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Metastatic disease is one of the primary challenges in cancer therapy. When cancer cells are localized in the body, specialists may be able to surgically remove the diseased area. However, when cancer metastasizes or spreads to sites remote from the primary tumor through the lymph system and blood vessels to new target sites, treatment becomes more difficult and in many instances ineffective.
Previous studies have shown that mda-9/syntenin regulates cell motility and can alter certain biochemical and signaling pathways leading to acquisition of metastatic ability. However, the exact mechanisms involved with these processes have not been well understood until now.
In the study, published online the week of Sept. 29 in the Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report on the molecular mechanisms by which mda-9/syntenin is able to mediate invasion, migration, anchorage-independent growth and metastasis by physically interacting with c-Src, a key signaling protein involved with tumor cell growth and metastasis.
The team examined human cancer cells in the laboratory using a relevant human melanoma metastasis model and discovered how mda-9/syntenin was able to activate, or switch-on, the expression of c-Src. The expression of c-Src led to an increase in the formation of an active FAK/c-Src signaling complex. According to the researchers, this interaction triggers a signaling cascade resulting in increased cancer cell motility, invasion and metastasis.
"Mda-9/syntenin may represent a potential new molecular target for melanoma therapy that could be used to develop therapeutic reagents for treating this cancer as well as other cancers originating in the breast and stomach," said Paul B. Fisher, M.Ph., Ph.D., professor and chair of the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and director of the VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine in the VCU School of Medicine.
"By disrupting the interaction between mda-9/syntenin and c-Src, it may be possible to prevent metastasis by blocking those signaling changes necessary for this process," he said.
According to Fisher, using this strategy it may be possible to identify compounds that serve this function and are effective therapeutic molecules for counteracting this final and frequently lethal stage of tumor progression.
The team will conduct further investigations to determine if small molecule drugs can be identified and developed to prevent metastasis by targeting this critical interaction between mda-9/syntenin and c-Src. Further studies are also in progress to determine how general these interactions are in mediating metastasis of other human tumors in addition to melanoma.
Sathy Achia Abraham | EurekAlert!
During HIV infection, antibody can block B cells from fighting pathogens
14.08.2018 | NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
First study on physical properties of giant cancer cells may inform new treatments
14.08.2018 | Brown University
Scientists develop first tool to use machine learning methods to compute flow around interactively designable 3D objects. Tool will be presented at this year’s prestigious SIGGRAPH conference.
When engineers or designers want to test the aerodynamic properties of the newly designed shape of a car, airplane, or other object, they would normally model...
Researchers from TU Graz and their industry partners have unveiled a world first: the prototype of a robot-controlled, high-speed combined charging system (CCS) for electric vehicles that enables series charging of cars in various parking positions.
Global demand for electric vehicles is forecast to rise sharply: by 2025, the number of new vehicle registrations is expected to reach 25 million per year....
Proteins must be folded correctly to fulfill their molecular functions in cells. Molecular assistants called chaperones help proteins exploit their inbuilt folding potential and reach the correct three-dimensional structure. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB) have demonstrated that actin, the most abundant protein in higher developed cells, does not have the inbuilt potential to fold and instead requires special assistance to fold into its active state. The chaperone TRiC uses a previously undescribed mechanism to perform actin folding. The study was recently published in the journal Cell.
Actin is the most abundant protein in highly developed cells and has diverse functions in processes like cell stabilization, cell division and muscle...
Scientists have discovered that the electrical resistance of a copper-oxide compound depends on the magnetic field in a very unusual way -- a finding that could help direct the search for materials that can perfectly conduct electricity at room temperatur
What happens when really powerful magnets--capable of producing magnetic fields nearly two million times stronger than Earth's--are applied to materials that...
The quality of materials often depends on the manufacturing process. In casting and welding, for example, the rate at which melts solidify and the resulting microstructure of the alloy is important. With metallic foams as well, it depends on exactly how the foaming process takes place. To understand these processes fully requires fast sensing capability. The fastest 3D tomographic images to date have now been achieved at the BESSY II X-ray source operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin.
Dr. Francisco Garcia-Moreno and his team have designed a turntable that rotates ultra-stably about its axis at a constant rotational speed. This really depends...
08.08.2018 | Event News
27.07.2018 | Event News
25.07.2018 | Event News
14.08.2018 | Information Technology
14.08.2018 | Life Sciences
14.08.2018 | Life Sciences

domain: health


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Welcome to Red Roof
Red Roof Inn Nashville Music City provides 2 elevators, an on-site fitness facility, free continental breakfast (fresh fruits and biscuits and gravy available on the weekends only) free WiFi in all guest rooms, an outdoor seasonal pool, and complimentary coffee-house style coffee & tea in the lobby. BOOK NOW.
The Red Roof Inn Nashville Music City has 2 elevators, an on-site fitness facility, meeting room, and an outdoor seasonal pool. All rooms offer free WiFi. One well behaved family pet per room is welcome. Stay with us.

domain: travel


For the month of February, if you go to the CAROLINE BLUE MY SPACE PAGE (http://www.myspace.com/carolineblue ), you can download the song "Love Me or Leave Me" for FREE! Yes Free-no catch. We just wanted to say thanks to all of you for all your support thruout the years. If you know anyone who might be interested in the music of CAROLINE BLUE, please let them know. Again, for the month of February, you can download the song "Love Me or Leave Me" for FREE on the CAROLINE BLUE My Space page. No catch. -Please leave a comment for us on our page on what you think of the song, your thoughts on the others songs we have up there, or of anything really-we'd love to hear from you! -Also, please forward this to anyone you know who might be interested. Help us spread the music of CAROLINE BLUE!
WWJ was interviewed by Rayne & Jason on TRYST radio on Tuesday 1/22/2008. Click http://www.blogtalkradio.com/tryst to check it out!
Songs from CAROLINE BLUE's CD "Not For he Innocent" are now available in the form of Ringtones! Click http://www.groupietunes.com/artists/CarolineBlue to check them out!
-CAROLINE BLUE is one of 30 artists to appear on the new "Metal Vs. Rock CD Compilation-Vol.4". The song os "Pain" and it appears on the "Rock" CD as Track 3. -The goal of the CD is to showcase and feature 30 Bands (15 metal and 15 rock) on the Music For Troops website, CD's, and CD insert. A minimum of 500 copies of the compilation will be sent to US Troops, and a minimum of 500 copies will be sold in Music For Troops eBay store with 100% of the proceeds going toward sending the "Gift of Music to our Troops". The compilation CD's will be distributed to United Stats Troops by Green Beans Coffee World Cafe in cafes at the USA bases overseas. -Music For Troops is a 501(c)(3) charity that sends the gift of music to troops at home and those that are away from home. Music For Troops is an eBay Giving Works charity and is requesting to be featured for this event by MissionFish, the exclusive charity solution provider for eBay Giving Works. -The website for Musicfortroops can been seen at http://www.musicfortroops.com/ . To purchase a copy of the CD, please go to their Ebay page located at http://stores.ebay.com/Music-For-Troops
CAROLINE BLUE was one of the winners in the category of Best Rock N Roll Original Band at the 1st Annual Upper State Indie Awards in Central NY.Thanks to everyone who voted for us and helped us to win! It's so appreciated and you guys are awesome! Keep the faith & keep rockin!
Last night, WWJ was interviewed by TRYST Radio. The interview was for an hour and they managed to put WWJ in the hot seat a few times, but he did good and a good time was had by all. They also played 4-5 CB songs-including cuts from the new CD "Not For The Innocent". If you missed it last night, don't worry. Click http://www.blogtalkradio.com/tryst to listen. Enjoy!
One of CAROLINE BLUE's songs off the new "Not For The Innocent" CD was played on the TLP show. Check out the link below & ,if you'd like, leave a comment. Thanks! http://tlpshow.com/2007/11/02/6pk-01d-2/ Featured Tracks: Fire Underground - Beauty Queen Redirik - Run Children Run Toxic - Truth Marvel - I Wanna Know You (Just a little bit better) Caroline Blue - Love Me or Leave Me - Not For The Innocent Project Mayhem - F**k Yeah Download | Subscribe Rock my world! Submit your music to our Artist Submission Page
CAROLINE BLUE's new CD "Not For The Innocent" can now be downloaded (either single tracks or the full CD) at the following sites.... PayPlay http://payplay.fm/carolineblue3 Tradebit http://www.tradebit.com/filedetail.php/2165692 Emusic http://www.emusic.com/album/Caroline-Blue-Not-For-The-Innocent-MP3-Download/11102376.html
CAROLINE BLUE's new CD "Not For The Innocent" was reviewed by Mark Bialczak for The Post Standard/Stars Newspaper today. Below is what was written...... (Heavy Metal) "Not For The Innocent," Caroline Blue, Independant Recording Wayne W. Johnson and Monster Mike Merrifield cooked up a dozen blazing songs on "Not For the Innocent." Caroline Blue likes to churn things up heavy-metal style. Johnson's voice snarls the thick and edgy "Deny." "Won't Be Home Tonight" employs a sweeter vocal sound and echoes with big sonics. But the coolest song is "Far Away From Home." It starts off as an acoustic ballad about a tired and cold girl on the side of the road. As she thinks back to a better day, the song soars tantalizingly into fast and electric places. Catch a show: More gigs will be announced later. On the Internet: The band's website is www.carolineblue.com
CAROLINE BLUE's new CD "Not For The Innocent" is now available for purchase at ROCK STAKK RECORDS http://www.rockstakk.com/ in Japan! Tell Miki we sent ya!


