Is there in hiſtory any thing more entirely ut and exalted than what We have now related? Or do we find any thing elſewhere which may juſtly be compared with this noble and generons behaviour of Ariſtides? It is deſervedly admired, as one of the moſt beautiful She Ras Potent in the life of Agricola, that he employed all his abilities and care to augment the glory of his Generals; but here it was to advance that of the un en. Sr ani en in merit? q We have allo in Cimon a gent inſtance. of the virtue I am deſcribing; who being actually baniſhed by oſtraciſm, came notwithſtanding to take his place the Lacedzmonians,. Who till then had been conſtantly his friends, and with whom he ſtood charged of holding private intelligence. in his ttibe to fight And when bis enemies had obtained an order from the publick Council, to forbid bis going to the battle, he withdrew, and conjured his friends to approve his ingocence and their own by their actione. They, took the armour of Cimon, plated it in his poſt, and foughit with ſo much valour, that the moſt part of them. loſt their lives, leaving the Athenians the ut - regret ſor their loſs, * ſeverely repenting the unjuſt accuſations they had thrown upon them. Tha Athenians, upon the loſs of a, conſiderable battle, recalled Cimon; and Pericles himſelf, as, we have before obſerved, Was the perſon who drew up od. tumondanon . WY auktorem & ducem, ut miaiſter, arne x9%u ne g fortonam refetebat. Ita virtute in wee $5 rpaagerTs wgiregor yer. obſequendo, verecundia in præ- Ibid, dicando, extra invidiam, nec extra ö - Nec Agricola vnquam in, gloriam erat, Tacit, in vit. | fuam famam geftis crultavit f ad | Agric. cap. 3. 12; cafe) "0 '\ J and - » N Of. Profane Hiſtory. - 223 and propoſed the decree, by which he was recalled, though he had before contributed more than any other to bis baniſhment. Upon which. Plutarch makes a beautiful reflection, that wholly confirms all that 1 have advanced upon this ſubject. Pericles, . fays he, uſed his whole intereſt to bring back his riyal, „ſo much were the quarrels of the citizens « moderated by the views of the publick advantage, and their animoſities always ready to be laid aſide « as ſoon as the good of the State required it; and «* ſo much did their ambition, which is the moſt live- « ly and moſt violent, of paſſions, conform and give « way to the neceſſities and intereſts of their country.” Cimon upon his return, without complaining of his former ill uſage or taking much upon him, and with- out ſeeking .to prolong a war, which made him ne- ceſſary to his country, readily executed the ſervice ex- pected from him, and immedlately procured the peace un ard. ods pain, ee He. Oy But nothing more clearly diſcovers the inward ſen- timents of Pericles, his good nature and averſion to all hatred and revenge, than an expreſſion which. fell from him a little before his death. His friends were ſitting round him as he lay ſick, and not thinking that he heard them, were talking amongſt them ſelves in .comn 10 of. bs 8 and the nine, trophies he had gained, when he interrupted, them, and wondered, he faid, they ſhould dwell fo - much upon matters in which fortune had ſo great 4 ſhare, and were common to him with many 2. ge- nerals, and forget the greateſt, and moſt beagtiful cir - cumſtance of his life, that no Athenian had ever wore mourning upon bis accoullt. Ihe ſeveral particulars T have here mentioned con- cerning the four great men, who were the ornaments. * of the Athenian republick, may in my opinion be very uſeful, not only to fuch young perſons, as are r fill conſiderable places in the State, but to people of all conditions whatſoever. For they let us Wadi, N.. 9 | o ſee, # ” 4, ” 4 EET 7 4. - 2445 e * RO ſee, how low and mean ſpirited it is to be e nd jealous of the virtue and reputation of ot ers; and on the other hand how -poble and gener value, love, and commend the merit of our & quals, 00 "A competitors, and even etiem! . Ne 0 4 And theſe paſſages of hiltory' ſhould Bot Fol ts 0-4 impreſſion upon ns, as they are not the, ſpeculative. leſſons of philoſophers, but duties reduced 1 to MITRE, 335 - r Nr guet 9 0 i e ee, | Oftricifa” 1 IJ ſentence. amor ile "OM by Which they condemned: any one to KIN" of Ba- nithment that was to laſt ten years, unlefs that term was leſſened by the people. The" conſent of fix thouſand citizens at lea was re wired for a 'ordeining- tion of this! kind. ve their vote Th | e bb che erden e A shell, in Stex calle N, from whence came the name of