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Just shoot it
Okay, let's do some shooting. Bring the H1 to eye level, press the shutter release partway in and, if you're in an AF mode, the H1 will rapidly snap into focus. The very legible, illuminated dot-matrix LCD panel displays meter mode, meter pattern, aperture, shutter speed, film status, frame number, exposure compensation, focus-aid/confirmation LED arrows, and, if applicable, flash-ready and warning LEDs. Shutter-release action is very smooth and predictable, with a clear differentiation between the first part of the stroke (meter on, autofocus) and the follow-through (shutter firing) phase. When the shutter fires, you'll hear a sharp "clack." No, that's not the sound of the shutter, but of the mirror flipping out of the light path and returning to viewing position. This is followed by a softer "ssst" as the film advances.


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How to Pick Colors for a Kitchen
Kitchens sell houses. While other rooms are merely four walls, a ceiling and a floor, the kitchen has the most installed, permanent items in it. An updated, well-organized, welcoming kitchen will appeal to the most potential buyers. The kitchen is also the heart of the home--where family members eat, communicate and form bonds. Choosing the right paint color will enhance the cabinetry, tile and flooring, as well as create ambiance.
Decide on an overall color palette. A neutral palette is comprised of earth tones, while an all-white palette incorporates different tones of white and cream. A cool palette includes light greens and blues and warm palettes have vibrant colors of red and orange. Visit a home improvement store and choose paint chips in the range of your color scheme. Limit the paint samples to five. Too many selections will make the decision more difficult.
Lay out samples of all the permanent finishes going into the kitchen. This will include cabinet stain, countertop and backsplash surfaces and flooring tile. On top of this pile, add the paint chips. Perform this step in the kitchen to see how all the selections will coordinate together in the actual light the room receives. Consider the colors of rooms adjacent to the kitchen as well to make sure the new kitchen color will flow naturally from one to the next.
Remove the paint chips that you do not like using a process of elimination. In the end you will be left with the color you most prefer. Walk away from the pile, and repeat this step again a little bit later to see if you make the same color selection again. If a different color is chosen the second time, do a side-by-side comparison of those two colors.
Paint a small area of the wall the chosen color using a tester can of paint. Use this sample for your second color confirmation. Assess the color throughout the day to note how the color changes in different lights. If you are deciding between two or three colors, paint the options on the wall next to each other for a side-by-side comparison.
Fill in any holes in the walls, prep the kitchen, prime the walls and paint. Applying paint primer will help the paint last longer and gives truer color pigmentation. Apply a second coat for full coverage. Once dry, look at the color to make sure it is the correct solution for your kitchen. Re-paint if, once on the walls, you decide that it is not the right color.
Dr. Eugenia Orr has been a columnist since 2006, with work featured in publications such as "Green Business Quarterly," "Our Annual Green Book" and "N'Digo Magapaper." She holds a Doctor of Education in ethical leadership, a master's degree in urban planning/policy from the University of Illinois and a B.F.A. in interior design from the International Academy of Design & Technology.

domain: painting


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Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster 'Robkol') is a captivating, deciduous shrub that belongs to the Rosaceae family. Renowned for its striking seasonal color transformations and versatile growth habits, this ornamental plant has become a popular choice for gardeners and landscapers alike. Originating from a group of over 200 species, Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster stands out for its distinct characteristics and ease of cultivation, making it an ideal addition to a variety of gardens and landscapes.
One of the most noteworthy attributes of the Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster is its exceptional foliage. The plant's leaves emerge with a bright green hue in the spring, transitioning to a brilliant mix of orange, red, and purple shades in the fall. This dazzling display of colors brings an unmistakable visual appeal to any garden or landscape, living up to its name as a true "Autumn Inferno."
The Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster is also admired for its abundant, small, pinkish-white flowers that bloom in late spring to early summer. These delicate blossoms attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies, making it an environmentally friendly choice for gardens. Following the flowering period, the plant produces vibrant red berries in the fall, which persist well into the winter months. These berries not only add to the plant's visual charm but also provide a valuable food source for birds during the colder months.
Growing to a height of 3 to 4 feet and a similar spread, this moderate-sized shrub is perfect for planting as a foundation, border, or accent in a mixed shrub border. Its arching branches and semi-evergreen nature offer a unique, cascading appearance that adds texture and depth to a variety of garden designs. Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster is relatively low-maintenance and easy to grow, with a preference for well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. It is also drought-tolerant once established, making it a suitable choice for regions with limited water resources.
Autumn Inferno is a spectacular specimen shrub, with its fiery fall colors and lush foliage. During the spring and summer months, it stands out with its deep green leaves that are glossy and dense. Autumn Inferno is the perfect choice for landscape designers, as it grows in an elegant upright form that provides year-round visual interest.
As temperatures cool in the fall, Autumn Inferno starts to shine, as its foliage transforms into bright flashes of orange and red. This dynamic display of color makes Autumn Inferno a must-have for any garden or yard looking for a dramatic focal point. So if you want a hedge or specimen shrub with blazing passion, Autumn Inferno is what you need.
Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster is a versatile plant that can be used in various landscaping applications, bringing visual interest and functionality to a wide range of garden styles. Here are some popular landscaping uses for this beautiful shrub:
- Foundation plantings: Its moderate size and attractive foliage make Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster an excellent choice for foundation plantings around buildings, where it can help soften architectural lines and provide a welcoming entrance.
