Arcanum puntluationis revelatum, &c. which work, being printed in Holland, caufed a great clamour among the proteft- ants, as if it had a tendency to hurt their caufe. Meantime it is certain, that Luther, Calvin, Zuinglius, and others, had cfpoufed the fame notion, as well as the Scaligers, Cafaubons, Erpenius, Salmafius, Grotius, and the Heinfii : and therefore it could not be faid, that CapcUus introduced any novelty, but only better and more folidly eftablilhcd an opinion, which had been approved of by the moft learned and judicious proteftants. But the true reafon why the german proteftants in general fo warmly oppofed Capellus's opinion, was, becaufe they had beca accuftomed to follow that of the two Buxtorfs, whom they con- fidered as oracles in hebrew learning. Buxtorf the father had written a little treatife in defence of the antiquity of the points : and as Buxtorfs credit was juftly great among them, they chofe rather to rely upon his authority, than to examine his argu- ments, in fo abilrufe an enquiry. Buxtorf the fon wrote againft Capellus, and maintained his father's opinion. Capellus how- ever has been generally fuppofcd to have put the matter beyond any farther dilpute ; on which account his fcholars Bochart, Grotius, Spanheim, Voffius, Dai Hi, and almoft all the learned in hebrew fincc, have come very readily into his opinion. Capellus compofed another work, intituled, Crltica Sacra ; which fo highly difpleafed the proteftants, that they hindered the imprefllon of it ; till John Capellus, who was his fon, and afterwards turned papift, got leave of the king to print It at Paris in 1650. This work is nothing elfe but a collecllon of various readings and errors, which he thought were crept into the co- pies ot the bible, through the fault of the tranfcribers : it muft have been, however, a* work of prodigious labour, fmce the author acknowledges, that he had been 36 years about it. The younger Buxtorf wrote a learned anfwer to it, and fome englifti proteftants have alfo appeared againft it : but Grotius, on the other fide, very much commends this critique in an epiftle to the author j where he tells him, among other things, to be content with the judicious approbation of a few, rather than the blind applaufe of many readers. Contentus efto, fays he, magnis potius quam multis laudatoribus. Capellus died at Saumur in 1658, aged almoft 805 having made an abridgement of his life in his work " De gent« Capellorum." CAPORALI (Cesar\ native of Perufa, was governor of Atri in the kingdom of Naples, and died at Caftiglione near Perufa in 160 1. His vivacity, good humour and manner of turning 31* C A R A C c r. turninp e?ery thing into picafantry, occafioncd his company td be much fought after. He has acquired confiderable reputa- tion by fome burlefque poems printed in 1656, in i2mo. He likewife wrote a couple of comedies. CAPPERONIKR (Claude), a learned Frenchman, was born atMontdidicr in Picardy, 7671 ; put by his parents to the trade* of a tinner ; but, at his moments of leifure, learned of himfelf the elements of the latin tongue* An uncle, a benedidline of an abbey, obferving his inclination for books, prevailed on his pa» rents to let him purfue it. Accordingly, having gone through his fchooUcarning at Montdidier and Amiens, he went to Paris in 1688; and applied himfelf with fuch ardour to the greek, as foon to become eminent for his (kill in that language. However, he never feparated from this the ftudy of the latin tongue, as deeming juftly, that they would with more advantage be culti- rated together. The univerfity of Bafil offered him the chair of profeiibr extraordinary in the greek language, with great advan- tages and privileges; but it is not faid whether or not he accepted it. In 1710 he undertook the education of the three fons of M. Crozat; for which he had a penfion of 100 pilioles fettled 011 him for life. In 1722 he was made profeflbr of greek in the college royal; and in 1744 he died at Paris at M. Crozat^s, with whom lie had lived fince 1710 [eJ. CARACCI (Lewis, Augustine, and Hannibal), cele- brated painters of the Lombard fchool, all of Kologna, in Italy. Lewis Caracci was born in 1555, and was coufin german to Auguftine and Hannibal, who were brothers. He difcovered but an indifferent genius for painting under his firft mafter, Profpero Fontana ; who therefore diffuaded him from purfuing it any farther, and treated him fo roughly that Lewis left his fchool. However, he was determined to fupply the defe£ls of nature by art ; and henceforward had recourfe to no other mafter but the works of- the great painters. He went to Venice, wl^ere the famous Tintoret, feeing fomething of his doing, encouraged him to proceed in his profeffion, and foretold, that he fhould fome time be one of the firft in it. This prophetic applaufe animated him in his refolutions to acquire a maftery in his art ; and he travelled about to ftudy the works of thofe who had ex- celled in it. He ftudied Titian's, Tintoret's, and Paulo Vero- nefe's works at Venice 5 Andrea del Sarto's at Florence ; Cor- reggio's at Parma -, and Julio Romano's at Mantua : but Correg- [e] Ilf gave fome public fpecimens of Sirafbourg, 1756, 4to. 3. He left ia bis uncommon kariiing, by publiihiiig, v. manulcript ©blervationcs philologicat^, oi an edition of Quiniiliaiii inftitutioncs era- Emendations of paflagcs in ancient greek tori:«, Paris, 1725, folio, dedicated to and latin authors, which (it is faid) would l,ewis XIV. who rewarded the editor with make fome quartos. 