In the same summer six ships were wrecked by a most heavy storm. So great was the violence of the wind and water, that one only escaped unhurt All the sailors in the wrecked vessels perished ; for orders had been given (206) by the admiral that no one should leave his ship. torecked, 'broken.* escape, evadSre, evasi. only, solum (adv.). leave, exeo, ire, with e or ex. unhurt, 'safe.' admiral, •'prefect of the fleet,* (prsefectus). Supplementary Exercises. 153 Exercise 72 (215—229). A certain little boy is said to have dreamt a wonderful dream. He saw (imperf.) a grove, and in it very many tables, where boys and girls were feasting. Suddenly an old man, like a doctor, seemed to be present; who stretched-out his hand and (342) threatened them with^^ pills and medicines bitter to taste (140). Then (deinde) the old man led the little boy into a cave, where many men and women were walking, loaded with very heavy burdens, which they in-vain strove to shake-off. 'All these,' said he, 'once used to feast in the magic grove. As often as they ate too much food, a part was added to the burden which they will always have to carry. Do you not see that (they) all feel most acute pains, which they endea- vour to conceal from the rest 1 (216). Do you wish to be like them ] * Having thus spoken, he departed. little boyy puerulus, i. grovef nemus, Sris, n. feast, epulor, -ari. stretch-out, poiTigo, -rexi, -rectum. pUlf piliila, 86. cave, antrum, i, n. Tnagic, ma^cus, a, um. as often as, quoties. rmll — carried, * will be to-be- carried (Gerundive) by them.* Exercise 73 (216—228). When two consuls, of whom the one was poor, hid the other avaricious, were contending in the senate which of-the-two ought to he sent (129) into Spain to wage war,^^ Scipio being asked his opinion, said, * Send neither ; be- cause the one has nothing, to the other nothing is suflBcient.' corUend, contendere. ought to be sent, 'was meet to be sent.' Exercise 74 (226). A certain father came to Aristippus the philosopher, and asked him to instruct his son. When, however, he* had asked five hundred drachmae as his fee, the father, deterred by the price, (which seemed too-great to an ignorant and avaricious man,) said, *I can buy a slave /or so muchJ Then the philosopher said, 'Buy (one), and you will have two.' instruct, erudire. , | as his fee, pro mercede. Emphatic 154 Supplementary Exercises. Exercise 75 (229). The testiness of old men has soni& excvse}^ The long dreseeB of our women stir too much dost : they have (their) fingers adorned with emeralds and diamonds ; pearls they despise. testiness, morositas. dressj vestis, is. diLst, pulvis, ^ru. emerald, smsragdns. diafiumd, adamas, adamantis. pearl, unio, onis. Exercise 76 (225—229). We see that the highest honours are often given to nnworthy people. Haw much time^^ wo all lose ! It is pleasant whiUt walking'^ to converse with friends. The stag, coming out of the wood, was torn hy dogs. It is the mark of a great mind to despise riches. He was setting out for the city of Home. They are deliberating about setting out We saw the soldiers setting out. The Belgie were deliberating about sending ambassadors. Maecenas goes to play : I (go) to sleep. Here may I be worshipped; here may I occupy temples with Jupiter. You will always be poor, if you are poor, iEmiliknus. Whilst walking he conversed mtich^ with me. I am going to walk with you. Exercise 77 (228—271). Zeuxis, the most illustrious of painters, had painted a boy carrying (some) bunches-of-grapes. BiU a bird having flown-up to them, * I have painted the grapes better than the boy,' said Zeuxis; 'otherwise the bird would have been afraid of the boy * (308). carry, gestare. I fly up, advSlare, avi bimeh of grapes, ura, s. | otiierwise, alioqain. Exercise 78 (110—275). For us, who love our country, exile is worse than death (270). Leaving home is bitter; how much worse is leaving country ! (275) In this happy city we enjoy liberty ; we are able to earn money, and to support our children. The exile will lose his liberty ; he will be able to earn nothing ; he and his will die of starvation (249, 1 ). Supplementary Exercises, 155 Exercise 78 — continued. But if we must go from Rome into Scythia, judges, command our wives and children to remain at home^ that they may not die with us. 0an&, queerere. | Ids, sui (pi. )• supportf alere. Exercise 79 (240—244). A kid, standing upon the roof of a house, began to revile (74) a wolf passing. To whom the wolf said, * It is* not you, but the roof that* reviles me.* His father is envied. The son does not know that hiff father is envied. The father does not know that he is envied. kid, hsedus, i, m. | roof, tectum, i, n. upon, supra. Exercise 80 (240), Our soldiers were so few that we did not dare to give battle ; for we had heard that the enemy, in order to over- power us, had assembled all their allies. That nothing, however, might be wanting to the safety of the camp, the general ordered engines to be placed on the walls to he worked by the recruits. give battle, committere prselium. overpotver, superare. tJuU nothing (109). engine, tormentum. work, exerceo (gerundive). recruit, tiro, onis. Exercise 81 (240—244). Accordingly there was a long and fierce battle. At nightfall messengers arrived to^^ inform Claudius that the cavalry had retreated to the top of the ridge. About two thousand soldiers survived that battle; ami when they had marched the whole night they reached the camp in safety. The next day the soldiers could not be per- suaded to leave the camp. there was . . . hatUe, Impers. inform, docere. had retreated, se recepisse. ridge, jugum, i, n. in safety, 'safe.' leave, excedere, e. (Ex, 71.) * * It is,* * it was* (followed by who, that), which add emphasis in English, are omitted in Lati^. 