316 Stainless Steel Hex Bar, Unpolished (Mill) Finish, Annealed, 0 (Annealed) Temper, Precision Tolerance, ASTM A276 1/4" Across Flats, 48" Length 5.0 out of 5 stars 1 Misc. Carbon Angle - RyersonCarbon Angle. Ryerson offers A36, A529-50 and A572-50 carbon steel angles hot rolled or galvanized, in L angles or bar size, for use in many structural applications. Made of weldable and formable materials, carbon angles can be used beyond construction as braces and corners in support frames for machinery, equipment, vehicles and trailers.
16 gauge stainless steel angle. 1.Material Grade 200 series-201,202,201Cu,etc. 300 series-301,302,303,303Cu,304,304L,304Cu,316,316L,316Ti,310,310S,309 ,321,330,347,etc. 400 series-410,416,420,422,430,436,444C ,etc. Special steel 660,904L,2205,2209 ,etc. 2. Finish Milling/Bright/pickled . 3. Size Normally,from 2.5 mm to 180mm or by client's requirement. 4.304 Stainless Steel Angle Midwest Steel & AluminumThe most widely used of the stainless and heat resisting steels, 304 offers good corrosion resistance to many chemical corrodents as well as industrial atmospheres. 304 Stainless Steel Angle is used for a wide variety of structural applicaions.304 has very good formability and can be readily welded by all common methods. 304/304L dual certified.
Item Size; A36 Steel Angle 1/2" x 1/2" x 1/8" Select A36 Steel Angle 3/4" x 3/4" x 1/8" Select A36 Steel Angle 1" x 1" x 1/8" Select A36 Steel Angle 1" x 1" x angle steel bar 16ASTM A36 Structural Steel Angle Section Properties Moment angle steel bar 16ASTM Steel Angle Section Properties various sizes ranging L2 - L31 . ASTM A36 angle is one of the most widely used carbon steels in industry. A36 steel it is weldable, formable, and machinable. Galvanizing the steel increases its corrosion-resistance.
Angle Bar Pricelist 1/8 x 1 x 20 feet NCX @ per pc. - For faster transaction please text us at 09324016636 Limited Stock For Pick-Up Only No delivery - Our Location Pangasinan NOTE PRICE CHANGES WITHOUT PRIOR NOTICEAngle Bars - Iron Rods and Tubes RONAShop Angle Bars - Iron Rods and Tubes in-store or online at Rona.ca. Find the right Hardware on sale to help complete your home improvement project.
Shop Angle Bars - Iron Rods and Tubes in-store or online at Rona.ca. Find the right Hardware on sale to help complete your home improvement project.Angle Bars Supplier Singapore Stainless Steel angle steel bar 16Mild steel angle bars or L-angle can be easily cut to size, drilled, and machined or welded to suit the needs of clients. We have mild steel equal & unequal angle bars. We are angle bar Supplier for 15 mm to 200 mm angle bars with standard specifications. Kian Huat Metal is a prominent supplier and manufacturer for premium quality material angle steel bar 16
Angle bar, also known as L-bar, L-bracket or angle iron, is a metal in the form of a right angle. Steel angle bar is the most widely used structural steel by the construction industry because of its very economical cost. Structural steel angles are manufactured by rolling pre-heated blooms to form an angle Angle Weight Calculator / Online Angle Weight Calculator angle steel bar 16Angle Weight Calculator / Online Angle Weight Calculator, Weight Calculator/ Angle Pipe, Angle Tube Aluminium, Angle Pipe, Angle Tube Brass, Angle Pipe, Angle Tube bars, stainless steel 300 series, ss 400 series, copper inconel, Angle Pipe, Angle Tube ms, Mild Steel
Angle steel. Hot rolled angle steel for shipbuilding. Product mane Shipbuilding angle steel bar, Hot rolled angle steel bar for shipbuilding, marine Hot rolled angle steel for ship, Hot rolled angle steel for ship hull. Standard ABS, LR,GL, DNV, BV,NK, KR, RINA. Steel Grade :ABS A,ABS B , ABS AH32, ABS AH36, LRA,LR B,LR AH32,LR AH36,Angles - Bar Size - Continental Steel & Tube Co.Browse Angles - Bar Size in the Continental Steel & Tube Co. catalog including Item #,Size,Working Decimal Equivalent,Estimated Weight,Estimated Weight per 20 ft. Length angle steel bar 16 Angles - Bar Size. Email This Page Download PDF Download PDF Printable Page angle steel bar 16 N/A 1.000 x 1.000 x 0.1875 inches 25.4 x 645.16 x 4.7625 mm N/A 1.16 lbs/ft 1.72627024 kg/m angle steel bar 16
Browse Angles - Bar Size in the Continental Steel & Tube Co. catalog including Item #,Size,Working Decimal Equivalent,Estimated Weight,Estimated Weight per 20 ft. Length angle steel bar 16 Angles - Bar Size. Email This Page Download PDF Download PDF Printable Page angle steel bar 16 N/A 1.000 x 1.000 x 0.1875 inches 25.4 x 645.16 x 4.7625 mm N/A 1.16 lbs/ft 1.72627024 kg/m angle steel bar 16Angles at LowesShop angles and a variety of hardware products online at Lowes. Skip to main content. Find a Store Near Me angle steel bar 16 Hillman 1-1/2-in W x 1-1/2-in H x 6-ft L Plain Hot Rolled Steel Solid Angle. Item #69797. Model #11711. Compare; Find My Store. for pricing and availability. 20. Steelworks 1-1/2-in W x 1-1/2-in H x 8-ft L Mill Finished Aluminum angle steel bar 16
A36 Steel Angle is one of the most popular hot rolled, low carbon steel shapes used in manufacturing, fabrication, and repair projects.From trailers to truck beds, farm implements to construction equipment, steel angle has thousands of uses and applications. It's 90 degree angle shape adds strength and rigidity to any project for a lower price compared to other shapes and types of metal.Buy T Bar Online - OnlineMetalsMetal T beam is great for load bearing applications as the top (flange) serves to resist compressive stress while the vertical section (web) resists shear stresses and bending. Metal tee bars have an advantage over angle because of the shape of the T, angle bar will not bear as much weight. T Bar stock is available in full size and custom cut angle steel bar 16
Supply Condition Finish Hot Rolled Annealed & Pickled (HRAP) Length 3 to 7 Meters / 12 to 24 feet End Finish Both ends are marked with special colors. Size Tolerance ASTM A276/484 / DIN 1028 Packing Packed in 500 to 1,200 kgs bundles in waterproof HDPE cloth Standard Export Seaworthy Delivery Within 60-70 Days from the order finalization Grades AISI 201, 202, 204cu, 304, 304L angle steel bar 16Everbilt 2 in. x 36 in. Plain Steel Flat Bar with 3/16 in angle steel bar 162 in. x 48 in. Plain Steel Flat Bar with 3/16 in. Thick These flat bars can be used as support braces, These flat bars can be used as support braces, ladder hangers and gate latches. Common types of bars include flat, punched hole and slotted hole.