- Mixed shrub borders: Incorporate Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster into mixed shrub borders to add a pop of color, texture, and seasonal interest. Its vibrant foliage and cascading branches make it an excellent companion to other deciduous and evergreen shrubs.
- Hedges and screens: Plant several Autumn Inferno® Cotoneasters in a row to create a colorful, informal hedge or privacy screen. The dense, arching branches provide an effective barrier while still allowing for some air circulation.
- Erosion control: The root system of Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster is effective in stabilizing slopes and preventing soil erosion. Plant it on banks or hillsides to help maintain soil integrity and prevent erosion from rain and wind.
- Wildlife gardens: The flowers and berries of Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster make it an ideal addition to wildlife gardens, attracting pollinators and providing a food source for birds in the winter months.
- Container gardening: Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster can be grown in large containers, making it a suitable choice for patios, balconies, and other small spaces. Ensure the container has proper drainage and is large enough to accommodate the plant's mature size.
- Specimen plants: Plant an Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster as a standalone specimen in a garden bed or lawn area to showcase its striking foliage, blossoms, and berries throughout the seasons.
- Rock gardens: The drought-tolerant nature of Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster makes it suitable for rock gardens and xeriscapes, where it can add color and texture among stones and other drought-tolerant plants.
- Group plantings: Plant multiple Autumn Inferno® Cotoneasters together to create a mass planting, providing a stunning visual impact during the fall color change.
Autumn Inferno Cotoneaster is a versatile shrub that can be grown in a variety of different settings. With its fast-growing nature, it can reach heights of up to 6 feet and spread out up to 5 feet across. It is perfect for planting under power lines or anywhere where there is limited space, as it tends to fill out without the need for facer plants up front.
This hardy species thrive in both dry and moist conditions and is able to handle various soil types and pH levels with ease. Additionally, Autumn Inferno Cotoneaster is tolerant of pollution, making it ideal for even the most crowded urban environments. Whether you are looking to add some curb appeal to your property or seeking an easy-to-maintain landscaping option, this unique shrub is a great choice!
- Site selection: Choose a location with well-drained soil and access to full sun or partial shade. While Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster can tolerate some shade, it will produce the most vibrant foliage and abundant flowers when exposed to ample sunlight.
- Soil preparation: Ensure the soil is well-draining and loamy, as the plant is susceptible to root rot if left in waterlogged conditions. Amend heavy clay soils with organic matter like compost or well-rotted manure to improve drainage and fertility.
- Planting: Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball of the Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster, ensuring the depth is the same as the plant's container. Gently loosen the roots and place the plant in the hole, backfilling with soil and firming gently around the base. Water the plant thoroughly to settle the soil and eliminate air pockets.
- Watering: Water the Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster regularly during the first growing season to help it establish a deep, extensive root system. Once established, the plant is relatively drought-tolerant and requires less frequent watering. However, it's essential to avoid letting the soil dry out completely, especially during hot, dry periods.
- Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as bark chips or compost, around the base of the plant to conserve moisture, regulate soil temperature, and suppress weeds. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the plant's stem to prevent rot and pest infestations.
- Fertilizing: Feed the Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring before new growth begins. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for application rates and methods.
- Pruning: Prune the Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster to maintain its shape and remove dead, damaged, or diseased branches. Pruning is best done in late winter or early spring, before the onset of new growth. Lightly thin the plant to improve air circulation and reduce the risk of disease.
- Pest and disease control: Autumn Inferno® Cotoneaster is relatively resistant to common pests and diseases. However, it's essential to monitor for issues like aphids, spider mites, or fireblight. Implement appropriate control measures if these problems arise, including insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, or pruning affected branches and disposing of them properly.
- Height: 5-6'
- Width: 4-5'
- Hardiness Zone: 5-7
- Heat Zone: 7
- Exposure: Full Sun to Part Shade
- Habit: Upright, Arching
- Flower Color: Pink
- Foliage: Dark Green
Interested in a particular plant or have questions?
Please don't hesitate to contact us via this form or email, and we will reply as soon as possible.


The pump is simple as possible.It works like a bycycle pump, only automatic one. Upper handle is moving up-dpwn, pulling and pumping air through pipe underground. The air, while pumping out, is pumping water up through pipe but not directly on surface. It pumps it through another pipe into a water tank conected on irrigation system. There are two versions of this pump. Electric one and magnetic one.
Energy [R]evolution: A Watershed Moment in India


Directed by Rikki Beadle-Blair
Join Sam; a self-confessed people-pleaser, in the war room as he embarks on his biggest mission yet. Shame is coming in from the west flank and gay thoughts are sailing in from the east... This is war!
BI-TOPIA is a ‘Hilarious, honest and raw’ coming-of-age story, exploring the highs and lows of the Bisexual experience, bravely delving into under-represented links between poor mental health, sexuality and masculinity.
Directed by award-winning Rikki Beadle-Blair, Written and Performed by Northern theatre-maker Sam Danson.
A compelling, captivating performance with excellent comic timing.
An emotional, laugh-out-loud, touching and beautiful portrayal of one man’s self-discovery.


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#1 Rated Local Painting Contractors Indianapolis 46259 IN (855-427-5634)
Local Painting Contractors Indianapolis 46259 IN
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Local Painting Contractors Indianapolis IN 46259: 5 Tips!
In order to choose the best house painting contractors, you may have to face a lot of challenges. More time is wasted on the choice of colors instead of contractors mostly. It may not be right at all. Through a paint quality, it may not be possible to justify workmanship of the contractor. By appointing a quality contractor, stress and tension can be eliminated. Therefore, you must think well before hiring a house painting professional.Finding the best house painting companies cannot be easier than that.
