text:
850 million people worldwide are affected by kidney disease  – a worrying figure, and one that continues to rise. Prevention of chronic kidney disease is therefore more important than ever, as Professor Carmine Zoccali (Reggio Calabria, Italy), President of the ERA-EDTA, emphasizes on the occasion of World Kidney Day on March 14, 2019.
March 14 is World Kidney Day. What exactly is chronic kidney disease and how many people are affected by it worldwide? Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as an abnormality of kidney structure or function which persists for more than three months. The kidneys become less able to perform their defined roles within the body including an inability to effectively filter waste products from the blood. CKD affects approximately one in ten people worldwide. There are several degrees of CKD (stages 1-5) and it is a disease which can be progressive. When kidney function drops into stage 5 CKD (kidney filtration ability reduced to ≤15/ml/min/1.73 m2 compared to normal which is ≥60/ml/min/1.73 m2), kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) needs to be considered. We estimate that, worldwide, between 5.3 and 10.5 million people are undergoing kidney replacement therapy. However, financial barriers or lack of resources means that there are many patients who are deprived of these lifesaving treatments. This year the World Kidney Day motto is aimed at raising awareness of this inequality by demanding ‘Kidney Health for everyone everywhere’.
But isn’t this a bit utopian? How can this aim be achieved? Yes, certainly, but as Anatole France once said, ‘Without the Utopians of other times, men would still live in caves, miserable and naked. Utopia is the principle of all progress, and the essay into a better future.’ If you bear this in mind then the logical consequence is to demand ‘Kidney Health for everyone, everywhere’. If we do not make this a priority, then the problem of CKD will not be realized to its full extent by the public, the policymakers and society at large. Additionally, it remains crucial that significant steps are taken towards improving prevention strategies, worldwide. The number of affected patients is rising and this is a significant public health problem; we can no longer afford to remain silent.
Why is it that urgent to improve the prevention of chronic kidney disease? The unadjusted incidence rate of renal replacement therapy amongst all countries represented in the European Renal Registry was 121 per million in 2016 – compared to 117 per million population five years previously in 2011 . This is largely explained by the significant rise in the previous decade in the number of people who suffer from diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure), conditions which can lead to chronic kidney disease. Approximately 425 million adults (20-79 years of age) were living with diabetes in 2017, and this figure will rise further to 629 million by 2045, according to the International Diabetes Federation . The number of people affected by hypertension has increased from 594 million in 1975 to over 1.1 billion in 2015 . With ever-increasing numbers of patients with diabetes and hypertension, there is significant and justified concern that the incidence of chronic kidney disease, too, will continue to rise steeply. It is very likely that we are only seeing the tip of the iceberg right now.
What are effective prevention strategies? Diabetes and hypertension are the two most common causes of end stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy; approximately one third of patients need dialysis secondary to diabetes. If a patient suffers from diabetes or hypertension, it is important that the blood sugar (or blood pressure) levels are kept within the normal range and that the kidneys are regularly checked by a doctor. In many instances, the development of diabetes and hypertension is avoidable. It is important to motivate people to adopt a healthy lifestyle, which involves sports and healthy food. It is important to gain and keep a normal body weight. Obesity is an epidemic in the developed world. Studies have shown that being overweight can be both a direct cause of CKD and an indirect cause via its association with the development of diabetes and hypertension.
Another effective prevention strategy is to stop smoking. The kidneys rely upon their millions of tiny blood vessels to filter and clean the blood; smoking destroys these blood vessels. Fighting to support wide-ranging policies aimed at limiting air pollution is also fundamental, because high levels of particulate matter (i.e. fine particles) have been associated with the risk of CKD. Finally care should be taken with painkillers. Some overthe-counter drugs (e.g. diclofenac, ibuprofen) can harm the kidneys if taken unnecessarily for prolonged periods of time.
To what extent do you expect policymakers to support prevention measures – and why should they do so? Kidney disease has not played a major role in most health promotion and public awareness campaigns to date. This is completely unjustified. We estimate that over 850 million people worldwide have some form of kidney disease, which is roughly double the number of people who live with diabetes (422 million, ) and 20 times greater than the prevalence of cancer worldwide (42 million ), or people living with AIDS/HIV (36.7 million ). This means that kidney disease is one of the most common diseases worldwide, yet the public is unaware of the scale of this health issue. We need politicians to address this important health issue and to be willing to invest in prevention strategies. It is not difficult to appreciate that this represents a good investment, because kidney disease imposes a heavy financial burden on healthcare budgets. The annual per patient cost for hemodialysis (HD) ranges from US$ 88,195 in the USA , to US$ 58,812 in Germany, US$ 83,616 in Belgium and US$ 70,928 in France . There is little doubt that prevention is key and offers the prospect of significant cost savings
What about the individual patient? Does prevention pay off for her or him as well? Of course! A patient with CKD may not feel classically unwell, especially in the earlier stages. However, CKD greatly increases the risk of particularly cardiovascular disease and death. It is imperative, therefore, that steps are taken where possible to ideally prevent the development of CKD and where this is not possible, patients with CKD need to have regular checkups and early treatment strategies employed to reduce their cardiovascular risk. If there is significant deterioration or a rapid decline in kidney function, the nephrologist should be involved. We can, for example, slow CKD progression by prescribing RAAS inhibition drugs. This can postpone the need for kidney replacement therapy and lower the cardiovascular risk of the patients.
What is the significance of nephrology among all subspecialties of inner medicine? I think that nephrology is a key discipline in modern medicine. The number of patients is growing and the patients need special care. A recently published study  showed that renal patients are extremely complex patients – they have more comorbidities and the highest risk of mortality, when compared to patients managed by other specialties, including infectious disease specialists, pulmonologists, hematologists, rheumatologists, gastroenterologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, and family physicians. Obviously, it is time for nephrology to be upgraded and more properly funded than it is today in most healthcare systems.
 https://web.era-edta.org/uploads/180627-press-era-asn-isn.pdf  ERA-EDTA Registry. Annual Report 2016 and 2011: https://www.era-edta-reg.org/index.jsp?p=14  https://idf.org/52-about-diabetes.html  http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/mediacentre/Newsreleases/1billionpeoplew…  http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes  https://ourworldindata.org/cancer  http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/  United States Renal Data System. 2017 USRDS annual data report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2017.  Vanholder R et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23(8):1291-8  Marcello Tonelli et al. Comparison of the Complexity of Patients Seen by Different Medical Subspecialists in a Universal Health Care System. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7): e184852. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4852
With more than 11,000 members, the ERA-EDTA (“European Renal Association – European Dialysis and Transplant Association”) is one of the biggest nephrology associations worldwide and one of the most important and prestigious European Medical Associations. It supports basic and clinical research in the fields of clinical nephrology, dialysis, renal transplantation and related subjects. It also supports a number of studies as well as research groups and has founded a special “Fellowship Programme” for young investigators as well as grant programmes. In order to involve young nephrologists in all its activities, ERA-EDTA has created the “Young Nephrologists’ Platform” (YNP), a very active committee whose board includes members who are 40 years old or younger. In addition, it has established various working groups to promote the collaboration of nephrologists with other medical disciplines (e.g. cardiology, immunology). Furthermore, a “European Renal Best Practice” (ERBP) advisory board was established by the ERA-EDTA to draw up and publish guidelines and position statements. Another important goal of the ERA-EDTA is education: The series of CME courses combined with the annual congress offer an attractive scientific programme to cover the need for continuous medical education for doctors working in the fields of nephrology, dialysis and transplantation. The association’s journals, NDT (Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation) and CKJ (Clinical Kidney Journal), are currently the leading nephrology journals in Europe; furthermore NDT-Educational is the Society’s online educational journal , with free access for all users, as well as being a very important and useful feature of the NDT-Educational “Literature Review”. The ERA-EDTA Registry is a large epidemiologic database comparing countries by assessing nephrology practices throughout Europe. ENP, the European Nephrology Portal, is the latest new initiative of ERA-EDTA, where all those interested in the activities of the Society can find everything that is happening, all in one place. Finally, ERA-EDTA is a member of the European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA), a consortium of patients, nurses and foundations relating to renal issues that actively interacts with the European Parliament.