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LEAF is a non-profit with the mission of connecting CULTURES and creating COMMUNITY through music and arts. The LEAF Festival takes place twice a year on the site of the old Historic Black Mountain College with a stunning array of rolling hills, lakes, streams, and mountain beauty on hundreds of acres. LEAF scours the globe for artists, musicians, performers and facilitators that are not only masters of their craft, but who also care deeply for the power of arts education and family engagement. (Adapted from The LEAF website. Bold highlights added by FunkCity.net)
With the description above, Snarky Puppy (along with Bokanté) is a natural fit for this festival which they played for the first time on May 12th. It was also the first time FunkCity.net was in attendance and immediately on arrival, I sensed it was a different kind of festival – truly a festive family and spiritual celebration. Musicians were representing many different countries and it seemed that everyone there was celebrating the joy of life, music and dance. Each musical act drew a large audience that were often seeing that artist for the first time and that was proven true for Snarky Puppy as well. While the fest goers certainly appreciated all of the music, the majority were definitely in exploratory mode interested to hear new things and Snarky Puppy was hyped throughout the afternoon as one not to be missed.
And then the Pups came on at 10:30 pm and the crowd knew and grew!
- GØ kicked off and Chris Bullock’s early solo was nicely accented by Jay and Maz. Then Justin’s keyboard solo took over midway through and ruled with a “look Mike, no hands” bit showing his super funky chops ending with his stand up routine and segueing into McQueen finishing with some tasty licks.
- Beep Box up next featured an excellent Maz solo amidst so seriously heavy bass vibes by Michael on the Moog bass.
- Semente has its traditional upbeat flute intro and brief sax solo by Chris but then featured a nice extended flugelhorn solo by Jay. Michael did his brief bass massage on the break and the tune closed with a sweet piano/keys outro.
- Grown Folks was one of the virtuoso momeents of the night. At about the 3 1/2 minute mark of the tune and 32:50 mark of the set, Michael took a rare, extended 3 1/2 minute solo and he funked it up as we’ve rarely seen him. It was flat out booty shaking groove and I’ll come back to that segment many times to experience the sheer joy of the moment. It was punctuated at the end by the bop, bop, bop notes from the horn section and when Chris Bullock’s solo continued, Maz and Jay came back in with those staccato notes. The song also features an excellent but shorter solo by McQueen and this tune was one of the night’s highlights.
- Thing of Gold was the first non-Culcha Vulcha tune of the night and featured the newest pupster Vaughn Henry on keys. We hear that Vaughn came through the connection with Roosevelt Collier down in Miami and did an excellent job filling in. Jay played beautifully on the trumpet solo here. Vaughn closed it out with a nice keys improv solo (without Shaun’s typical lead of crowd chanting) but the fans roared approval as the band headed into…
- What About Me? The tune started with the now regular, slower intro into the full paced tempo. At about the 2 minute mark of the tune, the band exited, leaving Justin to solo on keys (with JT and Nate accompanying on drums and percussion). Then Michael came back on to lay down some dirty bass grooves. Then horns back in to do some call and response with Justin who actually turns a couple of times to see what they’re up to. Michael then gets in on the action with Justin back and forth before the whole band gets back into the groove. The tune closes with the vaunted bass/drum refrain and horn chorus.
- Shofukan is a song that even most casual Snarky fans know and the festival proved to be no exception as the fans did sing, whether they knew it or not and brought a smile to everyone’s faces. Keita Ogawa joined on percussion here and stayed on for the remainder of the set. One of the many things I love about this tune is the way Michael pounds and massages the bass to give a unique sound, almost psychedelic. Maz took a nice turn on the trumpet solo. A percussion trio between JT, Nate and Keita shows how strong the groove always is with Snarky Puppy.
- Lingus (encore) was great as usual. At about the 4 minute mark Chris and Maz had a nice trading session trying to outdo one another. This was followed by the “heartbeat” section of the tune where Vaughn took another nice jazzy solo. It closed out with trading between McQueen and the horn section battling to the end.
Overall, a spectacular show of course. At the end of the night, I caught the crowd buzz – there were definitely a lot more new and newer Snarky Puppy fans — already planning where they could catch the band next. You can watch the full set here:
- Michael League – bass
- Chris Bullock – Sax and flute
- Jay Jennings – Trumpet and flugelhorn
- Mike “Maz” Maher – Trumpet and flugelhorn
- Justin Stanton – Trumpet and keys
- Chris McQueen – Guitar
- Vaughn Henry – Keys
- Jason “JT” Thomas – Drums
- Nate Werth – Percussion
- Keita Ogawa – Percussion (Shofukan and Lingus)
- Matt Recchia – Sound

domain: artistic


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The first of our exclusive Rhythm First Edition collection is the Zephyr Pullover. Featuring a half zip, funnel neck design with an accent embroidered jacquard strip across the front this jumper is limited to eighteen pieces and exclusive to Rhythm stores. An eye-catching design in corduroy and fleece the Zephyr Pullover is a timeless one-of-a-kind style.
Material: 100% Polyester
Care: Cold machine wash
Sorry, there are no products in this collection.

domain: fashion


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Here at Kingsport Veterinary Hospital, we provide full service care for all of your small animals! David Johnson DVM, Antje Roark DVM, and Lea Ann Monin, DVM are committed to providing quality care for your pets.
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As members of the American Animal Hospital Association, we keep ourselves up to date on the latest technologies and procedures in veterinary medicine. You can be sure that our vets are well equipped to diagnose and treat your precious companion animal.
Call our offices. We'd be happy to schedule your appointment right away.
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Color: Q666 carbon fiber tripod. ZOMEI Q666C Carbon Fiber Tripod Monopod Lightweight Travel with Ball Head Compact for Canon Sony, Nikon, Samsung, Panasonic, Olympus, Kodak, Fuji, Cameras and Video Camera ZOMEI Carbon Fiber Tripod is ideal for both indoor and outdoor photography. It is perfect for events, sports activities, capturing that one amazing shot. Column Hook allows you to hang additional weight to increase stability.
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The seller is "rensheng_88" and is located in this country: GB. This item can be shipped worldwide.

domain: photo


Indoor surfaces can play a large role in the chemistry that occurs indoors due to the high surface area to volume ratio in our homes, offices, schools, etc. We know that indoor surfaces can become coated with an organic layer (an “indoor grime”) but we mostly understand the semi-volatile components of these films, not the lower volatility material that can remain on the surface for very long periods of time. Understanding the composition of this material is important because it can form a base layer for partitioning of semi-volatile organics and it can serve as a location for chemical reactions. In our preliminary studies, we have found that there is a large amount of this lower volatility organic material that we can collect with aqueous or organic solvents. We have also found that the viscosity of this film evolves as it ages, pointing to a need for studies of indoor film aging. These studies targeted a few types of surfaces in homes, but wider questions remain about the composition and thickness of these films in other indoor spaces.
The proposed research seeks to characterize and quantify these indoor surface films across a wide range of indoor spaces using an indoor surface solvent extractor that is being developed in our lab.
The proposed project will provide a novel solvent extraction mechanism for indoor surfaces that can be widely used in the community. We will also provide insights into the composition of indoor surface films in test homes/rooms and during planned field campaigns. Finally, we will link the surface measurements to measurements in the gas-phase by comparing with co-located instruments as well as size-resolved aerosol collections.
The specific aims of this proposal are to:
- Collect a wider range of surface film extracts to characterize the distribution of chemicals in the extractable material.
- Quantify the film thickness using offline-AMS and organic molecules representative of those identified in the films.
- Compare the composition of the films to aerosol particles across a wide size range using impactors similar solvent extraction methods.
This work will be carried out at William & Mary and at the CASA field campaign.