oftradfm. iis Kind of baniſhitent was not inflicted” as a pu- E for any crime, nor conſidered as infamous; Y the moſt Illoſirious citizens, and often men of the greateſt probity, were expoſ ed 10 it. 1 do not here. 6 take ine to — br bk pole gize in behalf of oftra — , : * o ; 5 4 1 cim, Which; as it may be conſidered under Arent views” May Lee e n yet ty different judg thents.. fign AS this IA ſeemed on againſt virtues; and to, be ſevere upon Neat tis no 5 er, that in this view it ſnould appear exttemel) *odidus and offenſive to every. _ rationat' man; 1 mquced” Valerius Maximus to chargé this cuſtom BY the” folly 3 ex ava nce of tie Publick i pün Ro "Pea? fues as eri. minal, and repaying, the 175 Code to the State with bantſhinent. 770 25 1 guin Publica demen. 14, it Aiman di, fum ms nſer ſu maximas birtutes quaſi err Hun 4 an 9 Lee, 1211 Yep lere 4 v Agde, Cimion, Kiftges | Theiiltorles,” #0 ka vi. ba” ad WT +5 d * 280010809 126 10 3 1253 $ 4 Without aun. Oc e reset rr. s Ss. FK URS. 2 · Sr 7 x A — Of Frofane His. 225 Without attempting therefore ſolntely : tin i | f oſtraciſm, I ſhallienquire n little e Nin and examine the ad vantages-that ' may: Aviſe from jt, For I cannot imagine, that iſo: Wiſe a, fepublick, as that ot Athens, would: have fo long ſuffered and any thorized a cuſtom fuunded only upon. inipſtice and violenee. Aud what confirmse me in his opinion is, that when this law: was abrogated at Athens, fit was not done becanſe it was] uniuſt a but cheeauſe having taken place in the caſe af a cltæen deſpiſed by all the wotld dhe Was named Hyperboſus, and lived in, the. time of Niclas and: Alcibiadts) 4: tWas thought that oſtraciſm, degraded by thiscmample, Would ever after bea diſionour to a mam of probity, and injurious to histremuta tian. i nme e: 270 d. % Fhus' we- fee} that Tully does got condemn this law with the ſamm ſeverity as Valerius Maximys- and that pleading' againſt the baniſnment af Seins thongk:it was his intereſt -:tor decry, All baniſhments; he contents himſelf with accuſing the benen ek lightneſs and temefity. Plutarch ſpeaks" of i in ſe- veral-places in a very favourable manner, at læaſtth ont cenſuſe or reproach; ad we ſhall ſes Y AAG , And this inclines me to behefe-that Nalerips Mags + mus jndged very ſuperficially af this dax, and Me Hh eafilyr prejudiced by ſome inconyetiences attending it, without conſidering thoroughly the advantages that might ariſe! from it. We fall, therefore no examine what thoſe advantages Wight be. 22 13 210030 1. It was very uſeful barrier agajndt tyranny; 18 ſtate purely democratical, Where liberty, M hich is Fe ſoub and fovereign lav of it, cannot fuhſiſt, but | equality; Twas. difficult for the: ipeapie; not to De : <4 Mi. of p 443. tit oy 5 110 e Tory dees,. minen gravitate, divjorifies," nen r eee ee dae dan debe ad xa} meomemnhaxiopivy, aανναν populi temeritatem defenderent, maYTH Ges ul uri yore) Plot. cam omnef, gui ita fecerant, , & in Atiſt. 017 * 1 NU 2 2 66] is el Wo... a apud Athenienſes, :homines n. 1177. „14 Gracos, long à noſttorum ha 119049 g 4 49 4884 « - 1 4K 5 4. L 5 3 ſuſpicious ; a 8 ä K 226 Of Praſan id ſuſpicious of the power of ſuch citizens, as had raiſed themſelves above the reſt, and whoſe ambition, ſo natural to mankind, gave a juſt alarm to 2 republick extremely jealous of its independency. It was proper to take e at a diſtance for bringing them back into the ſphere, from whence their great abilities or great ſeryices ſeemed to have removed them. 4 They had ſtill in remembrance the tyranny of Piſiſtratus and his children, who had been only private citizens "like the reſt. They had Epheſus, Thebes, Corinth, Syracuſe, and almoſt all thi cities of Greece before their eyes, Which were all brought under ſubjection to tyragts at a time when the citizens were under no ap- prehenſions of loſing their liberty. eee reren run _ in Milt, cap, $, | 5 | © 7 Were e „ „ Mo hor; Of Profane Hiſtory. 