domain: medical


HORSHAM AIR GUARD STATION, Pa. --
t's that time again: hurricane season.
Kicking off June 1 and lasting through Nov. 30, below normal activity is forecasted for this year according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This in no way minimizes the destructive power of each hurricane that does develop.
It's predicted that there will be from six to 11 named storms, three to six hurricanes and as many as two major hurricanes. Storms are named once their sustained surface winds reach 39 mph. They become hurricanes at 74 mph and are considered major at 111 mph. Hurricanes are categorized as 1-5 on the Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale with the highest, category 5, having wind speeds in excess of 157 mph.
Even though hurricanes are best known for their strong winds, only five to 10 percent of recorded U.S. Atlantic Tropical Cyclone deaths since 1963 were due to winds--winds are indirectly the cause of deaths. In actuality, 50 percent are due to the storm surge and 25 percent are due to prolonged rainfall-induced flooding. People who try to "ride out" the storm, usually only think of the winds and not the possible wall of water that may accompany the landfall of the hurricane. In 2005, some of the recorded storm surges from Hurricane Katrina reached 36 feet.
A hurricane is typically a large circular system, but its destructive path is not as symmetrical. Historically, the regions with the greatest impacts from a hurricane are generally the coastlines that face perpendicular to the onshore wind flow. Remember, the storm rotates counter-clockwise so one half will draw winds and water away from the coast while the other half forces them inland.
Hurricanes do not need to be major events to cause massive destruction. October 2012, Super Storm Sandy was a category 1 during landfall, but brought strong enough winds to knock over power transformers and cause fires that tore through Breezy Point, Queens, New York. The fires destroyed more than 100 structures.
The location where the eye of the storm will hit is commonly a concern for people. But this is not always an indicator of destruction. Looking again back at Hurricane Sandy, the eye made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey, but caused storm surge flooding all the way up to New York City.
So, what should one do to prepare for a hurricane? The answer is simple: keep informed on the hurricane, and if possible, evacuate the area. Most of the time, safe evacuation means traveling a few miles inland to avoid the dangers of the storm surge. Not doing so can cause those caught in hurricanes to become another statistic. Additionally, not evacuating has the potential of putting others in harm's way-- to include first responders who may now have to rescue individuals. Also, preparedness guides are available from the sources like the National Weather Service's Hurricane Center at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/prepare/
(Editor's Note: Master Sgt. Christopher Botzum, 111th Public Affairs contributed to this article)


text:
Effects of disease on clinical laboratory tests effects of herbs and natural products on clinical laboratory tests co edited with s narayan phd aacc effects on clinical laboratory tests is maintained by john wiley and sons inc on behalf of the american association for clinical chemistry and edited by dr donald young. What a great book what a tour de force this book contains virtually every clinical laboratory test in use and the values associated with various disease states the information is presented in two complementary ways the first volume is categorized by laboratory tests listed in alphabetical order with values in various diseased states listed below each relevant laboratory test. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests show all authors d s young d s young department of pathology and laboratory medicine university of pennsylvania 3400 spruce street philadelphia pa 19104 4283 usa friedman rb young ds effects of disease on clinical laboratory tests 3rd edn washington dc american association for . Edited by donald s young md phd aacc effects on clinical laboratory tests drugs disease herbs natural products is a continuation of the american association for clinical chemistrys famous effects on clinical laboratory tests series edited by donald s young md phd nils tryding md phd richard b friedman md sheshadri narayanan phd. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests vols 1 and 2 5th ed by donald s young 2200 pp washington dc american association for clinical chemistry 2000 this text is a comprehensive and voluminous fifth edition of the reference textbook that compiles all significant information known and relevant on the matter of drugs affecting
How it works:
1. Register Trial Account.
2. Download The Books as you like ( Personal use )