156 SupplemenfUi^ Exercises. Exercise The lieutenants ha against going too far ( thick that no one coul there. Accordingly the within the camp and reported that Caesar would bring reinforcements with nothing of. against going (Ex, 69). forage^ pabulari. jungle f lustra, n. pi. (244). ed by the townspeople e. The jungle was so h an enemy lying-hid commanded to remain fortifications. It was the next day and would rebius they could hear ishy cemere. improve^ augere. reinforcemevUs, subsidia, n. pL Exercise 83 (243—267). The line of battle having been drawn up, Trebius ex- horted his (men) to attack the enemy with all their might. * I hope/ said he, * that this battle will prove advantageous (243) to the cause of Eome. I have promised to bring back my soldiers not only safe, but also victorious. Fight to-day not only for (pro) your life, but also for your re- putation. Even the armies of the Carthaginians have been unable to conquer you. Do not be conquered by barbarians.' Having heard these (words), the soldiers asked to be led against the enemy as soon as possible?^ even . . . imable, *not • . » even — ^haye been able.' Having heard theae words, 'which things having been heard,* or, 'which when they had heard * (314). draw upf instruere, -stnizi, -structum. toith all their might. Ex, 44, note. catLse of Borne, res Romana. Exercise 84 (240—277). A fox, having been caught in a snare, [and] liaving escaped with the loss of his tail, thought that life was not worth-living. Accordingly, he assembled the foxes, and endeavoured to persuade them to cut-off their tails, that he might the more easUy conceal his own disgrace. But one of them replied, ' If your tail had been safe, you would not have given us that advice^ ^ (212). cut off, abscindSre. one^ * a certain one ' ; o/i e. with the loss of. Use abl. abs. worth-living (gerundive), 'meet- to-be lived. give thai advice, suadei'e illad. Supplefftentary Exercises. 157 Exercise 85 (243—277). A thief having offered meat to a dog, that, the dog being silent, he himself might the more easily enter the consul's house, the dog spoke thus; *Do you wish me to be silent, that I may not be a protection (243) to my master ? You are mistaken. For that sudden kindness of yours bids me to be on my guard lest you should injure my master through my fault' (248). meat^ cibas. erUeTy inire (eo). to he mistaken^ errare. sudden^ repentinus. kindness, benevolentia. he on gtUMrd, cavere. Exercise 86 (244— 286), He assembled the soldiers ai\d (342) said that he was going to make an expedition into the territory of the MorinL This race had been persuaded to leave their original settlements, where they had dwelt /or many years. A more powerful enemy Caesar had never seen : and the soldiers were afraid that they would be conquered. But Caesar, having exhorted them not to despair of success, promised to give battle as soon as possible.^^ expedition, incursio, onis, f. race, gens, geutis, f. settlements, sedes (pl.)« despair of. (Ex. 70.) success, res secundse (pi.)* give hattle, (Ex, 80.) Exercise 87 (234—289). A dog by barking was hindering (some) bulls from en- joyiiig their fodder. But one of (e) the bulls said to him^ * Are you not ashamed of such ill-nature, seeing that you (305) can neither eat the fodder yourself, nor permit those (to eat it) who can ? ' fodder, pabiUam, i. | ill-nature^ acerbitas, atis, f. Exercise 88 (271). There are some who say that there are dxoelUngs^ (206) in the moon, and that it is a land of many cities and mountains. — The wise man will more rightly be called (169) king than Tarquinius, who was able to rule \3Lft^^Vissv. 158 Supplementary Exercises. Exercise 88 — continued, himself nor his own (countrymen) ; more rightly (will he be called) master of the people than Sylla ; more rightly rich than Croesus. Is it not better to be wise than (to be) rich? (160.) * There art — «iy.' Vocabulary 61. Exercise 89 (265—281). A hungry grasshopper comes to (some) ants, and asks them to give him a morsel of food. To whom they replied, * You ought to have got it in summer.' ' I had no leisure/ said the grasshopper. *What then were you doing ]* * I was devoting myself to singing,' said she. Then they said, ' If you sang in summer, you shall dance in winter '(192). graaahopper, cicada, as, f. a morsel, pauUulum (220). get, acquire, qaserere. / Juive leisure,* vacat mibi (240). devote myself, 'pay attention to. ' Exercise 90 (202—296). Is it a fact that the moon is never seen in that land, and that the sun never sets % How many are there ? TeU me how many there are. 'I,' said Claudius, 'have more money than you, though you are rich.' 'Pardon me, replied Caius, * I am richer than you, since I enjoy health' (358). it is a fact, constat (161). set, occidSre. how rruMiy, quot. there, not to be translated. evtjoy, -utor (254). heaUh, sains, saliitis, f. Exercise 91 (299). Having lived many years at Carthage, he returned to Cadiz. Would you rather live at Cadiz or at Alexandria? Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which is-inhabited- by the BelgaB, another by the Aquitani, the third by those who are called Gauls. inhabit, inc51o. Use the Passive Constmction (84, 85). # t I had no leisure* — 'there was not leisure to me.' Supplementary Exercises, 159 Exercise 92 (288—302). After many years the son of a certain king was journey- ing through that land ; to whom the old man related that a most beautiful palace lay hid beyond the thicket-of- thorns ; and that a royal virgin of unrivalled beauty was sleeping there with all her attendants. ' Many young men/ said he, 'have come, and have endeavoured to break through the thicket ; but all, having been entangled in the midst of the bushes, have perished by a most wretched death.' 