227 were not broken by the oſtraciſm; he was not driven to deſpair, nor forced upon extremities. Thus we ſee by the event, that neither Ariſtides, Cimon, or even Themiſtocles, or any of the reſt, entered into en- gagements againſt their country, but on the contrary always continued faithful and zealous for it. Whereas the Romans, for the want of ſuch a law, extorted imprecations from Camillus againſt his country, en- Coriolanus to take up arms againſt it, as Ser- torius did afterwards ; againſt, his inclination. They came at laſt to declare a citizen an enemy to the ſtate, as. in the caſe of Cæſar, Mark Antony, and feverat others; after which there was no remedy but in de- ſpair, nor any aſſurance of their own preſervation but in violence and open war. en 3. By this Jaw the Athenians were alſo preſerved from the civil Wars, which fo much diſtur bed and ſhook, the commonwealth of Rome. With ſuch a law as this the Gracchi would hot have been aſſaſſi- nated. The Romans might perhaps have ſpared themſelyes the Wars of Marius and Sylla, of Cæſar and Pompey, and the fatal conſequences of the tri- umvirate. But as Rome wanted this mild and humane remedy, ; as Plutarch phraſes it, ſo proper to calm, ſolten, and alſwage envy; whenever the two factions of the ſenate and people were a little enflamed, there was nothing left, but to decide the quarrel by arms and violence. And this at laſt drew upon Rome the loſs. of her Iiber tig. n Perhaps therefore we may have good reaſon to differ in, gur jndgment concerning this law from Valerius Maximus and ſome others, who were offended only at the abuſe of it, without fully examining into the real motives of its eſtabliſnment and its advantages, and without conſidering that there is no law fo good, but it may have its inconveniencies in the application. 32784885 = « 14 on 4 +4 . . Fg © * N 4 2 1 *. - $7 1 CH 5 e = * 1 . * «AS 14 ' - 1 ö 1 rl 7222 1 , . en e Hagapu%a gende gy na vue. . * . 5 1 3.7 wed 3 5 4 4 - . b - : £4 C * 8 9 1 = — N * 9 ' 4 * 1 Sa # *.4 by ves * 7 q , : 6 : . * 4 * * £ = _ , _ S& © 34 1] 8. #+ * 6 + „ III EF 1 * A 9 | 22 | III. Emulation $4. > 4 * 1 : FO &-» #34) ro # a5; ' 14 * C £ 4 * 0 : * % a C3 "F530 a * 1 *. & ? Az &- * * — ” nf » wv — a. * K * 2% 08 * 244 Of -Bivfene Eh. 78 1 £43 in” 1 Zens: * 9 DO TS 25415 oy Fe : ting E it 10 46 F a nt, Elie in arts e, ole e 1s, in che profiles to the tyvelfth book of his hiſtory, - 4 Ps a very judicious reflection upon the times and events I have now been fpeaking of. He 2 that. b 5 Was never threatned with eater danger, hen Xerxes after His ving ſub- ne th te 7 Hp 4 7 e be e ir ſuch 2 formidable army, Fin ſeemed to make the fame fate un inevitable, us ud yet ie Was never more glorlous or triumphant than after the expedition of Nerxes, which, properly ſpeaking, was the epocha from whence to date the 1 of Greece, f has was in parti ar the occaſio nd origin of th: ory which ral ade the nam 0 ka) Achede x famous. rel che fol- mn eien ye years produced in that clty' a müſtitude of men eminent in e of merit, in arts, Kiences, war, government; and politicks. To confine myſelf here only to arts and Aciences, "W hat carried them in ſo Herr a e to ſo igh a de. ce. of perfection, was the, rewdtds and diffinctions I Fade ed on ſuch as e exe ed 10 de which Kindled an incredible emulation e the” men of letters and excellent artiſts. 0 1 "I" | Limon, returning from a orious 0 i brought back with ng, to bs 2. bones. To preſerve the memory of this event, — people propoſed a prize to be contended for the tragick Poets, which. became r famous. as choſen „lot wers to determine the. merit of the porfor- mances, At d adjudge the crown to the conqueror, amidſt the commendations and Applauſes of the whole aſſembly. But the. archon obſerving there was great caballing and partiality among the fpectators, nofni- - nated-Cimon himſelf and nine other generals to be judges. Sophokles, WhO Was then but young, pre- ſented his firſt piece, and gained the prize from Æſ- 9 Who till then had been the honour of the theatre, ad of A wS@a6. _* «a * » 1 r r r e 4 n N 3 Of Profane Hiſtory. 3 theatre, and iaconteſtably the beſt writer. He was unable to ſurvive his 'glory, left Athens, and retired into Sicily, where he: ſoon after, died of grief, As to Sophocles, his reputation continually increaſed, and never left him, not even in his extreme. old. age, His children ſoliciting for a judgment againſt him, as being ſuperannuated, inſtead of a defence, he read before the judges a piece he, had lately finiſhed, en- titled Cedihus Coloneus, and unanimouſly! gained, his Ehr 91621 at nad3; ncots!” ad The glory of carrying the prize, in theſe diſputes, where all ſorts of perſons took pains to produce ſome- thing extraordinary, was held ſo diſtinguiſked. an ho- nour, as to become the object of the ambition of nyſius's of Syracuſea. 