Galvanized Steel Angle, is a A36 hot rolled, mild steel angle that has been hot dipped in a zinc rich galvanizing process. Galvanized angle is a lower cost alternative to stainless steel to achieve rust free protection for up to 30 years, while maintaining comparable strength with a durable hard surface coating. Metals Depot stocks many sizes in pre-cut lengths, full mill lengths or we can hot angle steel bar 16Hot Roll Steel Angle Midwest Steel & AluminumA36 Hot Roll Steel Angle. A36 hot roll steel angle is for general structural use. Featuring excellent weldability, A36 hot roll is well suited to machining, drilling, punching, tapping and grinding. Hot Roll Steel Angle. Many sizes of steel angle are also stocked in galvanized. Call
imagesSteel Angle Bars McMaster-CarrThese 90° angles are zinc galvanized for good corrosion resistance. Also known as mild steel, low-carbon steel is easy to machine, form, and weld. It's widely fabricated into parts that dont require high strength, such as fixture clamps and spacers.. For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a Item # Angle Bar-2x2x5/16 On ANS Steel Co.Item # Angle Bar-2x2x5/16. ANS Steel is a stocking distributor of Steel Angles in the sizes listed below. All angles may also be available in Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Brass, Bronze, & Copper (please call ahead for availability 215-831-5020). Value added processing services include Bending, Punching, Shearing, Blanchard Grinding, Hot Dipped Galvanizing, & Flame Cutting.
Metal Sheets, Bars, & Rods / Metal Angles Get it Fast! Curbside / Pickup In Store today (free) Edit. Pickup / Delivery Options angle steel bar 16 National Hardware 4059BC 2 in. x 36 in. Solid Angle 3/16 in. Plain Steel (Green) SKU 352119499. Product Rating is 5. 5 (1) was save . Save Up ToMetal Sheets, Bars, & Rods at Tractor Supply Co.National Hardware 4060BC 2 in. x 48 in. Plain Steel Hot-Rolled Solid Angle 1/8 in. (Yellow) SKU 350529599. Product Rating is 4. 4 (1) was save . angle steel bar 16 National Hardware 4201BC 3/4 in. x 1/16 in. x 48 in. Rectangular Bar, Mill (Red) SKU 350152699. Product Rating is 5. 5 (1) was save .
National Hardware 4060BC 2 in. x 48 in. Plain Steel Hot-Rolled Solid Angle 1/8 in. (Yellow) SKU 350529599. Product Rating is 4. 4 (1) was save . angle steel bar 16 National Hardware 4201BC 3/4 in. x 1/16 in. x 48 in. Rectangular Bar, Mill (Red) SKU 350152699. Product Rating is 5. 5 (1) was save .Metal Stock - Hardware - The Home Depot1-1/2 in. x 96 in. Aluminum Angle with 1/16 in. Thick This metal angle is commonly used for constructing This metal angle is commonly used for constructing bicycle racks, bed frames, motor mounts and many other utilitarian functions. Common types of angles include
Compare Click to add item "Hillman&1-1/4" x 1-1/4" Steel Perforated Angle - 16 Gauge" to the compare list. Add To List Click to add item Hillman&1-1/4" x 1-1/4" Steel Perforated Angle - 16 Gauge to your list. Sku # 2289228. Shipping ADD TO CART. 7 Variations Available
WARNING These products can potentially expose you to chemicals including Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Cobalt, Mercury and Beryllium, which are known to the state of California to cause cancer and/or birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, visit P65Warnings.ca.gov.Stainless Steel Angle Stock - Grainger Industrial SupplyIdeal for a number of structural and construction projects, our stainless-steel angle stock comes in mill finished models. All of our stock is general purpose, making it compatible with a vast amount of work. Our angle stock features hot roll tempers and the 304 alloy type, the most versatile type of stainless-steel. angle steel bar 16 Angle Stock, SS, 3/16 angle steel bar 16
Jul 24, 2014The bar size describes smaller angles, 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/8 up to 2-1/2. The L shapes are larger, and are commonly stocked from 3 x 2 x 3/16 all the way up to 8 x 8 x 1. The most common grade for the HR Angle is A36, however it can also be available in ASTM A709 Gr 36, A529 Gr 50, A572 Gr 50, and weathering steel grade angle steel bar 16Steel Angle Metal & Angle Iron Industrial Metal SupplyGalvanized Steel Angle Widely popular galvanized steel angle, also known as angle iron, is used for numerous types of applications. Its 90° angled shape adds an abundance of strength and rigidity to numerous projects. Galvanized steel angle is also coated in zinc, which adds superior corrosion resistance over standard carbon steel angle.