domain: chemistry


|Publication number||US4146492 A|
|Application number||US 05/673,248|
|Publication date||Mar 27, 1979|
|Filing date||Apr 2, 1976|
|Priority date||Apr 2, 1976|
|Also published as||CA1105443A, CA1105443A1, DE2658952A1|
|Publication number||05673248, 673248, US 4146492 A, US 4146492A, US-A-4146492, US4146492 A, US4146492A|
|Inventors||Carmen M. Cusano, Ronald E. Jones|
|Original Assignee||Texaco Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (113), Classifications (28), Legal Events (1)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to novel, relatively low molecular weight polyalkylacrylate prepared under neat conditions which is compatible in lubricating oil concentrates with ethylene-propylene viscosity index (VI) improvers and which exhibits in finished lubricating oil compositions improved pour depressing effects. In addition, the invention is directed to lubricating oil compositions wherein the polyalkylacrylate pour depressant and ethylene-propylene viscosity index (VI) improver are compatible and to a method of producing such compositions.
Hereinbefore and hereinafter the terms "polyalkylacrylate" and "alkylacrylate" are intended to encompass the alkyl ester derivatives of methacrylic acid as well as acrylic acid, i.e., polyalkylmethacrylate, polyalkylacrylate, alkylmethacrylate and alkylacrylate. Further, the term "neat" describes the undiluted product as well as the manufacture condition in which no liquid diluent is employed. Still further, the term "compatible" signifies the ability to form and maintain for long periods of time (i.e. months) a single homogenous phase. It has been found the degree of compatiblity of the polyacrylate and ethylene-propylene polymer in lubricating oil compositions is a direct function of the degree of haze in the initially formed composition, e.g., as measured by Lumetron Turbidity (LT). Compatibility is essentially premanent when initial Lumetron Turbidities are less than about 10.
In automotive lubricating oils two of the most common types of additives found therein are VI improvers and pour point depressors. In brief explanation of VI, it refers to the rate of change of viscosity of lubricating oil. Oils having a high VI exhibit a small change in viscosity with temperature variation than those with low VI. In lubricating applications such as engine lubrication where a wide range of temperatures is often encountered, lubricating oils having a high VI are desirable and often critically necessary. Long chain polymers and copolymers are in many instances effective VI improvers. Unfortunately, high molecular weight polymers are often susceptible to high shear rates in lubricating service which can cause a viscosity loss and other undesirable effects in the oil blend. One VI improver additive which has proven effective as a viscosity improver while exhibiting a high degree of shear stability is an amorphous copolymer of ethylene and propylene having an average molecular weight between about 10,000 and 150,000, preferably between about 30,000 and 80,000, a propylene content of between about 20 and 70 mole % and a Mw Mn (polydispersity index) of less than about 5. This copolymer is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,522,180 and 3,697,429.
The often used companion additive with the ethylene-propylene copolymer is the pour depressor polyalkylacrylate prepared from C1 -C22 alkylacrylate monomer, mixtures thereof, and mixtures of C1 -C22 alkylacrylate monomers and nitrogen containing compounds such as dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylates and n-acrylamides. The polyalkylacrylate polymers normally have a molecular weight between about 30,000 and 1,500,000 with the higher molecular weights normally favored on the basis of greater pour depressancy. However, one of the continuing problems with the polyacrylate pour depressor-ethylene-propylene VI improver combinations is their incompatibility under concentrate conditions, that is, under conditions the pour depressor constitutes about 1 and 10 wt. % and between about 5 and 30 wt. % VI improver in at least 50 wt. % (major amount) lube oil base. As heretofore stated, this incompatibility takes the form of layered phase separation of the two additives which results in inappropriateness for blending into the finished composition since phase separation in large holding tanks will tend to cause the non uniform addition of additives in the finished formulation. Concentrate lube formulation as opposed to finished formulation is prepared in such form for savings in storage and transportation and are formed into the finished composition by blending the additional base oil.
One solution to the problem is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,897,353 wherein the molecular weight of the polyalkylacrylate is controlled to between 30,000 and 120,000. The polyalkylacrylates of the patent were found to be compatible with ethylene-propylene copolymers in concentrate formulations for extended periods of less than three months. However, for longer periods, e.g., 3 to 6 months incompatibility was still evidenced.
In another prior art disclosure, U.S. Pat. No. 3,892,671 teaches lubricating oil compositions containing a compatible combination of nitrogen containing polyalkylacrylate of a molecular weight of from 2000 to 20,000, preferably 6000 to 10,000 prepared under diluent conditions and combination ethylene-propylene VI improver. Apparently in U.S. Pat. No. 3,892,671 a required factor for compatibility appears to be the use of nitrogen moiety in the polyacrylate.
Although the pour depressancy and VI effect appeared to be satisfactory in the foregoing patents, there is a continuing need to extend the term of compatibility of the polyalkylacrylate ethylene-propylene copolymer combinations, particularly in lube concentrates in addition to improving pour depressancy, VI, etc. properties. Further, from an economic standpoint, it is desirable to improve compatibility without having to resort to the more costly nitrogen containing polymethacrylates.
We have discovered and this constitutes our invention a novel interpolymer of (A) one or more C1 -C15 alkylacrylates and (B) one or more of C16 -C22 alkylacrylate having a weight ratio of A:B of between about 90:10 and 50:50, an average molecular weight of 1000 to 25,000 and an average alkyl carbon side chain length of between about 11 and 16 carbons produced under neat conditions having improved pour depressing effects and an improved compatibility with ethylene-propylene copolymer VI improvers in concentrate and finished lubricating oil formulations. We have further discovered lubricating oil compositions containing at least about 50 wt. % lubricating oil, between about 0.005 and 10 wt. % said interpolymer and between about 0.5 and 30 wt. % ethylene-propylene copolymer of a molecular weight between 10,000 and 150,000 having a propylene content of between 20 and 70 mole % and an Mw Mn of less than 5 of superior pour depression and polyalkylacrylate-ethylene-propylene copolymer compatibility. We have still further discovered a method of forming said superior composition comprising preparing said polyalkylacrylate under neat conditions and introducing polyalkylacrylate together with the ethylene-propylene copolymer into a hydrocarbon lubricating oil under mixing conditions.
As heretofore stated, the interpolymeric polyalkylacrylates are prepared from alkylacrylate monomers selected from (A) C1 -C15 alkylmethacrylate group (B) C16 -C22 alkylmethacrylate using A:B weight ratio of between about 90:10 and 50:50 with the monomer weight adjusted to give an average alkyl side chain carbon length of from 11 to 16 carbons and the degree of polymerization monitored to produce an interpolymer of a molecular weight of between 1000 and 25,000.
The polyalkylacrylate may be characterized by the following structure: ##STR1## where n is an integer providing a molecular weight of 1000 to 25,000 R is the aforedescribed alkyl side chain and varies in the various repeating polymeric units in the above structural characterization and is derived from the alkyl portion of the alkylacrylate from which the interpolymer is prepared.
The polyalkylacrylate is prepared under neat conditions. This is an important factor in producing a polyalkylacrylate of superior pour depressancy as well as compatibility. It is theorized that when polyacrylates are prepared in the presence of lubricating oil diluent and/or organic solvents such as benzene or toluene, as is common practice, the resultant polymer forms a type of bond association with the diluent. When the thus bonded polyacrylate-diluent is incorporated in lubricating oils, the bonding forces have to be overcome, that is, broken before the pour depressant molecules can absorb or cocrystallize on the methylene faces of wax crystals in the oil. Such adsorbtion is required in order to promote the crystal growth in a direction which would reduce the tendency of wax crystals to form a high pour producing interlocking network. Under neat conditions of preparation, no such bond associations take place. The unexpectedness of the invention is emphasized by the fact that in prior teachings the high molecular weights and diluent preparation conditions are preferred.
In further respect to the method of preparation, the polyalkylacrylate contemplated herein is prepared by mixing the monomers in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of between about 65 and 110° C. in the presence of standard polymerization catalyst for acrylates (e.g. 0.05-2 wt. % of reaction mixture) such as azobisisobutronitrile, t-butyl peroxide, t-hydroperoxide and benzoyl peroxide, until a molecular weight of between about 1000 and 25,000 is reached. The degree of polymerization is monitored by periodically measuring the refractive index and/or kinematic viscosity of withdrawn samples. Reaction times of between about 4 and 6 hours are normally encountered.
Examples of the C1 -C15 alkylmethacrylate monomer reactants contemplated herein are methylmethacrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, n-hexylmethacrylate, n-octylmethacrylate, n-decylmethacrylate, isodecylmethacrylate, n-dodecylmethacrylate, n-pentadecylmethacrylate and their alkylacrylate counterparts such as methylacrylate, etc. Examples of the C16 -C22 alkylmethacrylate monomer reactants contemplated are n-hexadecylmethacrylate, n-octadecylmethacrylate, n-eicosylmethacrylate and n-docosylmethacrylate and their alkylacrylate counterparts such as n-hexadecylacrylate, etc. One preferred alkylmethacrylate is one derived from two n-alkylmethacrylate mixtures which in turn respectively are derived by standard esterification techniques through the reaction of methacrylic acid with two technical grade long chain primary alcohols. One of these alcohols is sold by Shell Oil Company under the tradename Neodol 25L and the other by Continental Oil Co. as Alfol 1620 SP. A typical analysis thereof is as follows:
______________________________________Description Approx. Wt. %______________________________________Neodol 25LC12 H25 OH 24C13 H27 OH 24C14 H29 OH 24C15 H31 OH 15Other Alcohols 13Alfol 1620 SPC16 H33 OH 55C18 H37 OH 27C20 H41 OH 9Other Alcohols 9______________________________________
Examples of the polyalkylmethacrylates contemplated herein are polyalkylmethacrylate of an average molecular weight of 2100 having an average alkyl side chain carbon length of 12 being a copolymer of n-decylmethacrylate and n-octadecylmethacrylate in a weight ratio of 78:28; a poly-n-alkylmethacrylate of an average molecular weight of 3500 having an average alkyl side chain carbon length of about 13 carbons being a copolymer of n-dodecylmethacrylate and n-eicosylmethacrylate in a weight ratio of 70:30 and poly-n-alkylmethacrylate of an average molecular weight of 4500, an average n-alkyl side chain carbon length of about 11 being a copolymer of n-butylmethacrylate and n-docosylmethacrylate in a weight ratio of 60:40. Further, they are the polyalkylacrylate counterparts.
In the lubricating oil compositions of the invention, the lubricating oil concentrates from which the finished lubricating oil compositions are formed suitable for automotive use contain between about 1.0 and 10 wt. % of polyalkylacrylates, between about 5 and 30 wt. % of the ethylene-propylene polymer, optionally employed are additional standard automotive additives and the remainder (at least 50 wt. %) lube oil. In the finished formulation suitable for automotive use, the polyalkylacrylate is present in an amount between 0.005 and 1 wt. %, preferably between 0.1 and 0.5 wt. %, between about 0.1 and 5 wt. % ethylene-propylene copolymer, preferably between about 0.5 and 3.0 wt. %, the remainder (at least about 85 wt. %) lubricating oil and optionally including standard supplementary additives.
Examples of standard supplementary additives antioxidants, e.g., the hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates such as zinc di (nonylphenoxyethyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di (dodecylphenoxyethyl) dithiophosphate and zinc di (nonylphenoxyethoxyethyldithiophosphate); additives which have both antioxidant corrosion inhibiting properties such as the aryl substituted amine compounds exemplified by phenylnaphthylamines and phenyl-alpha-naphthylamines, e.g., a mixture of 2,2-diethyl-4-octyldiphenylamine and 2,2-diethyl-4,4'-dioctyldiphenylamine. Still other supplementary additive examples are dispersants such as the overbased alkaline earth metal calcium alkaryl sulfonates such as calcium carbonate, overbased calcium alkaryl sulfonate wherein the alkaryl moieties are of a molecular weight of 500 to 1000 or ashless dispersants such as the alkenyl succinimides, e.g., a polyisobutylene (700-2000 m.w.) succinimide derived from tetraethylene pentamine.
The hydrocarbon base oil employed in the finished and concentrate formulations of the invention advantageously are mineral oils such as paraffinic, naphthenic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof having a viscosity of between about 70 and 5000 SUS at 100° F., preferably between about 75 and 300 SUS at 100° F., of a pour point of between about -10° and +50° F., preferably between -5° and +5° F. Concentrate and finished lubricating oil formulations are formulated by standard means such as introducing the additives into the base oil under mixing conditions at a temperature between about 50 and 130° C.
The amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymers which serve as the viscosity index (VI) improver additives in the lubricating composition of the invention are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,522,180 wherein the copolymers are prepared in a hydrogen moderated reaction at moderate temperatures and pressures in the presence of a solvent soluble Zeigler-Natta catalyst. Gaseous mixtures of ethylene and propylene together with hydrogen are introduced into a reactor containing a solvent which does not deactivate the catalyst such as carbon tetrachloride, hexane, n-heptane, benzene or cyclohexane. Reaction temperatures between about -40° and 250° F. in a pressure of 0 to 300 psig are satisfactory. The two component Zeigler-Natta catalyst comprises a first component of a hydrocarbyl vanadate, a hydrocarboxy vanadyl halide or a vanadyl trihalide. The second catalyst component is alkyl aluminum halide. Preferred catalyst systems include tri-n-butylorthovanadate as a first component and ethyl aluminum dichloride, diethyl aluminum chloride or ethyl aluminum sesquachloride as a second component. The Zeigler-Natta catalyst promoted hydrogen moderated polymerization is used to produce ethylene-propylene copolymers having an amorphous structure infrared analysis. An average molecular weight of between about 10,000-150,000 and a narrow molecular weight distribution measured by gel permentation chromatograph (GCP) of less than about 5. As heretofore stated, not only do these copolymers increase the viscosity index of lubricating oil when added thereto, but they exhibit a substantially high resistance to the high shearing forces experienced in lubricating surfaces which often mechanically degradate a long chain polymer.