158! D3 2101307111) : f2/Pwas a glorious day and the molt affecting de- light to Herodotus, When all Greece aſſembled. at the — hiſtory, that they thought they heard the Muſes ſpeaking by his mouth; which occaſioned the nine Books of his Werk being called by the name of the nine Muſes. And the caſe was the fame with the orators and poets, who ſpoke their ora: tons, and read their poems there in pnblick. How great a ſpur to glory muſt the applauſes have. been, which were received before the eyes and with the ac- clamations of almoſt all the people of Greece? There was no leſs emulation amongſt the artiſans of - merit; aud this was the renſon, that under Pericles all-arts were carried iin ſo ſhott a time to the higheſt degreeiof perfection. | r = 445/021 eee GECTAPU EGS e F Lucian, in Herodot. — & Pluty in vit. Periel. 1 buter 230 of Profane. Hi ory. f buter of the ri, he thought i it no diſhonour to re- gulate and gn 4 laws n conditions of * kind of diſputes. E © ®-Who has not heard if thic ndibe'of Phidias;! md the fame of His works? This celebruted ſculptor, who was more ſenſible to glory than intereſt, ventured, notwithſtanding the extreme delicacy of the Athenians in this particular, to inſert his name, or at: leaſt the . reſemblance of his countenance, on a famous ſtatue ; as judgitig he could have no better recompence for all his labour than to ſhare an immortality with. it, whereof be hac been the author and cauſee We know with what ardour the painters entered the liſts againſt one another, and how eagerly they diſputed for the pre. Their works were ex poſed in publick, and judges that were alike excellent and un- corru ptible adjudged the victory to the moſt deſerving. Piarrhaſius and Zeuxis contended in this manner with each other. The latter had drawn grapes ſo ex · actly alike, that the birds came and pecked at them. ' The bther had drawn à curtain, Zeuxis, proud of the mighty ſafffage of the birds, with an inſulting air bid him draw aſide his curtain and ſhew what he had done. 1 He ſoon found his miſtake, and yielded the palm co his rival, ingenuouſly confeſſing himſelf con · „for he had only deceived! the birds, whereas Purrhaſius M e 1 eee as he was in the art. What I have obſerved of the paſſion, excited by a ſingle man in Athens for arts and ſciences, may;ſhew us of What ſerviee emulation may be to à ſtate, When applied to things uſeful to the publick, and reſtrained and kept within juſt bounds, How great an honour has Greete derived from the great artifts and earned men ſhe produced in ſuch abundance, whoſe works, fapands tothe "fury of time and malignity of envy, -b t. "it. Periel, 4 * 1 * olucres fefelliier, PartbaGus au- MY N D tellecto errore, ITY — ſe artificem, * * 35. mam ingenuo ee cap. 10. nin 81 ys n 02042) b are 77 | | * 12855 — N : L 1 : - Of Profant Hitorfyy 238 are ſtill looked upon, and ever will be, as the rule of a good taſte and model ot perfection? Honours and rewards annexed to, merit rouze and awaken, i in- duſtry, animate the ſoul, and raiſe, mankind as it were from ſtupefaction and lethargy, and in a ſhort time fill a kingdom with illuſtrious perſons of every kind. The late M. Colbert, miniſter of ſtate, ſet apart forty thouſand crowns a year to be diſtributed among ſuch as excelled in any art or ſcience ;. and he often told x ſome that were admitted to an intimacy with him, upon whoſe intelligence and recommendation he relied in this particular, that if there was a man of merit in the kingdom that ſuffered, or was in want, it was to be charged upon their conſciences, who would be an- ſwerable for it. Such expences as theſe never ruin a | ſtate; and a miniſter, who has a ſincere love for his Prince and country, can ſcarce ſervę them better, than by procuring them ſuch ineſtimable advantages, and ſo laſting a glory, at ſo: ſmall an expence. For, as 1 Horace has ſaid upon another occaſion, when men of.-probity are under any neceſſity, e l bn purchaſed at a cheap rate ; ; 5 TIO amicorum ff anne, } Jon's abi ave ah. 1 COTE, 007 n. 7 be third Piece And from the Gi reciay a Dieb 215 1 Hie; 11 1 & 2 - Py + : 1 1 129 - of the Locedmorien Government.” MERE is aid "Briley in all . 45 hi= better atteſted; nor at the ſame time more incredible, than the Lacedzmonian government and | the 2 aug eſtabliſhed by Kennen. This nn * f. Pena, a rande. 