Choose from our selection of low-carbon steel 90° angles, corner brackets, low-carbon steel U-channels, and more. In stock and ready to ship.Steel Rectangular Bars - MSC Industrial SupplyFind Steel Rectangular Bars at MSC Industrial Supply, serving the metalworking, safety, and MRO industries for over 75 years
There are a variety of products that fall into the steel structural shape category, and numerous uses for each different shape. Industrial Metal Supply offers a full line of durable, long-lasting, and versatile steel structural shapes, including steel channel, steel angle, steel beams, and steel tees.angle steel bar 16angle steel barsteel angle bar sizesstainless steel angle barssteel angle bar stocksteel angle sizesmetal angle bar2 inch angle steelaluminum angle bars
angle steel barsteel angle bar sizesstainless steel angle barssteel angle bar stocksteel angle sizesmetal angle bar2 inch angle steelaluminum angle barsVideos of angle steel bar 16 Watch video on The Home Depot1:35Liberty 6-5/16 in. (160 mm) Center-to-Center Stainless Steel Bar Drawer Pull-P02The Home DepotSee more videos of angle steel bar 1616 gauge stainless steel angle-Stainless Steel Angle Bar angle steel bar 16Price 1900-2500usd16 gauge stainless steel angle1.Material Grade 200 series-201,202,201Cu,etc300 s 16 gauge stainless steel angle-Stainless Steel Angle Bar - Jiangsu Steel Group Jiangsu Steel angle steel bar 16angle steel barsteel angle bar sizesstainless steel angle barssteel angle bar stocksteel angle sizesmetal angle bar2 inch angle steelaluminum angle barsVideos of angle steel bar 16 Watch video on The Home Depot1:35Liberty 6-5/16 in. (160 mm) Center-to-Center Stainless Steel Bar Drawer Pull-P02The Home DepotSee more videos of angle steel bar 16ASTM A36 Structural Steel Angle Section Properties ASTM Steel Angle Section Properties various sizes ranging L2 - L31 . ASTM A36 angle is one of the most widely used carbon steels in industry. A36 steel it is weldable, formable, and machinable. Galvanizing the steel increases its corrosion-resistance.
angle steel bar 16 price, Best price angle steel bar 16, angle steel bar 16 chemical composition, angle steel bar 16 yield strength, angle steel bar 16 equivalent, angle steel bar 16 properties, angle steel bar 16 in China, what is angle steel bar 16,


text:
Top 154-pound contender Lubin and the former world titleholder Smith are both fighting for their careers when they square off Saturday night on Showtime.
Keith Thurman says he’s still the top dog of the welterweight division, but if he’s lost anything—Josesito Lopez says he will expose him tomorrow night on PBC on FOX.
Beyond the glamour and glitz of Saturday’s Showtime PPV headliner are two warriors ready to risk it all.
The elements of confidence and hunger are what make tomorrow night's IBF 168-pound title fight on FS1 a potential early candidate for Fight of the Year.
Once-beaten contender Korobov looks to take advantage of opportunity of a lifetime, while junior middleweight champion Charlo plans on putting the world on notice tomorrow night in the main event of PBC on FOX.

domain: sports


A chemical screen in zebrafish embryonic cells establishes that Akt activation is required for neural crest development
Kaufman, Charles K
den Hertog, Jeroen
Schlaeger, Thorsten M
MetadataShow full item record
CitationCiarlo, C., C. K. Kaufman, B. Kinikoglu, J. Michael, S. Yang, C. D′Amato, S. Blokzijl-Franke, et al. 2017. “A chemical screen in zebrafish embryonic cells establishes that Akt activation is required for neural crest development.” eLife 6 (1): e29145. doi:10.7554/eLife.29145. http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29145.
AbstractThe neural crest is a dynamic progenitor cell population that arises at the border of neural and non-neural ectoderm. The inductive roles of FGF, Wnt, and BMP at the neural plate border are well established, but the signals required for subsequent neural crest development remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a screen in primary zebrafish embryo cultures for chemicals that disrupt neural crest development, as read out by crestin:EGFP expression. We found that the natural product caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) disrupts neural crest gene expression, migration, and melanocytic differentiation by reducing Sox10 activity. CAPE inhibits FGF-stimulated PI3K/Akt signaling, and neural crest defects in CAPE-treated embryos are suppressed by constitutively active Akt1. Inhibition of Akt activity by constitutively active PTEN similarly decreases crestin expression and Sox10 activity. Our study has identified Akt as a novel intracellular pathway required for neural crest differentiation.
Citable link to this pagehttp://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:34492086


text:
It's all thanks to Joeguy's heavy promotion!Dog Show Gets Highest TV Ratings Ever
15 minutes ago
By The Associated Press
NEW YORK - The Westminster Kennel Club dog show drew its highest TV audience yet, attracting an average of 4.6 million viewers per night on the USA Network.
A Kerry blue terrier named Mick won best in show Tuesday night, capping the two-day competition at America's most prestigious canine event.
The network's two-night average household rating of 3.7 was up 9 percent from last year's 3.4.
The USA Network has televised the Westminster show for 20 years.
Dog shows have done increasingly well on television. NBC's coverage of the National Dog Show on Thanksgiving pulled in robust ratings while airing opposite the NFL game between the New England Patriots and the Detroit Lions.

domain: statistics


text:
eclipse, obsidian & the underworld
What does an Eclipse, Obsidian & the Underworld have in common that can help us return to our own inner balance?
Come explore with me where our subconscious thoughts and ancestral entanglements have a dance in the cosmic womb.
Osiris was an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead, but more appropriately as the god of transition. The obsidian egg, is often referred to as “Osiris” because of its psycho energetic attributes and qualities.