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(Photo from left: Jayne Kamin-Oncea/Getty Images, Sean Gardner/Getty Images)
Whether it's calling Donald Trump's presidency "an embarrassment to the world" and labeling the Celebrity-in-Chief as a "soulless coward" or breaking down white privilege, when Gregg Popovich talks, people listen.
The latest person to be in the San Antonio Spurs' longtime coach's crosshairs? None other than LaVar Ball.
Reacting to the outspoken basketball dad telling ESPN that the Los Angeles Lakers don't want to play for coach Luke Walton, Pop didn't waste time giving his honest thoughts about Mr. Ball on Thursday, calling him "just another fan in the peanut gallery with an opinion."
"Whenever anyone says anything about another individual or about the quality of another individual, or what they're doing, I think the first thing to look at is the substance and gravitas of the source that speaks," Popovich told ESPN yesterday about Ball and his criticism of Walton. "Just stopping at that point would tell you that you don't need to listen or go any further. It's just another fan in the peanut gallery with an opinion, which is meaningless."
Well, damn, Pop.
Watch Popovich deliver the statement in the video below or read it in full via ESPN.
Pop slamming Ball comes after Golden State Warriors coach Steve Kerr and Dallas Mavericks coach Rick Carlisle did the same in Walton's defense earlier this week.
On Sunday, Carlisle ripped ESPN for continuing to give Ball the platform as a hoops dad to share his controversial opinions. Then, on Monday, Kerr labeled LaVar as the "Kardashian of the NBA."
Do you think Ball, whose son Lonzo is a rookie for the Lakers, is justified in saying that the team's players don't want to play for Walton? Or do you believe that Ball calling Walton out makes him fair game for the kind of stinging ether that Pop, Kerr and Carlisle served up to him this week?
BET Sports News — Get the latest news and information about African-Americans in sports, including weekly recaps, celebrity news and photos of your favorite Black athletes.
- Adrienne Bailon Reveals She Spent 'Over a Million' on IVF TreatmentsThe former talk show host and gospel singer, Israel Houghton, welcomed a son via surrogate in 2022.04/23/2024
- Quavo Responds To Chris Brown In a Fiery Diss TrackThe former Migos rapper warned Breezy not to mention Takeoff's name.04/23/2024
- EXCLUSIVE: Morehouse President David Thomas and Sen. Raphael Warnock Issue Statements About President Joe Biden's Upcoming Commencement AddressThe commencement is scheduled for May 19.04/23/2024
- 'Diarra From Detroit': Untangling the Season's Complex ThreadsAs the finale looms, we’re still piecing together the leads and clues of this Motor City mystery.04/23/2024
- Snoop Dogg Reacts To Being Used In Drake’s A.I. TrackThe hip-hop icon responded to “The 6 God’s” use of his and Tupac Shakur’s A.I. generated voices on “Taylor Made Freestyle.”04/23/2024
- Draya Michele and Jalen Green Color Coordinate at Baby ShowerThe social media influencer and the NBA rookie are gearing up to welcome their first child together.04/23/2024

domain: sports


Verizon Identifies LTE Killer, Working to Restore Service
Verizon Wireless has issued a statement regarding the on-going outage of its Long Term Evolution 4G network. Verizon Wireless said it has determined what caused the network outage and is working with its major vendor partners to fix the problem. "Our network engineers are working to resolve this quickly," the company said in a statement. In the meantime, Verizon points out that 4G phones will still be able to make voice calls while the LTE network is out, and that customers may connect to its older 1XRTT network. Verizon said that it will restore LTE network access in a market-by-market basis, and will provide additional details as they become available.
from Verizon Wireless
more info at Engadget »
what caused it?
Crap this could take long.
So I gotta wait days? (Weeks?)
Enjoy paying for 4G while you not recievnig the signal too by the way!
Another Sprint Spin opportunity
And yes, I live in a city.
I blame it on.....
I knew it...


Witching Season Films, the indie production company behind The Witching Season series and They Live Inside Us, have announced that their next feature film will be a Halloween slasher called He Never Left, and the opening scene and official poster have been released online, coinciding with the launch of a crowdfund campaign to raise money for the production.
While They Live Inside Us, which had its world premiere screening at our own Halloween International Film Festival, is a Stephen King-style haunted house thriller, He Never Left promises to be a straight up slasher.
The official synopsis: After hearing strange noises from an adjoining motel room, a federal fugitive accidentally becomes the target of a notorious killer, who’s legend has haunted the local community for decades.
The film is written and directed by James Morris, and produced by Morris and his Witching Season collaborator Michael Ballif, who will also be reprising his role as cinematographer. It will feature a score by composer Randin Graves, and an original mask created and designed by Billy-James of Open Grave FX.
The opening scene of the film was shot in secret and released online on October 28, along with the official poster designed by acclaimed artist Marc Webb of Sadist Art Designs.
With production already started, Witching Season Films hopes to have the project shot by summer 2022, with an anticipated film festival tour and release later next year.
You can watch the first six minutes of the film and see the official poster and first images from He Never Left below.
For more Halloween news, follow @HalloweenDaily.


A pilot-scale engineered ecosystem (PSEE) to treat domestic wastewater was designed, built and successfully operated for 2.3 years. The system offers a low technology, low maintenance solution to the problem of environmentally sustainable on-site wastewater treatment. It uses no chemicals (unless phosphorus removal is required) and minimises energy and maintenance requirements through the use of sunlight and native biota.
The requirement for an environmentally sustainable method of wastewater treatment was highlighted by a water management survey of remote tourist resorts in Queensland and northern New South Wales. It was established that such a system should be commercially viable, legally compliant, easy to operate and maintain, and be positively integrated into the resort in terms of both aesthetics and acceptance.
Engineered ecosystems, which offer a more environmentally sustainable method of wastewater treatment, have been used in the Northern Hemisphere (Living Machines ©, Solar Aquatics ©) but have not been used in Australia to date. These systems were studied and modifications and adaptations made to allow for the Australian climate and the requirement to maximise environmental sustainability. The modifications and changes in design included:
• the removal of the greenhouse thus maximising the planted area without substantially increasing capital costs;
• the incorporation of dedicated algae troughs to increase the nutrient removal;
• the removal of the second stage of aerobic bacterial treatment to reduce energy input;
• the operation of the primary aerobic stage at a long sludge age in order to negate the need for frequent sludge removal and sludge treatment facilities; and
• the use of Australian native flora and fauna.
The operation and subsequent evaluation of the PSEE showed:
• compliance with the Australian and New Zealand standard for on-site domestic wastewater treatment in terms of BOD and TSS;
• a high degree of disinfection that can easily be increased through greater sunlight exposure to achieve compliance with the standard;
• removal of approximately one third of the influent nitrogen although a much higher removal may have been achieved if dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) had not occurred within the PSEE;
• insignificant phosphorus removal;
• the ability to maintain treatment performance for between 3 to 6 days at double flow and load and the ability to regain performance 4 days after flows and loads have been returned to design levels;
• the ability to retain performance through periods of no flow;
• the ability to operate successfully at a very long sludge age (approximately 700 d);
• a reduction in nitrogen removal at the colder temperatures experienced during the winter months; and
• the native fauna that can be successfully used in such a system.
In terms of wastewater treatment performance and environmental sustainability, the PSEE was comparable or better than conventional on-site systems, the Northern Hemisphere engineered ecosystems and other alternative systems such as wetlands and aquaculture. Operation also showed a number of design modifications necessary to increase performance and maximise environmental sustainability:
• an upgrade of the anaerobic treatment stage: retention longer than 24 hours and the use of two chambers;
• intermediate sludge settlement and return to the anaerobic phase (for biannual removal) in order to prevent DNRA;
• partial aeration of planted tanks;
• the use of a fishpond at the end of the engineered ecosystem for final effluent polishing; and
• adoption of mosquito prevention techniques.
The use of algae troughs was not proven and hence careful consideration would be required before their inclusion in any subsequent engineered ecosystems.
If phosphorus removal is required, the system will need to include frequent sludge removal and/ or chemical addition. The removal of phosphorus by macrophyte and algal uptake was not sufficient to significantly lower the concentration.
However, the potential for engineered ecosystems for on-site wastewater treatment is high as they:
• can be used to treat combined wastewater (blackwater and greywater) or greywater;
• can be installed on a green field site or retrofitted to existing systems; and
• allow the wastewater to be used as a resource during treatment (e.g. macrophytes grown in the system can be used for landscaping, compost or fodder).
There is currently interest in the system not only from the tourism industry for which it was designed but also from developers of small residential areas and industries interested in using wastewater as a resource. It is hoped that the research will continue and the engineered ecosystem be trialled at a much larger scale (40 to 60 EP).


