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Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http: //books .google .com/I D.qil.zMBlG001^IC D.qil.zMBlG001^IC V- " ', ,Gooi^lc i.Gooi^lc di.Gooi^lc D.,il.zMBlG001^IC IISTORY. D.qil.zMBlG001^IC D.qil.zMBlG001^IC THE ROMAN HISTORY, BUILDING OF pOME RUIN OF THE COMMONWEALTH. ILLUSTRATED TITH MAPS. BY N. HOOKE, ESQ. A NEW EDITION, IN SIX VOLI'MES. VOL. V. ciohkg; t. cadbll; i. mcMARBimi; cABPEMTKR and aon; r. KBOLEV; BALDiriN AMD QBADOOK J 1. BOOKBR; HUBIT, OBANOB, WBITTAKBR, TMUOHKB, AND OO. J T. TEOO; SIMPKIN AKD MAtt- BBAU.; J. bohh; parbury, alusi*, andoo.; t. BVHPva; t. and w. AND J. natnasd; 1. bain; b. bod4mdn; , CAMBBOraB; WIUDN AND BOKS, TOBX ; 0. AND '• BOBiiraoN, uvbbpool; and iTmuNO and binnt, bdbibumitl D.qit.zeaOvGoOt^lc D.qil.zMBlG001^IC ROMAN HISTORY. BOOK IX. CONTIHUXD. CHAPTER II. Cbt^iu, a IribiHie of Oie people, inthrcaauUMpBf Piie and aibiniiu,ytari^ Borne 6W>, jhuki (nerol nev Inst. He di$lreuei Cicero, wlut bHtig dtrrud by tiuae from uhom hM exftcUi nfiport, li conttraiiui to go into banUkmiwt. Tb get rid afCalo. Ihe /Htime t^gip' the people to owiminkw Aim to dethrimt Pixilem!hki'ig'ifC]ipTiu,inidieizelititremtmrei, whUhconmiHioH he eieculn wi& great puMcliialitt). T/ie nexl year (696) Lenluiut SptnCher and AteteUut tfepoi being eoHiuU, Cicero it recaUei home., and rtitored to hit dlgxUy and ettatett em aMeh oetaifom Cledbit raitet miMAlnMu rivlt la the city. The consuls of the new year were L. Calpurnius v,m>at Piso and A. Gabinius ; the one the father-in-law of *^" Csesar; the other the creature of Pompey. Before B.C. b7. their entrance into office, Cicero had conceived great 3B4ih a»> hopes of both, on account of the influence they were * ^ under » but especially of Piso, to whom (by the Ad QbIih. marriage of his daughter TuUia to C. Piso) he was ^'^^ allied, and who had lately given him marks of con- fidence, having employed him, at the time of the election, to preside over the votes of the leading Pou. Red. century; and when he entered into his office, 0DinPu.s.'6. the 1st of January, asked his opinion the third in the senate, or the next afler Pompey and Crassus : but he presently found himself deceived ; for Clodius bad Pro sat. already secured them to his measures, by a private "*' contract, to procure for them, by a grant of the people, two of the best governments of the empire : for Piso, Macedonia, with Greece and Thessaly ; for Gabinius, Cilicia: and when this last was not tliought good enough, and Gabinius seemed to be displeased with his bargain, it was exchanged soon ai^er for Syria, with D.qit.zeaOvGoOt^lc S THE ROMAN HISTORY. BOOK IX. Yen of 8 power of making war upon the Parthians. For this 095. price they agreed to serve bim in all his designs, and "• *^- ^^' particularly for the oppression of Cicero j who, on that sMih coo. account, often calls them not consuls, but brtrfcers of ptoitom » provinces, and sellers of their country." Pott Red. To gain the people, Clodius, early in the year (Jan. Vid. Ortt ^'5 promulgated several new laws, contrived chiefly for in Puon. 4. thcir advantage. First, that corn should be distributed Arcoo. gratis to the citizens. Secondly, that no magistrate p 'ct'^ **■ should take the auspices, or observe the heavens, when the people were actually assembled on public business. Thirdly, that the old companies or fraternities of the city, which the senate had abolished about nine years before, should be revived, and new ones instituted. And, to please the citizens of higher rank, Clodius published a fourth law — that the censors should not expel from the senate, or inflict a mark of infamy upen any man, nho was not first openly and in form accused, and convicted of some crime by their joint sentence. These laws, though generally agreeable, were Vd. Mm. oppTBidngtl ^ -,.■..,-. , ,. . . -v " g^ I, iniNt ityect muunr. Mid m Uk mioM of * vialan ma, he u nid lo one rooved the compiuiian of the bench, who thought it puniihTnenC enough for a man of hu biith IS be ndaced to the tteeoMUj of piMtntlng MnHelf » mkeiably, mod ruins m deformed and betmeared with dirt — Cieso uf*, that Piio, in bia out. mrd caniage, ififcted du mien and prb of a phDoMptMrg and that his aspect ProSext. gteul)' conlribuCed to give him (he oedlt of that chancier; — he wai tevaa in 5^ 9. nlsloolut equtdidia hla dmi; ilow tn hia speech; mortae in bis manners; the f«iT ncmce of antiqtiU}', and a pattern of the andenc tepnblii: | ambitious to b* Iboughc ■ patriot, and a rerirer of the old diidpline. Bnl dib ((arb of rigid idrtue «M obIt ttw oovering of a dhty, MUiib, itu^ epicurau ; wallowing in ■■ Ibe low and GItfaT pleanuea of life; tiUa