4. In MS. alfo, A z penfion of 800 livres. 2. After his death Ucatife of the ancicot pronuaviatioa of tb« nm edition of tkt Aucieot latio rketers, at (reck language^ 6 liio's C A R A C C T; ^19 poS manner touched him moft fcnfibly, and he followed it ever after. He excelled in defign and colouring j and had a peculiar jracefulnefs and candour. Auguftinc Caracci was born in 1557, and Hannibal in 1560. Their father, though a taylor by trade, was yet very careful to give hisfons a liberal education. Auguftinc was begun to be bred a fcholar ; but his genius leading him to arts, he was after-* wards put to a goldfmith. He quitted this profeffion in a little time, and then gave himfelf up to every thing that pleafed his fancy. He firft put himfelf under the tuition of his coufiti Lewis ; and became a very good deligner and painter. He gained fame knowledge likewife of all the parts of the mathematics, natural philofophy, rhetoric, mufic, and moft of the liberal arta and faiences. He was alfo a tolerable poet, and very accom- plifhed in many other refpecls. Though painting was the pro- feffion he always ftuck to, yet it was often interrupted by hi$ purfuits in the art of engraving, which he learnt of Cornelius Cort, and in which he furpaflcd all the matters of his time. Hannibal Caracci in the mean time was a difciple of Lewis^ as well as his brother Auguftinc ; but never deviated from his art, though he wandered through all thofe places which afforded any means of cultivating and perfefting it. Among his many admirable qualities, he had fo prodigious a memory, that what- ever he had once feen, he never failed to retain and make his own. Thus at Parma, he acquired the fweetnefs and purity of Coreggio ; at Venice, the ftrength and diftribution of colours of Titian ; at Rome, the correftnefs of defign and beautiful forms of the antique : and by his wonderful performances in the Far- nefe palace, he foon made it appear, that all the feveral perfec- tions of tlie moft eminent maflers, his predecefTors, were united in himfelf alone. At length thcfe three painters, having made all the advan- tages they could by obfervation and practice, formed a plan of aflbciation, and continued henceforward almoft always together. Lewis communicated his difcoverics freely to his coufinsj and propofed to them that they fhould unite their fentiments and their manner, and aft as it were in confederacy. The propofal was accepted : they performed feveral things in feveral places ; and, finding their credit to increafe, they laid the foundation of that celebrated fchool, which ever fmce has gone by the name of the Oaracci's academy. Hither all the young ftudents, who had a view of becoming mafters, reforted to be inftrufted in the rudiments of painting : and here the Caracci taught freely and without refervc to all that came. Lewis's charge was to make a collcftion of antique ftatues, and bas-reliefs. They had de- signs of the beft mafters, and a coUeftion of curious books on iU (ubie^s relating to th^ir art : and they had a ikilful anatomift jjKvays 3to C A R A C C !. * always ready to teach what belonged to the knitting and motJotf of the mufcles, &c. There were often difputations in the aca- demy; and not only painters but men of learning propofed quef- tlonsy which were always decided by Lewis. Every body was well received ; and though llated hours were allotted to treat of different matters, yet improvements might be made at all hours by the antiquities and the defigns which were to be feen. The fame of the Caracci reaching Rome, the cardinal Fanicftf fent for Hannibal thither, to paint the gallery of -his palace.— Hannibal was the more willing to go, becaufe he had a great de- fire to fee Raphael's works, with the antique flatues and bas- reliefs. The gufto, which he took there from the ancient fculp- ture, made him change his bologniaii manner for one morfe learned, but lefs natural in the delign and in the colouring.-^ Auguftine followed Hannibal, to afllft him in his undertaking of the Farnefe gallery ; but the brothers not rightjy agreeing, the cardinal fent Auguftine to the court of the duke of Parma, in whofe fervice he died in 1602, being only 45 years of age. His moft celebrated piece of painting is that of the communion of St. Jcrora, in Bologna : " a piece,** fays a connoifTeur, "fo complete in all its parts, that it was much to be. lamented, the excellent author fliould withdraw himfelf from the prafticc of an art, in which his abilities were fo very extraordinary, to follow the inferior profefiion of a graver." Auguftine had a natural fon, called An tonio,who was brought up a painter under his uncle Han- nibal; and who applied himfelf with fo much fuccefs to the fiudyof all the capital pieces in Rome, that it is thought he would have furpafled even Hannibal himfelf, if he had lived ; but he died at the age of 35, in j6i8.