The following examples further illustrate our invention but are not to be construed as limitations thereof.
This example illustrates the preparation of the novel polyalkylacrylate contemplated herein under neat conditions.
The equipment employed consists of a one liter resin kettle equipped with external heaters, thermocouple, nitrogen inlet, stirrer, thermometer and condenser. In a typical reaction 450 grams of Neodol 25L (˜C12 -C15)alkylmethacrylate mixture having an average alkyl carbon chain length of 13.6 and 150 grams of Alfol 1620SP methacrylate (˜C16 -C20 n-alkylmethacrylate) of an average alkyl carbon chain length of 17.1 carbons and 6 grams of n-dodecylmercaptan were heated under a nitrogen blanket with stirring. When the pot temperature reached 95° C., 0.45 grams of azobisisobutronitrile (AIBN) polymerization initiator was added. Polymerization proceeded (95°-100° C.) as monitored by refractive index increase. After two hours of reaction, 0.2 grams of additional AIBN was added and heating at 95° C. was continued for an additional 1.5 hours. At the end of the 1.5 hour period, an additional 0.1 gram AIBN was added and heating continued for a further 2.5 hours giving a total reaction time of 6 hours. At the end of the 6 hour time the formed polyalkylmethacrylate gave the following analysis:
______________________________________Description Value______________________________________Molecular Wt. (VP Osmometry) 3300Kin. Vis. (2 wt. % polymer in 53 SUS 210° F. oil) 210° F., cs 9.07Furol Vis. at 210° F., sec. 440Alkyl Side Chain Carbon Length, aver. 14.4Residual Monomer Content, wt. % 0.3______________________________________
This example still further illustrates the preparation of the novel neat polyalkylacrylates contemplated herein.
The procedure of Example I was repeated in five separate runs with the exception that the methacrylate monomers were replaced as follows:
Run A -- 50:50 weight ratio isodecylmethacrylate (IDMA):Alfol 1620SP methacrylate (AMA)
Run B -- 10:40:50 weight ratio methylmethacrylate (MMA):IDMA:AMA
Run C -- 10:40:50 weight ratio butylmethacrylate (BMA):IDMA:AMA
Run D -- 21:59:20 weight ratio BMA:NMA:AMA
The neat polyalkyl methacrylates prepared in the above 4 runs were analyzed and the results are as follows:
______________________________________Description Run A Run B Run C Run D______________________________________Molecular Wt. 3500 3500 3500 3500(VP Osometry),Kin. Vis. (2 wt. 9.32 9.11 9.29 9.33% in 53 SUS210° F. oil) at210° F., csFurol Vis. at ˜700 ˜450 ˜550 ˜700210° F., sec.Aver. Alkyl Side 13.6 12.7 13.0 12.3Chain CarbonLengthResidual Monomer 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.3Content, wt. %______________________________________
This example illustrates the preparation of a comparative polyalkylacrylate pour depressor:
The equipment employed was that used in Example I. In a typical reaction 150 grams of Neodol 25L methacrylate, 50 grams of Alfol 1620SP methacrylate, 100 grams of mineral oil of an SUS viscosity at 100° F. of approximately 145 and 0.2 grams of n-dodecylmercaptan were heated under mixing and nitrogen atmosphere conditions. When the reaction mixture reached 83° C., 0.3 gram of AIBN was added and the reaction was maintained at 83° C. for approximately 4 hours. Polymerization as in Example I was monitored by measuring refractive index incrementally. At the end of the 4 hour period an additional 0.15 gram AIBN was added and kept at 83° C. for 1.5 hours. Still another 0.15 gram AIBN was added at the end of the 1.5 hour period with the reaction maintained at 85° C. for an additional 1.5 hour. At the end of the second 1.5 hour period, 306 grams of 100 SUS (100° F.) mineral oil were additionally added and the mixture was heated at 100° C. for one hour to finish the preparation. Analysis of the lube oil solution product found it to contain 33.0 wt. % polyalkylmethacrylate of an average molecular weight of 180,000 having an average alkyl side chain carbon length of 14.4.
This example illustrates the effectiveness of the polyalkylacrylate of the invention in pour depressing lubricating oil compositions containing the ethylene-propylene copolymer and the pour depressing superiority in many instances of said polyalkylacrylates over conventional polyalkylmethacrylates.
To a mineral lubricating oil of an SUS viscosity of about 130 and 100° F. and a pour of 0° F. there was mixed an ethylene-propylene copolymer of an average molecular weigh of 100,000 having a propylene content of 32.8 mole %, and a representative polyalkylacrylate prepared in Example I to give a final composition containing 1.0 wt. % ethylene-propylene copolymer and 0.2 wt. % polyalkylmethacrylate, the remainder being the base oil. The resultant formulation was designated as Formulation 1. Comparative Formulation 2 was prepared using the same ingredients as Formulation 1 except that the comparative polyalkylmethacrylate of Example III was substituted for the polyalkylmethacrylate of representative Example I. The pour point data for the above test formulations and the base oil is set forth below:
______________________________________ Wt. % E-P *Wt. % Polyalkyl- Pour PointFormulation Polymer Methacrylate Polymer ° F.______________________________________Base Oil 0 0 03300Formulation 1 1.0 0.20 -25180,000Formulation 2 1.0 0.20 +5______________________________________ *Neat Basis?
This example illustrates the superior pour depressing effect of the representative polyalkylacrylates per se as opposed to comparative polyalkylacrylates.
To a mineral base oil having a pour of 50° F. and an SUS viscosity of 50 at 210° F. there was incorporated the representative polyalkylmethacrylate of Example I, the pour point in an amount of 0.26 wt. % and the resultant formulation was designated as Formulation 3. Formulation 4 was prepared utilizing the same ingredients except that comparative polyalkylmethacrylate of Example III was substituted for the polyalkylmethacrylate of Example I. Pour point of these two formulations and the base oil were measured and the results are set forth below:
______________________________________ Wt. % Polyalkyl-* Approx. AverageDescription Methacrylate Pour Point, ° F.______________________________________Base Oil 0 +45Formulation 3 0.26 +20Formulation 4 0.26 40______________________________________ *Neat
This example still further illustrates the pour depressancy effect of the polyalkylacrylate in lubricant compositions of the invention.
To a paraffinic base oil having an SUS viscosity of ˜ 130 at 100° F. and pour of 0° F. there was mixed an oil solution of 13 wt. % ethylene-propylene viscosity index improver of about 40,000 average molecular weight and 45 mole % propylene, 87 wt. % mineral oil (100 SUS at 100° F.) and the polyalkylmethacrylate of Example I. Additional test formulations were formed which were identical in all aspects to the aforedescribed formulation except containing varying amounts of the poly-n-alkylmethacrylate of Example I. This series was designated as the Formulation E series. Another formulation series was also prepared for test which was identical to the Formulation E series with the exception that comparative polyalkylmethacrylate of Example III was substituted for representative polyalkylmethacrylate of Example I. This comparative series formulation was designated as the Formulation F series. The pour point test data is reported below in Table I:
TABLE I______________________________________ *Wt. % E-P *Wt. % Poly- Pour Point,Description Copolymer Methacrylate ° F.______________________________________Base Oil 0 0 +5Formulation E-1 1.5 0.01 -30Formulation E-2 ↓ 0.02 -30Formulation E-3 ↓ 0.03 -35Formulation E-4 ↓ 0.08 -30Formulation E-5 ↓ 0.17 -35Formulation F-1 ↓ 0.01 -10Formulation F-2 ↓ 0.02 -35Formulation F-3 ↓ 0.04 -30Formulation F-4 ↓ 0.08 -35Formulation F-5 ↓ 0.17 -40______________________________________ *Neat
This example illustrates the pour depressant equality and superiority, in general, of the neat polyalkylacrylate of the invention in respect to commercial polyalkylacrylates on an equal weight basis.
The base oil has an SUS viscosity at about 100° F. of about 148 and a pour point of about 0° F. and is designated as Base Oil Z.
Various fully formulated formulations are prepared representative of the compositions of the invention and comparative thereof. The representative formulations utilizing the neat polyalkylmethacrylate of Example I and the comparative formulations employing the comparative polyalkylacrylate oil solution of Example III. The ethylene-propylene copolymermer employed in all formulations was a 13 wt. % solution in diluent oil (100 SUS at 100° F.) of an average molecular weight of about 40,000 containing about 45 mole % propylene and a Mw Mn of < 5. In addition to the polymethacrylate and ethylene-propylene copolymer supplementary additives normally found in fully formulated automotive lubricating oil formulations were included. The blends of the formulation and the test data are reported below in Table II:
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________BlendComposition, Wt. %* Control AA AA' BB BB' CC CC' DD DD'__________________________________________________________________________Base Oil Z 100 88.68 88.58 88.77 88.77 88.77 88.80 88.83 88.83Zinc Dialkylphenyl- -- ← ← ← 1.35 → → → →dithiophosphateOverbased Ca Alkyl- -- ← ← ← 1.92 → → → →(˜450 m.w.) sulfon-ate (300 TBN)Polyisobutylene -- ← ← ← 6.1 → → → →(˜1200 m.w.)succinimide oftetraethylene-pentamineDiethyloctyl- -- ← ← ← 0.25 → → → →diethyldioctyldiphenylamineMixtureEthylene-Propylene Coplym. -- ← ← ← 1.53 → → → →Polyacrylate Ex. I -- -- 0.17 -- 0.08 -- 0.03 -- 0.017Polyacrylate Ex. III -- 0.17 -- 0.08 -- 0.08 -- 0.017 --TestsKin. Vis., 100° F., cs -- 93.4 91.0 93.3 90.5 92.3 90.9 91.8 90.5Kin. Vis., 210° F., cs -- 12.49 13.08 13.25 12.98 13.24 13.00 12.91 12.99VI -- 154 152 152 153 154 152 149 153Pour Pt., ° F. 0 -30 -40 -35 -35 -30 -25 -10 -20__________________________________________________________________________ *Neat
This example illustrates the superiority of the polyacrylates of the invention in respect to compatibility with ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymer under concentrate conditions as measured by Lumetron Turbidity (L.T.). As heretofore stated, the lower the turbidity, the greater the term of compatibility.
Ten formulations were prepared. The polymethacrylates employed were prepared utilizing the reactants, reactant quantity ratios and general procedure of Example I except polymerization initiator quantities, temperatures and end stopper were varied to vary the molecular weight. The ethylene-propylene copolymers were in the form of filtered and unfiltered lubricating oil of the polymer.
The neat polymethacrylate and ethylene-propylene polymer lube oil solutions were blended and the turbidity of the resultant blends were measured. The test data and results are reported below in Table III:
TABLE III______________________________________ PolymethacrylateRun No.1 Molecular Wt. EP Copolymer L. T.______________________________________1 3160 A 12.02 79,100 A 17.53 3160 B 4.54 128,000 B 13.05 78,100 B 13.56 71,100 B 13.07 3160 C 12.58 128,000 C 20.09 78,100 C 17.0 10 71,100 C 17.0A. Unfiltered 13 wt. % ethylene-propylene copolymer lube oil solution having L. T. of 14.0 EP copolymer has an ethylene content of 55 mole % and a molecular weight of about 40,000.B. Filtered 13 wt. % ethylene-propylene copolymer lube oil solution having L. T. of 5.0. EP copolymer has an ethylene content of 55 mole % and a molecular weight of about 40,000.C. Unfiltered 13 wt. % ethylene-propylene copolymer lube oil solution having L. T. of 13.5. EP copolymer has an ethylene content of 67.2 mole % and a molecular weight of about 40,000.______________________________________ 1 All blends contained 3.0 wt. % polymethacrylate, 12.6 wt. % ethylene-propylene copolymer and 8.4 wt. % lubricating oil (˜100 SU at 100° F.).
In the above table, Runs 1, 3 and 7 represent the representative concentrate compositions of the invention, the remainder are comparative. As can be seen from the above, the polymethacrylates of the invention reduce the turbidity of the resultant ethylene-propylene-polymethacrylate-lube oil blend, i.e. whereas the comparative polymethacrylates increase turbidity.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2020714 *||Oct 4, 1933||Nov 12, 1935||Ig Farbenindustrie Ag||Lubricating hydrocarbon product|
|US2091627 *||Jun 8, 1934||Aug 31, 1937||Rohm & Haas||Composition of matter and process|
|US2604453 *||Dec 30, 1948||Jul 22, 1952||Standard Oil Dev Co||New copolymer compositions|
|US3522180 *||Sep 28, 1967||Jul 28, 1970||Texaco Inc||Lubricating oil compositions containing amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymers|
|US3691078 *||Nov 25, 1969||Sep 12, 1972||Du Pont||Oil compositions containing ethylene copolymers|
|US3869396 *||Apr 27, 1972||Mar 4, 1975||Shell Oil Co||Lubricating oil compositions|
|US3897353 *||Dec 29, 1972||Jul 29, 1975||Texaco Inc||Method of preventing haze in oil concentrates containing an amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymer viscosity index improver|
|US3951929 *||Feb 26, 1975||Apr 20, 1976||Texaco Inc.||Polyacrylates and waxy residual fuel compositions thereof|
|CA734918A *||May 24, 1966||Union Carbide Corporation||Lubricating oil compositions|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4546137 *||Dec 20, 1982||Oct 8, 1985||Exxon Research & Engineering Co.||Additive combinations and fuels containing them|
|US4776967 *||Feb 11, 1988||Oct 11, 1988||Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited||Lubricating oil composition|
|US4828731 *||Oct 24, 1988||May 9, 1989||Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.||Lubricating oil composition for working metal|
|US4844829 *||Oct 13, 1988||Jul 4, 1989||Pennzoil Products Company||Methacrylate pour point depressants and compositions|
|US4857220 *||May 2, 1988||Aug 15, 1989||Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.||Base oil of lubricating oil for mechanical apparatuses with orifice mechanism|
|US4867894 *||Apr 20, 1988||Sep 19, 1989||Rohm Gmbh||Pour point improving additives for mineral oils|
|US4908146 *||Nov 16, 1988||Mar 13, 1990||Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.||Oil additive compositions exhibiting reduced haze containing polymeric viscosity index improver|
|US4956111 *||Jan 25, 1989||Sep 11, 1990||Pennzoil Products Company||Methacrylate pour point depressants and compositions|
|US4966722 *||Nov 16, 1988||Oct 30, 1990||Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.||Oil additive compositions exhibiting reduced haze containing polymeric viscosity index improver|
|US5834408 *||Oct 24, 1997||Nov 10, 1998||Ethyl Corporation||Pour point depressants via anionic polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers|
|US5955405 *||Aug 10, 1998||Sep 21, 1999||Ethyl Corporation||(Meth) acrylate copolymers having excellent low temperature properties|
|US6133210 *||Jun 30, 1998||Oct 17, 2000||The Lubrizol Corporation||Homogeneous additive concentrates for preparing lubricating oil compositions|
|US6255261||Sep 22, 1999||Jul 3, 2001||Ethyl Corporation||(Meth) acrylate copolymer pour point depressants|
|US6525007||Jun 8, 2001||Feb 25, 2003||Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.||Viscosity modifier for lubricating oil and lubricating oil composition|
|US7579408||Mar 15, 2006||Aug 25, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Thermoplastic vulcanizate comprising interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins|
|US7582716||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 1, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Compositions of ethylene/α-olefin multi-block interpolymer for blown films with high hot tack|