“Osiris is a deity and because of its dimensionality, can through the psycho-energetic work help us to transit the freedom of those chains that in an ancestral way bind us. We can see how it is a great step to the development and evolution of Women.”
Ana Silvia Serrano
(Teacher of obsidian therapies in mexico, my protocol originates from her teachings)
Obsidian is of the center of the earth, therefore holds the eons consciousness and power that comes from mother Gaia, but I assure you it is also a gateway into the underworld! A volcanic stone, composed of mostly silica, iron and magnesium oxide, it pushes to the surface of the earth, cools drys and reflects a seemingly black (or iridescent) surface. I imagine the underworld composed of similar colors! The Underworld being seemingly an internal space inhabited by our own subconscious minds it is said that the Obsidian in the form of an egg is a formation of Osiris ( the Egyptian god of the underworld) having the ability to heal our own bio-energetic field healing the balance feminine energy that pervades our unconscious tendencies. It is the imbalance of the collective yin energy on the planet that lurks through these deterimental subconscious patterns. As volcanic memories propose obsidian allows “eruptions” of all the memories that have been buried inside as energy, emotions and thoughts. These archetypes are energetic structures that form the lived memories of humanity on planet earth. This shadow work enables us to travel through the collective psyche as an emotional approach which enables us to change current systems of belief that rules our lives. What is it that causes us to have mis-lead vision, leaking energy or just pure desire that erupts out of the primordial abyss of being human? What is a black hole and why do they exist? Perhaps we can begin to understand that the nature of existence pervades in the qualities of life, preservation and death. There is no yin without Yang. There is not sustenance of life on earth without the rising of the sun, nor the orbit of the moon. When a forest burns down, when an animal or plant dies and no human can witness it, does it still exist?
Obsidian has shown me about beliefs patterns that I attach an egoic-identity of life and death. When a solar/lunar eclipse passes intense life events are at stake. I am no astrologer, but I witness during eclipses the passage of death, injuries, amplified feelings and emotions that erupt unexpectedly commonly related to past wounds & events. The skeletons in the closet come out to dance and play during the times of eclipses.
When we choose to work with an absorbent stone like obsidian, it in the same way as an eclipse erupts dormant often stagnant emotions and/or memories. If we work with the obsidian properly, we can see clearly into the places we have wronged ourselves or may it be others. We can pull up to root causes to the diseases that manifest due to these feminine yin imbalances. We are able to shed light to these dark, cold, forgotten places in our psyche. In the same way that the sun shed’s like to the dark of the moon. A new moon invokes each month a new cycle, a new beginning. So as the moon wanes, we release what no longer serves us. And in this we have an ego-death. Whenever there is a death there is a new beginning. And in the same way that winter has hibernation, stillness and death plant life. We enter in the spring, where these new ideas, flowers of inspiration spring forth a better way to live.
Once the obsidian or an eclipse has performed its process or cycle, One can begin to lift the veils that have held them back in a cycle of pain and return naturally to imprinting a new cycle of where life-force and vitality are quickened by the vibration of love and the wisdom to make the changes worth living a life with greater purpose.
Do you work with Obsidian?
You should know that eclipses are Not an ideal time to work with obsidian, in fact it is suggested NOT to work with this stone during this time.This is what my teachers have told me and i kinda just accepted it without questions but I did think about it deeply last time there was an eclipse 1 year ago. What I sense strongly is that if you work with obsidian during this time it’s kinda like coyote medicine. This is great trickster energy and it tends to work in reverse of your favor or intentions! Other association would be the native american version of Heyoka aka the sacred shamanic clown or even lighting bolt energy. Be aware things will have a reverse amplified affect.
(understanding your own pervasive subconscious tendencies)
There are basically 3 different types of disturbances that can negatively affect our pure nature. From our own subconscious, from the subconscious of others and from the underworld. Here is a look at these patterns and how they affect us. I’d be interested to hear your thoughts on each one and if or how you relate!
- Indulgence in negative or unconscious tendencies. This can weaken and damage our relationship with the light of consciousness.
- Disturbed by the negative thoughts, emotions and energies of others. This occurs when our mind is unguarded and too open or if we have failed to establish healthy boundaries.
- Being attacked directly from the underworld. This can be created through our own subconsciousness as well as the subconscious of others. This often enters people who are psychically unstable, locked in negative patterns, or simple unconscious.
There is a lot more that can be said about each one of these disturbances, and it’s important we learn how to recognize them and empower ourselves to deal with them efficiently and effectively. As our spiritual evolution begins to progress, we will find oneself increasingly sensitive to the energies of the unconscious, particularly to those with dark and negative patterns.
Initiation takes place if we choose to go into our own underworld willingly and dive into the shadow of our own pervading subconscious muck ! When we are able to navigate the control of returning from these depths with our own cognitive tools thus we are Initiated. Our psychic gifts of perception strengthen the more that we choose to live and unveil TRUTH. If we fall prey to our own subconscious tendencies due to unconscious choices, life initiates us forcibly against our own will and we can often have a more difficult time integrating and interpreting positive experience from these realms. I hope you are following me because now is the time that we make new choices of how we want to be moving forward into this eclipse moon cycle.
For news and upcoming events

domain: psychology


text:
Florida College Access Network (FCAN) has released a new data dashboard that highlights how states rank in the proportion of public and private high school graduates who complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The dashboard also shows state rankings on the proportion of students who are eligible for a Pell Grant and who submit the FAFSA with errors.
The data were provided to FCAN by the U.S. Department of Education.
Florida’s 61.5% FAFSA completion rate for the 2017-18 school year represented a 0.5 percentage point increase, the 12th highest change in FAFSA completion nationwide compared to the 2016-17 school year. During that same time span, the overall FAFSA completion rate in the U.S. decreased by 0.2 percentage points.