* Meanwhile, Hannibal continued working in the Farnefe gal- lery at Rome ; and, after inconceivable pains and care, finiOied the paintings in the perfeftion they are in at prcfent. He hoped that the cardinal would have rewarded him in fome proportion to tlie excellence of his work, and to the time it took him up, which was eight years ; but he was difappointed. The car- dinal, influenced by an ignorant Spaniard his domeftic, gave him but a little above 2Co pounds, though it is certain he deferved more than twice as many thoufands. When the money was brought him, he was fo furprifed at the injuftice done him, that he could not fpeak a word to the perfon who brought it. This confirmed him in a melancholy which his temper naturally in- clined to, and made him refolve never more to touch his pencil ; and this refolotion he had undoubtedly kept, if his neceflities had not compelled him to break it. It is faid that his melan- choly gained fo much upon him that at certain times it deprived him of the right ufc of his fcnfes. It did not, however, put a flop to his amours 5 and his debauches at Naples, whither he had dARAFf. ^ti tiad retired for the recovery of his health, brought a diftcmper upon him, of which he died at 49 years of age. As in his life he had imitated Raphael in his works, fo he fccms to have copied that great mafter in the caufe and manner of his death. While Hannibal Car.icci worked at Rome, Lewis was courted ftom all parts of Lombanly, efpecially by the clergy, to make piftures in their churches; and we may judge of his capacity and facility, by the great number of piftures he made, and by the preference that was given him to other painters. In the' fnidft of thefc employments, Hannibal folicited him to come and affifl him in the Farnefe gallery; and fo earneflly that he could not avoid complying with his reqtieft. He went to Rome ; corre<£led feveral things in that gallery ; painted a figure or two himfelf, and then returned to Bologna, where he died, 1619, aged 63. Had the Cnracci had no reputation of their own, yet the merit 6f their difciples, in the academy which they founded, would have rendered their name illuftrious in fuccccding times : among A^hom were Guido, Domenichino, Lanfranco, &c. &c. CARACClO (Anthony), a roman baron of the xviith cen- tury, acquired fame by his Italian poems. Among his trage- dies that of II Corradino is diftinguilhcd above the reft, printed at Rome in 1694.. He employed himfelf in a work of far greater importance ; this was his Imperio vendicato, an epic poem in forty cantos, printed at Rome in 1690, 4to. The Italians place it immediately after Arioflo and Taflb; but per- fons of ta(t(^, while they admire the facility and abundance of the author, rank his poem far beneath the Orlando furiofo and the Gierufalemmeliberata. CARAFI, the furname of Ahmed ben £dri5, doftor of the fe£l: of Malek, who died about the year 684 of the hegira. He i& author of the book intituled Agiubat al fakherah an alilat al caferah : An anfwer to the queflions and difRculties propofedby the jews and by the chriftians againft mohtrmmedanifm. He alfo compofed the following books: i. Anvar al voruk, the coruf- Cations of lightning. 2. Alikam fi tamauz al fadva : Rules to be obferved concerning the cartel of tanfoms, and of exchanges. Vol. lil. Y 3. Eftebfar \ 32^ CARAVAGIO. 3. Edebfar fi ma yodrak belabfar : Confideratlons on the things that are to be known by infpe£lion and by the fight. All thefe books treat of the laws of muiTulmanifm. The author is like^ wife named Shehabeddin Abulabb^s. Carafi is alfo the furname of Yabia ben Abdabrahman al Esfahanii who wrote a commeri- tarv on the poem of Ben Farah, intituled Mandhumah fil Ha- dith : Verfes on the traditions or narrations that arc afcribed to Mohammed. It was in the french king's library, number 1 127. CARAMUEL DE LOLKOVJTSH (John), a cifterciaji monk, bom at Mai-ir.d, in i6o6| vas at firft abbot of Melrofe, in the Low Countries, then titulary bifliop of Midi ; afterward^:, by a lingular turn, engineer and intendantof the fortifications in Bohemia, from having fervcdas a foldier. The fame capricious and inconflant humour, which made him lay laid down thecrozier to lake up the hslbtrd, now led him from being engineer to become bif^iop again. He had fucccffivciy the biflioprics of Konigfgratz, of Canipano, and of Vigtvano. In which laft-mentioned town he died in K'8 2, nged 76. He was a man of the mod un- bounded mimi, and of whom it wasfaid, that he was endowed with genius to ihc eighth degree, with eloquence to the fifth, and with judgment to the fecond. He wrote feveral works of controverfial theology ^ and a fyftem of divinity in latin, 7 vols, folio. CARAVAGIO (Michael Angelo Americi da). This famous man was born at Caravagio, a place in the Milanefe, in the year 1569. His father was a mafon by trade, and em- ployed him in making paft^ for the frefco-painters in Milan. The habit of being connantly among painters, and feeing them work, begot in him a taile for that art. Without a teacher, without (tudying either antiques, or tlie mafterpieces of the mo- derns, he