|US7622179||Mar 15, 2006||Nov 24, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Three dimensional random looped structures made from interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins and uses thereof|
|US7622529||Mar 15, 2006||Nov 24, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Polymer blends from interpolymers of ethylene/alpha-olefin with improved compatibility|
|US7662881||Mar 15, 2006||Feb 16, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Viscosity index improver for lubricant compositions|
|US7666918||Mar 15, 2006||Feb 23, 2010||Dow Global Technologies, Inc.||Foams made from interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins|
|US7671106||Mar 15, 2006||Mar 2, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Cap liners, closures and gaskets from multi-block polymers|
|US7671131||Mar 15, 2006||Mar 2, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins blends and profiles and gaskets made therefrom|
|US7687442 *||Mar 15, 2006||Mar 30, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Low molecular weight ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer as base lubricant oils|
|US7714071||Mar 17, 2005||May 11, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Polymer blends from interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins and flexible molded articles made therefrom|
|US7732052||Feb 15, 2008||Jun 8, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Compositions of ethylene/alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer for elastic films and laminates|
|US7737061||Mar 15, 2006||Jun 15, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Compositions of ethylene/alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer for elastic films and laminates|
|US7741397||Mar 15, 2006||Jun 22, 2010||Dow Global Technologies, Inc.||Filled polymer compositions made from interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins and uses thereof|
|US7776770||Nov 30, 2007||Aug 17, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Molded fabric articles of olefin block interpolymers|
|US7795321||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 14, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Rheology modification of interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins and articles made therefrom|
|US7803728||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 28, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Fibers made from copolymers of ethylene/α-olefins|
|US7842627||Nov 30, 2007||Nov 30, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Olefin block compositions for stretch fabrics with wrinkle resistance|
|US7842770||Jul 24, 2009||Nov 30, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Compositions of ethylene/α-olefin multi-block interpolymer for blown films with high hot tack|
|US7858706||Mar 17, 2005||Dec 28, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Catalyst composition comprising shuttling agent for ethylene multi-block copolymer formation|
|US7858707||Sep 14, 2006||Dec 28, 2010||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Catalytic olefin block copolymers via polymerizable shuttling agent|
|US7863379||Mar 15, 2006||Jan 4, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Impact modification of thermoplastics with ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymers|
|US7897689||Mar 15, 2006||Mar 1, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Functionalized ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer compositions|
|US7928022||Nov 30, 2007||Apr 19, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Olefin block compositions for heavy weight stretch fabrics|
|US7947367||Mar 15, 2006||May 24, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Fibers made from copolymers of ethylene/α-olefins|
|US7947787||Sep 14, 2006||May 24, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Control of polymer architecture and molecular weight distribution via multi-centered shuttling agent|
|US7951882||Mar 17, 2005||May 31, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Catalyst composition comprising shuttling agent for higher olefin multi-block copolymer formation|
|US7989543||Mar 15, 2006||Aug 2, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Adhesive and marking compositions made from interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefins|
|US8067319||Jul 19, 2010||Nov 29, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Fibers made from copolymers of ethylene/α-olefins|
|US8084537||Mar 15, 2006||Dec 27, 2011||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Polymer blends from interpolymers of ethylene/α-olefin with improved compatibility|
|US8143202||Oct 30, 2007||Mar 27, 2012||Ciba Corp.||Methacrylate copolymer pour point depressants|
|US8153243||Jun 13, 2007||Apr 10, 2012||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Interpolymers suitable for multilayer films|
|US8198374||Dec 8, 2010||Jun 12, 2012||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Catalyst composition comprising shuttling agent for ethylene multi-block copolymer formation|
|US8211982||Feb 21, 2011||Jul 3, 2012||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Functionalized ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer compositions|
|US8273838||Mar 15, 2007||Sep 25, 2012||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Propylene/α-olefins block interpolymers|
|US8318864||Feb 21, 2011||Nov 27, 2012||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Functionalized ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer compositions|
|US8362162||Dec 7, 2006||Jan 29, 2013||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Processes of controlling molecular weight distribution in ethylene/alpha-olefin compositions|
|US8415434||Dec 23, 2010||Apr 9, 2013||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Catalytic olefin block copolymers via polymerizable shuttling agent|
|US8475933||Mar 20, 2012||Jul 2, 2013||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Interpolymers suitable for multilayer films|
|US8609779||Nov 21, 2012||Dec 17, 2013||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Functionalized ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer compositions|
|US8710143||Jul 31, 2012||Apr 29, 2014||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Catalyst composition comprising shuttling agent for ethylene multi-block copolymer formation|
|US8785551||Dec 8, 2010||Jul 22, 2014||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Catalyst composition comprising shuttling agent for ethylene multi-block copolymer formation|
|US8816006||Mar 15, 2006||Aug 26, 2014||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Compositions of ethylene/α-olefin multi-block interpolymer suitable for films|
|US8969495||Jan 18, 2013||Mar 3, 2015||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Processes of controlling molecular weight distribution in ethylene/α-olefin compositions|
|US9102128||Oct 20, 2008||Aug 11, 2015||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Multilayer films|
|US9243090||May 15, 2014||Jan 26, 2016||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Catalyst composition comprising shuttling agent for ethylene multi-block copolymer formation|
|US9352537||Jan 16, 2014||May 31, 2016||Dow Global Technologies Llc||Compositions of ethylene/α-olefin multi-block interpolymer suitable for films|
|US20040226236 *||Nov 21, 2001||Nov 18, 2004||Pidgeon John Terry||Foundation structure|
|US20060198983 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Three dimensional random looped structures made from interpolymers of ethylene/alpha-olefins and uses thereof|
|US20060199030 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Compositions of ethylene/alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer for blown films with high hot tack|
|US20060199744 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Low molecular weight ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer as base lubricant oils|
|US20060199872 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Foams made from interpolymers of ethylene/alpha-olefins|
|US20060199887 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Filled polymer compositions made from interpolymers of ethylene/a-olefins and uses thereof|
|US20060199896 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Viscosity index improver for lubricant compositions|
|US20060199906 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Polymer blends from interpolymers of ethylene/alpha-olefin with improved compatibility|
|US20060199908 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Rheology modification of interpolymers of ethylene/alpha-olefins and articles made therefrom|
|US20060199910 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Thermoplastic vulcanizate comprising interpolymers of ethylene alpha-olefins|
|US20060199911 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Cap liners, closures and gaskets from multi-block polymers|
|US20060199912 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Compositions of ethylene/alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer suitable for films|
|US20060199914 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Functionalized ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer compositions|
|US20060199930 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Ethylene/alpha-olefins block interpolymers|
|US20060199931 *||Mar 15, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Fibers made from copolymers of ethylene/alpha-olefins|
|US20060211819 *||Mar 17, 2005||Sep 21, 2006||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Polymer blends from interpolymers of ethylene/alpha-olefins and flexible molded articles made therefrom|
|US20070010616 *||Mar 15, 2006||Jan 11, 2007||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Impact modification of thermoplastics with ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymers|
|US20070135575 *||Dec 7, 2006||Jun 14, 2007||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Processes of Controlling Molecular Weight Distribution in Ethylene/Alpha-Olefin Compositions|
|US20070167578 *||Mar 17, 2005||Jul 19, 2007||Arriola Daniel J||Catalyst composition comprising shuttling agent for ethylene multi-block copolymer formation|
|US20070219334 *||Mar 15, 2007||Sep 20, 2007||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Propylene/Alpha-Olefins Block Interpolymers|
|US20070275219 *||Jun 13, 2007||Nov 29, 2007||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Interpolymers Suitable for Multilayer Films|
|US20080081854 *||Sep 6, 2007||Apr 3, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Fibers and Knit Fabrics Comprising Olefin Block Interpolymers|
|US20080108533 *||Oct 30, 2007||May 8, 2008||Peer William J||Methacrylate copolymer pour point depressants|
|US20080171167 *||Jan 16, 2008||Jul 17, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Cone dyed yarns of olefin block compositions|
|US20080176473 *||Nov 30, 2007||Jul 24, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Molded fabric articles of olefin block interpolymers|
|US20080182473 *||Jan 16, 2008||Jul 31, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Stretch fabrics and garments of olefin block polymers|
|US20080184498 *||Jan 16, 2008||Aug 7, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Colorfast fabrics and garments of olefin block compositions|
|US20080234435 *||Feb 15, 2008||Sep 25, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc||Compositions of ethylene/alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer for elastic films and laminates|
|US20080275189 *||Sep 14, 2006||Nov 6, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Control of Polymer Architecture and Molecular Weight Distribution Via Multi-Centered Shuttling Agent|
|US20080281037 *||Mar 15, 2006||Nov 13, 2008||Karjala Teresa P||Adhesive and Marking Compositions Made From Interpolymers of Ethylene/Alpha-Olefins|
|US20080299857 *||Nov 30, 2007||Dec 4, 2008||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Olefin block compositions for heavy weight stretch fabrics|
|US20080311812 *||Mar 17, 2005||Dec 18, 2008||Arriola Daniel J||Catalyst Composition Comprising Shuttling Agent for Higher Olefin Multi-Block Copolymer Formation|
|US20090042472 *||Mar 15, 2006||Feb 12, 2009||Poon Benjamin C||Fibers Made from Copolymers of Ethylene/Alpha-Olefins|
|US20090068427 *||Oct 25, 2006||Mar 12, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Multi-layer, elastic articles|
|US20090068436 *||Jul 7, 2008||Mar 12, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Olefin block interpolymer composition suitable for fibers|
|US20090104424 *||Oct 20, 2008||Apr 23, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Multilayer films|
|US20090105374 *||Sep 23, 2008||Apr 23, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Thermoplastic olefin composition with improved heat distortion temperature|
|US20090105417 *||Mar 17, 2005||Apr 23, 2009||Walton Kim L||Polymer Blends from Interpolymers of Ethylene/Alpha-Olefin with Improved Compatibility|
|US20090163667 *||Sep 14, 2006||Jun 25, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Catalytic olefin block copolymers via polymerizable shuttling agent|
|US20090324914 *||Jul 24, 2009||Dec 31, 2009||Dow Global Technologies Inc.||Compositions of ethylene / alpha-olefin multi-block interpolymer for blown films with high hot tack|
|US20100279571 *||Jul 19, 2010||Nov 4, 2010||Poon Benjamin C||Fibers Made From Copolymers of Ethylene/A-Olefins|
|US20110092651 *||Dec 23, 2010||Apr 21, 2011||Arriola Daniel J||Catalytic Olefin Block Copolymers Via Polymerizable Shuttling Agent|
|US20110118416 *||Dec 8, 2010||May 19, 2011||Arriola Daniel J||Catalyst Composition Comprising Shuttling Agent for Ethylene Multi-Block Copolymer Formation|
|US20110124818 *||Dec 8, 2010||May 26, 2011||Arriola Daniel J||Catalyst Composition Comprising Shuttling Agent for Ethylene Multi-Block Copolymer Formation|
|US20110144240 *||Feb 21, 2011||Jun 16, 2011||Harris William J||Functionalized Ethylene/Alpha-Olefin Interpolymer Compositions|
|US20110152437 *||Feb 21, 2011||Jun 23, 2011||Harris William J||Functionalized Ethylene/a-Olefin Interpolymer Compositions|
|US20150059238 *||Apr 22, 2013||Mar 5, 2015||Evonik Oil Additives Gmbh||Use of cold flow improver compositions for fuels, blends thereof with biofuels and formulations thereof|
|CN1045617C *||Mar 30, 1994||Oct 13, 1999||罗姆罗麦斯控股有限公司||Copolymer used as a pour point depressant for a lubricating oil|
|EP1086964A2 *||Sep 21, 2000||Mar 28, 2001||Ethyl Corporation||(Meth) acrylate copolymer pour point depressants|
|EP1086964A3 *||Sep 21, 2000||Jun 26, 2002||Ethyl Corporation||(Meth) acrylate copolymer pour point depressants|
|EP1148115A1 *||Dec 8, 1999||Oct 24, 2001||Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.||Viscosity modifier for lubricating oil and lubricating oil composition|
|EP1148115A4 *||Dec 8, 1999||May 29, 2002||Mitsui Chemicals Inc||Viscosity modifier for lubricating oil and lubricating oil composition|
|WO1989001507A1 *||Aug 18, 1988||Feb 23, 1989||Pennzoil Products Company||Methacrylate pour point depressants and compositions|
|U.S. Classification||508/473, 508/469|
|International Classification||C10M157/00, C10N40/25, C08F220/10, C08F220/12, C10N30/02, C10M145/14, C08F220/00, C10N20/04|
|Cooperative Classification||C10M2215/064, C08F220/12, C10M2215/26, C10M2217/046, C10M2223/045, C10M2219/046, C10M2205/00, C10M2215/28, C10M2215/086, C10M2215/04, C10M145/14, C10M2217/06, C10N2270/02, C10M2209/084, C10N2210/02, C10M2215/065|
|European Classification||C10M145/14, C08F220/12|
|May 7, 1996||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ETHYL ADDITIVES CORPORATION, VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TEXACO INC.;REEL/FRAME:008321/0066
Effective date: 19960229