'Why do you speak thusi* replied the young man. * You will never deter me from striving to break through the thicket (288). Though you may be able to persuade others, you will not be able to persuade me' to follow your advice.' Having thus spoken, he jumped into the midst of the bushes. journey^ facere iter. palace, palatium, -i, n. thicket of thorns, spinetum, i. n. unrivalled, eximins, a, um. break" through, perrumpere. hush, dumus, i, m. jump, insilio, ui Exercise 93 (240—305). A certain frog, having set out from home, said that he was very skilled in all medicines, and was able to heal all diseases. But a fox answered him^ ' Why do you give prescriptions to others, when you are not able to cure that limp of yours r (305.) prescription, prceceptum, i, n. | limp, claudicatio, onis, f. Exercise 94 (233—338). Cotta, a man negligent about his affairs (233), could by no means be persuaded to use economy. His country- house abounded with gold, silver, pictures, (and) statues. He never saw a horse without buying it (288). At length, money failing him, he set out from home at midnight, with- out the knowledge of his friends,^^ and fled to the farthest parts of Gaul (337). But, although he confesses that he deserves to be blamed,^^ I fear he will never repent of his folly (234, 285). economy, parsimonia, se. I picture, tabella, se. country-himse, villa, se. | statue, signam, i. 160 St^plementary Exercises. Exercise 95 (286—341). An ass and a fox, having gone-out into the woods to hunt, met a lion. The fox, fearing that she would be killed, set off to the lion and (337) promised to give up the ass to him. When the ass, under the guidance of the foXy had fallen-down into a pit, the lion turned to the fox, * I shall be able to enjoy the ass another day,' quoth he. give upf trado, -didi, -ditum. pit, puteus, i, m. turn (311). enjoy, potior, -iri (254). Exercise 96 (206—342). Do you wonder why I do not give you my books though you ask me so often? (332.) There is a strong reason. That you may not give your (books) to me. — T do not love thee, Sabidius,'nor can I say why. This only can I say, I do not love thee. — Lesbia, why do you swear that you were born in Brvius^ consulship /^^ You lie, Lesbia, you were born tohen Numa was king (341). The features of the mind are more beautiful than those of the body (272). strong, magnus. reason, causa. swear, jurare. feature, lineamentum. Exercise 97 (296)- Thales, being asked whether the deeds of men escaped- the-notice-of the gods, replied, ' Not even their thoughts.' whether, -ne (206). escape-notice-of, fallo (with ace). deeds, 'things done.' thoughts, cogitata, n. pi. Exercise 98 (305—307, &) Chabrias returned to Athens, and did not stay there longer than was necessary. For he was not willingly be- fore the eyes of his countrymen, because, he both lived (imperf.) expensively and indulged himself too bounti- fully to^^ be able to escape the envy of the common- people. was necessary, fuit necesse. escape, effugSre. countrymen, 'citizens.* envy, iuvidia, ». ejcpensivelyf iaute. common-people, vulgns, L Supplementary Exercises, 161 Exercise 99 (302—314). A bear was boasting that he was the most humane of all animals. * I am so fond of men,' said he, * that I do not willingly touch the carcases even of the dead.' But a fox having heard thia^ laughing said, * Would that you would eat the dead, not the living ! ' carcase, cadaver, §ris, n. | living, vivus, a, um. Exercise 100 (306—314). In choosing friends we should look for those who are endowed with constancy and virtue. Not all friends are worthy of friendship : and history warns us not to join friendships too easily (99). There have been some whom (306) their enemies have not been able to harm, while (autem) their friends have been able. A certain poet advises us to join ourselves with hooks of steel to those friends whom we have proved to be true. And we should obey his advice (314). coTistancyf constantia, te, f. of steel, ferreus, a, um. history, * authors * (auctor). prove, * know, * cognoscere. his advice, 'him advising' (343). Exercise 101 (306—314). Antisthenes used to exhort his pupils to pay-attention to philosophy. Few obeyed. Accordingly, being angry, he dismissed (them) all. Among them was Diogenes. But when he, being inflamed by the desire of learning, kept-con-stantly-coming (74) to Antisthenes, and would not go away, Antisthenes at last threatened to strike^ his head with a stick which he was accustomed to carry in his hand. 'Strike,' said Diogenes, 'if it pleases you. You will not find a stick so hard that you can drive me away with it' (305). dismiss, dimitto, -misi. inflamed, incensus. come-conMantly, ventitare (L. P. §71). strike, percutio, -cussi, -cus- sum. stick, bS^ulnm, i. carry, gestare. that — with it, 'with which you may be able . . .* (306), 162 Supplementary Exercises, Exercise 102 (305—314). A lion advised a goat walking on the top of a rock to descend into the meadow. But the goat answered hivfi^ * I am not one to prefer pleasure to safety.* prefer^ prsepono, -posui (240), Exercise 103 (306—342). A crow having been caught in a snare, hegan to pray to Apollo (74), and promised to give him incense. Having been freed by Apollo, she broke her word. Afterwards, having been again caught in a snare, (being) unmindful of past kindnesses, she neglected Apollo, and prayed to Mer- cury (342). But Mercury said to her, *0 most base (one), by no means can I believe you, seeing that you (305) have deceived your former patron.