Click image to view data dashboard
FCAN’s Florida FAFSA Challenge, a statewide campaign to increase the proportion of high school seniors completing the FAFSA, has been part of the effort to boost the state’s completion rate. For the 2014-15 school year, Florida’s 52.6% completion rate ranked 41st in the U.S. The state’s current 61.5% completion rate places Florida at 31st in the U.S. — a significant gain in just three years — while still trailing the national 63.4% completion rate.
There is still plenty of room for those numbers to grow: while Florida ranks 31st in the U.S. in FAFSA completion, the state has the 3rd highest number of Pell Grant-eligible students. As a result, FCAN estimates that Florida high school graduates are leaving more than $100 million in Pell Grant dollars on the table each year.
Additionally, Florida had the 4th highest rate of FAFSAs submitted with errors. The state’s 9.4% error rate — the percentage of submitted FAFSA applications that were incomplete or incorrect — is the equivalent of 11,630 applications. FCAN estimates that if all of these applications had been completed correctly, it would result in more than $25 million in additional Pell Grant dollars for Florida students. Earlier this year, FCAN published data from the U.S. Department of Education listing the top mistakes students make when filling out the FAFSA.
“Florida schools and communities work hard to ensure all Florida students get the financial aid they need to attend college, and it shows in these trends,” said Laurie Meggesin, FCAN’s executive director. “The high rate of errors could be drastically reduced if the FAFSA form were made simpler for students and parents to complete.”
Want to know how your state is doing? Click here to check out FCAN’s new dashboard!


text:
|Publication number||US4344183 A|
|Application number||US 06/140,152|
|Publication date||Aug 10, 1982|
|Filing date||Apr 14, 1980|
|Priority date||Apr 14, 1980|
|Publication number||06140152, 140152, US 4344183 A, US 4344183A, US-A-4344183, US4344183 A, US4344183A|
|Inventors||Donald R. Jacobson|
|Original Assignee||Radiation Measurements, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (25), Classifications (7), Legal Events (2)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates, in general, to tools for use with tomographic apparatus and, in particular, to a measuring tool which may be used to determine the thickness and positioning of the X-ray beam in a computer assisted tomographic scanner.
The prior art is generally cognizant of the use of tools which may be scanned or measured by instruments in order to establish a standard against which future measurements may be measured. As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,109 discloses a phantom of a human figure which includes therein material which may be imaged externally so as to test the sensitivity of the measuring device. Other patents which show the use of such passive calibrating device for calibration or testing of a wide variety of radiation instruments and devices are U.S. Pat. No. 2,280,905, U.S. Pat. No. 3,778,837, U.S. Pat. No. 3,791,192, U.S. Pat. No. 3,933,026, U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,384, U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,545, U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,880, U.S. Pat. No. 4,154,672.
The assignee of the present patent application has also previously manufactured a test tool for use in non-computerized radiographic tomography, also called ordinary tomography, which includes a cylindrical section of plastic material having embedded therein twelve lead alloy numbers arranged in a helical pattern. By imaging that tool with a radiographic tomographic apparatus, it was possible to determine the location of the plane and the general thickness of cut of such a tomographic unit by examination of the resulting image. This tool is used exclusively with non-computer aided tomographic devices.
The present invention is summarized in that a measuring tool for determining the thickness and positioning of the X-ray beam of a computer assisted tomographic scanner includes a phantom constructed of a material having a low attenuation to X-rays and having at least two receptacles formed therein; a reference line on the exterior of the phantom to define a reference plane therethrough; at least two inserts also formed of a material having a low attenuation to X-rays and each shaped so as to fit into a one of the receptacles in the phantom; and an image creating pattern formed of a material having high attenuation to X-rays embedded in each of the inserts, each of the image creating patterns including a center indicator positioned in the reference plane and a helical pattern of a pre-selected pitch so that the thickness and position of the X-ray beam may be measured from a tomographic image taken of the tool.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a passive tool which may be scanned by a computer assisted tomographic scanning apparatus to create an image from which X-ray beam positioning and thickness information about the apparatus may be easily derived.
It is an object of the present invention to provide such a measuring tool which is particularly adapted for use with computer assisted aided tomographic scanners which rotate about an axis extending through the body being scanned.
It is a further object of the present invention to construct such a tool in which a maximum number of measurements can be conducted simultaneously with a single operation of the computer assisted tomographic apparatus.
Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following specification when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a measuring tool for determining the thickness and position of the X-ray beam of a computer assisted tomographic scanner constructed in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a one of the inserts for the tool of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the tomographic tool of FIG. 1 being scanned by the X-ray beam of the tomographic apparatus.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the resulting computer generated tomographic image generated from the scan illustrated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram, similar to FIG. 3, of another scan of the tomographic test tool of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is an illustration of the resulting computer generated tomographic image generated from the scan illustrated in FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a side view of an alternative embodiment an insert for use within the measuring tool of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is yet another alternative embodiment of an insert for use in the measuring tool of FIG. 1.
Shown in FIG. 1, and generally indicated at 10, is a beam thickness and position measuring tool for use with a computer assisted tomographic scanner, constructed in accordance with the present invention. The measuring tool 10 includes generally a phantom 12 which has formed therein a plurality of receptacles 14 each of which is adapted to receive in there a one of a plurality of inserts 16. The phantom 12, as illustrated in FIG. 1, includes five of the receptacles 16 and it is envisioned that any number, up to five, of the inserts 16 may be used in a particular application with different kinds of the inserts 16 being used for appropriate measurements. Each of the inserts 16 and the bulk of the phantom 12 are formed of an epoxy-formulated thermoplastic material formulated so as to have a uniform low attenuation of X-rays so as to create a tomographic image similar to that created by water. The phantom 12 is a disc-shaped, being circular in cross-section and having a preselected depth. The phantom 12 is provided about its periphery with a reference band 18 which is formulated of a high density material having a high attenuation of X-rays so as to create a tomographic image similar to the tomographic image created by bone. A reference line 19 is drawn on the exterior periphery of the phantom 12 to define a reference plane extending through the phantom 12. Each of the receptacles 14 is frusto-conical in shape and is wider at the front of the phantom 12 than at the back thereof. Each of the receptacles 14 is positioned so that the central, longitudinal axis of its conical section is perpendicular to the circular cross-sectional plane of the phantom 12.