1 Hor, I, x, * 5 gillator 232 Of Profane Hiſtory, giſlator was. ſon to one of the two Kings of Sparta, who governed Jointly ; ; and might eaſily have obtain · ed the crown, if he had plea ed, upon the death of is elder: brothers h left no male iſſue behind Hin: But he thought himſelf obliged to wait till the Queen his ſiſter was brought to bed, who was then with child : and upon Her happy "delivery; he took upon him to be 5 — er AHI guardian to the infant againſt the attempts of its owa mother, Who had offered to make 4 Ls With Her ſon, if” 'Lyearg as would marry * St GOGAYTSITEROIST Lik i Jede MoJu oy He formed the bold defi bold brody reforming the Lacedzmonian government; and that he might be the better enabled to make wiſe — it} he judged it expedient to take ſeveral journeys to inform hnimfelf perſonally in che different manners of ations, and "adviſe with” ſuch perſons as were beſt led ünd thoſt” experienced in the arts of govern- ment. He began With the iſle of Crete, which was famous for its rigid and ſevere laws; from thence he paſſed into Afr; where the oppoſite extreme prevailed; and laſtly, he went into Egypt, the feat of the- ſci- ences, wiſdom, and good counſel. His long abſence ſerved only to make him the more deſired by his citizens; en the Kings themſelves prefied him to return, s ng ſenſible they a x2. need of his authority t keep the people within bounds of duty and „A At his return to Sparta, he took pains to change the whole form of the gobern- ment, upon a perſuaſion that ſome particular laws would produce o great effect. He began with gain- ing over the principal men of the Tity,: to whom he communicated his views ; and being fully aſſured of their concurtence, her came into the public aſſembly; attended by a body of ſoldiers, to: terrify and ind. date — Me A9F AK his deſign.. be neu form of government he introduced lt, La- cedæmon, may be . to e PRIN inſti- tutions. 4 eee ee ee e M tu N 4 — | Gs Tur . Of Piaf Em, 233 Tur rer Werrruriox, "The Nera. 8 ens greateſt and moſt conſiderable of all the new inſtitgtions,of Lycurgus was that of the ſenate, whichy.. | as Plato obſerves, tempering the too abſolute power. of the Xings by an authority equal, to FREIE, was the principal cauſe of the ſafety of the ſtate, For Wg r ; before it was Wehr . 8 ſometimes in 5 tos... wards tz 15 ip h the violence, © ice Sg anff et 1 0 folate” POW Ce 0 71 5 s ſena te” ſerved Mi ibriu 14 nators, of which it Was 0 + np adhering: to 18. Kings, when” the People were 5 ei too much : Wo 1 going, oper 0 x e other 64 ee of the cople, wheneve E | ttempted to carry their" Jukficlie) de gd. 0 VA a rn e apt Lycurgus having bug qualified the government, thoſe Who came after him =, Ng ower of the thir- ty, "who pose the 1 80 00 ſtro Ae, owerfar'; . for- TA, 559 (LR 2. curb, oppolir the: authori ori 7 on % e htndred a ty. ye 10 ft 5 urgu he ep phori were | ive ih 10 0 _oNas Mm 15 1 9 bar DE. Hear. 15 | office, * 1 by, had. 3, ke to arre « Bngs ick 0 them 110 Mn ppened. in thę c e e hojt x hs 1110 12 5 ae King Theopo d : K his Xie 1 AN with Ea his 1 Ar dels authority than he WG had received, Ve ſs. bes 7 hall ove ie 4 Mi 2 Prater, 0&5 uf 1 will be (nv Ae Q? DST! 6 . 29ba3 24 m Tüfs council dial of ris | p 4 77 e 158 4 — ty perſuns including the twoKibhgs * 1 bats mp, nes a MN. eis as 155 wh Arz. o 75 040} 4199 vil goiqq:: 7d Aon n . n Lis vlog! In 211 i. 1017 1 111 10 1118 10” 1 Me 13 LI 1 i * Tur 10 1 re 4 * of Profanc Hie. Tur SECOND | INSTITUTION. The divifon of the andi, and Prob. bitt on of gold and you _ The ſecond. thfitdtion 6f Lycurgys, and the beid- eſt of all; Was the diviſion of the lands. He judged it abſolutely neceſſary for the eſtabliſhment of peace and good order in the republick. Moſt of the inhabi · tants of. the country were ſo poor, that they had not an inch of ground belon aging to them, and all the wealth lay in the hands of a few private perſ That he lake dee banim infolence, = K theſe, I mean indigence and exceſſive riches ; he per- ſuaded all che citizens to give up their lands in com- mon, and to make a new. diſtribution of them, that they might live together in a perfect equality, with- out any other preheminence and. e than What * iven to virtue and merit. is was immediately done. He divided the lands. of Laconia jnto thirty thouſand parts, which he di- ſtributed amongſt the © people. of the 7 ; and made nine thouſand parts of the territory of Ay which he diſtributed e ſo many citizens, ; Tis faid, that ſome years after, as Lycurgus was 9 from | as lohg Bac aud croſſi ng he, lands of Laconia, which had ju ju { been reaped, obſerying the heaps of the - ſheaves'to be perfectly equal, he turned towards thoſe that followed him, and Ad to them ſmiling, . {5 not Latona' like the inheritance of feveral ig ren, 10 f bete, uſt divided it between them ? er he had thus divided their inte venble eſtates, be endeavoured to make them alſo divide their other wealth, that there might be no kind of inequality a- mong chem. But finding he ſhould meet with more difficulty in chis, if he attempted it openly, he went another way to work, by ſapping the very foundations of avarice. 