false opInloD of wisdom, the aplendaat of his great famUj, and the anoicy iitiigei of ancesMEs, whom he resemhled tn DMhiDg but hii •ompleuon, rKaromaided bim to the cnosulihip ; wbiidi eKpoaed tbc aenuine temper and talents of the man. In Ph. 1. His ooUsagiie Qabhnui was no h7piicrite,bat a pnrfbscd rake from tbebcgfaw Pro Sexu 9. "^ '■ Wt wppisb, luxurious ; always curled and perfumed ; and living in a HTpetuiddebaudiof gammg, wine, and women i Toid of eveTf principle oP vintnL boDOUr, aad probilf; and lO daspcrate io his fartuuts, tbrouf^ th* eiitCB>agaiMM of his pleasures, that he had no other nnource, or hopes o( lubsisience, bul frotn the plunder of the ttpabllc. In his tribunate, irtieu the law by him piopoMd, whidi give the caiumand of the war a«aiii9t the pirates, «aa depending, het* pay his court to Pompey, exposed to the mob the plan of Lncaftus's house! tv show what ea expiniiive fsbiic one of the greatest subjects of lUune was baildlnir as he would intimate, out of the spoils of the treasury i yet this vain man PfQ Doo,. i^pcesBed with debts, and scarce able lo show his head, found meait^ tiium the perquisites of his consulship, to build a much more magnificent palace than Lu- callia himsdf had dgne^ D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^lc THE nOMAN BtSTOB7. pave the way to bin ruin ; so that he pronded his P' '^' ^'^' friend, L. Ninnius, one of the tribunes, to put his »**""- D^ative upon them, especially on the law of frater- 3,^^ „^ nities; which, under colour of incorporating those societies, gave Clodius an opportunity of gathering an army, and enlisting into his service all the scum and Id nt. 4. dr^s of the city. Dion Cassius says, that Clodius, in ixa. 1. ss. an amicable conference with Cicero, and by a promise ^ ^' not to make any attempt against him, persuaded him to withdraw his tribune, and give no interruption to tbe new laws proposed ; but we find, from Cicero's account, that, because the laws were populu*, and did not personally affect him, his friends advised him to be quiet ; with which advice he complied, though con- trary to his own judgment ; and we find likewise, that he blamed himself afterward for his indolence, and re- proached Atticus particularly for having counselled ^ Att. s. him to let tbe law of fraternities pass ; by which it was quickly evident, that Clodius bad gained great advan- tage. The vengeful tribune, become extremely po- pular on account of bis new laws, eagerly seized the op- portunity which this afforded him of driving his hated enemy into banishment: and, for this purpose, he provided a special law, which imported, that whoever had taken the life of a citizen uncondemned, and vou. P>t. without a trial, should be prohibited from fire and ^ ^' water. The putting Catiline's accomplices to death, though not done by Cicero's single authority, but by a general vote of the senate, and after a solemn hearing and debate, was judged to be illegal, and contrary to the liberties of die people : and Cicero, though not named in the law, was the criminal manifestly marked ont by it. Tended, amazed, half out of his wits, he instantly changed his habit, and, as if he had been actually impeached, appeared about the streets in a sor- did or mourning gown, to excite the compassion of the D.qit.zeaOvGoOt^lc 4 THE ROMAN HISTOBY. book ix. Yen of people: whilst Clodius contrived to meet and insult 695. him at every turn -y reproaching him for bis meanness ^' ^ ^'^' of spirit and unmanly dejection ; some of the populace sm eoo. even pelting him with dirt and stones. But he soon Plot Cic g^'hered friends enough about him to secure him "^' ^'^^ ^^*^^ insults, the whole body of the knights, and the young nobility, to the number of 30,000, Pom. Red. with young Crassus at their head ; who all changed ■d QuL 3. jjjgjj. IjjJjJj.^ ^nj perpetually attended him, to implore the protection and assistance of the people. The city was now in great agitation, and every part PmSexi. ofitengagedononesideortheother. Thesenatemet It.'pJw '° *^^ temple of Concord ; while Cicero's friends aa- 1^ ■" sembled in the Capitol ^ whence all the knights and young nobles went in their habit of mourning to throw themselves at the feet of the consuls, and beg their interposition in Cicero's favour. Pisokept his house that day on purpose to avoid them ; but Crabinius received them with intolerable rudeness,' though their petition was seconded by the entreaties and tears of the whole senate : he treated Cicero'scharacterandconsul- ship with the utmost derision, and repulsed the whole company with threats and insults for their fruitless pains to support a sinking cause. This raised great in- dignation