text:
Here In a world that often prioritizes convenience over well-being, finding a brand that aligns with a holistic approach to health is truly a gem. WellHealthOrganic, a beacon in the realm of wellness, stands out for its commitment to nourishing both the body and mind. Here in this article we explore how WellHealthOrganic empowers individuals on their journey to a healthier and more fulfilling life
WellHealthOrganic: A Holistic Approach
WellHealthOrganic is not just about diet and exercise; it’s a holistic approach to well-being. Recognizing the interconnected nature of our bodies, the brand emphasizes nutritional wisdom, promoting organic, whole foods. They advocate personalized exercise routines, from yoga to jogging, and stress the importance of mindfulness through meditation and stress-relief strategies.
Self-care is also a priority, encouraging soothing baths, hobbies, and quality time. By addressing nutrition, fitness, and mindfulness, WellHealthOrganic guides individuals toward a comprehensive, balanced life for lasting vitality.
In the pursuit of a healthy life, WellHealthOrganic champions the significance of nutritional wisdom. It transcends mere calorie counting, emphasizing informed choices that nourish the body for optimal well-being. This philosophy encourages selecting whole, unprocessed foods, steering clear of artificial additives. Listening to your body’s cues is integral; understanding how different foods impact your energy levels fosters self-awareness.
WellHealthOrganic advocates a balanced diet, incorporating diverse food groups while allowing for occasional indulgences. Their organic produce further supports nutritional wellness, offering a pesticide-free alternative. True health, as endorsed by WellHealthOrganic, is not just about appearance but about fostering inner vibrancy through holistic nourishment.
Wellness Beyond Food
In the quest for a healthy life, WellHealthOrganic recognizes that wellness extends beyond diet. True well-being encompasses various facets—physical, mental, and emotional. Hydration is a key aspect, offering benefits like improved digestion and increased energy. Quality sleep is vital for overall health, aiding memory and repair processes.
Regular exercise not only maintains a healthy weight but also boosts mood and reduces stress. Meaningful relationships contribute to emotional well-being, providing support and understanding. Prioritizing self-care, whether through a relaxing bath or mindfulness practices, rejuvenates both mind and body.
Achieving optimal wellness requires balance across nutrition, exercise, and self-care—an authentic approach endorsed by WellHealthOrganic.
Exercise: Finding the Right Balance
In the pursuit of a healthy life, exercise is pivotal, but striking the right balance can pose a challenge. WellHealthOrganic emphasizes the importance of listening to your body and choosing enjoyable activities. Tailor your routine to your fitness level, considering age, health, and limitations.
Diversifying your exercises not only keeps things engaging but also targets various muscle groups, preventing overuse injuries. Allow for crucial rest and recovery, recognizing that rest days are as vital as workout days. Incorporating flexibility exercises enhances joint range of motion and prevents muscle tightness.
Finding the right exercise balance is a journey; be patient, prioritize consistency over intensity, and pave the way for long-term health.
Mindful Practices for a Healthy Mind and Body
In our fast-paced world, it’s easy to become overwhelmed and disconnected from ourselves. That’s where mindful practices come in, offering ways to cultivate a healthy mind and body by bringing awareness to the present moment.
Taking a few minutes each day to sit quietly and focus on your breath can profoundly affect overall well-being. It calms the mind, reduces stress, and improves concentration.
This simple yet powerful practice involves writing down thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. It helps gain clarity, process emotions, and foster self-reflection.
Engaging in regular physical activity, whether it’s yoga, walking in nature, or dancing, is crucial for maintaining a healthy mind-body connection. It boosts physical health and releases mood-elevating endorphins.
Taking time daily to acknowledge what you’re grateful for cultivates positivity and shifts focus away from negativity or stressors.
Deep Breathing Exercises
Incorporating these into your daily routine can instantly bring you back into the present moment while reducing anxiety levels.
By integrating these mindful practices consistently over time, you can enhance both your mental well-being and physical health.
Incorporating Self-Care into Your Routine
In the midst of life’s chaos, self-care isn’t a luxury; it’s a vital necessity. Neglecting our well-being amid daily hustle becomes a common trap, but integrating self-care into routines ensures essential rejuvenation. Dedicate daily moments to yourself, be it early morning meditation or an evening bubble bath, focusing solely on personal needs. Prioritize mental health through journaling, mindfulness, or therapy, addressing emotional concerns for improved well-being.
Physical self-care matters too—regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and nourishing foods promote both strength and mental clarity. Recognize that self-care varies individually, from joyful hobbies to quiet reflections. Despite initial effort, integrating self-care yields energy, improved mood, and reduced stress. Make space for self-care; when you prioritize yourself, everything else aligns effortlessly.
In pursuit of a healthy life, WellHealthOrganic offers a holistic approach. Focusing on nutritional wisdom, wellness beyond food, exercise, mindfulness, and self-care, it shapes a lifestyle promoting both physical and mental well-being. Advocating nutrient-rich choices, stress management, and positive relationships, it emphasizes the importance of regular, enjoyable exercise. Self-care, from sufficient sleep to fulfilling hobbies, is prioritized for mental and physical recharge.
WellHealthOrganic guides a journey toward balance in various life dimensions, aiming for physical vitality and mental clarity. This comprehensive approach facilitates an optimized state, allowing individuals to show up as their best selves daily.