7 or firſt of all he —— all gold — n | Ver "7 £4 5 Ons, fraud, and Iuxury from the government, with ow | ther evils, {till greater and of longer ſtanding than ws > ox R\"o5 te Ys A tw =KS. a a wk tw HM - Q Profane Hiſtory. 235 ſilver money, and ordered that only iron money ſhould be in uſe; and this he made fo heavy, and of ſo little value, that a man muſt have a cart with two oxen to carry the {um of ten ming, and a whole chamber to lock it up in. ME boman et Baer R 2 Further, he drove all uſeleſs and ſuperfluous arta from Sparta, which indeed, if he had not done, moſt of them muſt have dropt of themſelves, and been loſt with the old money; for the artificers would not have known what to have done with their Work; ns: this iron money was not current in the other paris Greece, where inſtead of ſetting a value upon it, = e it, unn W er 5 ＋ + 4d. 4 9 65 ? 8 3 r οο⁹ ft enn i itt nt Tax THIRD INSTITUTION.» Pulli mal. ger et ay amine Hog U A reſalviag to make a ſull more vigorous, war upon ſoftneſs: and luxury, and entirely to root up the ine + of riches, made a third inſtitution, relating to meals. That he might baniſh thence all coſtlineſs T and magnificence, he ordered that the citizens ſnould all dine together upon the. ſame victuals which. preſcribed by the — ex preſly pro from eating in their own, private houſes. By this inſtitution of —————— ſimplicity in diet, we may ſay that he changed in a manner the nature of riches, 4 by leaving nothing in them to make them deſirable, or likely to be ſtoln, or even capable of enriching thoſe who, poſſeſſed them ; for there was no longer any 2 of uſing or enjoying their wealth, nor even of making a ſhew: of - it, ſince the poor and rich were to eat together in the ſame place; and no one was allowed to come into tha common halls, after having ſatisfied his hunger with other food; for whoever. — to eat and drink, was carefully marked out, and reproached with his in - p Five hundred livres. di agu, nat andere drugyarave, une 1 et — "+4 1 102 | * '& a8 een [ 2865 Of Profanc Hiſtory temperance or woFrearidelicaey;0whith iadueeg m to deſpiſe theſe publiek meal? The rich were extremely — 40 this kuftitaribn, and ĩt was upon this occaſton in a popularäinſurrection, e that a young man named Alcandef ſtruck out one of Lycurgus's eyes with worn, nb The people enrag ed. at ſuch a violence gave up the young man into I cargus's hand, who'well knew how to be fevenged of him, for he treated him with ſo much mildnefs and good nature; that from being very hot and Palkonate, | be ſoon brought him to de very calm and difcrect. The tables contained each about fifteen perſons, ad before any ne eöuld be admitted, he muff be ügteca.- ble to thè reſt of the company. Every one ſent in monthly a buſhel of meal, eight meaſures of wine, five pound of cheeſe, two pound and an half of figs, and ſome {mall matter of their money for the dreſſing and ry of the proviftöns. Every one was obliged to] be preſent at the publiek meal; and Ning Apis a long while after, returning from a glorious expedition, and ae es c ng With himſelf from doing ſo, that he ne With the Queen his wife, was reprimand- e aid: Children were allowed alſo to be pre- ent at = of wiſdom" und temperange. 4 dere they heard government, and /faw nothing but eonverſation was Saen glape diſedurſes gone — * he never low or ſhocking; and as ſoon as any one was — received to gro aticaſy at it, they always left off. | lo'they learned to keep a ſecret; and When a eung man entered the Hall, 35 eldeſt would ſa to him; poitinggts the ddr, "Nethin 4 4ohars is Haid ere, * b 03 Lowo! 5 zur on The mäſt elegant part of their food was what _y 1 2OREY > called Ta blact broth; and the old men preferred it to'whatever” elſe was Terved bor Sore 9 2 3 rarer nd * the T Ubi Dar tyrannus — . 2 4 - Dignyſivs peg le "ou o ni- tatum, "opt is, qui illa coxerat*? , Minimè itheals/ and were brought thither as to 4 _ enivened by refined wit and raillery, but ſuch as Was” x Of Profane Him. 237 the Fyrant, being invited to-onk of: theſe entertain- ments, ſeemed to think quit otherwiſe of it, and thought it a yery inſi pid tagout. Ido not wonder at that, ſays the who made it, for there wanted the ſea- ſoning. What ſeaſoning? replies the tyrant. The, chace, ſweat, fatigue, hunger and thirſt For with. theſe, adds the cook, we ſeaſon our proviſtons. nic it 41 0414 145 03393 O a „ like 3187608 IV. OTHER” InsToTUTIons- o0147att . v1f6 ogg 1896 $31 24 [083-36 SISW-1 vads Kid Iycurgus looked upon the education of children as the moſt important concern of a Legiſlator- Twas . 