in the assembly : when the tribune Ninnius, instead of being discouraged by the violence of the consul, made a motion, that the senate also should change their habit with the rest of the city; which was agreed to instantly by an unanimous vote; Gabinius, enraged at this, flew out of the senate into the forum ; where he declared to the people from the rostra, that men were mistaken to imagine that the senate had any power in the republic ; that the knights should pay dear for that day's work, when, in Cicero's consulship, they kept guard in the Capitol with drawn swords ; and that the hour was now come, when those, who lived at that time in fear, should revenge themselves on their enemies. And D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^lc HAP. II. THE EOUAN HISTORY. S to confirm the troth of what he said, he banished L. Vtuat Lamia, a Roman knight, SOO miles from the city, for mt. his distinguished zeal and activity in Cicero's cause ; ^ *^- ^^' an act of power which no consul before him had ^c'^JS*'^ presumed to exert on any citizen, which was followed ^ p^_ presently by an edict from both the consuls, forbidding [^'*' the senate to put their late vote into execution, and u. et^oined them to resume their former dress.'' Cicero's resolution of changing his gown was too mm 337. hasty and inconsiderate, and helped to precipitate his 15. ^ ruin. He was not named in the law, nor personally affected by it : the terms of it were general, and seemingly just, reaching only to those who had taken the life of a citizen illegally. Whether this was his case or not, was not yet the point in issue, but to be the subject of another trial : so that, by making himself a criminal before the time, he shortened the trouble of his enemies, discouraged his friends, and made his case more desperate than he needed to have done : whereas, if he had taken the part of commending or slighting the law, as being wholly unconcerned in it, and, when he came to be actually attacked by a second law, and brought to trial upon it, had stood resolutely upon his defence, he might have baffled the malice of his persecutors. He was sensible of bis error when it was too late, and often reproached Atticus, that, being a stander-by, and less heated in the game than himself, he would suffer him to make such blunders. As the other consul, Piso, had not yet explicitly declared himself, so Cicero, accompanied by hts son- in-law, who was the consul's near kinsman, took OGcasioD to make him a visit, in hopes to move him to espouse his cause, and support the authority of the senate. They went to him about eleven in the 'And "Wbacij tbcre (nri Cionn), In >n hiMor;, ■ mors UlusCrioiu tati- Pro S«**^ taaaj olaojaiMii, than that all tbc hotml bf private IncllDatioii, atid the Knate 13. bj a public deace, ihonld chaogi ibeirliabit lor ihc uke ofone lingle eiiiien?" Bat tha waa manlfimlf not the oue : for the boncMaod tbs KiiMc wen ai gullCf a> Ik, aai bad Eqnal need of the peopk'a indulgcDce. ;aovGoO»^|i "g'j G THE ROMAN HISTORY. BOOK it. Yaiot morning, and found him, as Cicero afterward told the mb. senate, " Coining from a little dirty hovel, fresh from ^ ^^^' the last night's debauch, with his slippers on, his 39«ih am. head muffled, and his breath so strong of wine, that inFii.6. they could hardly bear the scent of it. He excused his dress and smell of wine on account of his ill-health, for which he was obliged, he said, to take some vinous medicines ; but kept them standing all the while in that Btthy place, till they had finished their business. As soon as Cicero entered into the afl&ir, he frankly told them, that Gabinius was so miserably poor, as not to be able to show his head ; and must be entirely ruined, if be could not procure some rich province ; that he had hopes of one from Clodius, but despaired of any thing from the senate: that, for his own part, it was his business to humour him on this occasion, as Cicero had humoured his colleague in his consulship ; and that there was no reason to implore the help of the consuls, since it was every man's duty to look to himself." Which was all they could get from him. Clodius, all this while, was not idle, but pushed on his law with great vigour; and calling the people into the Flaminian circus, summoned thither also the young nobles and the knights, who were so busy in Pro seiL Cicero's cause, to give an account of their conduct ^' to that assembly: but, as soon as they appeared, he ordered his slaves and mercenaries to fall upon them Pra Mil with drawn swords and volleys of stones, in so rude "* a manner, that Hortensius was almost killed, and Vibienus, another senator, so desperately hurt, that he died soon