became a great painter. He employed himfelf entirely in making portraits for four or five years. He found nature the furefl guide in his art;, and he followed her with a fervile obe- dience. He painted folely after her, without any feleflion, the beautiful as well as the ordinary •, and copied her very de- fe£\s. On being once ihewn fome fine antique figures, " Sec," faid he, pointing to the byftanders, " how many more models nature has given me than all your ftatues !" and went imme- diately into an alchoufe, where he painted on the fpot a gipfy vcbo Happened to be in the flreet, fo as none could find any thing to correal in it. It was difficult to be upon good terms with him. He was naturally quarrelfome, defpifed every one, and found no per- formances good but his own. A man of this temper could iiot be long without enemies. Some bufinefs that he had at Milan obliged him to leave this city, and make a journey to Venice, where be adopted Giorgionrs manner. Uis flay here was but 7 fliort CARAVAGIO. 3ii ihort, and he ircpaired to Rome. He was in fuch pdot cxrcum- ftanccs, that he was forced by ncccffity to wotk for Jofehino, who gave him fruit and flowers to paint. This department was not that wherein he excelled ; he therefore left Jofehino, to go and paint latge figures for Profpero,. a painter of grotefquc. Profpero everywhere founded his praifc, and made coiifiderable profit by his works. ^ A picture, the gamcfter^ that Caravagio had painted, fo highly pleafed the cardinal del Monte, that, having bought it, he requeftcd to fee thfe artift, and kept him in his palace, where he caufed him to paint feveral pieces for the pavilion in his garden. Ail the walls of the work-room of Caravagio were blackened, in brder that the fliacles of objedls might have no reflediohs, and all day long only one light entered it through the uppermoft window. Thus he fucceeded in giving his piftures that dim* nefs and ilrength, which, at firft fight, excelled and edipfed all others. Even Rubens himfelf acknowledged Caravagi6 to behi^ mafter in the clear-obfcurci Caravagio gave all his objefts fo ftriking and extraordinary a truth as could not be exceeded, and It was not poflible to carry the natural any farther. Biit all thefe beauties difappeared in large compofitions : his flyle was theit h^lrd and infupportable. He placed his figures all on the fame plan, without gradation, without perfpeAive ; and his light to every objeft is uniformly the fame. All the painters of the time combined agaiilft Caravagio j they objefted to him that he had neither genius, nor propriety, nor grace, nor fagacity, and that he knew hot how to make z good choice. True it is, that his figures are not noble. He ufed to paint the porters, who ferved him for models, without their heads, which he afterwards pUt on according to the faints, heroes, and other great perfonages they were to reprefent. The altar-pieces that he executed for churches and monafteries were obliged frequently to be taken down again from their places } this was particularly the cafe with a St. Matthias, who, inflead of a haggard old fellow, looked like a jolly clown ; and thtf death of the holy virgin, who had the appearance of a drunken hunter. But all thefe affronts Were unable to correft him. At lad, all the painters, following the ftream of the fafhion, imitated his example. When Annibal Carraccio calne to Rome, Caravagio was fo forcibly ftfuck with his colouring, that, in fpjte of nis vanity, he exclaimed, ^* God be thanked, at lalt I have found one painter in my life time !" . Gai'avagio ufed to fay of his works, that the merit of every ftr<4ce of the pencil he made belonged to nature, and not to him. Without genius, without reading, without the ftudy of Ya his 324 C A R A V A G I O. his art,, flic was his only afliftant and guide. He was therefore nfually called '* The naturalift ;" a name given likcwife to all the painters who, like him, adhered flaviflily to nature. His furprifingly vindictive temper allowed him to gam but few friends, excepting Civoli and Pomeranci. He lived in con- tinual ftrife with Carraccio, and particularly with Jofehino. On the latter's refufing to fight with him, as he was not a knight, he took the refolution to go to Malta, and caufe himfelf to be admitted cavaliero fervicnte, in order to compel Jofehino to give up all farther evafion. He killed a young man at Rome, with whom he quarrelled at tennis, and fled, though forely wounded, to Zagaroles, to the duke Maria Colonna, from thence to Na- ples, and afterwards to Malta. As his reputation had now made its way into all parts, he was never permitted to be idle, efpe- cially at Malta, where he finiflied feveral pieces for the church of St. John and the grand mailer. The grand mailer made him a cavaliero ferviente, prefcnted him with a golden chain, and gave him two Haves for his attendants. He affronted a knight of fome confequence, and was there- fore thrown into prifon. He found means to efcape by night, and went to Sicily ; where not thinking himfelf fafc, he proceeded to Naples. Here he chofe to remain till the grand mailer, to whom he had fent as a prefent an Herodias with the head of