From an excellent professional, you may able to get a great service. Similar service may not be obtained from anyone else. To decide about a contractor effectively, you can look in to following tips. Beautiful house can be obtained with a right choice exclusively.
- Look at the previous work
Quality of the contractor can be known through the previous work. If the work is similar to yours then the professional can be hired at the time. Remodeling of the house can be done completely in the process. In addition, you may look at the exterior of house too. Testimonials can be asked from the old clients at the same time too. Both before and after pictures of the house following to a paint job can be seen in order to get an idea about the contractor easily.
- Is it possible to obtain a guarantee?
Excellent contractors are quite proud of their work.Choosing the best house painting services can be really tricky. They try to deliver result at every given occasion. Service is delivered according to the scheduled time. If the contractor is not afraid then guarantee can be offered. Therefore, guarantee can be expected from best house painting contractors available in the market. Professionals are quite committed in their job. Due to this reasons, issues may not be seen at all.
Local Painting Contractors Indianapolis IN 46259: Attention!
- Have an accredited and insured contractor
Insured contractor must be chosen for the painting work in the house. Current insurance may be applicable at the time. In this way, monetary loss due to an injury can be avoided. Protection is generally offered to the professional through insurance. The professional as well as the company must be accredited by specific organization. Safety and health issues can be avoided in the process. That is really important when it comes to Local Painting Contractors Indianapolis IN 46259.
- Select a reputed one
Open communication is always maintained by the best house painting contractors. Through research, you may able to know about the reputation of contractor in the market. From the profile in social media, you may able to know a lot of things about the contractor. Good reviews are always sign of a reputed professional. Online presence of the professional must be judged at the time too. Expert must be trusted by the home builders as well as the retailers also.This tip will help you target the top and best house painters near you.
- Free Quotes
To know about the cost of the project, you can ask quote from the expert professional. Minimum three quotes must be secured at the time. However, decision must not be taken solely on the basis of quotes. It is better to look at the quality of work simultaneously. Time scale must be offered by the contractor for completion of work.
By looking at above things, you may able to find the best Local Painting Contractors in Indianapolis Indiana 46259.
Local Painting Contractors Indianapolis Indiana 46259: Secret Tips!
Underpaint: Loose, sketchy monochrome under painting of shapes, darks, and mid tones with very diluted paint. This will set up your values. If it looks good in a monochrome and you don’t screw up, and follow your values: Roberts your Mothers Brother! Remember just because its dark doesn’t mean it’s black.
Therefore, another tip in our tips for painting is to always maintain the wet edge, by overlapping the previous stroke before the paint can dry. Paint in small sections, from top to bottom, so that there isn’t enough time for the paint to dry first. Plan for breaks that will occur at windows, doors, and corners. If you’ve accidentally created a lap mark, add another finish coat using the same technique, which will hide the lap marks and create a more uniform look.
Paint Large Shapes: Match the value in your underpainting in a colour again by squinting you will see the match.
If you paint over dirty, oily surfaces, the paint will easily chip or peel off. So before painting, clean grimy areas with a deglosser or heavy-duty cleaner intended for prepaint cleaning. They work well to clean painted, varnished or enameled surfaces to improve the adhesion of the new paint. They’re ideal for cleaning greasy or oily areas like kitchen and bathroom walls and removing hand marks around light switches and doorknobs.
Use Cotton Drop Cloths. No matter how careful you are during the painting process, spills and splatters can still occur. Protect your flooring and rooms by laying down canvas drop cloths in the work area. The canvas should stay in place and provide great traction as you paint. If you spill a lot of paint, make sure you clean them it right away so it doesn’t turn into a nastier mess later.
Use mineral spirits to clean oil based paint off brushes. The vinegar trick won’t work too well if you’re using oil based paints or topcoats. Instead, try using mineral spirits to clean your brushes. I threw away so many brushes after using them to put topcoats on furniture. Now that I know about mineral spirits, I can reuse the same nice brush over and over. My favorite is Klean Strip because it’s super effective, but has a way less toxic odor than other brands I’ve tried.
Roll Paint Along Edges. The best way to paint along edges or areas next to trim is to roll it on, as those areas may have a different texture than the surrounding areas. Roll top to bottom, getting as close to the edge or trim as possible to avoid leaving any brush marks behind. Don’t bump into the opposite wall or add too much paint so that it leaves a mess. Use moderate pressure, as too much pressure can cause mismarking and too little pressure won’t provide an even coat. At the end of each stroke, lift the roller away from the wall to avoid creating any distinct paint strokes. When you have finished rolling paint in one area, you may move onto the next section.
Sketches: Keep making them until there’s a good composition with leading lines in to focal point. A bad composition can only lead to a bad painting. Think thumbnails. Thumbnails should be just that; a simple small sketch with just the bear bones of info to set you up for the kapowie painting you want. Try using a black sharpie marker to simplify your thumbnail sketches.
Not only does it make the painting process quicker and cleaner, but since the lid is airtight, it makes your paint last so much longer.
One coat of paint usually won’t hide the underlying color and sheen on trim. And if you don’t sand the surface smooth between coats, the finish may have a grainy texture. For a smooth finish, sand the trim before applying each coat of paint. Sand the trim with a fine-grit sanding sponge. Sponges get into crevices where sandpaper can’t go and let you apply even pressure. Then apply the ﬁrst coat of paint, let it dry at least 24 hours, lightly sand it again for a completely smooth surface, and apply the second coat. After each sanding, vacuum the trim, then wipe it down with a tack cloth to remove the dust.