* pray to, orare (308). i7icense, tus, turis, n. break one's word, fallere fidem. Mercury f Mercorius. Exercise 104 (311—343). (Some) geese and (some) cranes were feeding in the same meadow. At the approach of the owner (343), the cranes easily flew away ; but the geese, being hindered by the weight of their body, were caught. goose, anser, Sris, m. | crane, gnis, gruis, f. weight, gravitas, tatis, f. Exercise 105 (314—342)- Some boys playing near a marsh were pelting with stones the frogs that were swimming (320) in the water. And when they had slain very many, a certain frog lifted his head out of the water and said (342), * Stop, I pray. Your sport is destruction to us.' (L. P. § 108, III). marsh, palus, udis, f. jpd/^, j>Stere. lift, tollo, sustiili, sublatum slay, occido, -cidi, -cisnm. Supplementary Exercises, 163 Exercise 106 (338—342). The Athenians were besieging the island of Chius. Chabrias, while he is anxious to enter the^harbour, proved a source-of-destruction to himself. For when he bad penetrated thither, he was not followed by the rest of the ships. Soon his ship was struck by tbe beak (of another ship) and began to sink (338). The sailors, because the fleet of the Athenians was-at-band to^^ catcb the swimmers, cast themselves into the sea. But he preferred to perish (rather) than throw away his arms and abandon the ship in which he had been carried (342). enteVf intrare. proved, * was ' (243). a source of destructiouj pemicies, ei, f. penetrate, penetrare. struck, percussus, a, um. sink, sidere. am at hand, snbsum. coAt, dejicio, -jeci. carry, veho, vexi, vectum. Exercise 107 (200—306). Diogenes the philosopher was accustomed to carry with him everywhere a cup of wood, to draw water with (307, a) from a fountain or a river. But one day seeing (200) a boy drawing water with his hands, he then threw the cup away. * Begone,* said he ; ' I can do-without you.' of wood, ligneus, a, um. draw, haurire. ihrvw away, abjicio, -jeci. Begont t ap^e 1 Exercise 108 (200—267, 306—314). The master had gone out, leaving his supper. In Ms dbsence^^ the door being open, the dog ran into the house, and having jumped on the table, began to eat the meat. But the master suddenly returning, the dog rushed out into the streets. But when the master pursued him (314), everybody, laughing, said that the man was a fool because he left his door open (305). leaving his supper, cen& relict^ (abl. abs.). jvmp on, insilio, silui, ire, with in and a^. rush o\U, aufugio, -fugi. 164 Supplementary Exercises, Exercise 109 (211—243). A hungry fox saw an old cock sitting on the top of an oak. * Friend,' said the fox, * I, who nsed-to-be (imperf* 74) an enemy to you, am now a friend. I am come (93) to announce to you a peace between all animals. It be- hoves you to descend that we may join embraces.* ' You bring wonderful news,*^ answered the cock; * I for my part never hoped that I should hear sicch pleasant things ; but I see two dogs hastening hither to inform me of the common peace. After a short delay I will descend, that we may all embrace one another under the tree.* But the fox, having heard these things (314), fled with the ut- most speed. For dogs are a great terror to foxes (243). an enibraeCf amplexus, ub. bring newSf 'announce.* I/ormy partf equidem. terror, formido, inis. f. After a short . delay, * having de- layed a short time' (paulisper). one another, inter nos. Exercise 110 (200—249, 4). A certain Brahmin, wishing to pay a vow, set out from home to buy a sheep. By chance there lived in the same street three rogues, most abandoned men; of whom the first, meeting the Brahmin, said, *I have (240) a sheep most suitable for (ad) sacrificing. Will you buy it V Then he opened his sack and drew out a dog, blind, mangy, most hideous to behold (140). * What !* replied the Brahmin, *do you call that mongrel of yours a sheep?* 'Truly I (do),* said he; 'may I perish unless it is a sheep of the softest fleece and of the primest flesh.* * Friend,* said the Brahmin, * either I am blind, or thou (art).' Brahmin, Braminius. pay, solvere. vow, votum. abandoned, * lost * (pcrdo). WUl you? 'Are you willing ?* sack, saccos, i, m. hideous, turpis. fleece, vellus, §ris, n. Supplementary Exercises, 165 Exercise 111 (226—286). Whilst they are thus conversing with each other, one of the accomplices comes-np. * lucky chance !* he ex- claimed ; ' such a sheep I was seeking with the greatest diligence. For how much wilt thou sell it V Here the Brahmin said, *0 my good (sir), beware. It is not a sheep that you see, but a most filthy dog.* * Brahmin,* replied he ; * I fear thou art either drunk or mad.* vnth each other, inter se. one. Ex, 85. lucky chance t factam bene ! wilt, not a sign of future. filthy, immundus. drvmk, ebrius. Exercise 112 (296—343). The third now approaching, the Brahmin said, ' Let us ask this man of-what-sort that animal of yours is.* On their assenting (343), * O stranger,* said he, * what does this animal seem to youl' *To me indeed,* replied he, * it seems to be a very fat sheep.' * Nay then,* said the Brahmin, *if you speak the truth,^ it cannot be doubted that (288) I am deprived of my senses.' Accordingly, he asked pardon from him who was carrying the dog. Then he bought the dog for a measure of rice, and sacrificed it to the gods (337, 3), who smote him in anger^^ with a very sore disease. of what sort, ^ualis, e. senses, mens, mentis. Use sing. ossctU, assentior. Tneasure, modius, i. Nay then, at. [ rice, oryza, se. deprived of, captus (253). smile, afficio, -feci. DIFFEEEI^OES OF IDIOM. (These differences are referred to in the Exercises by a numeral a^ove the line,) English. 1. While playing. ) IfAife^ they are (were) playing, { 2. Not even Caesar. Not even in jest. 3. The past. Much. Little. Thus. Everything. What. 4. It is disgraceful to lie. ) Lying is disgraceful. ) 5. To speak the truth. To tell many falsehoods. To make many promises. To mxike the same boast [pro- mise). 6. He promises (threatens) to come. He hopes (undertakes) to do this. 7. Contrary to each other. 8. At night-fall. 9. There is pleasant living at Rome. 10. The top of the mountain. 11. Before my consulship. In my preetorship. Without my consent. Under yowr guidance. / did it when a youth. The island e?/" Cyprus. Latin. During playing (inter luden- dum). i\^ Caesar quidem (142). 