after of his wounds. Here he produced the two consuls, to deliver their sentiments to the people on the merit of Cicero's consulship} wben Pot Red. Gabinius declared with great gravity, that he utterly '"*"■"• condemned the putting citizens to death without a In Fk. 6. trial : Piso only said, That he had always been on frswrt. t-lic merciful side, aod had a great aversion to cruelty. The reason ofholding this assembly in the Flaminian D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^lc COAr. II. THE KQUAN HUTCmiT. T circus, without the gtries of Rome, was to gire Caesar Vcvof an opportunity of assisting at it, who, beii^ now in- sw, vested with a military command, could not appear °'*^°'^' wi^io the walls. Cesar, th««fore, being called 3<i4d> ca^ □poD, after the cwisuls, to deliver his miad upon ^j^ j^ » the same question, declared, tliat the proceedings P- h- against Lentulus and the rest were irr^ular and ill^al, but that he could not approve the design of punishing any body for them : that all the world knew his sense of the matter, and that he had given his vote gainst taking away their lives; yet he did sot think it right to propound a law at this time about things that were to long past." In this same assembly, Clodius obtained a repeal of Pro sut the .^ian and Fusian laws,** which had been in force Hilnup. about 100 years, and made it unlawful to act any thing "*^^''" with the people on the days called fasti,* or while the augurs or consuls were observing the heavens, and tdtiug the auspices. These laws were the main sup- port of the aristocratical interest, as they proved of excellent use for checking any attempt of the popular magistrates, that gave the senate an alarm : Cicero, iDVuin.9. therefore, frequently laments the loss of them, and *' caJis them the most aacred laws of the state, the fences and bulwark of the public tranquillity. [But it is no wonder that Clodius, in the character of a popular tribune, should attempt the repeal of such laws, seeing the worthy consul Bibulus had, the very last year, in order to hinder the passing of certain laws beneficial to the people, most impudently proclaimed all the days vu. h. ». of eight months together holy days.] . <Thit tamer, tm Di. Middfeun, «m txttal, ud tamable to die put whicfa CffWT VM then actrng ; for, whils it confimied the foundatiDii of Clodiua'i Uw, It «nied»dbii>tifiDoderHuii towwdiCicat); er, umi ispsnraBa wrjtci BXpruM* EilL '^03, U, left ipiraiTmiicm only to the ooe, but did ttal itivia to ihi olhw, CJc. p- »'*^ * The uthnnoftlKM law* KC not CRtuhdj known. Mutratiui uyi,ihoyTfCT« t>otTlbianofIliepM|il&(faautlfOrcuib«f<lRClodlui'9tiibuiieilil{h Hottoman. Biu^rMthcm SXaaudmtm ud dVoent kulhon, ucriblog th« tint to Q. iGllui Petals aoKdimMO; the laeoDd to P. Fubu* iw Furiui, cmiul in i;i7. ■ Tbe die* bsti wm thedap <n> "hich the couiu of law were opoi, and llie prc- WMwIlo bMHOnvM; wUdidajtmninaAcd fbrtlut purpoH in tlu adcnilui. D.qit.zeaOvGoOt^lc S THE ROHAN HISTORY. BOOK IX. Y«« of " Pompey, who had hitherto been giving Cicero 695. the strongest assurances of his friendship, and been "• ^' "'• frequent and open in his visits to him, began now, as 31MA ram- the plot ripened towards a crisis, to grow cool and Middi.pL reserved; while the Clodian faction, fearing lest he 331—334. injirht be induced at last to protect him, were em- PraDoni. , o . „ , . ■,..,■ i 11. ploying all their arts to infuse jealouBies and suspi- ig. '* cions into him of a design against him from Cicero. They posted some of their confidents at Cicero's house, to watch Pompey's coming thither, and to admonish him by whispers, and billets put into his hands, to be cautious of venturing himself there, and to take better care of his life ; which was inculcated to him so strongly at home by perpetual letters and messages from pretended friends, that he thought fit to withdraw himself from the city, to his house on the Atban hill. It cannot be easily imagined that he entertained real apprehensions of Cicero : but, if he had any fear, it must, as Cicero says, have been of the common enemies of them both, lest they might possibly attempt somewhat in Cicero's nanae ; and, by the opportunity of charging it upon Cicero, hope to get rid of them both at the same time : but the most probable conjecture is, that, being obliged, by his engagement with Ctesar, to desert Cicero, and suffer him to be driven out of the city, he was willing to humour these insinuations, as giving the roost plausible pretext of excusing his perfidy." Before things came to extremity, Cicero thought it advisable to press Pompey in such a manner as to know for certain what he had to expect from him. In pitfio. Some of his chief friends undertook the task ; Lu- "■ cuUus, Torquatus, Lentulus, &c. who, with a nu- merous attendance of citizens, went to find him at his Alban villa, and to intercede with him, not to desert the fortunes of his old friend. He received them civilly, though coldly; referring them wholly to the consuls, and declaring, that hC) being only a private D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^lc CHAP. n. TH£ KOHAN HISTOBY. 