Canvas: Transpose thumbnail to canvas, creating large puzzle piece shapes. You should have no more than five different sized shapes in your initial set up.
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Green Tip of the Week: Jumpstart Your Garden With Native Plants
Non-native plants need more water and fertilizer.
The following tip was provided by the Go Green Galloway Task Force for Sustainability:
Have you noticed that your lawn and certain plants in your gardens do not do so well in hot, dry weather? Many of the plants and grasses that cover our yards are non-native species and therefore need more water and fertilizer to survive the conditions of this area.
If you are taking on a new landscaping project, think about expanding gardens with native plantings and cutting back on large expanses of lawn.
Planting native species of trees, shrubs and grasses will not only keep you from having to work so hard to maintain your yard, but you will also save money by not having to purchase chemical fertilizers. An added bonus: this effort will greatly benefit our indigenous wildlife and help to replace habitat that has been lost through development.
For more information, call the Galloway Township Department of Community Education at 609-652-3700 x209 or email firstname.lastname@example.org


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I'm an Australian artist with 500+ artworks created and sold to art collectors worldwide since 2016. I'm new to ArtPal and look forward to showcasing my latest 2019 artwork with you.
I aim to express the beauty in existence through my unique made up style of art. You will see the use of charcoal in all my art pieces as I'm driven to use this dead tree matter to create beautiful representations of life. Through the use of paint, I express my emotions. When you purchase one of my original paintings, you will notice the alluring colour, expressive sense of motion and the fine detailed charcoal brushwork. My art keeps me motivated to enjoy the beautiful nature around me, whilst nature inspires me to create art each day... Charcoal is my voice.


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The Pap smear is a reliable, inexpensive and effective screening test for cervical cancer; the second most common cancer among women worldwide. We aimed to determine women's knowledge, attitudes and practice towards Pap smear in women live at the northwest of Tehran city. This study, was carried out on 334 outpatient Iranian women in winter 2018. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics (10 questions), knowledge (10 questions), attitudes (5 questions) and practice (2 questions) towards Pap smear was completed by an interview with the women. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver22. The mean age of all participants was 36.59 ± 15.409 years. 52.4% had performed the Pap smear test, 24.3% of which performed Pap smears regularly the knowledge level of participants who had done Pap smear was low at 28.6%, moderate at 55.4%, and high at 16.0%. The knowledge level of participants who did not perform Pap smear was low at 41.5%, moderate at 49.7%, and high at 8.8%. The attitude of the participants to Pap smear was undesirable in 1.2%, moderate in 3%, and 98.8% desirable. The attitude of the participants who had done Pap smear was undesired in 4.2% of the subject, moderate in 15%, and desired in 80.8 and in another group was 15.5%, 56.7% and 27.8% respectively. The knowledge and practice of the women were inadequate and needed to be promoted. Considering the main reason mentioned by the participants for not having the test, all health providers should educate and encourage women to do regular Pap smear.
Pap smear, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Iranian women
Cervical cancer is the most common cancer and the main cause of death in women in developing countries. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO), 22% of female deaths are caused by malignant tumors, which 18% of them are due to cervical cancer . Based on WHO prediction, the number of cancer cases in developing countries will be 0.7 million by 2020 . It is the second most common cancer in the world leading to the death of women [3,4]. The prevalence of cancer among women in the world is 1 per 10 people, and one person loses her life due to cervical cancer every 2 minutes . Approximately one million women every year have advanced cervical cancer worldwide, and 50% of cases cause death. In 2009, the National Program of Cancer Registry in Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education reported a prevalence of 1.17 cases per 100,000 people for cervical cancer . In Iran, this cancer is one of the most common cancers among women, and it is the third cause of death after heart disease and accidents [1,7]. Its prevalence and mortality is 2.2% and 1%, respectively, in Iran . Its major risk factors include sexual intercourse under age 18 years, multiple sexual partners, and previous history of sexually transmitted infections [9,10]. Several conventional methods have been proposed for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer and its secondary prevention, which Pap smear is the most effective method for screening of cervical cancer and no technique better than this method has been observed so far for prevention of cervical cancer [11,12]. The American Cancer Society in 2002 recommended annual screening by Pap smear test for women, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends annual screening for women aged less than 30 years. It also recommends increasing the screening intervals for 2-3 years for women aged over 30 years, who have no symptom of this disease. However, studies show that 20% of US women are not unfortunately screened regularly and they have not undergone Pap smear over the past three years . Pap smear is a simple, inexpensive, painless, and relatively reliable screening method for diagnosis of cervical cancer and infection  and search for finding the pre-cancer changes in patients, which has been successful in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer by up to 79% and in reducing mortality by up to 70% . This method can diagnose the pre-cancer lesions for 10 to 20 years or more before cancer development [11,13]. The difference observed between developed and developing countries in mortality caused by cervical cancer might relate to performing or non-performing Pap smear, and various studies have shown the relationship between mortality reduction and Pap smear screening program . Early diagnosis and prevention are suitable for screening test due to the long pre-invasive period [4,15]. Knowledge is one of the most important factors predicting the health behaviors and an effective factor in performing screening methods. However, knowledge alone is not adequate, since individual's attitude is also an important factor in preventive behaviors and the cancer control without a positive attitude will not be successful . Most women do not use this test regularly, as recommended by the health communities [13,17]. Given the past studies conducted in this regard, a large number of women still do not have adequate knowledge about this diagnostic method. There is currently no mass screening program for early detection of similar cancers in most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), and cancer screening policies in Iran are opportunistic. Therefore, the only people who are aware of the importance of these tests include screening of cancer in their health plans . There are limited number of studies on knowledge, attitude and practice of women about Pap smear in the country . Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Pap smear among Iranian women at Tehran.