2^i joco quidem. Past things (76). Many things, A few things. These things. All things. (Those) things which. To lie is disgraceful. To speak true things. To he mMny things. To promise many things. To boast (promise) the same thing or things. He promises (threatens) thcU he mill com^ (Ace. and Iniin. 160). He hopes (undertakes) tha^ he shaZl or will do this (IQO). Contrary between themselves (in- ter se). Near-to night (p. 25). At Rome it is lived pleasantly. The mountain (where it is) high- est (211). Before me consul (ante me con- siilem, 210). I (being) praetor (Abl. abs.). I (being) unwilling (Abl. abs.). You (beine) leader — (te duce; not tuo duce). I a youth did it. TYift \alaxid Cyprus. L Differettces of Idiom. 167 ise I n. ( 12. It is the business of ^ duty of mark of oMce of la wise „ part of I man, It is characteristic of „ incumbent on It denotes IS. ToholdcA«ap. ) To think lime, of* \ To value highly; very highly. It is o/a wise man (225)* 14. No stability. Much good. How much pleasure ! f 15. The war wUh Pyrrhus, — wUh the Ijatins. 1 6. He did it umoillingly. He went away in anger, 17. Such a lover of —. 18. He threatened me with death. 19. As many as possible. The greatest possible. As soon as possible. 20. I have. 21. This will be a calamity ) , , calamitous > to me. f, hateful ) 22. To mcLke a good use of, 23. The man you write about. All the men in the city. 24. To send (write) a person a letter. To give a person something. To value at a little price {parvi sestimare, or facSre). To value cU a greal price; ai a very great price (magni; max- imi). Nothing o/ stability (229). Mitch of good. Eovi much (quantum) of plea- sure i The war 0^ Pyrrhus; (/the Latins (Obj. Gen. 236). He unwilling did it. He angry went away. So loving of {tarn diligens, uHth Oen, ). He threatened dealh to me. As the most (qnkm plurimi).^ As the greatest (qu^ maximus). As the earliest (qu&m primum). There is (are) to me, Thi«willbe/«-ajS*^t to me (243). To use well. The man about whom you write. All the men who are in the city (168). To send (write) a letter to a per- son. To give something to a person. * The thing valued will be in the Accusative, in spite of the 'of* + Hence, *no,* 'some * (when they denote quantity, not numl>er), * much,* * how much,* ' too much,* etc., are to be translated by nihil, aliquid, multum, quantum, nimium, etc., followed by the Genitive. X i^e, *as TMmy as the most;* * as great as the gxeajU&t^ ^t&« 168 Differences of Idiom, 25. A purpose (' to ') may be expressed in six different ways : — (a) Yenitt^ladosspec'^dSO). (6) ( Venit ad Ivdos spectandas, (c) < Yeiiit ludorum spectando- He comes to see (in order to J ( rum caus& (Gerundive). see) the games. \ {d) Venit speetcUum ludos (139). (e) Venit ludos speeUUurus (147). Obs, Instead of *tUf* the Relative in a Final sense {—tU is) may be used (305)* Bemember that the Latin Infinitive never expresses a Purpose. We > ^^^ {shovldf ought to) ) Virtue is ^^-ct^ioo^ (Genm- y-^ f cultivate virtue. { dive). 27. I may go. ifi^t ire licet, I might Aatre gone, Mihi tre Zicutt. 28. No philosopher. Nemo philosophu^ 29. I am not the man to do this I am not that (person) wJio can (I am not one to, etc. ). do (non is sum (fui hoc faciam )• 80. Too great to be resisted. Oreaier than which can be re- sisted (qukm cai resistatur, or resisti possit). 81. He (deserves) is worthy to be He is worthy who should be loved. loved (dignus est qui ametur)^ 82. It is disgraceful Puerum parentes fallere turpe for a boy to ) j^^* ^ est (Ace. and Infin. 160). that a boy should* \ ^^^^^ his parents. ♦ ^ Should,^ when not expressing duty or a future event, is often a sign of the Pres. Infin. TABLE OF STNOIJfTMES. absum, lam, away, absent; desum, lam wamting, missing. ago, lactf do, transact; facio, I make, create, alius, another, one or another (of several) ; alter, t?ie one or the other (of two), amitto, / lose (simply) ; perdo, I lose or throw away, hy my own fault; often, I destroy, amnis, a large river; flomen, a stream^ river; fluvius^ a river; rivus, a brook, aspicio, see cemo. astrum, a constellation, any of the heavenly bodies ; sidus, a con^ stellation; stella, a single star, atque (ad-que), and, moreover {iatroducep an important addition) ; et, and (associates things of equal importance) ; -que, and (joins words closely, so as often to present a complex notion), aut — vel — sive. See Lesson 66. autem — sed. See Lesson 64. B beatus, happy (in one's self) ; felix, making happy, successful, careo, la/m wUhovJt; egeo, I need; indigeo, I need, require (stronger than egeo). cemo, I see clearly, distinguish; video, I see (simply) ; aspicio, I look at; specto, I gaze at or look at steadily, CQgito, I reflect; ezistiino, I am of opinion; puto, ledlciUate, sup- pose, culpa, a fault, error (of persons) i vitium, a n^atyrO'l defect, vice (op- posed to virtus). D desum, see absum. dico, I say; loquor, I speak, talk (opposite of taceo).; inquam, I say, quoth /(introducing words as actually spoken). dominns. a master, any oumer of property; magister, a superior, master — teacher. donum, a gift, present; munus, a gift (implying gratitude or obliga- tion on the part of the giver), a reward. duco, see nubo. H. L. B. o.] H ' 1 70 Table of Synonytnes. E egeo, ue careo. et, ste atque. exifltimo^ wt cogito. ^ F facio, SM ago. felix, see beatos. flumen, flavius, 8M amnis. fructus, fruit of land or trees, produce; fmges, fruUs of the eartb, a crop; seges, a standing crop of com, • H homo, a human being; vir, a man, as distinguished from woman, ' Homo ' is often used contemptuously, hostis, a public enemy; inimicus, a private or personal enemy. impero, I command with authority; jubeo, Ibid, order (opposite of veto), inimicus, see hostis. indigeo, see careo. invenio, see reperio. J jubeo, see impero. Isedo, I do violence to, hurt (physically) ; noceo, linjwre, harm, loquor, see dico. M magis, more, in a greater degree; plus, m/n'e, in a greater quarUity, magister, see dominus. metuo, I fear (of mental anxiety or dread) ; timeo, I fear (of con- stitutional or natural timidity) ; vereor, / fear (implying vene- ration, but often expressing misgivings about somethmg which may or may not happen). munus, see donum. N noceo, see Isedo. nubo, lam married (lit. 