9 man, could not pretend to take the field against an Vm «r armed tribune, without a public authority; but if no. the consuls, by a decree of the senate, would enter °'*^°'^' into the affiiir, he would presently arm himself in ^^ "^ their defence. With this answer they addressed themselves again to the consuls ; but with no better success than before : Gabioius treated them rudely ; but Piso calmly told them, that he was not so stout 8 consul as Torquatus and Cicero had been ; that there was no need of anns or fighting; that Cicero might save the republic a second time, if he pleased, by withdrawing himself; for, if he stayed, it would cost an infinite quantity of civil blood ; and, in short, that neither be, nor his colleague, nor his son-in-law, Cesar, would relinquish the party of the tribune. ' After this repulse, Cicero resolved to make hisinFtMo. last effi>rt on Pompey, by throwing himself in perton"' at his feet. Plutarch tells us, that Pompey slipped out at a back door, and would not see him : but it is certain, from Cicero's account, that he was admitted to an audience ; and, when he began to press, and even supplicate him, in a manner the moit affecting, that Pompey fiatJy refiised to help him ; allying in excuse of himself, the necessity, which he was uuder, of acting nothing against the will of Cssar. This Ad ah. experiment convinced Cicero that he had a much '*** *' greater power to contend with than what had yet appeared in sight : he called, therefore, a council of his friends, with intent to take his final resolution, agreeably to their advice. The question was, whe- ther it was best to stay, and defend himself by force; or to save the efiusion of blood, by retreating, till the storm sfaould-blow over: Lucullus' advised the first, but Cato, and, above all, Hortensius, warmly Pint, b ui^ed the last; which, concurring with Atticus'a*^ ' Phiurch wihia IiOCuUm without an; praunnci] i ind liDO th« gr^ Ln. cuHoi died road tctj nod (ftei tbe don wa an •poikliig ct, aad wu, thodbM^ D.qit.zeaOvGoOt^lc 10 THE BOHAN BISTOBY. lOOK IX. Yov <if advice, as well as the fears and entreaty of all his SBs. own fiimily, made him resolve to quit the field to his °'^°^' enemies, and submit to a voluntary exile. A little befiH-e his retreat, be to(d: a small statue of Minerva, which had long been reverenced in fats family, as a kind of tutelar deity, and, carryingit to tbeCapitoI, placed it in the temple of Jupiter, under the title of Minerva, the guardian of the city, that, in the plunder of his goods, which was likely to ensue, this sacred guardian might not be pro&ned by impious hands. Lcg.s. "Nos,quiillamcustodem urbis, omnibus ereptisnostris rebus et perditis, violari ab impiis passi non sumus." He departed from Rome in the night, escorted by a numerous guard of friends, who, after a day's journey or two, left him, with the greatest expres- sions of tenderness, to pursue his way towards Sicily, which he proposed as the place of his residence, and where, for bis eminent services to the island, he assured himself of a kind reception and safe retreat. ii- As sooD as it was known that he was gone, Ciodtus published a second law, conceived in the following terms : Dom. " Whereas M, T. Cicero has put Roman citizens to &^ death, unheard and uncondemned ; and for tbut end m.iMk forged the authority and decree of the senate : may it please you to orduu, that he be interdicted from fire and water; that nobody presume to harbour or receive him on pain of death ; and that whoever shall move, speak, vote, or take any step towards recalling bimi he shall be treated as a public enemy." iL It is pretended, that this law was essentially null "*' and invalid : ' for Cicero says, it was not properly a ■ It k uidi, likcwiM, Uut Ok tenot of ibe Uw wen u ibiuid, Ibu lliev u. nulled themKlint Tdt it aiKted,Dt>ttli*tCiceioinajordKHildbi, butthubebe iBto^cCtd, «lildiwwlinpatiS>lei ibicrM power oannh,BqnCio(n>,eu mike B thine to be done befwe It be done. " Nm tuiil at 'iuierdicalur /' ttd at ^iaterdictam lU.' ScxU noiter,~t<ma vmio — jntmiam jam dialiniciu et,— quod factim mm eit, ut lU Jbctum, Jerri ad pofuluin, oiil verbii allii lanciri, mrl nffftvgUt tonfirmari paleaf" Fro Dom. IS, " Quid d til vtrUt