This cross-sectional study was performed on women who attended clinics, at the northwest of Tehran, Iran in 2018.
Considering p = 27% for having Pap smear at least once (based on results of a study by Soltanahmadi, et al. , d = 0.05, and a significant level of 95%, 302 sample was required for the study (Appendix 1). Inclusion criteria were: married; lack of speech and hearing problems; lack of history of any cancer. A total of 334 Iranian women were selected from women who visited the clinics in northwest of Tehran and have medical record in this clinic. Time frame for identifying women through the medical records is 5 days and for recruiting study participants was 6 days. 512 women were identified through review of medical records that 65.23% of women have tended to participate in the study and Completed informed consent.
The study participants were selected through sequential sampling method. Data were collected via face‑to‑face interviews with one trained interviewer using a self-administrated questionnaire. The questionnaire included 9 questions about participants background information (age, age of marriage, educational level, marital status, place of living, insurance coverage, number of pregnancies, read or heard of cervical cancer, source of information) 10 questions to assess the level of knowledge, 5 questions related to attitudes towards Pap smear, and 2 questions focused on the behavior and practice of the participants include: 1) Have you ever done Pap smear, 2) Do you do it frequently. Answers to the questions were with the two options "yes" and "no". The knowledge questions were completed by only those who had heard about the Pap smear, while the attitude statements by all of the subjects (those who had heard and not heard about the Pap smear). For those who claimed to have not heard something about Pap smears, before bringing up the attitude questions, the researcher explained briefly about Pap smear (i.e., Pap smear detects cervical cancer. It is taken after placement of women in lithotomy position and insertion of a speculum into vagina, and then the specimen is sent to the pathology lab). Content validity of the questionnaire was determined using the comments of 5 experts including gynecologists and midwifery faculty members and its reliability using test-re-test. Knowledge questions had three options. To calculate knowledge and attitude score, correct answers were given score 1, and incorrect answers were given score 0. To produce a total knowledge and attitudes score, the scores were summed 0-10. A higher score reflects a higher knowledge or better attitudes about Pap smear. The total knowledge and attitude score was classified into three level; scores 0-3.99 "weak", scores of 4-6.99 level of "medium" and a score of 7 or higher level of "good".
Data were analyzed by using SPSS 25. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association between two qualitative variables. The multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of different factors for the practice of Pap smear test. The independent variables: age, education level, place of living, job, marital status, the age of marriage, parity, health insurance, read or heard of cervical cancer and source of information about of Pap smear were included in the model to control for confounding. The adjusted odds ratios and their 95% CI for associated factors are reported. Also, the data was presented as mean ± SD.
The sociodemographic characteristics of the 334 studied women are presented in two groups (Having had Pap smear, not having had Pap smear) in Table 1. The most of subjects in two groups had University Degree, live in Tehran, non-medical job and have health insurance. Moreover, our results indicate that among women, most of them in two groups obtained their information from media. The knowledge level of participants who had done Pap smear was low at 28.6%, moderate at 55.4%, and high at 16.0%. The knowledge level of participants who did not perform Pap smear was low at 41.5%, moderate at 49.7%, and high at 8.8%. The most frequent (56.0%) participant's knowledge in group who did not perform Pap smear about risk factor of breast cancer was high-risk partners. In another group, multiple partner (55.4%) was risk factor of breast cancer. The attitude of the participants who had done Pap smear was undesired in 4.2% of the subject, moderate in 15%, and desired in 80.8 and in another group was 15.5%, 56.7% and 27.8% respectively. Table 2 show the questions regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of two group participants about Pap smear. The highest and lowest corrected respond to knowledge of two groups were related to "Do you know about Pap smear test" and "Do you know Pap smear is for screening which cancers", respectively. Our results indicated that 85.7% of participants who had done Pap smear read or heard about Pap smear that this percentage was lower in the second group (69.8%). Most of the participants who had done Pap smear (90.9%) was agreed with Pap smear as a screening for cervical cancer, and among the disagreed of them, most reasons for not performing Pap smear, was reported not accessible. In participants who did not perform Pap smear, 75.5% was agree and among the disagreed of them, most reasons for not performing was husband's disapproval. Among participants in two groups that was agreed with Pap smear, prefer to take it governmental Health care centers and done by gynecologist. Out of 334 participants, 52.4% performed the Pap smear test, 24.3% of which performed Pap smear test frequently, indicating that parity could be problematic for a person. There was no significant relationship between age and gravid with knowledge (P > 0.05). However, marriage age had a significant relationship with knowledge (P = 0.004). There was no significant relationship between age, the age of marriage and gravid with attitude (P > 0.005). The age of marriage have not a significant relationship with performing the Pap smear (practice 1) (P > 0.05), but had significant relationship with performing Pap smear frequently (practice 2) (P = 0.0001). Higher age was associated with performing the Pap smear (P = 0.034) but have not a significant relationship with performing Pap smear frequently (P > 0.05). Gravid have not a significant relationship with performing the Pap smear and frequently (Table 3). According to logistic regression (Table 4), age, education level, insurance coverage, knowledge and attitude were significant factors with performing Pap smear, which means that the probability of having a Pap smear was higher more than 1.081 times with increase in age, more than 0.265 times with an increase in education level, more than 2.241 times with improved source of information, more than 1.224 times with increasing knowledge and 1.245 times improve attitudes. In practice 2, with increasing educational level (0.483 times) and knowledge (1.221 times), regular Pap smear increases among the subjects.