'veil myself'), said of a woman; duco, / marry (fully, duco uxorem, I take a wife), said of a man. patria, cotmtry, fatJierland; tub, the country (as opposed to town}, perdo, see amitto. Table of Synonytnes. 171 peto, I aim atf seek (with a view to getting) ; quero. Hook or search foTi seek (in order to find), plerique, mostmenf the majority; plurimi, very many, mosi=mon tnan any other, plnrimi, see plerique. plus, see magis. puto, see cogito. Q queero, see peto. -que, see atque. quidanif *one,* a certain known person ; unus, 'one' numerically. B reperio, Ifirid (after search); invenio, I find (search not being neces- sarily implied), lit. Icome-upon, rivus, see amnis. rus, see patria. S sed— autem. See Lesson 64. seges, see fructus. sidus, see astrum. Bileo, IitUer no sound, am still; taceo, I utter no word, ami mute, sive, suggests one of two alternatives (317) » utrum, asks the first part of a double question (200). specto, see cemo. Stella, see astrum. taceo, see sileo. timeo^ see metuo. unus, see quidam. utrum, see sive. vereor, see metuo. yir, see homo, vitium, see culpa. T U QrEsnoxs IX si^ntax. Lmtuk iVrwr,* ppt 13»— li€u I. WbatisFIexigBorhiezioa? (2). 2L Wbat se the Obliqiie Gh»? (5). S. WbalHtiieSSEcmorawwd! (8). called? Ams. (}rmd€ F^rwi. 4. WitttistfaecharKtcr? (8). 5. Gire a rule for tbe endiiig «f tlie GenitiTe Ftnnl of Komis of 3rd Deelensum (pi 3, note). 6. Gire the AocontiTe endiiigB m the Si^mlar Kvaber (14)^ 7. How is the AecnaatiTe formed! (15). 8. HoiristheStemofaKoimfouidf (16). 9. Gire General iUiles for the Gender ef Koos SnhetantiTe (19, 20). What is a Common Noon ? 10. What are the Neater endings of the 3rd Decknsioii I (Ap- pendix, X, C.) II. What do yoa mean bj AgreemaU d AdjectiTe and Sohstas- tiTe ? (23, 24). 12. Whenis'to'nererthengnoftheDatiTef (31). 13. When are 'by' and 'tnth' translated by « erut^ waAcmmt (37). 14. Give the Flnial endings oi the fire Declensions (40). 15. To what Declension do Adjectives in -is belong t How do they form the Ablative Singular ? (42)- 16. Explain Finite Verb, Conjugation^ Tense (pJ 14, note). 17. What is the SuJbjeet t In what case does the Subject of a Finite Verb standi (47)> What mnst be taken as the Subject when DO Nominative is expressed ? (48)> 18. What are Transitive and Intransitive Verbs? (55). How are Verbs of 3rd Conjugation ending in -io coigugated ? (Appendix, XXI ;X. P. §63). 19. How may Adjectives be used Svhstantively ? (75)* 20. Whe n do in and sab govern the Accusative! When the Ablative f (T7)' Questions in Syntax. 17.3 21. How must 'not* with an Imperative be translated? (194). What word must stand before *not* m English ? [The * do ' of the Imperative.] 22. What do you mean by the Ablative of the Instrument ? (37. 240). 23. When is one Nonn said to be in Apposition to another ? In what case does the ApposUion-NouTu stand ? (200) • 24. What case is governed by compounds of stim^ (240). What exception is there ? IPoasum,] 25. When * thing * or ' thincfs ' is left out, in what gender must the Adjective be put ? (76). 26. What case follows the Verb *tohe*? (117). 27. How does the Aorist differ in meaning from the Perfect? (04). 28. Are *he is come,' *he was come,' *he is fallen,' 'they are bxtiyqA, Passive t To what tenses are they to be referred? (03, 166). 29. What does the English Infinitive often express, but the Latin InJEUiitive never I [Apwrpos$.\ 30. In how many ways may a purpose be expressed in Latin ? (Difll of Idiom,. 26.) 31. Give the rules for the Consecution of Tenses (182). 82. When is * that * a sign of the Infinitive? (160). 83. How are the Supines used ? (137 — 140). 84. How is the want of a Perfect Participle Active supplied ? [By cum with Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive, or by the Ablative AbsoliUe.] 85. What is the Ablative Absolute ? 86. In what case is the Agent put ? 87. What do you mean by the Locative Case ? What forms of the Locative still survive ? 88. What do you mean by Periphrastic Conjugation ? 89. By what cases may *of the greatest valour' be translated into Latin ? [Genitive or Ablative of Quality.] 40. Where is cum placed with the Ablative of certain Pronouns ? 41. What Verbs govern the Genitive ? 42. What Verbs govern the Ablative ? 43. What Verbs govern the Dative? (240). 44. How is the Future Infinitive Passive formed? [With iri, 'there is a going,' and the Supine in -um. The Supine remains unchanged (160). Iff however, the Verb has no Supine, 'fore ut * with Subjunctive is used. (X. P. § 69, B.)] 45. What is the construction oipomitet^ pudet, etc.? 174 Questions in Syntax. i^ How are ' ought * and ' might * translated wlien they are prin- cipal Verbs ? 47. What Verbs take a double AeeuioHve? What is a Cognate AeeumUivel 48. What is the only way in which Intranritiye Verbs, or Verbs governing a Datiye^ can be nsed in the PasaiTe Voice f 49. How is the English Pluperfect Indicative to be translated after S/M (212). 50. Which are the Primary, and which are the Hitteric Tenses f 51. When is the Preposition ad, ' to,' nsed f [After eome, send, etc} 52. In what case is a point of time (time when) put I How do yon express Duration of Time f 53. What is the construction of Verbs of fearing and hindering f 54. When do you use ni for ^thalnot'^ When 'utnon^t 55. What is the Prolative Infinitive ? 56. How may ' having ' be translated T 57. What is Gerundive Attraction ? 58. How may the case of the Belative be determined! (168). 