text:
Exercise during childhood and adolescence can improve bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) with benefits maintained into adulthood (1). Low bone mass during adolescence is associated with increased fracture risk and osteoporosis later in life (2,3). The adolescent years are critical for bone development with up to 43% of peak bone mass acquired during the 5-yr period surrounding peak height velocity (PHV) (4). Bone acquisition depends on the ground reaction forces applied to the skeleton and the muscular contractions produced during exercise (5); therefore, not all the types of sport can improve bone geometry and structure (6,7).
Previous evidence indicates that weight-bearing sports, such us football, have higher aBMD and BMC at the loaded sites of the skeleton compared with non–weight-bearing sports, such as cycling and swimming (8–10). Prolonged participation in non–weight-bearing sports, such as swimming and cycling, may have a negative or no effect on bone status compared with controls (11,12), which may compromise the achievement of a higher peak bone mass (13). As part of the PRO-BONE study, we recently showed that footballers had significantly higher bone mineralization and geometrical outcomes compared with swimmers and cyclists in adolescent males at baseline and after a follow-up of 12 months (10,14,15). Collectively, these studies highlight the need to improve bone development of athletes involved in non–weight-bearing sports, such as swimming and cycling.
Football, cycling, and swimming are among the most popular sports worldwide for adolescents; however, there is currently no evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to improve bone mineralization in athletes during this period of life. Previous intervention studies were conducted in the school environment (16,17) and have shown that jumping can improve bone outcomes in nonathletic prepubertal and pubertal children (17,18). Adolescent footballers have been found to obtain the weight-bearing stimulus needed to optimize their bone health through the sport-specific weight-bearing training (10), but there is no evidence whether a jumping intervention can improve further their bone health. By contrast, adolescent swimmers and cyclists, despite improvements in lean mass, may not obtain the optimal bone mineralization during this critical period because of the lack of weight-bearing stimulus in the unloaded sites of the skeleton, such as lower limbs for swimmers (11,12). However, it is not known whether a jumping intervention can counteract the lack of weight-bearing stimulus in non–weight-bearing adolescent athletes, such as swimmers and cyclists.
Acquisition in BMC and aBMD and bone area (19) due to external mechanical loading can be measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but adaptations in strength, structure, and geometry during growth or after an intervention such as jumping may not be detected because of the two-dimensional nature of DXA (20). However, there are studies using techniques such as hip structural analysis (HSA) to assess bone geometry estimates, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and section modulus at the femoral neck in adolescents (8). In addition, the recently developed trabecular bone score (TBS), which can predict fracture risk and fragility of the lumbar spine, can provide an indirect textural index of trabecular microarchitecture in the lumbar spine (21). Moreover, the assessment of bone turnover and nutrition markers, such as N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PINP), isomer of the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I), total serum calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], can provide important information about bone formation and resorption in relation to the sports practiced during adolescence (22). We recently found that footballers acquired significantly higher HSA and TBS outcomes compared with swimmers and cyclists after 1 yr of sport-specific training, and footballers had significantly higher bone formation compared with both non–weight-bearing sports (15).
The scope of the study was to examine the effects of a 9-month progressive jumping intervention program on BMC, hip geometry estimates at femoral neck, TBS at lumbar spine, and bone turnover markers in adolescent male swimmers (SWI), footballers (FOO), and cyclists (CYC). It was hypothesized that the intervention will induce significantly positive acquisition on bone outcomes in swimmers and cyclists but not in footballers.
Cohort and study design
The present 9-month randomized controlled trial intervention is the last part of the 21-month longitudinal PRO-BONE study that consisted of three measurement points (baseline, 12 months, and 21 months), and the methodology has been described previously (23). We have published the findings from (i) the cross-sectional differences in bone outcomes between the studies groups at baseline (10) and (ii) the longitudinally after 12 months of sport-specific practice in bone mass (14) and geometry and metabolism (15). The present novel 9-month randomized controlled trial jumping intervention includes bone mass and geometry outcomes at the lumbar spine and femoral neck and metabolism markers of the athletic groups.
The initial inclusion criteria of the study were adolescent males 12–14 yr old, engaged (≥3 h·wk−1) in weight-bearing (football) and/or non–weight-bearing (swimming and cycling) sports in the last 3 yr or more. The exclusion criteria were participation in another clinical trial, any acute infection lasting until <1 wk before inclusion, medical history of diseases or medications affecting bone metabolism or the presence of an injury (before inclusion) that may affect participation in their respective sports, and non-Caucasian participants. Informed consent and assent were obtained from all parents and participants included in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethics approval was received from the following committees: 1) the Ethics Review Sector of Directorate-General of Research (European Commission, ref. number 618496), 2) the Sport and Health Sciences Ethics Committee (University of Exeter, ref. number 2014/766), and 3) the National Research Ethics Service Committee (NRES Committee South West–Cornwall & Plymouth, ref. number 14/SW/0060). For the present study, data obtained before (autumn/winter 2015/2016) and after (summer/autumn 2016) the intervention program (mean difference of visits = 289 d) are used. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow diagram is presented in Figure 1. A total of 93 adolescent males (14.1 ± 1.0 yr at preintervention) completed all pre- and postmeasurements. The sports groups were simply randomized by an independent researcher into two different groups: INT and sport (INT-SWI = 19, INT-FOO = 15, and INT-CYC = 14) and sport only (without any additional intervention) (CON-SWI = 18, CON-FOO = 15, and CON-CYC = 12).
PRO-BONE study jumping intervention program
The 9-month progressive jump intervention program (~10 min·d−1) consisted of countermovement jumps (CMJ) and was performed by participants in the INT groups. The intervention consisted of three levels (12 wk each) using adjustable weight vests (The Sports HQ, UK) and was performed on a hard surface. The intensity and the volume increased progressively by modifying the weight in the vests and the number of sets performed at each level (level 1 = 20 jumps, 0 kg, 3 sets per day, 3 times per week; level 2 = 20 jumps, 2 kg, 4 sets per day, 3 times per week; level 3 = 20 jumps, 5 kg, 4 sets per day, 4 times per week). A jump diary was used to record the number of jumps performed at each level and was returned to the research group every 3 months. Before the intervention, trained research assistants explained and demonstrated the CMJ only to INT groups, and participants executed the CMJ to ensure proper technique. The CMJ was chosen for the intervention as it has a high rate of change in force (493 times body weight per second) and ground reaction forces (5 times body weight) in 8.3- to 11.7-yr-old boys and girls (24). The reliability and validity of the CMJ has been previously reported (25).
Bone outcomes: DXA, HSA, TBS, and biochemical markers
A Lunar Prodigy DXA scanner (GE Healthcare Inc., Wisconsin) was used to measure BMC (g), fat mass (g), and lean mass (g). The lumbar spine (LS, L1–L4) and bilateral proximal femora scans were used to assess BMC. All DXA scans and subsequent in-software analyses were completed by the same researcher using the same Lunar Prodigy DXA scanner and the enCORE software version 14.10.022 (GE Healthcare Inc.) and following the International Society of Clinical Densitometry guidelines (26). The coefficient of variation (CV) was not determined in the present study, but previous pediatric studies have shown that the DXA percentage CV was between 0.6% and 1.2% at femoral neck and lumbar spine regions (27).
The HSA software analyzed the hip scans at the narrow neck region across the narrowest point of the femoral neck. The HSA software uses the distribution of bone mineral mass in line of pixels across the bone axis to measure the structural dimensions of bone cross sections (28). The hip geometry estimates of the femoral neck were obtained, and the following variables used: 1) the CSA (mm2), which is the total bone surface area of the hip excluding the soft tissue area and the trabecular bone; 2) the CSMI (mm4), which is an index of structural rigidity and reflects the distribution of mass in the center of a structural element; and 3) the section modulus (Z, mm3), which is an indicator of maximum bending strength in a cross section. The CV of these variables has been reported to be between 7.9% and 11.7% (29).
TBS is a DXA-based technological tool that provides an indirect textural index of trabecular microarchitecture in the lumbar spine and has been shown to significantly predict fracture risk independent of BMC (21). TBS assesses DXA images of the lumbar spine scans using a gray-level analysis as the slope at the origin of the log–log representation of the experimental variogram (30). All TBS analyses were performed by the same trained researcher using the TBS iNsight Software (research version 3.0, Medimaps, Pessac, France). The calculation was performed at the lumbar spine region of interest as in the BMC measurement. The CV of TBS in relation to BMC has been reported to be 1.1% to 1.9% (31).
Capillary blood samples were collected in the morning of nontraining weekends using heparin fluoride coated microvettes (CB 300 tubes; Sarstedt Ltd., Leicester, UK) and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. Serum samples were stored at −80°C until later analysis. Total serum levels of PINP, CTX-I, 25(OH)D, and total calcium were analyzed. ELISA kits (Abbexa Ltd., Cambridge, UK) for PINP (test range, 6–400 pg·mL−1; sensitivity, 1.2 pg·mL−1; inter- and intra-assay CV, 8.6% and 9.1%, respectively), CTX-I (test range, 0.1–7.0 ng·mL−1; sensitivity, 0.03 ng·mL−1; inter- and intra-assay CV, 8.3% and 9.2%, respectively), and 25(OH)D (test range, 3–80 ng·mL−1; sensitivity: 1.2 ng·mL−1; inter- and intra-assay CV, 6.4% and 8.0%, respectively) were used. Total calcium serum was measured using direct colorimetric assay (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI) and had a sensitivity of 0.25 mg·dL−1, and the absorbance was read at 570–590 nm (inter- and intra-assay CV: 7.9% and 9.0%, respectively).
Anthropometry and maturity status
Stature (cm) and body mass (kg) were measured by using a stadiometer (Harpenden, Holtain Ltd., Crymych, UK) and an electronic scale (Seca 877, Seca Ltd., Birmingham, UK), respectively. Somatic maturity status was assessed using predicted age at PHV, which is a somatic biological maturity indicator and reflects the maximum growth velocity during adolescence. The age at PHV was predicted using age and height in validated algorithm showing how far an individual is from this maturity milestone (years from age at PHV). The coefficient of determination has been reported (R2 = 0.90, SE = 0.5) (32).