St. John, fiiould procure his pardon. But one day, as he was going out of his inn, he was attacked at the door, by armed people, and wounded in the face. Though fcvercly fpAiarting v^dth the wound, he got immediately on board a felucca, and went to Rome, knowing that cardinal Gonzaga had obtained his pardon from the pope. On his landing from the vefl'el, he was fcizcd upon by the fpanifli guard, who took him for another cavalier, and carried him to prifon, from whence he was not difcharged till they had convinced themfelvcs of their midake. He now returned to the felucca, in order to fetch his baggage, but found it no longer there. Qu^ite jclejedlcd under the prelfure of fo many misfortunes, he wandered about upon the fhore, and at length, in the extreme heat of the fun, rc;iched on foot the gate Forto Ercolv, where his couroije entirely forfook him : a violent fever enfued, of which he died, 1609, in the fortieth year of his Caravagio's life was one continued fcvles of misfortunes : he did not dare to go home to his country ; en all hands he faw himfelf profcribed ; he had fcarceiy a friend in the world, and died, quite defli^ut:e, on the common road. He ufually went very ill clothed ; he lived vrithout tliv.* ordinary accommodations, in any alehoufc that would harbour him •, and, once, whci\ he had not wherewith to pay his reckoning, he painted the f.gn for the alehoufe, which, fome time afterwards, was fold for a ccn- iidcrable CARDAN. 375 fidcrable fuin. For many years the canvas of a portrait fervcd him for a table-cloth at his dinner. CARDAN (Jeuom), an Italian of a moil extrat)rdinary ge- nius, was born at Pavia, Sept. 24, 1501. As his mother was not married, (he tried every method to procure an abortion, but without efFcft. She was three days in labour j and they were forced at laft to cut the child from her. He was born with his head covered with black curled hair. When he was four years old, he was carried to Milan : his father was an advocate in that city. At the age of twenty he went to ftudy at the uni- verfity of Pavia, where, two years after, he explained Euclid. In 1524 he went to Padua j the fame year was admitted to the degree of M. A. and in the end of the following year took the degree of M. D. He married about the end of 1531. For ten years before, his impotency hindered him from having know- ledge of a woman, which was a great mortification to him. He attributed it to the evil influences of the planet under which he was born. When he enumerates, as be does in more places than one, the greateft misfortunes of his life, this ten years impotency is always one. At the age of thirty*three he became profeflbr of mathematics at Milan. Two years after he was of- fered the place of profeflbr of medicine at Pavia, which he re- fufed, not feeing a likelihood of having his falary regularly paid. In 1539 he was admitted a member of the college of phyficians at Milan; in 1543 he read public leftures in medicine in that city, and at Pavia the year following, but difcontinued them be- caufc.he could not obtain payment of his fiilary, and returned to Milan. Jn 1547, his friend Andrew Vefalins procured him from the king of Denmark an offer of a penfion of 800 crowns and his table, which he tells us he refufed on account of the coldnefs of the climate ; and becaufe, to be well received in that kingdom, he muft have renounced the romifli religion, in which he had been bred. In 1552 he went into Scotland, having been fent for by the archbiihop of St. Andrew's, who had applied in vain to the french king's phyficians, and afterwards to rhofe of the emperor. This prelate, then forty years old, had been for ten years afflifted with a ihortnefs of breath, which returned every eight days for the laft two years. He began to recover from the moment that Cardan prefcribed for him. Cardan took his leave of him at the end of fix weeks and three days, leaving him prefcriptions, which in two years wrought a complete cure. Cardan's journey to Scotland gave him an opportunity of vifit- ing fcveral countries. He eroded France in going thither, and returned through the Low Countries and Germany, along the banks of the Rhine. It was on this occafion he went to London, and calculated king Edward's nativity. This tour took up about ten months; after which, coming back to Milan, he Y 3 continued jai CARDAN. continued Acfc t'lH 0£lober 1552, and then went to Pavia^ whence he was invited to Bologna in 1562. He taught in this kft city till 1570, at which time he was thrown into prifon; but fome months after was fent to his own houfe : he was not reftored to his full liberty, his houfe being afiigned him for a prifon; but he recovered it foon after. He left Bologna iq i57r> and went to Rome, where he lived without any public employment. He was, however, admitted a member of the coIt lege of phyf]cian^, and received a penfion from the pope. He died at Rome, September 21, IS7S> according to Thuanus. This account might be fuihcient to ihew the reader, that Cardan was of a very fickle temper j but he will have a mi^ch better idea of his (ingular and odd turn of mind, by examining what he himfelf tells us concerning his good and