tcripla at Ma ftottHftio, ut H ipia iliMBJuMf" lb. 9. N.B. The dlitlDctiiin. here iatinuud, betveeo ' interdicmlar' and 'inler. dicfum ji/,'<l««crvalhca(teBtianof UlgmuniHfiuii. Tlwj m ccnimaiiy nnd D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^lc CUW. H. THE ROHAN HISTOKY. law, but a privilege ; or an act to inflict penalties oa a particular citixen by name without any previous trial ; which was expressly prohibited by the mort sacred and ftindamental constitutions of the republic. " Vetant iegea sacratte, vetant xii tabul» leges pri- vatia hominibus irrogari. Id est enim privilegium." [This objection to the proceedings against Cicero seems fully to justify them ; the thing here spoken of, aa prohibited by the laws of the twelve tables and the fundamental constitutions of the state, being the rery thing of which he had been notoriously guilty. And it ought to be observed, that the authority of the senate> upon which he acted, could not make his act legal j but, by a law of the twelve tables, whatever the people decreed last was law; and the votes of the peofJe were their decree ; so that Cicero was legally buiisfaed.J With this law against Cicero there was another published at the same time, which granted to the two consuls the provinces above specified, with a provision of whatever troops or money they thought fit. Both the laws passed without opposition, and Clodius lost no time in putting the first of them in execution, but fell immediately to plundering, burning, and demolish- ingCicero's houses, both in thecityand in the country. The best part of his goods was divided between the two consuls ; the marble columns of his Palatine house were carried publicly to Fiso's father-in-law; and the rich furniture of his Tusculan villa to his neighbour G«bi- nius ; who removed even the trees ofhis plantations into his own grounds: and to make the loss of his house in Rome irretrievable, Clodius consecrated the area on which it stood to the perpetual service of religion, and built a temple upon it to the goddess of Liberty. MkldL p. 340. PK>9«t 10. S4. ate, we lee, mikea ihc unte •temd, whetc tlu ot PsnhcT, that the penal cause b«iiiR KcouDdtd oa that Cicera had fcnged ibe deoteiaf Uie tniale ; It codli DM potrfUj (land, for want or a foondatkni. ProDom. 19. And laatly, though U pnivided (hat nobody ihouhl haihoui him, ;et it had not oidvred him to be expelled, or enjiuDed hbn (• quit th« dty, lb. 'IB. D.qit.zeaOvGoO>, IS THE BOBfAH HISTOBY. BOOK IX. Yaa rf " The desolation of Cicero's fortunes at home, 696. and the miseries which he suflered ahroad, in being B. c. 57. depriyed of every thing that was dear to him, soon 394<hcon- made him repent of the resolution of his light; Pro Dom. which he ascribes to the envy and treachery of his tJidd] counsellors, who, taking advantage of his fears, and 343—340. the perplexity which he was under, pushed him to an act both ruinous and inglorious. This he chiefly charges on Hortensius ; and though he forbears to name him to Atticus, on account of the strict friend- ship between them, yet he accuses him very freely AaQnint. to his brother Quint US, of coming every day insidi- '' ^ ously to his house, and, with the greatest expressions of zeal and affection, perpetually insinuating to his hopes and fears, that, by giving way to the present lb. 4. rage, he could not fail of being recalled with glory in three days* time. Hortensius was particularly intimate at this time with Pompey, and might possi- bly be employed to ui^e Cicero to this step, in order to save Pompey the disgrace of being forced to act against him with a very high hand. But let that be as it will, it was Pompey 's conduct which shocked Cicero the most: not for its being contrary to bis oaths,^ which the ambitious can easily dispense with ; but to his interest, which they never neglected, but through weakness. The consideration of what was useful to Pompey made him depend on his assistance.' - " In this ruffled and querulous state of mind, stung with tbe recollection of his own mistakes and the perfidy of his friends, he often laments that he had not tried the fate of arms, and resolved either to conquer bravely, or die honourably; which he dwells so much upon in his letters, as to seem persuaded that it would have been his wisest course. But this is a problem, not easy to be solved : it is certain, ^"IluinrMin (uyaCicROiaalettcr to Aldeus iHa Fomjity't ietOi) lobe in bonnt, gme, ud worth; man." " Tbii (iddi Dr. MiddJeCoti) WH (iMihart and nue duncter of ihe nun from one wba perfectly IcDCw him." Midd. Lifd of Cic ml. ftp. 13% WhstincoDiiMendnuetlMwI D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^lc CHAT. 11. THE