Shown in FIG. 2 is perspective side view of a one of the inserts 16. The insert 16 is also frusto-conical in shape and is sized so as to correspond generally to the size of the receptacles 14 formed in the phantom 12. However, the insert 16 is designed to be taller, i.e., longer along its central axis, than the depth of the phantom 12 so that the insert 16 extends beyond both the front and the rear ends of the receptacle 14 in the phantom 12 into which it is inserted. Embedded inside of the insert 16 is an image creating pattern 20. The elements of the image creating pattern 20 are all formed of material having a high attenuation to X-rays, such as aluminum or other metal. The image creating pattern 20 is formed of two components, a helical pattern 22 and a center indicator 24. The helical pattern 22 is formed by a continuous solid section of wire wound into a helical configuration having a preselected pitch. Preferably, the helical wire is shaped so as to have a pitch that is both regular and has a pre-selected integer value of longitudinal displacement for a particular amount of radial displacement. Thus, for example, the helical wire may be configured so as to have a pitch such that a movement of one centimeter along the longtitudinal axis of the insert 10 corresponds to a rotation of 180° of the helical pattern 22. Obviously, any desired pitch of the wire of the helical pattern 22 could be selected as may be desired for a particular one of the inserts 16, with the insert 16 being sized and shaped so that the center indicator 24 is positioned in the reference plane defined by the reference line 19. The center indicator 24 is a metal ball positioned adjacent to the helical pattern 22 at the center of the insert 16. The entire image creating pattern 20, including the helical pattern 22 and the center indicator 24, is positioned within the insert 16 so as to be positioned at a particular preselected position within the measuring tool 10, i.e., with the center indicator 24 located in the reference plane, when the insert 16 is inserted into a one of the receptacles 14 in the phantom 12. Each of the inserts 16 utilized with a single phantom 12 preferably have their image creating patterns 20 identically positioned within the inserts 16 so that the patterns created by all the inserts 16 may be used in conjunction to derive the appropriate beam orientation information as will be described below.
In its operation, one or more of the inserts 16, each including therein an image creating pattern 20, is inserted into a respective receptacle 14 in the phantom 12. Then the measuring tool 10 is placed within the computer assisted tomographic scanner, also variously called a CT scanner or a CAT scanner, with the measuring tool 10 being aligned by the light beam or other indicator of slice positioned created by the scanner. The scanner is then operated upon the measuring tool 10 as if the measuring tool 10 was a portion of a patient of which it was desired to take a scan. The tomographic image created by the computer of the scanner is the analyzed to derive beam thickness and position information therefrom.
Thus, for example, referring to FIG. 3 assume that a beam of X-rays 30, having a width indicated at x, is directed through the measuring tool 10 in perfect alignment therewith. If the X-ray beam 30 is in such perfect alignment, a centerline 32 of the X-ray beam 30 will extend laterally through the center of the measuring tool 10 exactly perpendicularly to the central axis of each of the inserts 16 and precisely coplanar with the reference plane, here indicated at 26, defined by the reference line 19 in the phantom 12. The central axis 42 of a one of the inserts 16 is illustrated in FIG. 3. With the centerline 32 of the X-ray beam 30 being directed through the exact center of the tool 10 and being perpendicular to the central axis 42 of the inserts 16, the centerline 32 of the X-ray beam 30 is centered exactly on the center indicators 24 contained in each of the insert 16 inserted into the phantom 12. This can be seen in FIG. 3, wherein the beam of X-rays 30 has its centerline 32 pass precisely along the reference plane 26 and through the two center indicators 24 contained in the two inserts 16 inserted into the phantom 12 shown in that figure. It is also illustrated, for the purposes of FIG. 3, that the width X of the beam is precisely equal to the amount of longitudinal displacement which each of the helical patterns 22 of the inserts 16 achieves as they are rotated through 180° of arc.
Shown in FIG. 4, is an image 34 generated by the computer assisted tomographic scanner resulting from the scan utilizing the beam illustrated in FIG. 3. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the reference band 18 creates a circular figure 36 in the tomographic image 34 which may be used as a reference circle for measurements of angular misalignment of the phantom 12. As can also be seen in FIG. 4, the scanning of the two helical patterns 22 in the insert 16 which were inserted into the tool 10 results in the formation of two arcuate images 38 in the tomographic image 34. Each of the arcuate images 38, as shown in FIG. 4, is precisely 180° in arc. Also formed in the tomographic image 34 is a pair of center reference images 40. Each of the center reference images 40 is, in this instance, precisely located in the center of the respective arcuate image 38 associated therewith. From the tomographic image 34 it is possible to measure the beam thickness X of the beam 30 used to scan the tool 10 by measuring the length of arc of each of the arcuate images 34 formed in the tomographic image 34. Thus, if the helical patterns 22 of the insert 16 used in FIG. 3 were formed so as to have one centimeter of longitudinal displacement for each 180° of rotation, the fact that the arcuate images 38 in the resultant tomographic image 34 have 180° of arc would indicate that the beam thickness X was precisely one centimeter. Obviously, an arcuate image 34 showing an arc of more than, or less than, 180° would indicate that the beam thickness was proportionately either more than, or less than, one centimeter at that precise position. Also, by observing that the center reference images 40 were precisely centrally located within each of the arcuate images 38, it is possible to determine that the centerline 32 of the beam 30 was precisely centrally positioned with respect to each of the image creating patterns 20 in the inserts 16 and that therefore the tool 10 was precisely correctly positioned within and aligned with the scan position indicator of the tomographic scanner being tested.
Shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is another example of a test scan and resulting image created by the measuring tool 10 of the present invention. As can be seen in FIG. 5, in this embodiment the tomographic scanning Xray beam 30, which is again indicated to have a width X, is also tilted with respect to the reference plane 26 by an angle Y. The beam 30, as shown in FIG. 5, also has a width X which is somewhat greater than the longitudinal distance which the helical patterns 22 achieves in 180° of rotational arc. Also the centerline 32 of the X-ray beam 30 does not pass through either of the center indicators 24 in the inserts 16. Shown in FIG. 6 is the resultant image 34 created by the scanning of the tool 10 as illustrated in FIG. 5. In the tomographic image 34 of FIG. 6, each of the arcuate images 38 includes more than 180° of arc and, in fact, includes approximately 270° of rotational arc. From the fact that the arcuate images 38 are about 270° in the tomographic image 34 of FIG. 6, it is possible to ascertain that the beam width, or thickness, X of the beam 30 as shown in FIG. 5 is approximately 50% greater than the longitudinal distance which the helical patterns 22 achieves in 180° of arc. Thus, if the helical patterns 22 of the inserts 16 have a pitch selected so as to give a longitudinal translation of one centimeter for each 180° of rotational arc, the tomographic image 34 of FIG. 6 would indicate, by examining the length of the arcuate images 38 therein, that the beam 30 of FIG. 5 has a width of approximately one and one half centimeters. Also, as can be seen in FIG. 6, each of the center reference images 40 is located near one extreme end of the respective arcuate image 38. Furthermore, since each of the center reference images 38 is offset in an opposite direction from the other relative to its appropriate arcuate image 38, it can be ascertained that the centerline 32 of the beam 30 shown in FIG. 5 passed on one side of a one of the center indicators 24 of the inserts 16 and on the other side of the other center indicator 24 as it passed through the measuring tool 10. By comparing the relative angular distances by which the center reference images 38 are displaced from the center of the arcuate images 38, it is possible to calculate the distance by which the centerline 32 of the X-ray beam 30 missed the center indicator 24 of each of the inserts 16 so that the orientation and magnitude of the angle Y at which the tool was skewed from precisely perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the measuring tool 10, as positioned with the positioning device of the tool, can be determined. In this way, the position of the measuring tool 10 relative to the plane of rotation of the X-ray beam 30 can be ascertained with a high degree of accuracy and the accuracy of the slice position indicator of the scanner can be checked.
Thus, by using the beam thickness and position measuring tool of the present invention it is possible both to determine the beam thickness and orientation of the computer-assisted tomographic beam relative to the object being scanned. Thus, by inserting the measuring tool 10 in the position in the computer tomographic scanner normally occupied by the patient, as indicated by the slice position indicator of the scanner, it is possible to ascertain not only the width of the X-ray beam which is utilized to scan the patient, it is also possible to ascertain whether or not the beam is properly oriented relative to the patient so that the desired images can be obtained. All of this information can be obtained through one simple scan of a measuring tool 10 with resultant computer generated tomographic image 34 carrying both beam thickness and position information. This information is permanently retained on the resultant tomographic image 34 and thus can be retained for furture use or reference, as well as for use in immediate adjustments of the computerized tomographic scanner.
Shown in FIG. 7 is an alternative embodiment, 116, of an insert for use in the measuring tool 10. The insert 116 has formed therein an image creating pattern 120 which includes a helical pattern 122 formed of a series of discrete metal balls which are arranged in a helical array. Again, the helix of the helical pattern 122 is selected so as to have a predetermined pitch so that each particular segment of rotational displacement would be proportional to a given amount of longitudinal displacement. In the center of the image creating pattern 120, a larger center indicator ball 124 is used for one of the other metal balls in the helical pattern 122. The larger center indicator ball 124 is utilized as a center indicator similar to the center indicator 24 contained in the insert 16. It is also possible to use a pair of balls located together as the center indicator.
The alternative embodiment of the insert 116 for use in the measuring tool 10 can be substituted for the insert 16 of the FIGS. 1 and 2 in any application in which it is so desired. The insert 116 may be utilized when it is desired that the information obtained from the resultant tomographic image 30 be discrete or digitized since the number of markers in the arcuate could then be simply counted without the need for measurement of an arcuate image. However, the resolution of the test would then be limited by the number and spacing of the metal balls in the helical pattern 122, a limitation not found in the continuous helical pattern 22 in the inserts 16.
Shown in FIG. 8 again another alternative embodiment of an insert 216 for use in a measuring tool 10 constructed in accordance with the present invention. In the insert 216, the image creating pattern 220 formed therein includes two helical patterns 222A and 222B. The helical patterns 222A is selected to have a greater pitch than the helical pattern 222B and the helical pattern 222B is selected so as to have a large radius in its helix so that the helical patterns 222A can be nested centrally entirely within the the helical pattern 222B as can be seen in FIG. 8. Both of the helical patterns 222a and 222b share a common center indicator 224. This embodiment is intended to be utilized where it is desired to obtain information over a wider range about the thickness of the X-ray beam. For example, for very thin X-ray beams, or if the beam is more than a certain thickness, i.e. twice the pitch of the helix, the resultant arcuate image could be circular image, thus giving indefinite information about the exact width of the beam. To attempt to avoid such a situation, the use of two of the helical patterns 222A and 222B helps to ensure that one of the two helical patterns would result in a creation of an image that is less than circular and could be successfully measured to determine the width of the beam being tested. Thus the insert 216 would be more appropriately desired in applications in which the width of the beam is known to vary over a greater area or in which the width of the beam is unknown.