domain: philosophy


text:
Excerpt from American Notes
My readers have opportunities of judging for themselves whether the influences and tendencies which I distrusted in America had, at that time, any existence but in my imagination. They can examine for themselves whether there has been anything in the public career of that country since, at home or abroad, which suggests that those inﬂuences and tendencies really did exist. As they find the fact, they will judge me. If they discern any evidences of wrong-going, in any direction that I have indicated, they will acknowledge that I had reason in what I wrote. If they discern no such indications, they will consider me altogether mistaken - but not wilfully.
About the Publisher
Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com
This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.show more

domain: library


text:
Controversial media personality and reality TV star, Natacha Anita Akide, also known as Tacha, expressed her opinion that Nigerian Grammy-winning singer Burna Boy surpasses American superstar Beyoncé in terms of stage performance. In a recent discussion on her radio show on Cool FM Nigeria, Lagos, Tacha emphasized Burna Boy’s exceptional stage presence, comparing him to top international artists with no hesitation.
Tacha stated, “If it wasn’t that Beyoncé is Beyoncé, I would almost place Burna Boy ahead of her. Because nobody performs like Burna Boy. Have you seen Burna Boy perform? Burna Boy is on the same level with any international artist. Burna Boy has no bad song.”
Tacha’s remarks come after Burna Boy’s groundbreaking performance at the 66th Grammys, where he became the first Nigerian artist to perform on the mainstage of the prestigious awards. The ‘African Giant’ artist delivered a mesmerizing performance and was later joined on stage by legendary singer Brandy and rapper 21 Savage.