B03CAN HISTORY. that bis enemies were using all arts to urge him to Uie resolution of retreating: as if they apprehended the consequences of his stay } and the real aim of _ the triumYirate was, not to destroy, but to humble ^, him : yet it is no less certain, that all resistance must have been vaio, if they had foand it necessary to exert their strength gainst him ; and that f bey had already proceeded too far, to suffer him to remain in the city in d^ance of them : and, if their power had actually been employed to drive him away, his return must have been the more desperate, and they the more interested to keep him out: so that it seems to have been his most prudent part, and the most agreeable to his character, to yield, as he did, to the necessity of the times. " But we have a full ^certainly not a true J account of the motives of his retreat, in the speeches, which he made after his return, both to the senate and the people. ' When I saw the senate (says he) deprived n of its leaders, myself partly pushed and partly be- ft trayed by the magistrates; the slaves enrolled by name, under the colour of fraternities ; the remains of Catiline's forces brought again into the field under their old chiefs ; the Icnights terrified with proscrip- tions ,- the corporate towns with military execution, and with death and destruction ; I could still have defended myself by arms, and was advised to do so by many brave friends ; nor did I want that same courage, which you had all seen me exert on other occasions : but when 1 saw, at the same time, that, if I conquered my present enemy, there were many more behind, whom I bad still to conquer; that, if I happened to be conquered, many honest men would fall both with me and afler me ; that there were people enough ready to revenge the tribune's blood* while the punishment of mine would be left to the forms of a trial and to posterity; I resolved -not to employ force in defending my private safety, after I had defended that of the republic without it; and was D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^k 14 THE ftOHAN HISTORY. BOOS ix. Tor of willing that boneat men should rather lament the ruin 686. of my fortunes than make their own desperate by ad- "• ^' "• hering to me : and if, after all, I had fallen alone, that J»^«o. would have been dishonourable to myself; if amidst the slaughter of the citizens, fatal to the republic.*" His letters, written during his exile, to Terentia and Atticus, discover that all he says here, of bis courage being restrained by his patriotism, is false. Vid. npn. The truth is, he had neither courage nor patriotism : ^ he would have accepted the lieutenancy offered him by Csesar, and have become an humble servant of the triumvirate, if Clodius had not outwitted him. And when, by refusing that lieutenancy, he had lost- the protection of Csesar, he would have commenced a civil war to preserve his station and his fortune, if he had not felt the want of courage in himself, and had not found, that, even in the opinion of his friends, he overrated his own importance. ' Hdm. "Cicero (says a very candid and ingenious writer) ^'i'^' 18 perpetually reproaching himself in these letters to L«- s- Terentia, and thosewhich he wrote at the same time to Atticus, for not having taken up arms, and resolutely withstood the violence of Clodiua. He afterward, however, in several of his speeches, made a merit of what he here condemns, and particularly in that for Sextius be appeals to Heaven in the most solemn ntanner, that he submitted to a voluntary exile, in order to spare the blood of his fellow-cttizens, and pn Stit. preserve the public tranquillity. ' Te, te patria, testor, ^ et vos, pcnates patriique Dii, me vestrarum sedum tem- plorumque causa, me propter salutem meorum civium, qute mihi semper fuit mea carior vita, dimicationem csdemque fugisse.' But Cicero's veracity, in this so- lemn asseveration, seems liable to be justly questioned. It is certain, that heonce entertained adesign of taking up arms in his own defence : and the single motive that appears to have determined bim in the change of this resolution was, his fiodingfaimself most perfidiously di>Goo»^lc CHAT. II. THE SOMAN HISTORY. lo deserted by Pompey. * Si — quisquam fuisset (says he ^^^^ in a letter to Atticvs) qui me Fotnpeii minus liberalt me. reaponsoperterritum aturpiBsimo consilio revocaret ; — ^ autoccubuiisem honestejautvictoreshodieviveremiu.' ^J£^ DioQ Cassius asserts, that Cicero, notwithstanding Ad ah. 3. the unexpected desertion of Pompey, was preparing |^ ^ to put himself in a posture of defence ; but that Cato and Horteosius would not suffer him to execute his purpose. Peiiiaps