59. What is the rule for the Comparison of Adverbs f 60. How may a sentence with an Active Verb be changed into the Passive Construction f (84, 85). 61. In what case does a noun of price stand when it answers the question, *for how much ' ? (256). 62. How is ' mvst * translated ? [By the Gerundive.] 63. When is 'for' to be translated by the Accusative T (218). When by the Ablative? (257). APPENDIX. TABLE OF ENDINGS OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. Singular, Ace. Gen. Dat Ail. •am -8e •» •a -um • -1 -0 •0 S -em ) |.im| -is -i -§• -um -us -Ul •u •em Si •6i -e Plural, -as •arum -is -58 i^Ttevi.) orum -IS ^ j-um ) 1 -ium \ n)U8 es nbus ) iibuR us -uum es -erum -ebus Nam. Voc. 1st Decl., -& . .. 2nd DecLy -us, -er, (-um neiU.) 8rd Decl. j e, x, a, 1, t ). I 8, c, 0, r, n i. 4tli Decl., -us (-U neut,). 5th Decl., •es. Ist Decl., -88 2nd Decl., -i (& neiU,) 8rd DecL, -es. 4tli Decl., us. 5th Decl., es. Obs, (a) The Nom. and Voc. are alike, except in singular nouns of the 2nd Decl. ending in -its. These mi^e Voc. in -e, as d5min^. iP) In Neuter Nouns the Nom. Voc. and Ace. are alike ; and these cases in the Plural always end in cK. II. De^ a goddess, makes Dat. Abl. Plural deahus, Filius, a son, and Proper Names ending in -ttis, make Voc. ia i; as, fill, MercUri, Deus, Ood, makes Voc. D^tis, III. Neuters of 8rd Decl. endinj? in -e, -al, -ar, make Abl. Sing, in -{ / Nom. Plural in -la ; Gren. Plural in -iwrn, Obs, baccar, far, jUbar, nectar, make Abl. in -^. IV. (A) The following Nouns of Srd Ded. have -I only in Abl. Sing. : — sScuris, tussis, sitis, vis, and river-names which end in -is, Obs. These Nouns make Ace. Sing, in -im. Sometimes -f (see App. Ill, IV). 176 Appendix, (B) The following make -«i7i or -em in Ace. Sing., and most make -i or -^ in AbL : — febris, pelvis, pnppis, navis, torriB, o/sorestis, clayis. Ola, Securis makes Ace. -tm or -em/ Abl. always -f. messis „ »> »» >» AbL always •^. restds „ ,,. „ „ AbL alway»-ir. (C) The following make -em in Ace. Sing., and -i or 4f in AbL:— amnis, &vis, axis, dassis, wUh civis, finis, fhstis, too ; ignis, imber, orbis, nngnis, and Months in -er the Ml/same do, Obs. Many AdjectiYes used as Sabstantiyes have AbL -f or 4f / bat mostly -f. y. The following Nonns of 3rd Decl. make -^m in Gen. Plucal: — A. Parisyllabic * Nonns in -e«, -is, -er, deceptions, — vates, proles, senex, panis, frater, mater, pater, cauis, accipiter and jnvenis, and often apis, vdlucris. B. Nouns ending in -s or -x preceded by a CkmsonAnt. Except -ps and cselebsi C. Monosyllabic Nouns. Exc^ions. — cms, mus, laus, pes, grex, lex, rex, flos, fax, Thrax, vox, rhryx, dux, nax„ Tros, mos. Obs, (a) Ih-atishMhoikfraiuihtmBsadfrcmdtim, (j9) The Genitives Plural of cor, cos, rus, sal, sol, vaa (v&dis) do not occur. (Madvig, § 44.) D. Neuters in -e, -al, -wr, (See above. III.) TI. The 4th Declension is a contracted form of the Sid Decl. Thus, /n^iJe (Gen. Sing.) is a contraction of fructu-ie /yruc^A (Abl. Sing.) a contraction of fructu-e. Similarly, the Dat. Sing, ending -^l is often contracted into -tZ. Obs, (a) Neuters in -fi have Gen. Sing, in -iZei ,, „ Dat. AbL ,, -A. „ „ N.V. Ace Plur. in -«a. „ „ Gen. ,, 'Hwin, „ ,, J>at. AbL „ '^SUms or 4bus, * See § 18, note. Appendix. WJ O) The following have mostly Dai. Abl. Plural in '^Jikwi : — artus,* partus,* portus, Scus, arcus,* quercus, specus, l^us ; to these join vera (spit) and tribus, like &CUS it renounces -Ibvs, YII. D6ma8, a Tumse, is peculiar, and is thus declined : — Singular, Plural, N. V. domus. Ace domum. Gen. domus. Dat. domui. domus. domus or domds. domiium or domdmm. domlbus. domibus. AbL domo. *,* Hence the memorial lines, — Speme -wi^, -wi^l, -mf, -mi». Si declinare *doinu8' vis.f Obs, Domt is the LocaUve Case (§ 261). Thus, *domi,' at home; * domi mes,' a4 my house, YIII. In the 5th Decl. the e of Gen. and Dat. Sing, is doubtful ; but it is generally Umg if it follows a vowel, as f&cXSi; shorty if it follows a consonant, BAfidM, Ohs, The Gen. Dat. and Abl. Plural are seldom found, except in the words dies^ res, which are the only two nouns of this Decl. fully declined. IX. EXAMPLES. Singular, 2nd Decl, 1st Decl. Kom. mens^ dominus puer magister bellum Yoc. mens^ doming puer magister bellum Ace. mensam dominium puert^m magistn^Ti bellum Gen. nien&ce domini pueri magistri belli Dat. menses domind puero magistro belb Abl. mensd domino puero magistro beUo Plural. N. V. mensa domini pueri magistri bell^ Ace. mensoA domino9 pueroff migistros bell^^ Gen. mens^Tn^m domin On^m puerC?n4m magistrOrt^m hoWOrum Abl. |™eJ^8»* dominis pueris magistris beUis * Three Nouns of 3rd Declension, ars, pars, arx, make Dat. Abl. Plur. artibtts, partibiu, arcibus, respectively. Hence the need of the distinction. t Reject (the endings) -me, -mu, -mi, -mis, if you wish to decline 'domus.' 178 Appendix, Singular, ydDecl, 4M Dal, $th Decl, N.V. Ace. Gen. Dat. AbL uubes nub«m unbi9 uubi uab^ Plural. N.V. ) Ace. ( Gren. nubJt^m Dat i AbL I nnbe« nnbi&t» labor laborem labom labori labore laborer laboiium labdil&Ktf carmen carmen carmmis canmni carmine canning carmiyiim carmmi&us gradns gradum gradus gradiii gradA gradiif grad{7iim gradS&tt« genu genn genils genii gen6 geni{£ gen^Mm geni&us dies diem diei di^ die di«s dL&*ttfi» die&ti« Obs, The following are irr^olar : — Dens, Jnpiter, Bos, Bespnblica, Josjorandam, Vis, Vir, Odd, Voc Dens. Ncm, and Dal, jHur, gene- rally take i for e, Du or Di ; Diis w Dls. Jupiter, G, Jovis, etc M^ZZ, eou7, ox, O, bovis ; (?. pi. boom ; Z>. bdbns or bubns. republic, commonu>eaUh, G. reipubUcce, etc ; the substantive res, and the adj. jmdZlea in agreement with it. oath. Q. jurisjurandi, etc. ; jus neut., with the partic. jurandwm in agreement. strength : , vim, vi ; vires, virium, Yiiibos. man: viri, etc., as 2nd : viri, virorum, etc. ASr^ cBtheTf have Greek ace. aiira, asthiSra, X. GENDEK OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. A. 1st Declension. Feminine, except names of men and nations of men. B. 2nd Declension. Masculine, ending in ^us or -er. Neuter, enoing in -urn. Exceptions — Neuter Nouns that end in -us, Are virus, vulgus, p^l&gua. VvZgus masculine is rare. Feminine eight Nouns declare, aZvus, aretes, carb&sus, cdlus, hiimus, pcMnpinus, d&mus, varmus; and with these Names of Jewels, Plants, and Trees. Appendix. 