domain: artistic


text:
Effectiveness of squid hydrolysate as a home lawn fertilizer
Date of Original Version
Consumer demand for cleaned squid generates a substantial amount of waste that must be properly disposed of, creating an economic burden on processors. A potential solution to this problem involves converting squid byproducts into an organic fertilizer, for which there is growing consumer demand. Organic fertilizers are reputed to offer advantages that synthetic fertilizers cannot provide, such as increasing soil water- and nutrient-holding capacity and promoting the growth of beneficial soil organisms. To evaluate the effectiveness of hydrolyzed squid waste as an organic fertilizer, we quantified soil fertility and turfgrass quality on perennial ryegrass turf (Lolium perenne L.) amended with two types of fertilizer: squid-based (SQ) or synthetic (SY). Field plots were established on an Enfield silt loam in Kingston, RI, and liquid (L) or granular (G) fertilizer formulations of squid or synthetic fertilizers were applied at 0, 48, 146, and 292 kg nitrogen/ha/year. Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were determined monthly and turfgrass quality was determined periodically during the growing season in 2008 and 2009. Squid hydrolysate applied as a liquid (SQL) and granular (SQG) fertilizer consistently provided high-quality, uniform turf when compared with synthetic fertilizer applied at the same rate. Soil concentrations of NO3, NH4, PO4, pH, moisture, soil organic matter, C:N ratio, and levels of trace metals were unaffected by fertilizer type, formulation, or rate throughout the two-year study. Both squid-based organic fertilizer formulations gave significantly higher microbial activity rates than their synthetic counterparts regardless of application rate. Conversion of squid processing byproducts into fertilizer has the potential to improve turfgrass quality while providing a sustainable solution to waste disposal problems in the seafood processing industry.
Publication Title, e.g., Journal
Fetter, Joseph C., Rebecca N. Brown, and José A. Amador. "Effectiveness of squid hydrolysate as a home lawn fertilizer." HortScience 48, 3 (2013). doi: 10.21273/hortsci.48.3.380.

domain: agronomy


text:
AKRON, OHIO (July 16, 1:40 p.m. ET) — An investment that will allow Braskem to continue making polypropylene resin at a plant in Marcus Hook, Pa., is featured in this week's Material Insights video. A report of a slow first half for plastic materials-related M&A also is featured this week, as well as news that Badger Color Concentrates later this year will open a new liquid color and concentrates plant in Kings Mountain, N.C.
Braskem invests in PP production
Do you have an opinion about this story? Do you have some thoughts you'd like to share with our readers? Plastics News would love to hear from you. Email your letter to Editor at [email protected]

domain: news


text:
Turkey: An Emerging Power without the Resources to Match Its Ambitions Politique étrangère, Vol. 85, No. 4, Winter 2020-2021
Turkey is adopting an increasingly hostile stance towards Western countries. Its activities in the eastern Mediterranean and in Libya demonstrate this.
However, Ankara’s aggression should not be overstated. For several years, Turkey has been emerging as a medium power in search of recognition that is seeking to diversify its partnerships. At the same time, it has no interest in entering into open conflict with the West. Moreover, it would not have the resources to do so.
Jana Jabbour is Professor of Political Science, Researcher and Expert of Turkey and the Middle East.
Article published in Politique étrangère, Vol. 85, No. 4, Winter 2020-2021.


The most valuable are prime lots, where Gorniewicz places reservation oceanfront land, the least valuable is unbuildable, where the state places the lots.
“In Salisbury, a quarter-acre oceanfront lot is assessed at about $730,000,” Gorniewicz said. “That’s just the land according to the market.”
However, the state does not consider the beach’s oceanfront lots as prime, she said. To qualify as prime for the state purposes, a lot must conform to local zoning, be considered readily developable, and it cannot be subject to the Wetlands Protection Act or any special permitting, Gorniewicz said.
Because land at the beach requires owners to go before the Conservation Commission before building, Gorniewicz said, DOR considers that special permitting and no longer considers them prime lots, something Gorniewicz vehemently disputes. There are plenty of homes in town built on land that’s subject to the Wetlands Act and Conservation Commission review, she said, and she doesn’t consider those lots subject to “special permitting,” or as unbuildable.
But the state’s theory in Salisbury is dropping the value of reservation land to $15,000 an acre, or $3,750 per quarter-acre lot that’s valued at almost three-quarters of a million on the real estate market, she said.
In addition, Gorniewicz said, the state is far from consistent in applying its reasoning from community to community. She cites lots of state land across from the Ipswich River in Ipswich that DOR classifies as prime lots, even though they’re subject to the Wetlands Protection Act and Conservation Commission review.
“And they don’t have access to sewer,” she added. “Salisbury Beach has sewer.”
Selectmen were pleased to hear the town will fight for its proper due, and Selectman Fred Knowles had an interesting suggestion for Gorniewicz when she meets with the state regulators over the issue.
“Ask them if they’ll sell (Salisbury Beach State Reservation) back to us for $5 million,” Knowles said.
Gorniewicz said she’d be happy to.


Common Reed Bunting
It stops vertically on thin legs.
|Scientific name||Emberiza schoeniclus|
|English name||Common Reed Bunting|
|Classification details||Passeriformes Emberizidae|
|Distribution||Eurasia, northern Africa. Overwintering south of Honshu in Japan.|
A wild bird of the American Sparrow family that lives in the reed field. The whole body is reddish brown with black patterns on the wings. The feathers on the head of males turn black in the summer. In winter, the same reddish brown as the whole body is mixed with white parts. A short tweet with a "chitch". The tip of the tail is in the shape of a "W".
It lives in the reed fields near lakes and eats insects and seeds. It is looking for insects by peeling off the skin of reeds while making a "snap" noise. Form a small herd. It breeds in early summer and forms a bowl-shaped nest at the root of the grass.
I found it by the pond in Tokyo Port Wild Bird Park. A flock of about four birds jumped from reed to reed, peeling and looking for insects. I couldn't see it at first, but I found it when I was carefully looking for a place where the reeds were shaking. I was able to take a picture of eating while standing vertically on a swaying thin reed.
Introducing a picture of Common Reed Bunting.


text:
Get the Best Posts of the Day emailed to you each morning! Go to the Best of the Day page and click on the link towards the top to subscribe.
Check out the Bucket List and get great ideas for fun things to do at Disneyland!
MAGIC MORNING Disneyland Park: Guests with a 3+ day ticket can choose ONE day for early entry Tues, Thu, or Sat. EXTRA MAGIC HOURS for Resort Hotel Guests: Disneyland Park, Tue, Thu, Sat. California Adventure (including Cars Land) Mon, Wed, Fri, Sun. Radiator Springs Racers is open during early entry, but Fastpasses are not available during this time. More info here.
Use the MouseWait ToDo List to see your favorite attractions, restaurants, and shows on the same page. You can also drag and drop them to put them in any order you want!
Use MagicSearch to quickly find Attractions, Showtimes, Food, and other exclusive info! Search for individual menu items like Burger, Hot Dog, Pickle, Pellegrino, Monster Energy, Gluten Free Pasta, and more!
A plaid!!!! To me, one of the best jobs to have. I'd so love it! - Dimo 66.3 #4032 2-14-12 6:08PMLikeReply
Where can I get info for the tour? - lue514 11.0 #9262 2-14-12 6:12PMLikeReply
We took this tour yesterday! Best tour ever! It was so interesting and way too short! I could have gone all day. Our guy sat and ate with us afterwards and told us even more cool stuff! I'd Totally recommend this tour for anyone interested in Disney :) - lannah 5.4 #15894 2-14-12 11:06PMLikeReply

domain: travel