111 his great prineiple that they belonged more properly to the State; than their parents; and for — he - ght up as they pleaſed, but gbliged-qhe: publick to take rare of their education, that: they might be formed upon conſtant and uniform vould not ſuffer them to be brou prinej ples, duch carlyinfpired with” the deus or virtue and their country. — made, ſtrong and lily, they ordered it to: be brought up, and afigned: it; one of che. ning thou nd portſons fer its, — df on the other” Hand they Oe ill ſhaped; 0 ad judged it td Waht health and cauſed it to be expoſed. Children vert carly 2 ir victuals 3 nοt [to be HHHh, in cle darkgdno 10 be peers eee to epure-thethſclves co ſatiguẽ : to he up OH the bife 988 to wear the ſame olotſies in Winter as in ſum- mer; to hardeh them ſelves a heat and cold. 2 nd nei eh? 2 eee ten- Töſch et bag Fe i a s bn 4 Lacedarin, re- mes, fitis, — og ee ee een As ſoon as a child wabborn; twas viſited by the ws em regret oe and 5 not be ul eu frightediat cheli cheihg left alone; not bot ib en Tc li zen n n eee 16 e a At 0s Of Profane Hilo. At ſeven years old they were diſtributed into claſſes, Where they were all brought up together under the lame diſcipline. Their education properly ſpeaking - was no more than an apprenticeſhip to obedience; their Legiſlator being — convinced that the ſureſt means of forming citizens ſubmiſſive to the laws and magiſtrates, in which the good order and happineſs of a State conliſts was to teach children from their in- fancy'to be:perſectly obedient to their maſters. + - Whilſt they were at table, the maſter propoſed quel- tions to the boys. As for inſtance, b is 'the- tf man inthe city? What ſay you 10 ſuch an action ? Their anſwer was expected to be ready, and attended with a reaſoſ and proof conceived in a few words; for they 3 , caxly accuſtomed | them to the Laconick ſtile „ . fo a ſhort and conciſe one. Lycurgus required that th money ſhould. be very heavy and of ſmall value; — that their diſcourſe on the . — e a great deal in a little compaſs. 34 1824 As to letters, they learned no eee was abſo- lutely neceſſary. All the ſciences were baniſhed their country. Their ſtudy was only how to obey, to en- dure labour and fatigue, and to conquer in battle. One af the moſt worthy and moſt capable citizens pre · ſided over their education, and appointed each claſs Es duct maſters eee mer probity. ye Theft was not only not prohibited the boys, as e- ven commanded : IL mean theft i of a particular kind, 5 — properly ſpeaking had no more of it but the name. — in my reflectious the reaſons 4 and views of Lycurgus, in allowing it. Theycrept the * : dextrouſiy and cunningly they could into the ; gardens and publick halls,” and carried off what herbs Y or victuals they were able; if they were diſcovered, © they e puniſhed for. want of ſlill. Tis ſaid, that one of them having ſtole a young fox, hid it under his | clothes, and let it tear into his belly with its teeth 8 " Hg Nn 3 a 3 | WS, — yan VS Fr W WW WW TTY Vs Tv ww on the ſpot. bar ePPRCE | ing. ſay, Tret playas c quam etiam, ut cùm ibi eſfem' zu- Of Profane Hing. 235 daws;: without ryi z out, all uy fell down dead up- The patience and reſolation of - Lacedzmonian | youth were put to the ſevereſt trial 1 the celebra- tion of a feaſt in honour of Diana ſirnamed O, thia, when the children in the ſight of their parents, and in preſence of the whole city, ſuffered themſelves to | be laſhed till the blood ran down pon the altar of the inhuman Goddeſs, and ſometimes expired under the blows; withbut crying out, or ſo much as uttering a groan, And their on fathers, who ſtood by and aw them | covered all over with blood and wounds, were the perſons/ who exhorted them to hold out con- ſtantly to the end. Plutarch aſſures us, that he ſaw ſeveral children with his own eyes loſe their lives in this cruet diverſion.” Hence * Horace gives the epithet of patient to the city of Lacedæmon, patiem Lacedæ- mon; and another author makes à man, who had en- dured three good blows of a cudgel without complain- nobilitate conco c). The moſt alas employinent of the Lacedzmonians was hunting, and the different exerciſes of the re They were prohibited the exereiſe of any mech art. TheHotes, who were a kind of ares, cultivat- | D eren "OP e Twas Lycu il that his citizens ſhould have a great — bag They had common halls, where they met together for converſation. And thoug h their diſcourſe frequently turned v grave and ſe ous ſubje tts, it was ſeaſoned with'a e nels, whith inſtructed and correRted, "whit it fivert- * 12 1 5 8 4 13 — lathe, aceipiontur, ut multus & viſ- ut iftvs ſtagellorum ſortiter perfe- Mary us ſanguis excat nonnun- rant. & laceros ac 3 10- ' gant,” vulnera - diebam, ad nocem: quorum non re vulneribus. taut * vid. modò nemo exclamavit. ſed ne inge muit quidem. Cic . 