Table 1: Background information of respondents. View Table 1
Table 2: Knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding Pap smear screening among studied women. View Table 2
Table 3: Association of the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Pap smear test with sociodemographic characteristics. View Table 3
Table 4: Significant factors associated with the practice of Pap smear test among studied women as estimated by the multiple logistic regression analysis1. View Table 4
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community about any disease and its factors offer a crucial opportunity for comprehensive prevention and control strategies of the disease. Therefore, this study addressed knowledge, attitude and practiced about Pap smear as an entry point for the prevention and control of cervical cancer and its associated factors among women. The knowledge level of participants in this study was moderate in two groups that did and did not performing Pap smear. In accordance to our findings, Moreir, et al. reported that the knowledge of participant was moderate . In several studies, knowledge as the well as practice among the women were low [12,17,19,22-25]. Ilter, et al. also revealed that the studied women had a high knowledge of Pap smear test (82%) . However, despite the high level of knowledge, participants never performed a Pap smear test, so they showed lower practice compared to subjects of other studies. In the study conducted by Rezaie-Chamani, et al. the results showed that less than half of the women had heard about Pap smear, and 25% of women had Pap smear at least once . In the present study, more information about Pap smear was obtained from media. So, given that the primary source for women was media, it has to work to improve the credibility of the information that comes through the media. It also provided information that is not limited to a specific group of people and is in harmony with the culture and education level of the community to encourage the whole community to promote its health and community. This finding is consistent with the study by Almobarak, et al. . According to result of Haroon and Bakheit (2004) study, the major source of information have been delivered through the gynecological doctor which indicate that the primary care physician has no role in providing the information about cervical cancer and its detection by the Pap smear screening . In our study most of the women in two groups had ever heard about the cervical cancer screening test that is similar to those reported for Singapore, Vietnamese-American women, and South Asian women living in the New York City area , but lower when compared with those reported for developed countries and some developing countries such as Argentina and Brazil [14,29]. The differences in the above studies could be due to different population's involved and different levels of intervention such as existing population-based screening programs, or mass media campaigns to popularize cervical screening . In our study, there was a significant relationship between knowledge and occupational status, marital status, information source, education level, residence, and marriage age. Indeed, people with medical occupations will certainly have a higher level of knowledge than other people due to the consistent acquisition of relevant information. Married people also tried to gain more knowledge due to their greater need for this test and knowledge level was significantly lower among widows. According to our expectations, women with higher education level have a higher knowledge level, but having higher education did not affect their attitudes. Residence in Tehran due to access a variety of information resources, increase the knowledge level. As the age of marriage increases because of the need for women to prevent and control cervical cancer, they are trying to improve their knowledge of this issue. Similar results were found by Arevian who report that education is the most important predictor of knowledge about Pap smear test even once in their life . In our study, the attitude of women who had done Pap smear was favorable, which was consistent with the study of Mutambar, et al. . In our study attitude of the most participants was desired that indicating the tendency and willingness of population towards this issue. Therefore, given the high motivation of women to perform Pap smear, if more people are aware of this test, a large number of women will do this test. Women who did not perform Pap smear had moderate attitude. Therefore, this group needs more attention and reinforcement of the attitude towards doing this test. In our study, the main reasons among participants who had done Pap smear and disagreed with Pap smear as a screening for cervical cancer include not accessible and for participants who did not perform Pap smear was husband's disapproval. That is, if the problem of accessing the test is resolved among these people, they will all attempt to do this. However, among those who have not done this test, husband's disapproval is a great obstacle that need to educating and justifying their husbands before or along with women's education, to participate in this important work and health of their wives. In a study conducted by Mutambara, et al. in Zimbabwe , it was found that more women believed that Pap smear test was fearful and painful. In the Moreira, et al. study, the main reasons for women not to be tested for Pap smear were embarrassment and fear of pain . The main reason given for not having had a Pap smear was that it was not suggested by the doctor (48.4%), which was similar to the studies from South Africa , among Vietnamese American women  and Argentina . Other important reasons which included embarrassment, fear of infection, fear of discovery of cancer and no symptoms, misconception about the test being painful have also been reported in other studies in different proportions [10,35]. In a study conducted by Alavi, et al. in 2010, only 18.8% of gynecologist and obstetrician specialists performed Pap smear annually, and 295 of them did not perform this test even once. The main reasons for not performing Pap smear test were negligence and lack of willingness to be examined by colleagues . Regarding questions about "where you prefer to take it" and "Prefer to be done by who", the results showed that most of participants in two groups preferred to perform Pap smear by gynecologist and in governmental Health care centers. This finding suggests that women tend to refer to a specialist in the first step and performed Pap smear by gynecologist. In other words, if they want to do it, they prefer to do Pap smear by gynecologist in governmental centers with low cost. So the cost of doing this test was very important for our subjects. The rate of Pap smear taking was observed to this study is 52.4% and 24.3% done regularly. The rate of Pap smear taking was observed to be varying in the different developed and developing countries, and this has significantly affected the reported prevalence of cancer in different countries. Different rates of Pap smear testing was reported in various studies; e.g., 20% in Kenya, 40.3% in Jordan, 69% in Spain, 93% in the United States of America and 28.9% in Turkey . In our study, some of the participants have already performed Pap smear, but fewer of them performed it alternately. In several study [21,37] was found that many women given the poor practice of about half of the subjects in performing Pap smear test and the positive attitude of most of subjects towards performing Pap smear. seems that providing solutions to enhance the knowledge level of subjects in order to enhance the practice of women to be an essential. In our study, the only influential variable on women's attitudes was insurance coverage. In other words, women will improve their attitude towards this test after gaining the necessary knowledge if they have insurance coverage, and the costs are the high priority for them. But in Abedian and Dormohamadi  study there was