While it is envisioned that the image creating patterns utilized in the present invention are most advantageously utilized in the inserts designed to be inserted into a phantom, it is also envisioned that they may be used in unitary molded structures which may be inserted alone into a computer assisted tomographic scanning apparatus. Such image creating patterns are, however, most efficiently utilized at least in pairs so that the information as to the relative beam positioning between two such patterns can be compared in the resultant tomographic image. It is, however, envisioned that such image creating patterns can be utilized alone in applications wherein only beam thickness information is desired.
It is also envisioned that helical patterns of any desired shape or pitch could be utilized with the present invention. It may also be desirable to include inserts having both a left-hand or a right-hand helix in any one tool or in different tools. It is clear that a wide variety of helical or spiral configurations, whether regular or not, are possible.
It is understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular construction and arrangement of parts disclosed and illustrated herein, but embraces all such modified forms thereof as come within the scope of the following claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3509337 *||Nov 30, 1967||Apr 28, 1970||Us Army||Test object and cassette for tomography|
|US3887804 *||Dec 3, 1973||Jun 3, 1975||Us Health||Radiographic test stand|
|US4055771 *||Oct 26, 1976||Oct 25, 1977||Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc.||Test body for a scanning tomographic analytical apparatus|
|1||*||"Wisconsin Tomographic Test Tool", trade brochure, Radiation Measurements, Inc., 7617 Donna Drive, P.O. Box 44, Middleton, WI 53562, 1977.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4649561 *||Nov 28, 1983||Mar 10, 1987||Ben Arnold||Test phantom and method of use of same|
|US4724110 *||Feb 24, 1987||Feb 9, 1988||Arnold Ben A||Method of making a test phantom|
|US4788706 *||Dec 17, 1987||Nov 29, 1988||General Electric Company||Method of measurement of x-ray energy|
|US4873707 *||Sep 11, 1987||Oct 10, 1989||Brigham & Women's Hospital||X-ray tomography phantoms, method and system|
|US5056130 *||Oct 6, 1989||Oct 8, 1991||The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator, National Aeronautics And Space Administration||Computerized tomography calibrator|
|US5164978 *||Nov 21, 1990||Nov 17, 1992||The Phantom Laboratory, Incorporated||Test body and element for a scanning image reconstructing apparatus|
|US5165050 *||Nov 21, 1990||Nov 17, 1992||The Phantom Laboratory, Incorporated||Spherical test body for an image reconstructing apparatus|
|US5416816 *||Jan 27, 1994||May 16, 1995||Boston Test Tool Company||Calibration template for computed radiography|
|US5442674 *||Jan 21, 1994||Aug 15, 1995||Ge Medical Systems||Device and automatic method for the geometrical calibration of an X-ray imaging system|
|US5506884 *||Aug 25, 1995||Apr 9, 1996||Phantom Laboratory, Incorporated||Radiation phantom and test methods employing the same|
|US5544157 *||Feb 14, 1995||Aug 6, 1996||Boston Test Tool Company||Calibration template for computed radiography|
|US5793835 *||Mar 19, 1997||Aug 11, 1998||Blanck; Cheryl A.||Quality assurance phantom for tomography and method of use|
|US5908387 *||Jun 18, 1997||Jun 1, 1999||Quinton Instrument Company||Device and method for improved quantitative coronary artery analysis|
|US6011987 *||Dec 8, 1997||Jan 4, 2000||The Cleveland Clinic Foundation||Fiducial positioning cup|
|US6364529||Oct 20, 2000||Apr 2, 2002||Med-Tec Iowa, Inc.||Radiation phantom|
|US6991371 *||Oct 14, 2003||Jan 31, 2006||The Boeing Company||Computed tomography image quality phantom|
|US7006594||Nov 11, 2002||Feb 28, 2006||Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc||Method and apparatus for reconstruction calibration of detector position and source motion based on a multi-pin phantom|
|US7269243||Nov 11, 2002||Sep 11, 2007||Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc||Method and apparatus for controlling electron beam motion based on calibration information|
|US8833453||Apr 8, 2011||Sep 16, 2014||Shell Oil Company||Electrodes for electrical current flow heating of subsurface formations with tapered copper thickness|
|US20030163271 *||Nov 11, 2002||Aug 28, 2003||Erik Chell||Method and apparatus for reconstruction calibration of detector position and source motion based on a multi-pin phantom|
|US20030167142 *||Nov 11, 2002||Sep 4, 2003||Erik Chell||Method and apparatus for reconstruction calibration of detector position and source motion based on a multi-pin phantom|
|US20040228435 *||May 14, 2003||Nov 18, 2004||Russell Kevin J.||Phantom for intensity modulated radiation therapy|
|US20050078801 *||Oct 14, 2003||Apr 14, 2005||Georgeson Gary E.||Computed tomography image quality phantom|
|US20100278311 *||Oct 28, 2009||Nov 4, 2010||Kevin Hammerstrom||Device and method for scaling medical images|
|EP1346688A2 *||Feb 25, 2003||Sep 24, 2003||GE Medical Systems Global Technology Company LLC|
|U.S. Classification||378/207, 378/19, 378/163, 976/DIG.427|
|Apr 17, 1987||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: PHYSICS ASSOCIATES, LTD., 9722 WEST WATERTOWN PLAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:RADIATION MEASUREMENTS, INC., A WI CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004697/0700
Effective date: 19870408
|Mar 10, 1988||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: PHYSCIS ASSOCIATES, LTD., MILWAUKEE COUNTY, WISCON
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:PHYSICS ASSOCIATES, LTD.,;REEL/FRAME:004877/0990
Effective date: 19870511

domain: physics