMAN AND M. GUIZOT. A NEW EDITION, EDITED, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES, BY WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D. This Edition contains the unmutilated text of Gibbon, and. is distinguished by very careful revision, and verification of all his references, until Notes incorporating the researches of Modern Scholars and Travellers. “ The task of editing this noble production could not have fallen into abler hands. If there be any man capable of bringing to bear upon the improvement of Gibbon’s work the various additions which have been made to our knowledge since his time, it is Dr. Smith. His familiarity with the writings of German Scholars, who by their division of labour have cultivated every department of scholastic research with so much assiduity and success, gives him an immense advantage. In short, we may say that no author deserves and requires a more accomplished editor than Gibbon does, and that no editor could be found better qualified to do him justice than Dr. Smith.”- — Athenaeum. Genoese Castle on the Bosphorus. ^HE STUDENT’S GIBBON. Being tlie History of tlie Decline and Fall, abridged, incorporating the Researches of Recent Commentators. By M m. Smith, LL.D. Third Thousand. With 100 Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6r/. (See page 15.) “ Dr. AN m. Smith has drawn up an admirable abridgment of Gibbon’s Roman Empire, using as far as possible the language of the original, and adopting the plan of omitting or treating briefly circum¬ stances of inferior importance, so that the grand events which have influenced the history of tfie world may be narrated at length.” — Cambridge Chronicle. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. THE ENGLISH CYCLOPEDIA, Conducted by CHARLES KNIGHT. Now ready, price 10s. cloth, THE FOUETH VOLUME OF THE CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY ; Ob, THIRD DIVISION OF THE ENGLISH CYCLOPAEDIA, Conducted by CHARLES KNIGHT. The Biographical articles of the “ Penny Cyclopaedia ” furnish the foundation of this important and useful work, which — with large additions bringing those valuable materials up to the present time — when finished will form the most comprehensive Biogra¬ phical Dictionary extant : including all living names which must find a place hereafter in the history of Politics, Religion, Literature, Art, and Science. “Professor Nicliol, in his preface to the ‘Cyclopaedia of the Physical Sciences,’ speaks of the ‘ Penny Cyclopaedia,’ of Charles Knight as the cheapest, the least pretending, and really the most philosophical of onr scientific dictionaries.” The editor of the “ Examiner ” adds — “ What Mr. Nichol says of the ‘ Penny Cyclopaedia,’ we can repeat most emphatically on behalf of its vigorous offshoot the ‘ English Cyclopaedia,’ which has now in its biographical department advanced some way into the letter P. The more we look into this work the more reason we find to admire, and now and then even to wonder, at its accuracy. It goes far to restore the faith we had almost lost in English and French works of the kind.” — Examiner. The Divisions of Geography and Natural LIistory are complete, each in four volumes, price £2 2s. With many hundreds of Illustrations. These important works are also published in a perfectly distinct form separately and independently, as a Cyclopaedia of GEOGRAPHY, AND A CYCLOPAEDIA OF NATURAL HISTORY, Being the cheapest and most comprehensive works of reference on these subjects ever produced. Each in two volumes, handsomely half-bound in morocco, price £2 10s.- BRADBURY AND EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET. 