Physical activity and training characteristics
Physical activity was measured for seven consecutive days at pre- and postintervention using wrist accelerometers (GENEA, Cambridgeshire, UK). The validity and reliability of the accelerometer has been established previously in children and adolescents (33). Data were collected at 100 Hz and analyzed at 1-s epoch intervals to establish time spent in MVPA using a validated cut point (33). Weekly training hours were obtained by face to face interviews at pre- and postintervention.
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 21.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The sample size was calculated to achieve at least 90% of statistical power as previously described (23). Data were checked for normality and presented as mean and SD. Data were analyzed for each sport group separately using 1) paired t-tests to detect mean differences in descriptive characteristics and blood marker outcomes between pre- and postintervention visits, 2) one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc to detect differences in the bone outcomes and blood markers between the intervention and the nonintervention groups of each specific sport at pre- and postintervention, and 3) one-way ANCOVA with Bonferroni post hoc was used after controlling for PRE bone status, change in lean mass, and postintervention maturity status (years from PHV) to detect differences between the intervention and the nonintervention groups in 9-month adjusted acquisition (Δ BMC, Δ HSA, and Δ TBS). The selection of the covariates was based on relevant predictors of bone outcomes in adolescents (34–36). Percentages of difference between the intervention and the nonintervention groups were used to quantify the magnitude of the differences in adjusted bone acquisition. Significance was set at P < 0.05.
Table 1 shows the mean total compliance of the intervention. There were no differences between the groups on the number of jumps performed. Table 2 presents the descriptive characteristics of the participants pre- and postintervention. No differences were observed in the descriptive characteristics presented at Table 2 between INT and CON groups at pre- and postintervention for each specific sport, P > 0.05. Footballers reported significantly higher participation in plyometric exercises (INT-FOO = 57%, CON-FOO = 55%) compared with cyclists (INT-CYC = 29%, CON-CYC = 26%) and swimmers (INT-SWI = 43%, CON-SWI = 41%). In all INT groups, all variables significantly increased from pre- and postintervention, except fat mass in INT-CYC and MVPA in all groups. Similarly, all variables significantly increased before and after in CON-SWI, CON-FOO, and CON-CYC except MVPA and fat mass.
Bone quantity, geometry, and texture
Figure 2 shows the percentage of difference on 9-month adjusted bone acquisition in BMC between the sport-specific intervention and control groups. The INT-CYC group acquired significantly higher lumbar spine BMC (4.6%) and femoral neck BMC (9.8%) than CON-CYC. Figure 3 shows the percentage of difference on 9-month adjusted bone acquisition in HSA and TBS outcomes between the sport-specific intervention and control groups. INT-CYC acquired significantly higher CSA (11.0%), CSMI (10.1%), and TBS (4.4%) than CON-CYC. INT-SWI acquired significantly higher femoral neck BMC (6.0%) and CSMI (10.9%) than CON-SWI. There were no significant differences between INT-FOO and CON-FOO for any of the bone outcomes.
Bone turnover and nutrition markers
Table 3 shows the biochemical markers of the participants pre- and postintervention. Bone formation, as measured by PINP, was reduced in all CON sport groups (4.4% in SWI, 3.3% in FOO, and 4.2% in CYC). Interestingly, bone formation did not decline in INT-SWI and INT-CYC, but it slightly did in INT-FOO (1.8%). Bone resorption, as measured by CTX-I, was reduced by 3.8% in CON-SWI and CON-CYC. However, bone resorption did not vary in any of the INT groups or in CON-FOO. 25(OH)D significantly increased in INT-CYC (3.1%), CON-CYC (3.7%), INT-FOO (3.1%), and CON-FOO (3.5%), but not in INT-SWI and CON-SWI. In all groups, serum calcium significantly increased from pre- and postintervention.
This is the first study to examine the effect of jumping intervention on BMC at clinically relevant sites, hip geometry estimates, TBS, and bone turnover markers in adolescent male athletes involved in weight-bearing (football) and non–weight-bearing (swimming and cycling) sports. The findings demonstrate that a 9-month progressive jumping intervention program can significantly improve BMC, HSA, and TBS bone outcomes at the clinically relevant skeletal sites of lumbar spine and femoral neck in non–weight-bearing sport athletes, such as swimmers and cyclists, but not in the weight-bearing sport athletes, such as footballers [see Table, Supplemental Digital Content 1, PRE and 9-month adjusted acquisition in BMC (g) HSA parameters and TBS of the intervention and control groups, https://links.lww.com/MSS/B347]. In addition, bone formation (PINP) was maintained in the non–weight-bearing INT sport groups but decreased in the CON non–weight-bearing sport groups. Moreover, bone resorption (CTX-I) significantly decreased in the CON non–weight-bearing sport groups but did not vary in any of the INT groups, suggesting an increased bone turnover in these groups.
Jumping intervention effects on BMC at femoral neck and lumbar spine
Currently, there are no jumping intervention studies conducted in an athletic population to improve bone outcomes; therefore, the findings of the present study were compared with jumping interventions applied in nonathletic children and adolescents (16–18). The present jumping intervention significantly improved femoral neck BMC (6.0%–9.8%) in INT-SWI and INT-CYC compared with CON-SWI and CON-CYC, and lumbar spine BMC (4.6%) in INT-CYC compared with CON-CYC. Previously, an 8-month school-based jumping intervention reported that nonathletic adolescent males and females acquired 6.0% higher femoral neck BMC and 2.3% higher lumbar spine BMC compared with controls (17). Also, a 7-month school-based jumping intervention reported that nonathletic prepubescent children had 4.5% and 3.1% significantly higher acquisition at femoral neck and lumbar spine BMC, respectively, compared with age-matched controls (37). The greater magnitude of improvements observed in HSA at the femoral neck and TBS at lumbar spine of swimmers and cyclists in the current study may be explained by the ability of the unloaded skeletons of the non–weight-bearing groups to respond better to the external stimulus of the jumping intervention (8). Another explanation might be the longer duration of the present intervention (9 vs 7–8 months) and the greater number of jumps performed in the present study (160 vs 90 jumps per week) (18,20) by increasing the ground reaction forces applied to the skeleton progressively using the weight vests. These improvements may indicate a window of opportunity to counteract the lack of weight-bearing stimulus observed in adolescent swimmers and cyclists (10,12,38). By contrast, but consistent with our hypothesis, the stimulus provided by the jumping intervention was insufficient to induce significant bone acquisition in INT-FOO compared with CON-FOO. This finding may be explained by the mechanostat theory, indicating that bones adapt their strength and content in response to the strain caused by external physiological loads up to a certain point (39). We therefore propose that footballers may have reached a threshold for bone improvements through their sport-specific training as we have previously shown, in a 1-yr follow-up, this group to have greater bone outcomes compared with swimmers and cyclists (10). However, it cannot be discounted that a longer jumping intervention program may be needed to further improve bone outcomes in weight-bearing sports, such as football.
Jumping intervention effects on HSA and TBS outcomes
In addition to BMC adaptations, the present 9-month jumping intervention significantly improved HSA and TBS bone parameters. More specifically, INT-CYC acquired significantly higher CSA (11.0%), CSMI (10.1%), and TBS (4.4%) compared with CON-CYC, and INT-SWI acquired significantly higher CSMI (10.9%) compared with CON-SWI. Previously, only two studies previously used HSA to describe bone geometry and structural strength adaptations from a jumping intervention in nonathletic populations (18). Petit et al. (20) reported that a 7-month jumping intervention induced significantly greater increase in CSA (2.3%) and section modulus (4.0%) in the intervention group compared with an age-matched nonathletic control group. McKay et al. (18) did not find significant improvements in HSA parameters after an 8-month jumping intervention in nonathletic pubertal children, but section modulus (3.3%) and CSA (2.0%) had similar magnitude of increase with the study of Petit et al. In the present study, the greater improvements in bone outcomes of swimmers and cyclists compared with footballers may be explained by mechanoadaptation that converts the external stimulus of the jumping intervention to greater structural adaptations of previously unloaded bones (40). The present study is the first to present findings on TBS adaptations after a jumping intervention in adolescent athletes. Currently, there are no jumping intervention studies using TBS, and only a recent cross-sectional study in adults reported that moderate impact loading sports was associated with a lower TBS score and increased fracture risk compared with high impact loading sports (41). The present study indicates that trabecular structure at the lumbar spine may be adapted to the forces produced from the jumping intervention after controlling for potential confounders (42). The compliance in the present study was slightly lower compared with a different study (70% vs 80%) (16), and this might be due to the longer duration of the present intervention (9 vs 7 months) (16). However, the present jumping intervention had 1–2 months greater duration and progressive loading compared with previous studies, which might be responsible for the higher acquisition observed. The latter is similar with a 20-month exercise randomized control trial in prepubertal nonathletic males that found greater magnitude of improvements in CSMI (12.3%) and section modulus (7.4%) in the intervention group compared with age-matched controls (43).
Jumping intervention effects on biochemical markers
The analysis of biochemical markers in the present study showed that the jumping intervention prevented the significant decline of bone formation (PINP) and resorption (CTX-I) markers in INT-SWI and INT-CYC. By contrast, bone formation significantly decreased in INT-FOO and all CON-SPORT groups, and bone resorption significantly decreased in CON-SWI and CON-CYC. Previous studies have shown that bone turnover markers are associated with bone outcomes during growth and can provide additional information about bone remodeling (22). In addition, the intensity of physical activity and the type of sports practiced may be potent regulators of bone remodeling (15). Recently, a study has shown that one session of plyometric jumping exercises can stimulate bone formation in boys and young men, with boy’s response to be more pronounced (44). However, there are no studies investigating the response of bone turnover markers after a longer jumping intervention in combination with clinically relevant bone outcomes. The findings of the present study suggest that the cellular activity of bone turnover markers (both formation and resorption) in INT-SWI and INT-CYC was protected from declining due to the jumping intervention. In addition, serum calcium significantly increased from pre- and postintervention, and 25(OH)D significantly increased in INT-CYC, CON-CYC, INT-FOO, and CON-FOO, but not in INT-SWI and CON-SWI. There was an expected increase in serum calcium levels by age in adolescents, and the significant increase of 25(OH)D in cyclists and footballers might be explained by the higher exposure to sunlight during training in these sports, although other parameters such as dietary intake and the sampling period have been reported to affect 25(OH)D levels (45).