179 /. 8rd Declension, (a) Ma43culine, ending in -er, -or, -os, -o* and •«$ increasing m the Genitive. -er) Many Neuters end in -er, tfer, Hher^ verber, ver. With Plants, as Hcer and p&pdver, SUer, tuber; add c&da/ver, -or) Neuters there are four in -or, adoTy oequor, marmor^ cor. One a Feminine we see, arbor, arbHris (a tree). -OS) Feminine are cos and dos; Greek Nouns are Neuter, so is 08,f -o) ScJid a Feminine we call. With C(ir6 (camis) : these are all. -es, increasing) Of -es increasing. Neuter cbs Is found, but Feminine are these — merces, merges, quies, sSges; compes add, and also t^ges. (j3) Feminine, ending in -do, 'go, -io.t ,, 'OS, aus, -is. „ 'Cs, not increasing. , , '8, after a consonant. ,, . -iij. Exc^ions — -do, -fiTO, -io) cardo, ordo, prcedo, three, Masculine in -do we see. Ugo, ma/rgo, vespertWbo, Are Masculine, besides p&pd^, curcUMo, sUlUo, pUgU>, tmto, seipio, septerUrio, optto, sSn^, With other Substantives that show A number, as qtuUemio, -843) Six Masculines we find in 'OS, tjUs (v^is), ^liphcts, and mds, &8 (assis), gigds, M&mas. Vols (vasis) noted is to be, And/d9, with TtHfas, Neuters three. •aus) No exceptions. * When not -do, -go, -lo. See Feminine endings (/S). + (1) 6s, ossis, a bone; (2) 6s, oris, nunUh, t Ab^ract Nouns in -io are all Feminine. 1 180 Appendix. -is) (1) Tmigyttabic, Many Nouns we find in -is amnis, anguis, axis, eollis, callis,^ eavZia, cim8,^/ollis, erinis, ftnia,^ faseis^ eSnis,^ films,* fusHs, ignis, panis, hostis,* posbis, orbis, snsis, piaeisy aentis,^ tesUs,^ mensia, . torguis,^ unguis, and eandlis, vectis, vermis, and sodalis,* Ohs, Those marked (*) are common : finis is rarely Feminine, and that only in tiie Singular. (2) Imparisyttabie, dims, Idpis, eUdhius, pulvis, sanguis, semis, glis,f -es) Masculine are two in -es, verres and icinUcfy, Obe. votes, f^pree, are common. -S) after a ) Masculine Atefons and mons, consonant ) dedrans, quadraais, triens, pons^ dens, with compounds hidens,X Mdens^ Sdeps, /creeps, ellens, torrens; And to these add conflHens, Mens, rUdens, oc<^Uie7is,\\ Ohs, Sdeps, /creeps, are sometimes Feminine. -x) Most are Masculine in -ex. But Feminine tare/or/sx, lex, peUex, silpelkx, /dx, and nex. Three are Masculine in -ix, phatmx, /omiXf and eiUia. Masculine are -oar aad -wnx. As i^idmuD, deunx, uid quincunx, (7) Neuter, ending in -a, -e, -c, 4, -n, 't^-ar, -ur, -us. Six Nmter endings of Declension 8 In the word ' lancet* you may plainly see. But don't forget to Neuters to refer Three other endings, -or and -us and -ur. ^••w^t*^— ""^ii^^i^i^— ii»^-^w*" * Add, eorbis, elimis, torria, anndlis {W>er understood), and miSUlris {dens, or lapis understood). Corbis is common, t Add vomia, t bidens, ' a hoe,' isjilasc ;h^Uien8, * a sheep/ is Fern. /I Add ch&lyha,^ &^V^ hydrops. Appendix. 181 Exceptwna—r -1) Masculine are aSl and eonsfuH^ mUgilt pUgil, scU and esfsul^ -n) The Mascalines that end in *n Are names of men, as P&bidSn; To such add ddphin, att&g&n, With lien, pecGfn, r^ and splSn, «aF) Mascaline is found in -ar, par* (a comrade), also lar» m\Xr) The five that are found Masculine in -ur, Are augur, fwrfur, turtur, vtUtur, /ur. •us) (a) Two are Masculine in -ua, Upu8 (ISporis) and mils, {P) These are Feminine in -«(^ jwveiUvSy virtus, servUus, sentctus, tellw, incus, s&lus. With yicus'^ (pecudis) and pdlus.t D. 4th Deolensiok. Ma43CUlinef ending in -us. Neuter* ending in '^, Excepttons — -us) These are Feminine in 'Tis, aputi, dOmus, ^ortXeus, idHs, nUrus^ adcrus, Smmfi, tfOms, names of Trees, and m&nus. £. 5tb Declension. Feminine, ending in •^, Miridies is Masculine, and so Is dies in Plur&li numero. Obs, Lies in the Sing, is Common, but mostly Maac when it means *a day/ When it means ' time, * or a fixed day, it is almost always Feminine. * Par, *a pair,' is Neuter. t Pecus, pec&dis, * a beast ' (generally a sheep) ; but pi^kus, pecSris, * cattle,* is Neuter. X Add sua and grus; but these are sometimes Masculine, 182 Appendix. XI. ADJECTIVES. (A) Those which end in i», ^ vm^ or in er, ^ wn^ and follow the 1st and 2nd Declensions. Thns, 1. Bonns, good, afuliAfasc.). \si. N. bonus, bona^ Ace. bonom, bonam, €^n. boni, bouse, etc. etc. Or, nn&, nuam, uniuSf unit IJnus, one, N. uuus, Ace. uunm, (Jen. unius* Dat. unl. zMd{Neut.). bonum. bonnm. boni etc. nnnm. nnum. tmi. 2. Tener, tender, ondiAfasc). \st. tener, tenerS> tenerum, teneram, teneri, tenerse, etc. etc. Or, iEger, sick, seger, segr&, SBgrum, segram, segri, «grae, etc. etc aMdiNeut.). t^nemm. tenemm. teneri. etc. s^nun. segmm. segrL etc. The following Adjectives and Pronouns make Gen. Sing, in -ft^, and Dat. in -i: — ille, ipse, iste, ntUltcs, solus, totus, unus, vZlus; Also aZius, alter, uter, Uter 's Compounds five, and neuter, Obs, nUy iste, alius, make Neuter Nom. Ace. Sing, illud, istud, aXiud (XVI.). AUer keeps ^ throughout. Thus, alter, altera, alterum; alterius, etc. (B) Those which have endings like the 8rd Declension, and fol- low its Inflexions (L, P, § 82, 38). 1. Adjectives in is. These have Abl. Sin^. in i. Neuter N. Y. Ace. in ^. Gen. PI. in ivm, „ „ ia. 2. Comparatives in or. These have Sing. Abl. in ^ or i. Neuter N. V. Ace. in^i^. PI. Gen* in wm, „ „ d. The Abl. Sing in ^ is the more common form. 8. Adjectives vax, ns, rs, and Participles in cms, ens. These have Sing. Abl. in ^ ori. Neuter N. Y. Ace. unaltered. PI. Gen. in irrni, ,, „ in to. 