bad qualities. This ingenuoufnefs is itfelf a proof that his mind was of a very particul2|r cail. He informs us, that when he felt no pain na- turally, he would excite that difagreeable fenfation in himfelf, by biting his lips, and fqueezing his fingers till hp cried. He did this, he adds, to prevent a greater evil : for when he hap- pened to be without pain, he felt fuch violent fallics of the* imagination, and imprefiions on his brain, as were more infup- portable than any bodily pain. He fays elfewhcre, that, in his greateft tortures of foul, he ufed to whip his legs with rods, and bite his left arm *, and that it was a great relief to him to weep, but very often he could not. He was fometimes tempted to lay violent hands on himfelf, which he calls heroic love ^ and imagined that feveral other perfons have been poOcfled with it, though they did not own it. Nothing gave him more pleafure^i than to talk of things which made the whole company uneafy : he fpoke on all fubje£ts, in feafon and out of feafon ; and was fo fond of games of chance, as to fpend whole days in them, to the great prejudice of his family and reputation ; for he even ftaked his furniture and his wife's jewels. He obferves, that the poverty to which he w^s reduced, never compelled him to do any thing beneath his birth or virtue ; and that one of the methods he took to earn a fubfiftence, was the making of al- manacs. ' J. C. Scaliger affirms, that Cardan having fixed the time of his death, abilained from food [f], that his prediftion might be fuliilled, and that his continuance to live might not difcredit his art. Cardan wrote a great number of books -y for [r] Thuanus fiy;;, this was generally he might not cratradidl his prcdi^bioD.'* helieved : " When he was within three The like circumftancc has been told of daysof threefc^re and titicen years of age, Robert Burton. the C A R E W. 327 the Lyons edition of his works printed in 16631 contains 10 vols, in foho. His poverty was one reafon why he wrote fo many trcatifes, the digreffions and obfcurity whereof puzzle the reader, who often finds in them what he did not expe£l: to meet with : as for inftancei in his arithmetic he introduces feveral difcourfes concerning the motion of the plarjtts, the creation, and the tower of babel ; and in his logic he has inferted a judgment of hiftorians and letter-writers. He owns that he made thefe di- greffions to fill up ; his bargain with the bookfdlers being for fo much a fheet : and he wrote as much for bread as for reputation. With regard to the obfcurity of his writings, Naudaeus alJeges the following among other reafons for it : that Cardan imagined, that many things being familiar to him needed* not to be ex- preiTed ; and befides, the heat of his imagination and his ex- ten live genius hurried him from one thing to another, without (laying to explain the medium or conneftion between them. Naudseus adds, that the amazing contradictions in his. writings, ^re an evident proof, that he was not always in his fenfes ; that they can neither be imputed to a defe£l of memory, nor to arti- fice ; and that the little relation there is between his feveral variations, proceeded from the different fits pf madnefs with which he was feized. CAREW (George), an eminent englifti gentleman, was fon of George Carew, fome time dean of Chrift-church in Oxford, and originally defcended from the Carews of Carew-caftle in Pembroke (hire. He was born in Devonfhire in 15^7, and be- came a gentleman commoner of Broadgate's hall in Oxford, in 1572 : but, taking morq pleafure in military affairs than in lite- rary purfuits, he quitted the univcrfity, without taking a degree ; and went into Ireland, where he had a command given him againft the earl of Defmond. Afterwards queen Elizabeth made him one of her council, and matter of the ordnance there : in which laft employment he behaved himfelf very bravely upon feveral occafions, as^he did fome years after in the voyage to Cadiz in Spain. At length, when Ireland was in a manner in- vaded with a domettic rebellion and a fpanifh army, he was made prefident of Munfter for three years; when joining his forces with thofe of the earl of Thomond, he took feveral caftles and ftrong-hold§ in thofe parts, and brought the earl of Def- mond to his trial. After king James came to the crown, he was called home; and, in the firll: year of his reign, was conRituted governor of the ille of Gucrnfey and Cattle Cornet. In the third year of that lvii"»g's reign he was advanced to the dignity of a baron (for he was already knighted), by the title of lord Carew of Clopton ; having before married Joyce the danifhter of William Clopton, of Clopton, efq. near Stratford upon Avon, in Y 4 War- 328 CARE W. Warwlckfhire. Afterwards he was made maftcr of the ordnance throughout England, and one of the king's moll honourable privy council : and at length, when Charles came to the crown, he was immediately made by him carl of Totnefs in Devonftiire. He died in the Savoy, near London as it was then, in 1629 j and his body was conveyed to Stratford upon Avon, in War- wickfnirc, to be interred. It may truly be faid of this gentleman, that he was a