this author may be mistaken as to his having made any actual preparations of this kind : but that he had it in his intentions, seems clear beyond all reasonable contradiction. The French historian Hitt de of our author's banishment baa relied therefore too cic p. la. moch upon Cicero's pompoas prefessions ailer his return, when he maintains that nothing could be fiirther irom his thought than a serious opposition. The contrary appears most evidently to hare been the case; and that the patriot-motive, which he so often assigns in his subsequent orations, for leaving his conntry, was merely an afler-thought, and the plansible colouring of artful eloquence. Why else, it may be asked, is there not the least hint of any such generous priodple of his conduct in all the let- ters he wrote during this period ? Why else is he perpetually reproaching his friends for having suffered him to take that measure? And why, in a word, does he call it, as in the passi^ above cited, turjnjtsimum cofMt&'um, the effect of a most ignominious resolution ? Bat were it to be admitted that a regard to bis country determined him to withdraw from it, still, however, he could not with any degree of truth boast of his patriotism on that occasion : for the most partial of his advocates must acknowledge, that he no sooner executed this resolution than he heartily repented of it. The truth is, how unwilling soever he might be to hazard the peace of his country in maintaining his post, he was ready to renounce all tenderness of that kind in recovering it ; and he expressly desires Atticus D.qit.zeaOvGoOt^lc 16 THE ROMAN HISTORY. BOOK ix. Yen of to raise the mob in his favour, ifthere were any hopes of 695. making a successful push for his restoration : 'Oro te, ^^^- ut, si qua spes erit, posse studiis bonorum, auctoritate, ■0^!^ multitudine comparata, rem confici, des operam, ut uno impetu perfringatur.'" DyrrachiunOf Nov. 26. AdAits. Clodius, having satiated his revenge upon Cicero, HiddL proposed another law [from a like spirit of revenge]] ^** against Ptolemy, king of Cyprus f to deprive him of his kingdom, and reduce it to a Roman province, and confiscate his whole estate. This prince was brother to the king of Egypt, and reigning by the same right, in proDMii.8. full peace and amitv with Rome; accused of no prac- Vii ni. 4, . ^ ,^- ,. '. , Vi. p. 4S1. ttces, norsuspected ofany designs, against the republic ; whose only crime was to be rich and covetous ; so that the law was an unparalleled act of injustice, and what ProSciL Cicero, in apubllc speech, did not scruple to callamere Dio. lib. sa robbery: but Clodius had an old grudge to the king, P- '*■ for refusing to ransom him when he was taken by the pirates ; and sending him only the contemptible sum of rm Sat. two talents : and what, says Cicero, must other kings App. lib. 2: think of their security, to see their crowns and fortunes ^ at the disposal of a tribune and 600 mercenaries? The law passed, however, without any opposition ; and, to sanctify it, as it were, and give it the better face and fidl Id colour of justicc, Cato was charged with the execution ofit : which gave Clodius a double pleasure, by imposing so shameful' a task upon the gravest man in Rome. It was a part likewise of the same law, as well as Cato's commission, to restore certain exiles of Byzantium, whom their city bad driven out for crimes against the public peace. The engaging Cato in such dirty work was a masterpiece, and served many purposes of great use to Clodius: first, to get rid of a troublesome adver- sary for the remainder of his magistracy: secondly, to fix a blot on Cato himself, and show, that the most '"Hi* tally teckonea (Ujs Dr. Pridsaux) ono of die unjiutnt acta that the Romuu to (hii time ever did. Far Plolcmy bad been adaillled as a friend and allj of the Roman people, and had never on^ded them, or done (bem any hurt M diipleuure, wttoebj to doaene thii lua^ ftsm their haniU." VoL 2. p. 443, D.qit.zeaOvGoO»^lc CHAP. U. THE BOMAN UISTOKY. IT tigid pretenders to virtue might be caaght by a proper Vm or bait: thirdly, to stop his mouth for the future, as he sh. opeiiIybragged,fromcIaQiouriDgagain8textraordinary ^'^"l- commissions : fourthly, to oblige him, above all, to ^^ <°^ acknowledge the validity of his acts, bysubmittiog to bear a part in them. The tribune had the satisfaction to see Cato taken in his trap. Cato, coming to Rhodes, in his way to Cyprus, sent Prid.Tia. to Ptolemy to persuade him quietlyto recede, promising ^"t^ him, on that condition, the high-priesthood of Venus ^*j- ^^^ at Fa^^os, on the revenues of which he might be sup- Dio. ported in a state of plenty and honour; but of this heAppfMi. 