a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice with age, and no significant relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice with education level. According to our results, there was a significant relationship between regular performing of Pap smear and marital status, the source of information, education level, place of residence, age at marriage, and having insurance. Therefore, it can be stated that married women tend to have more regular Pap smear and were significantly less in widows. Perhaps these people feel that they do not have to test it regularly due to the loss of their husbands and lack of sexual activity. The type of information source also depended on the regular performing of Pap smear, and in those who get information from a gynecologist, they are more likely to be required to do this because they receive this information from a specialist in the same field. Another logical consequence was that women with higher education at university level were expected to do it regularly due to a better knowledge of this issue. Women living in Tehran are more likely to follow this test due to access to facilities and public and private centers more than those outside Tehran. Meanwhile, with the increase in the age of marriage, women are more likely to be at risk of cervical cancer, and they are therefore regularly monitored. If the age of the marriage did not affect the first time performing, Pap smear test was effective, but the age of the affected women was higher, and the mean age was higher in women who performed the test for the first time. Women's insurance coverage is also not effective when tested for the first time, but spend cost for performing regular Pap smear was an important issue. While they do not do it regularly if they have not insurance coverage. Therefore, the widespread insurance coverage of this test for most women in the community can be one of the most important motivating factors for its regular performing that leads to improving the health of women and society. However, only age had a meaningful relationship with Pap smear, and with the increase in mean age, the desire of participants to perform Pap smear increased. Furthermore, physicians and patients usually behave differently in response to illness level according to the patient's age, which makes it less likely to ask for the test in younger age group women unless symptomatic. The fact that many young women in the 20-29 years age group had not taken the test may be due to the low background risk for cervical cancer in the country . In a study conducted by Albuquerque, et al. in Brazil (2010), a significant correlation was found between performing Pap smear and marital status, number of children, the age of subjects, and level of education and frequency of visit to gynecologist . In Almobarak, et al. study, the average age was higher among women who took Pap smear test, and these women had more gynecological examinations, lived in the City Centre, had a higher socioeconomic level as well as higher level of knowledge about Pap smear test and higher education level . Our study identified the level of education and knowledge were significant factor independently associated with practice about doing and frequently doing Pap smear test when adjusted for the effect of other factors in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Knowledge and attitude are the two most interlinked domains for prevention and control of cervical cancer Women who had never received information about the disease from any source were more likely not to undergo the screening. In this study, as a commentary on the role of the media in informing, the cultural and religious roots of society should be taken into account. It seems that informing about issues such as Pap smear should be done by other methods that are consistent with our community culture.
This study was conducted by the Social Medicine Department of Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences of Tehran. The author thanks medical interns of the social medicine rotation.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

domain: medical


text:
Pakistani threat actor “SideCopy” has been targeting Indian and Afghan government officials, especially military officials by stealing their credentials of targets from government portals, Facebook, Twitter and Google credentials, banking information, and password-protected documents. The latest report by Malwarebytes detailed the new tactics and tools adopted by the APT Group “SideCopy”. This is so-called because
The global surveillance cyber space has taken a centre stage over the last few years and seems to grow at a fast pace, given the changing circumstantial requirements. Apart from the various countries, which have already made a mark in advancing IT security, like Israel, US, Russia, new players are also emerging in the field
In the war of information and perception, social engineering has emerged as an important concept to target developing nations like India. Ranging from malicious activities such as breaching security to tricking users into gaining access to their sensitive data, these attacks have happened in more than one step. Roscoe Pound propounded the doctrine of social
The fifth generation innovation process in technology has brought more cases of cyber crimes with organisations in developing nations like India worrying for what the future may hold for them. Today, India needs more skilled people in the digital forensics field, social engineering, ethical hacking and vulnerability management, etc., for proper and efficient systems, as
Apart from rising information warfare, there are many other cyber challenges that media industry might have to prepare for being the most vulnerable targets of cyber aggressive bullies like China. As per recent reports, Chinese hackers attacked India’s largest media conglomerate, the Bennett Coleman And Co Ltd, (BCCL). It has been concluded by experts that
The growing disinformation campaigns have become a substantial problem in developing countries like India, which already lacks specific provision of law that deals with fake news. Clearly, India needs its own set of disinformation army to counterattack. Today, Indian law enforcement is challenged to respond more efficiently. They are using all-source intelligence, OSINT, platforms to
An advanced persistent threat group called Earth Baku has gained a center stage for launching cyber espionage campaign on public and private entities located in the Indo-Pacific region. It’s not the first time when a Chinese cyber campaign has gained attention for carrying out cyberattacks against India. The Earth Baku group has a history of
In the wake of growing cyber warfare activities, cyber domain has become one of the most conflicting sectors in today’s society. Every country is preparing for large-scale, nation-backed attacks to win the defense and security game. India has also bolstered its cyber game. In doing so, the country has laid down protocols for prevention and
In an era of growing international conflicts and cybercrimes, state-sponsored hacking has become a way for governments to secure intelligence information. The doubling number of ransomware, malware etc. has made ethical hacking the need of the hour. Ethical hacking method actively defends corporate networks, institutions, and personal data against malicious cyberattacks by discovering risks and
Implementing information security has become crucial for organisations in an increasingly interconnected environment. Today, every organisation needs protection against cyberattacks and security threats. Hence, the implementation could result in data breach risk prevention, detection and respond to internal and external threats. Malicious code, computer hacking and denial-of-service attacks have only grown in the age of
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domain: news


text:
Hildegard Steenkamp is appearing at the Johannesburg Specialised Crimes Court sitting at Palm Ridge for stealing atleast R537 Million.