faithful fubje£l:, a valiant and prudent commander, an honefl counfellor, a polite fcholar, and a patron of learning. He wrote a work, intituled, " Pacata Hibernia, or the hiftory of the late wars in .Ireland; which was publiflied in folio at London, in 1633. CAREW ( Thomas), was dcfcended of the family of th9 Carews in Gloucefterfliire, and qducated at Corpus Chrifti col- lege, Oxford. On his return from his travels he was made gen- tleman of the privy -chamber and fewer in ordinary to Charles I. who always efteemed him as one of the mod celebrated wits of his court. He was much refpe£led by the poets of his time, particularly Ben Jonfon and fir William Davenant. He died about 1639 ; leaving behind him feveral poems, and a mafque called " Coclum Britannicum,*' performed at Whitehall on Shrove-Tuefday night, Feb. 18, 1633, by the king's majclly, th^ duke of Lenox, the earls of Devonfliire, Holland, Newport, &c. and feveral other young lords and noblemen's fons. Mr. Carew was aflilled in the contrivance by Mr. Inigo Jones, the famous architeft •, and all the fongs were fet to niufic by the celebrated Mr. Henry Lawes, gentleman of the king's chapel, and one of the. private mufic to king Charles I. CAREW (Richard), authgr of the " Survey of Cornwall," was the eldefl fon of Thomas Carew of Eaft Anthony, efq. by Elizabeth Edgecombe, daughter of Richard Edgecombe, of Edge- combe, efq. both in the fame county, and was born in 1555- When very young, he became a gentleman commoner of Chriil- church college, Oxford ; and at fourteen years of age had the honour of difpuHng, extempore, with the afterwards famous fir Philip Sydney, in the pre fence of the earls of Leicefler, War- wick, and other nobility. After fpcnding three years at the univerfity, he removed to the Middle I'emple, where he refided the fame length of time, and then travelled into lb eign parts. Whilli he was in France, he applied himfclf diligently to the acquifition of the french language j aad, by reading and convcr- fation, he gained a complete knowledge of it in three quarters of a year. Not long after his return to England, he married, in 1^77, Juliana Arundel, of Trcrice. In ifSi, Mr. Carcvv was made juflicc of the peace, and in 1586 was appointed higli- fheritF of the county of Cornwall ; about which time he was like. C A R E W, 329 lUccwife queen's deputy for the fniUfia. In 1 589 he was eleftcd a member of the college of Antiquaries, .a diftin^tion to which he was entitled by his literary abilities and purfuits. What par- licularly engaged his attention was his native county, his Survey pf which was publifned, in 4to, at JLondon, in 1602. It has J^een twice reprinted, fir(t in 1723, and next in 1769. Of this yrork Camden has fpoken in high terms, and acknowledges his obligations to the author. In the prefent improved ftate of to- poa;raphical knowledge, and fince Dr. Borjafe's excellent publi- cations relative to the county of Cornwall, the value of Carew's Survey muil have been greatly diminilhcd. Mr, Gough remarks, that the hiflory and monument^ of this county were faintly pouched by Carevv ; but it is added, that he was a perfon ex- tremely capable of defcribing therh, if th? infancy of thofe ftudies at that time had afforded light and materials. Another work of our author was a tranflation from the italian, intituled, ** The examination of men's wits. In which* by difcovering th^ variety of natures, is (hewed for what profeflion each one is apt, and how far he fhall profit therein." This was publiihed at London, in 1594, and afterwards in 1604 •, and, though Richard Carew's name is prefixed to it, has been principally afcribed by fome perfons to his father. According to Wood, Carew wrote jalfo, " The true and ready way to learn the latin tongue," in \ anfwer to a query, whetner the ordinary method of teaching \ the latin by the rules of grammar', be the beft mode of inftruft- ing youths in that languagjC. This trad is involved in Mr. I Samuel Hartlib's book upon the fame fubjeft, and with the fame title. It is certain that Carew was a gentleman of confiderable abilities and literature) and that he was held in great eftimation by fome of the mnfl eminent fcholars of his time. He was par- ticularly intimate with fir Henry Spelman, who extols him for his ingenuity, virtue, and learning. Amongft his neighbours, }ie was celebrated as the mod excellent manager of bees in Cornwall- He died Nov. 6, 1620, and was buried with his an- ceftors, in St. Anthony's church, where a fplendid monument, with a large inftription, in latin, was ere£led to his memory, In an epigram written upon him, he was ftylcd, " another Livy, another Maro, another Papiriau." Such were the abfurd and extravagant encomiums which the learned men of that age of- ten beftowed upon each otlier. Carew (George), brother to the fuVjeft of the lad article, and fecond fou of Thomas Carew, efq. and Elizabeth his wife, was probably born at his father's feat at Eaft Anthony, buc in what particular yej^r we are not able to afcertain. He was edu- cated in the univerfity of Oxford j after which he ftuJied the 4aw in the inns of court, and then travelled to foreign countries ' for 3io