Strengths and limitations
The strengths of the present study include the evaluation for first time of a novel 9-month progressive jumping intervention program in adolescent athletes participating in weight-bearing and non–weight-bearing sports. In addition, the combination of DXA, HSA, TBS, and biochemical markers can provide novel and clinically relevant findings regarding the bone acquisition induced from a jumping intervention program in adolescent male athletes. The low cost and relative ease jumping program for young athletes represents an additional strength, and almost any sport club could implement the program with minimal training for the coach and the athlete. The limitations of this intervention include the lack of ground reaction forces assessment and the unavailability of three-dimensional imaging techniques to assess bone strength and structure, such as peripheral quantitative computed tomography. We studied only Caucasian athletes due to the evidence that bone accrual and the effectiveness of an intervention varies depending on the ethnicity (16,46). The latter would have required of a much larger sample size and resources, which was beyond the scope of this study. Future interventions could be conducted in more diverse populations including females, other ethnic and sports groups.
This is the first randomized control trial to investigate the effects of a 9-month progressive jumping intervention program on bone mass, geometry, texture, and biochemical markers in adolescent male athletes. The findings indicate that the jumping intervention program can significantly improve bone quantity, geometry, and TBS bone outcomes at the femoral neck and lumbar spine and maintain the bone turnover in adolescent male athletes involved in swimming and cycling, but not in football. The present jumping intervention program can be implemented by non–weight-bearing sports clubs and athletes to improve bone health.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the adolescents, parents, and sport coaches and schools who helped and participated in this study. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the researchers of Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre for their continuous support and help with the study.
Dr. Gracia-Marco acknowledges “Programa de Captacion de Talento-UGR Fellows”; as part of “Plan Propio” of the University of Granada (Spain). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme ([FP7/2007–2013] under grant agreement no. PCIG13-GA-2013-618496.
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Ethics approval was received from the following committees: 1) the Ethics Review Sector of Directorate-General of Research (European Commission, ref. no. 618496), 2) the Sport and Health Sciences Ethics Committee (University of Exeter, ref. no. 2014/766), and 3) the National Research Ethics Service Committee (NRES Committee South West–Cornwall & Plymouth, ref. no. 14/SW/0060).
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation, and the present study does not constitute endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine.
D. V. collected the data and drafted the manuscript. L. G. M. designed the study and approved the final manuscript as submitted. A. R. B. and C. A. W. coordinated and supervised data collection, critically reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript as submitted. E. U. G. contributed to data collection and critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. All authors have read and approved this work.
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5. Bass SL, Eser P, Daly R. The effect of exercise and nutrition on the mechanostat. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact
6. Maïmoun L, Coste O, Mura T, et al. Specific bone mass acquisition in elite female athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
7. Agostinete RR, Maillane-Vanegas S, Lynch KR, et al. The impact of training load on bone mineral density of adolescent swimmers: a structural equation modeling approach. Pediatr Exerc Sci
8. Maïmoun L, Coste O, Philibert P, et al. Peripubertal female athletes in high-impact sports
show improved bone mass acquisition and bone geometry. Metabolism
9. Ferry B, Duclos M, Burt L, et al. Bone geometry and strength adaptations to physical constraints inherent in different sports
: comparison between elite female soccer players and swimmers. J Bone Miner Metab
10. Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Williams CA, et al. The impact of sport participation on bone mass and geometry in male adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc
11. Gomez-Bruton A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Gomez-Cabello A, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodriguez G. Is bone tissue really affected by swimming? A systematic review. PLoS One
12. Olmedillas H, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Moreno LA, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodriguez G. Cycling and bone health: a systematic review. BMC Med
13. Tervo T, Nordstrom P, Nordstrom A. Effects of badminton and ice hockey on bone mass in young males: a 12-year follow-up. Bone
14. Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, et al. The effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports
on bone development in adolescent male athletes. The PRO-BONE study. J Sci Med Sport
15. Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, et al. Longitudinal adaptations of bone mass, geometry, and metabolism in adolescent male athletes: the PRO-BONE study. J Bone Miner Res
16. MacKelvie KJ, McKay HA, Petit MA, Moran O, Khan KM. Bone mineral response to a 7-month randomized controlled, school-based jumping intervention in 121 prepubertal boys: associations with ethnicity and body mass index. J Bone Miner Res
17. Weeks BK, Young CM, Beck BR. Eight months of regular in-school jumping improves indices of bone strength in adolescent boys and Girls: the POWER PE study. J Bone Miner Res
18. McKay HA, MacLean L, Petit M, et al. “Bounce at the Bell”: a novel program of short bouts of exercise improves proximal femur bone mass in early pubertal children. Br J Sports Med
19. Behringer M, Gruetzner S, McCourt M, Mester J. Effects of weight-bearing activities on bone mineral content and density in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res
20. Petit MA, McKay HA, MacKelvie KJ, Heinonen A, Khan KM, Beck TJ. A randomized school-based jumping intervention confers site and maturity-specific benefits on bone structural properties in girls: a hip structural analysis study. J Bone Miner Res
21. Hans D, Goertzen AL, Krieg MA, Leslie WD. Bone microarchitecture assessed by TBS predicts osteoporotic fractures independent of bone density: the Manitoba study. J Bone Miner Res
22. Gracia-Marco L, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Valtuena J, et al. Bone mass and bone metabolism markers during adolescence: the HELENA Study. Horm Res Paediatr
23. Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Williams CA, Knapp KM, Metcalf BS, Gracia-Marco L. Effect of a program of short bouts of exercise on bone health in adolescents involved in different sports
: the PRO-BONE study protocol. BMC Public Health
24. McKay H, Tsang G, Heinonen A, MacKelvie K, Sanderson D, Khan KM. Ground reaction forces associated with an effective elementary school based jumping intervention. Br J Sports Med
25. Acero RM, Fernández-del Olmo M, Sánchez JA, Otero XL, Aguado X, Rodríguez FA. Reliability of squat and countermovement jump tests in children 6 to 8 years of age. Pediatr Exerc Sci
26. Crabtree NJ, Arabi A, Bachrach LK, et al. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the revised 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions. J Clin Densitom
27. Shepherd JA, Wang L, Fan B, et al. Optimal Monitoring Time Interval Between DXA Measures in Children. J Bone Miner Res
28. Beck TJ, Ruff CB, Warden KE, Scott WW Jr, Rao GU. Predicting femoral neck strength from bone mineral data. A structural approach. Invest Radiol
29. Khoo BC, Beck TJ, Qiao QH, et al. In vivo short-term precision of hip structure analysis variables in comparison with bone mineral density using paired dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans from multi-center clinical trials. Bone
30. Pothuaud L, Barthe N, Krieg MA, Mehsen N, Carceller P, Hans D. Evaluation of the potential use of trabecular bone score to complement bone mineral density in the diagnosis of osteoporosis: a preliminary spine BMD-matched, case–control study. J Clin Densitom
31. Silva BC, Leslie WD, Resch H, et al. Trabecular bone score: a noninvasive analytical method based upon the DXA image. J Bone Miner Res
32. Moore SA, McKay HA, MacDonald H, et al. Enhancing a somatic maturity prediction model. Med Sci Sports Exerc
33. Phillips LR, Parfitt G, Rowlands AV. Calibration of the GENEA accelerometer for assessment of physical activity intensity in children. J Sci Med Sport
34. Wilkinson K, Vlachopoulos D, Klentrou P, et al. Soft tissues, areal bone mineral density and hip geometry estimates in active young boys: the PRO-BONE study. Eur J Appl Physiol
35. Vlachopoulos D, Ubago-Guisado E, Barker AR, et al. Determinants of bone outcomes in adolescent athletes at baseline: the PRO-BONE study. Med Sci Sports Exerc
36. Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, Ferreira de Moraes AC, et al. Lean mass explains the association between muscular fitness and bone outcomes in 13-year-old boys. Acta Paediatr
37. Fuchs RK, Bauer JJ, Snow CM. Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res
38. Gomez-Bruton A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Gomez-Cabello A, Matute-Llorente A, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodriguez G. Swimming and bone: is low bone mass due to hypogravity alone or does other physical activity influence it? Osteoporos Int
39. Schoenau E. From mechanostat theory to development of the “functional muscle-bone-unit.” J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact
40. Scott A, Khan KM, Duronio V, Hart DA. Mechanotransduction in human bone in vitro cellular physiology that underpins bone changes with exercise. Sports Med
41. Heinio L, Nikander R, Sievanen H. Association between long-term exercise loading and lumbar spine trabecular bone score (TBS) in different exercise loading groups. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact
42. Shawwa K, Arabi A, Nabulsi M, et al. Predictors of trabecular bone score in school children. Osteoporos Int
43. MacKelvie KJ, Petit MA, Khan KM, Beck TJ, McKay HA. Bone mass and structure are enhanced following a 2-year randomized controlled trial of exercise in prepubertal boys. Bone
44. Kish K, Mezil Y, Ward WE, Klentrou P, Falk B. Effects of plyometric exercise session on markers of bone turnover in boys and young men. Eur J Appl Physiol
45. Ackerman KE, Nazem T, Chapko D, et al. Bone microarchitecture is impaired in adolescent amenorrheic athletes compared with eumenorrheic athletes and nonathletic controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
46. Bachrach LK, Hastie T, Wang MC, Narasimhan B, Marcus R. Bone mineral acquisition in healthy Asian, Hispanic, black, and caucasian youth: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab

domain: literature


text:
You wash them on Monday, Wednesdays are dirty… Those who don’t know this inconvenience with hair, raise your fingers! Are you tired of having to re-shampoo every other day? If you want your hair to stay clean for longer, check out our smart tips to get rid of chubby hair!
Don’t be surprised if your hair is no longer on top. From the change of seasons to pollution and bad daily habits, your scalp loses tone. You no longer know how to keep your hair clean for a long time without panicking from Monday to Wednesday. Because you have to admit, putting up with a shiny mane of hair is not very glamorous! Do you want to get rid of oily hair? We decode the best tips to avoid flattened hair…
Why is my hair always dirty and doesn’t stay clean longer?
If the nature of your hair reveals permanently oily hair, this is due to excess sebum on your scalp. Sebaceous glands produce oil that gives hair a greasy appearance. Result: the scalp is plump and
Also read: Hair loss: 2 teaspoons of this ingredient are enough to solve the problem
hair loses its shine and becomes duller. Also, between a bad diet and bad hair gestures, your hair is crying out for “help”!
If you want to get rid of oily hair, you have to change your hair routine. But your motto will be patience! Because yes, it takes time for your hair to get used to being neat and revitalized, but with the right gestures, you will achieve it…
We change shampoo every 3 months
A good wash of your mane requires careful knowledge of your hair type. Oily, dry or normal… Nourishing, softening, revitalizing formulas… Depending on the nature of your hair and its needs, you need to choose the right shampoo that contains natural active ingredients and above all with a neutral PH to respect the hair fiber.
An advice that we can give you: do not hesitate to change the perfume and brand of your shampoo every 3 months. This is expert hairstyling advice, because the more your hair gets used to a specific formula, the less effective it will be over time. That being said, it is important to choose the right shampoo for your hair type so as not to disturb the sebaceous glands of the scalp.
Avoid washing your hair with hot water
With hot water the scalp is attacked. We explain: a high temperature opens the hair scales, which inevitably weakens the hair fiber. It is also advisable to avoid washing with cold water, which can also be aggressive. Prefer lukewarm water for gentle washing.
Avoid over-massaging your hair.
Massage the skull, what happiness! This undoubtedly stimulates hair growth, but by force, it also stimulates the increase of sebum with the activation of blood circulation. To avoid making your hair greasy, give yourself a head massage just before washing your hair, it’s smarter!
Avoid combing at high temperatures with a hair dryer
An iron or a hair dryer attacks the scalp which will de facto produce more sebum to defend and protect yourself. As you will have understood, oily hair is afraid of heat. It is important to space out the brushing and, above all, to respect a distance of 30 centimeters during drying. The hot plates of the iron are also prohibited if you use them every day. We recommend that you use it from time to time.
We often change the cover of our pillow so that the hair is less greasy
At night, your hair rubs against the pillowcase and leaves traces of grease. If you use the same pillowcase while your hair is clean, you will inevitably see a return of oiliness in the hair. And that’s not what you’re looking for, is it? Frequently wash your bedding and tie up your hair before going to bed. This way you will avoid greasing your hair and you will keep it clean for a long time.
Clean your hairbrush and styling tools.
Just like with your pillowcase, maintenance of styling tools is essential to avoid making your hair greasy. Brushes, clips and combs that are in constant contact with the hair are covered in dust and sebum. Remember to clean them periodically. To do this, dip your brush and all the styling paraphernalia in soapy water (you can use your shampoo for this).
One look in the bathroom mirror and you’re upset. Your beautiful hair from the day before has become flat, messy and has lost its volume. Worse yet, your hair looks greasy. What a pity, when you have to be at the top of your style for your date of the day and you don’t have time to shampoo them… Don’t panic, just use the right methods and some products that will help you. save your day and avoid a bad hair day.
We are going to reveal how to find sublime hair without having to wash it.
We use talc to awaken dull and oily hair
For flattened hair, ltalc provides freshness and absorbs excess sebum. This product used in cosmetics can replace dry shampoo. To do this, sprinkle talcum powder all over the hair, massage the scalp and leave it to act for a few minutes. Then rub your hair with a towel to remove excess powder and then brush your hair upside down with a boar bristle brush. Result ! With this gentle treatment, volume is guaranteed!
We prefer a styling mousse over a dry shampoo.
If you’re not a fan of dry shampoo, why not a mousse that will volumize your fine, flat hair, especially if your last shampoo was a few days old?
Extra tips: Rinse your hair with natural ingredients to prevent sebum production. Lemon, cider vinegar or rosemary water… Hair care for growing and oily hair.
Also read: Wrapping wet hair in a towel is a bad idea – here’s why
Tips to hide oily hair
Don’t have time to wash your hair and don’t have any dry goods to save the day? Make a messy bun! Even beginners can easily do it:
- Detangle your hair with a large comb to avoid knots;
- Tie your hair into a ponytail at the back of your head, the ponytail should be relaxed so it can be reworked;
- Then form a shaggy bun by wrapping the hair in a snail around the elastic. You can tie the ends in the elastic, to fix the bow;
- Loosen a few strands to give a tousled effect. You can also loosen the bun at the sides. The effect should be blurry and natural. Here you go, effortlessly chic and elegant.
Do you want to keep your hair fresh for a long time? These gestures will be very useful for you. Say goodbye to greasy and dull hair and make way for a sublime and radiant mane. Get used to being told this phrase “You have beautiful hair, you know?”
Also read: Is your hair always flat and lacking volume? 3 mistakes you should not make

domain: beauty


Highly efficient ventilation solution for fresh indoor air
Interlocking with Air Conditioning System
ERV can be interlocked with air conditioners and controlled individually.
* The temperature setting in this image is only an example. The target temperature changes according to user’s preferred setting.
CO₂ Concentration Control
Using CO₂ sensor, ERV controls exhaust air flow automatically to keep indoor air fresh under settled CO₂ concentration.
Air Purifying System
ERV can effectively remove various harmful substances, such as micro dust and viruses through 3 air purifying steps. First, basic filter which is installed front and behind of heat exchanger filters out harmful substances. Then, heat exchanger equipped with antivirus coating blocks the breeding of harmful viruses. In addition, high efficiency filter (F7) installed in front of heat exchanger, the optional filter, blocks 80-90％ of dust sized 0.4μm can remove micro dust.
Energy Saving Technologies
There are several energy saving technologies ERV offers. With various advanced functions, ERV saves energy up to 39％ in comparison to natural ventilation.
* LG internal simulation result.