Steenkamp stole the money from a medical supply company Medtronic where she was working as an accountant.
The court discovered that she spent R67 million in casinos. She also spent atleast R30 million on international trips.
Earlier this year, Hildegard Steenkamp was found guilty of more than 330 charges of fraud, money laundering and theft.

domain: economics


text:
Issue No. 22, Article 5/September 24, 2010
Wheat Planting-Time Tips
After the "down" year in 2010, with reduced acreage and only average yields, prospects for the 2011 Illinois wheat crop are bright, with strong wheat prices and early harvest of the crops that wheat planting will follow this fall. Double-crop soybean yields will also be good in many places, adding to our optimism about wheat.
Here are some considerations as wheat planting time approaches:
- In the most recent version of the Illinois Agronomy Handbook (pubsplus.uiuc.edu/C1394.html), we changed the listing of the Hessian fly-free date (HFFD)--considered to be the optimal time to plant for agronomic reasons even when the Hessian fly is not a threat--from date ranges by county to a map with six zones, each about 60 to 70 miles wide, from north to south in the state. Moving from north to south, the ranges for each zone (and the city or highway in about the north-south center of each zone) are as follows: September 17 to 21 (IL Route 72); September 21 to 26 (IL Route 17); September 26 to October 2 (U.S. Route 136); October 2 to 6 (I-70 in the east, IL Route 108 in the west); October 6 to 9 (U.S. Route 50); and October 9 to 12 (Marion).
- The Hessian fly is typically rare in Illinois, but there is still risk--and little reward--for planting wheat much earlier than the HFFD. With a lot of corn and soybean already harvested, and with fresh memories of last year's very late (or prevented) wheat planting, the temptation to plant wheat early is considerable.
The main concerns about planting too early are that, if warm temperatures continue through October, the crop will grow too large before dormancy. This can hurt winter survival and increase insect and disease problems. With soils reasonably dry in many areas now, normal rainfall won't cause much planting delay if we wait. It's also highly unlikely that planting two to three weeks before the optimum time will yield more than planting later. In fact, most research suggests that planting two to three weeks after the HFFD produces higher yields than planting two weeks before it.
- As many have found, getting seed wheat this fall is challenging. This is the result of production problems this past year along with increased demand. Some producers, unable to find wheat seed, may turn to their own bins. Over time, the use of bin-run seed has been a losing proposition, and it is something we do not recommend. But if there is no other option, then make sure that any seed used is cleaned of diseased, lightweight, and broken seed and that it is tested for germination. Everyone also needs to obey the seed laws, which in the case of PVP (plant-variety protected) seed means that producers can keep seed only for their own use and may not make saved seed available to anyone else. Some companies may also have language on the tag or bag saying that a variety is patented and that seed may not be kept at all.
- Plan to plant 30 to 35 germinable seeds per square foot, or 1.3 to 1.5 million seeds per acre. Seed sizes will vary from perhaps 10,000 to 15,000 per pound, so it will take as much as 130 to 150 pounds of seed per acre with very large seed to 100 pounds or less with small seed. If you don't know seed size but it looks about average, 100 to 120 pounds of seed per acre should suffice. If planting on time, you can stay toward the low end of the range.
- Response to the use of seed treatment insecticide has been mixed, but it is greater in southern Illinois, and greater when planting early or on time, or when the weather stays warm to encourage fall growth. The main effect of this would be to kill aphids that land on the plants and can transmit viral diseases, especially barley yellow dwarf mosaic. The virus would have to be picked up by aphids from infected plants, and the fact that there is less volunteer wheat this year due to decreased acreage might reduce the number of infected plants to serve as reservoirs. But the risk remains.
- With harvest of both corn and soybean relatively early in many places this year, some will have a choice of which crop to follow with wheat. Some advisors suggest strongly that wheat follow soybean instead of corn in order to minimize diseases that may carry over from corn. In research we have been doing recently at several Illinois locations, yield of wheat following corn has averaged about the same as following soybean. Tillage likewise has made little difference, so long as seed can be placed well and good stands result. Placing seed well into heavy corn residue can be difficult without tillage. It helps if planting is done when the residue is dry.
- Wheat responds well to phosphorus, and it needs a small amount of N to make fall growth. Use DAP or MAP to provide 50 to 70 pounds of P, and the N in these materials should be enough for fall growth.
While things are pointing toward a good year and a nice rebound in Illinois wheat acreage, keep in mind that, as with any other crop, timely planting into good soil conditions, while a great way to start, doesn't guarantee high yields. It does increase the chances for the crop getting to spring in good shape, so it's critical to do this well. But weather during and after heading is still the major factor in determining wheat crop yields and quality.--Emerson Nafziger

domain: biology