CARE \V. for farther improvement. On his return to his native country, he was called to the bar, and after fome time was appointed fecretary to fir Chriftopher Hatton, lord chancellor of England, This was by the efpecial recommendation of queen Elizabeth hcrfelf, who gave him a prothonotaryfhip in the chancery, and conferred upon him' the honour of knighthood. In 1597 fir George Carew, who was then a mafter in chancery, was fent ambailador to the king of Poland. In the next reign he waa one of the commiflfioners for treating with the Scotch concern-* ing an union between the two "kingdoms ; after which he waa appointed ambaflador to the court of France, where he con-i tinued from the latter end of the year 1605 tfll 1609. During his refidence in that country he was regarded by the french , minifters as not well zffcfkcd to their nation, and as giving a preference to the fpanifh intereft. What reafons they had for this opinion, it is not at prefent eafy to difcover. Periwps their difguft to him might arife from his not being very tradable in fome points of his negotiation, and particularly in the demand of the debts due to the king his mafter. Whatever might be his political principles, it is certain that he fought the co«nverfation of men of letters, and formed an intimacy with Thuanus, ta whom he communicated an account of the tranfaftions in Po- land, whilft he was employed there, which was of great fervice to that admirable author in drawing up the 121ft book of his hiftory. After fir George Carew's return from France, he w»s advanced to the important poft of mafter of the court of wards, which honoiirable fituation he did not long live to enjoy; for it ;ippears from a letter written by Thuanus to Camden, in the fpring of 1613, that he was then lately deccafed. In this letter Thuanus laments his death as a great misfortune to himfelf 5 for he confidcred fir George's friendfliip not only as a perfonal honour, but as very ufeful in his work, and efpecially in re- moving the calumnies and mifreprefentations which might be raifed of him in the court of England. Sir George Carcw mart ried Thomafine, daughter of fir Francis Godolphin, great grand-., father of the lord treafurer Godolphin, and had by her two fon& ^nd three daughters. When fir George Carew returned, in 160Q, from his french cmbafly, he drew up, and addreflTed 10 James I. "-A relation of the ftate of France, with the characters of Henry IV. and the prin^ripal perfons of that court." The characters are^drawn from perfonal knowledge and clofe ot^fervation, and might be of fervice to a general hiftorian of that period. The compofition is per- fpicuous and manly, apd entirely free from the pedantry which prevailed in the reign of James I. ; but this is the lefs furprifing, as lix George Carew's tafte had been formed in a better sera, that CAREY. 531 tliat of queen Elizabeth. The valuable traft we are fpeaking of Jay for a long time in MS. till happily falling into the hands of the late earl of Hardwicke, it was communicated by him to Dr. Birch, who publifhed it in 17499 at the end of his hiftorical view of the negotiations between the courts of England, France, and firuflels, from 1592 to 1617. That intelligent and induf** trious writer juftly obferves, that it is a model, upon which am^ bafladors n^ay form and digeft their notions and reprefentations ; and the late celebrated poet, Mr. Gray, has fpoken of it as an excellent performance. CAREY (Harry), a man diftinguiflied by both poetry and mufic, but perhaps more fo by a certain facetioufnefs, whicli made him agreeable to every body. He publiibed, in 1720, a ^ttle colIe«L>ton of poems ; and, in 1732, fix cantatas, written and compofcd by himfelf. He alfo compofed fundry fongs for modern' comedies, particularly thofe in the Provoked hufband ; he wrote a farce, called the Contrivances, in which were feve- ral little fongs to very pretty airs of his own compofition : he ;alfo made two or tnree little dramas for Goodman Vfields theatre, which were very favourably received, in 1729 hepub- lifhed, by fubfcription, his poems much enlarged ; with the ad- dition of one, intituled Namby Pamby, in which Ambrofe Philips is ridiculed. Carey's talent, fays his hiftorian, lay iu humour and unmalevolent fatire : to ridicule the rant and bom* ball of modern tragedies he wrote one, to which he gave tho grange title of Qhrononhotonthologos, a£led in 1734* He alfo wrote a farce, called The honeft Yorkfhireman. Carey was a thorough Englilhman, and had an unfurmountable averfion to the Italian opera and the fingers in it : he wrote a b^rlefqu^ opera on the f^bjedil of the Dragon of Wantley, and afterwards » fequel to it, intituled the Dragonefs} both which wereeileem- ed a true burlefque upon the italian opera. His qualities being of the entertaining kind, he was led into more expences than his finances could bear, and thus was frequently in diftrefs. His friends however were always ready to aifift him by their little fubfcriptions to his works : and, encouraged by thefe, he repub* liflied, in 1740, all the fongs he had ever compofed, in a collec- tion, intituled. The mufical century, in ico engliih ballads, &c. 