5 ba," Pe: ; bb. 1, 2, Tuſc, * —_— SIT ain | : % wo *. Profape, Hiſtory. FE 26m: were ſeldom alone; but were accuſ- >med to 8 like bees, in ſwarms, and always around ( „their chiefs. „The lope ide e e and the eom- mon. good Was cheir prevailing paſlion,, They thought l not to Jive for themſelvos, but for their country, Pedaretus not having had the honour of be- ";ng choſen one be the the three hundred, who held a cer. ; $a} place of inction in the St, returned. home ve- 4 chearfy 1237 u laying, he, guet auge fo. find Fee ndred. better en in Storia than bi 5 boof ad indi ao wel! ba * nen bo Hy Sparta i pired the love of virtue, and 12 5 Yice.; the. actions of the citizens, their con- verſations, and even the publick inſcriptions. It was (hard: 1 en, brought HBO the; midſt of ſo many pre- 558 . 0 les, not to become as, virtuous Pagans, could, $f: Was 19 preſerye this happy ha- he in they, that. Lycurgus did. not allow, all — of perſons to travel, they ſhould return, with fo- reign manners, and licentious cuſtoms, which, would inſpired them, with a diſguſt for the life and EDI 9 5 on. ieee expelled all fo- e $161: IN 9 poly for curioſity, and 1 5 ut of etul or, profitable intention; appre- e e bringt with them the faults vices / Fibel country; and fully convinced chat it ec impor and neceſſary. to ſhut the gates of he "HE AY corruption of, manners, than ggainſt Milencg. , 19G 3; 04 10 Yd o1atiyy ipeaking,.the buſineſs,andexercife oh ale 1 Fcpfrs 12 Var, thing had: a tenden V hat wa nothing but atm. Their manner 0 2 far leſs rigid in the field, than at -bomss 3 were the only: people id. wy war was à ſeaſon of fopoſe and ee : dea men be Slg dong to. that bard" and lever . bi «374 eb 420039% - oder they 23 non f $166 p : 504 bn .tt ch HT... 200g. Th; wp Ara e nat. © dn iS rg ae 8 v Lv ek Sn 9 8 6 f di cip me, Of Profane Hiſtory. 247 _ diſcipline, which they obſerved at Sparta, were ſome- what relaxed, and greater liberty allowed them. With them the firſt and moſt inviolable law of war, z as Demaratus told Xerxes, was never to turn their backs, how far ſuperior ſoever in number the enemy might be; never to quit their poſt ; never to ſurrender their arms; in a word, to conquer or die. And hence it was, that a mother adviſed her ſon, who was ſet- ting out for a campaign, to return with his buckler, or upon his buckler ; and another hearing that her ſon was ſlain in battle in defence of his country, replied coldly, > *Twas for that end I brought him into the world, And this was the common diſpoſition of the » Lacedemonians. © After the famous battle of Leuctra, which was ſo fatal to them, the parents of thoſe who were killed in fighting congratulated one another, and ran to the temples to thank the Gods, becauſe their children had done their duty ; whereas the parents of thoſe, who ſurvived the defeat, were inconſolable. Such as fled were ever after infamous at Sparta. They were not only excluded all offices and.employments, the aſſemblies, and ſhews, but it was a diſgrace to mar- ry a daughter to them, or take a daughter from them, and they were publickly affronted upon every occaſi- on without any remedy for the injury offered. : They never went to battle, till they had implored the aſſiſtance of the Gods by facrifices and publick prayers, and then they marched againſt the enemy in | full confidence, as being thoroughly aſſured of the 10 divine protection, or to uſe the expreſſion of Plutarch, -s if God were N and fought with them; ir ws T8 Os Tvmnrapoy) oc. | ds eg When they had broke their enemies, and put them to flight, they purſued them no farther than was ne- K AS Aer rra N 2 Herod. lib. 6. They ſometimes brought back 2 "AXAn u αν de v wail ſuch as were ſlain upon their buck- r armia, nat -naparghivorion. lers. % Te ven, I pn, 5 Tv, & i Tag, Plut. d Cie. lib, Tuſc, Quæſt. n. 102. de virtut. mulier. | 3 © Plut, in vit. Ag | Vor. III. „ ceſſary 55 _ Of Profane Hiſtory. 