text:
One size that fits from a 12 to an 18/20.
65% Cotton 35% Polyester
Length From Shoulder line- Approx. 22.5 inches
Chest Measurement- Approx. 19 inches
Model is size 12 and 5ft 10
The Lace Detail Jacket Gracie is a superb cover up. Beautifully detailed and with a tie up fastening, its also versatile. Looks great with a jeans but will also look super summery over your swim suits!


text:
This video is an quick overview of an online editor for Java (and many other languages).
We can use this for all of our programming.Factoring quadratic expressions
This video shows you how to factor quadratic expressions in the form of
ax^2 + bx + c. where a, b, and c are integers.
In this video the quadratic expressions all have a = 1.
Being able to factor quadratic expressions will enable you to be able to solve quadratic equations; to be able to simplify rational algebraic expressions; to be able to find the zeros of a quadratic function.Finding the Product and Sum - Video
This video guides you throught the process of finding the two numbers that multiply (giving a product) and add (giving a sum) to the numbers in a quadratic expression. This is necessary to be able to factor quadratic eqpressions.

domain: mathematics


After a slight delay with mastering and packaging, our third album "Cosmosaic" will be officially released on Tuesday, July 24. It will be available at http://www.floorian.com
as well as the other usual channels. Thanks to our good friend Jerry Kranitz, you can hear one of the new songs from the CD, "Sine Qua Non", right now.
Follow this link (http://www.aural-innovations.com/main/whatsnew.html
) to Aural-Innovations Space Rock Radio and listening to show #287.
We also have a few live shows coming up:
Saturday, July 28 - Columbus, Ohio - Rumba Cafe - with Psychic Wheel (CD release show)
Wednesday, August 29 - Cleveland, Ohio - Grog Shop - with ROSCO (Sterling Roswell) and The Volta Sound
KEEP MUSIC EVIL


Showers and thunderstorms will become less widespread by 8am. Decreasing clouds with temperatures steady in the upper 60s. N winds shifting to SSW at 10 to 15 mph. Hourly Details
Scattered thunderstorms during the morning. Partly cloudy skies this afternoon. High 78F. Winds S at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 50%.
A clear sky. Low 59F. Winds SE at 5 to 10 mph.


text:
VFW Memorial Run is Saturday in New Richmond
Memorial Day activities in New Richmond get started on Saturday with the third annual Veterans Memorial Run.
All runs will begin and end at New Richmond’s Community Commons (former Middle School). The 10-mile run will start at 7:45 a.m., the 5K at 8 a.m., and Kids Run at 9 a.m., with race day registration beginning at 6:30 a.m.
The 10-mile course is challenging and with numerous hills and is a good test for runners planning a marathon later in the year. The 5K course will stay in town with one modest hill.
Proceeds from the run will help support financial needs of local veterans. For more information about the event, contact Steve Peterson at (651) 402-8076 or go to www.nrrunclub.com.

domain: hobby


The SI5383B-D13058-GMR is an integrated circuit (IC) component that offers advanced clock synchronization and distribution capabilities. It is designed by Silicon Laboratories and is widely used in various applications that require precise timing and synchronization.
Key features of the SI5383B-D13058-GMR include:
1. Clock Generation: The IC can generate up to 12 low-jitter clock outputs. It has 2 integrated digitally controlled crystal oscillators (DCXOs) for high-frequency clock generation. These DCXOs offer excellent frequency stability and can be programmed for precise output frequencies.
2. Clock Synchronization: The IC supports clock synchronization using various protocols like Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) and IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP). It can receive timing references from external sources to maintain accurate synchronization across different systems.
3. Network Synchronization: The SI5383B-D13058-GMR is specifically designed for network timing applications. It features advanced clock processing algorithms and supports various network synchronization protocols, ensuring timing accuracy and reliability in telecom and networking environments.
4. Programmability and Management: The IC can be easily programmed through an I2C interface. It offers extensive control and monitoring options for fine-tuning clock parameters and for managing clock distribution across the system. It also provides various status indicators for monitoring the health of the device.
5. Low Phase Noise: The SI5383B-D13058-GMR is designed to deliver low phase noise, making it suitable for applications that require high-quality clock signals. It ensures low timing jitter, resulting in precise timing of signals and minimizing errors in data transmission.
6. Power Efficiency: The IC component is designed to operate with low power consumption. It features power-saving modes and intelligent power management capabilities, making it an optimal choice for energy-efficient systems and reducing overall power consumption.
7. Compact Form Factor: The SI5383B-D13058-GMR is available in a small form factor, making it suitable for space-constrained designs. This enables its usage in portable devices, small-form-factor networking equipment, and various industrial applications.
8. High Reliability: The IC is designed to provide high reliability and robust performance. It features advanced clock control and monitoring mechanisms to ensure continuous operation and accurate timing, even in demanding environmental conditions.
Overall, the SI5383B-D13058-GMR IC component offers advanced clock synchronization and generation capabilities. It is a versatile solution for applications demanding precise timing, making it a suitable choice in telecom, networking, and industrial environments where accurate synchronization is critical.


text:
The de Havilland Twin Otter was
designed in the mid-1960s with two turboprop engines so it could
take off and land on a very short runway.
The first Twin Otter had two, 578-horsepower Pratt & Whiney
Canada PT6A-20 turboprops each with a three-blade propeller. The
300 series changed to the more powerful Pratt & Whiney Canada
PT6A-27, each having 620-horsepower.
The Twin Otter had extraordinary lift ability and could land
on very short runways. This was possible due to the craft’s twin
engines, the ailerons working together, and the addition of the
double slotted trailing edge flaps.
The 200 series of the Twin Otter was developed in 1968, and
had an extended nose to improve performance. The 200 series also
had more storage space for luggage and cargo in the back of the
aircraft. In 1969, further improvements were made, including a
more powerful engine that increased the takeoff weight by 450
kilograms, and a larger space inside the aircraft to seat 20
The Twin Otter remained in production until 1988.

domain: aerospace


text: “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” thundered the church father Tertullian at the end of the second century AD, and the answer implied was: nothing. The triumph of Christianity by the time of Constantine created a radical break with many of the beliefs and practices of the classical past. In the Christian world, classical texts were still read, Greek and Latin were still spoken; but the claims to knowledge found in classical philosophy were not only disowned but even (by some zealots) considered a form of temptation held out by the devil. Where Christianity and its insistence on faith represented “the folly of the wise,” the writings of the philosophers were, in turn, “the wisdom of fools.” Christian thinkers who borrowed from them or tried to reconcile Christianity and Plato had to tread carefully indeed. This lecture explores features of the clash of classical philosophy and the Christian doctrine from late antiquity to the Renaissance and the long-lasting effects of the idea Credo quia absurdum est: “I believe, because it is absurd.” Along the way, we will touch on Socrates, free will, human sexuality, the use of allegory to redeem pagan writing, and, of course, what it means that our intellectual tradition has a radical break caused by the advent of a salvific religion.

domain: christianity


text:
Top Recommended Books
Best By Year
Best Sellers Books
12 results founds
Books By Tags : god
Everything Happens for a Reason: And Other Lies I've Loved
Autobiography of a Yogi is at once a beautifully written account of an exceptional life and a profound introduction to the ancient science o...
These lectures concerning the nature of religion were delivered at the University of Edinburgh between 1901 and 1902. Soon after its publica...
When is the last time you thought about the state of your soul?The health of your soul isn’t just a matter of saved or unsaved. It’s the hin...
Back by popular demand -- and newly updated by the author -- the mega-bestselling spiritual guide in which Marianne Williamson shares her re...
#1 New York Times Bestseller What would it be like to free yourself from limitations and soar beyond your boundaries? What can yo...
Auhtors By Tags : god
Kate Bowler is the author of the forthcoming Everything Happens for a Reason (and other lies I've loved). Her first book Blessed: A History...
1893 - 1952 Hailed as the "father of Yoga in the West," Paramahansa Yogananda is regarded as one of the great spiritual figures of our tim...
Edwin Earl "Ed" Catmull (born March 31, 1945) is a computer scientist and current president of Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Anima...
John Ortberg is the senior pastor at Menlo Church, an author, and a speaker. John's teaching centers around our everyday life with God and h...
Marianne Williamson is an internationally acclaimed author and lecturer. For the last 35 years, she has been one of America's most well-know...
MICHAEL A. SINGER is the author of #1 New York Times bestseller The Untethered Soul and New York Times bestseller The Surrender Experiment,...