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Sociawist reawism is a stywe of ideawized reawistic art dat was devewoped in de Soviet Union and was de officiaw stywe in dat country between 1932 and 1988, as weww as in oder sociawist countries after Worwd War II. Sociawist reawism is characterized by de gworified depiction of communist vawues, such as de emancipation of de prowetariat. Despite its name, de figures in de stywe are very often highwy ideawized, especiawwy in scuwpture, where it often weans heaviwy on de conventions of cwassicaw scuwpture. Awdough rewated, it shouwd not be confused wif sociaw reawism, a type of art dat reawisticawwy depicts subjects of sociaw concern, or oder forms of "reawism" in de visuaw arts.
Sociawist reawism was de predominant form of approved art in de Soviet Union from its devewopment in de earwy 1920s to its eventuaw faww from officiaw status beginning in de wate 1960s untiw de breakup of de Soviet Union in 1991. Whiwe oder countries have empwoyed a prescribed canon of art, sociawist reawism in de Soviet Union persisted wonger and was more restrictive dan ewsewhere in Europe.
Sociawist reawism was devewoped by many dousands of artists, across a diverse society, over severaw decades. Earwy exampwes of reawism in Russian art incwude de work of de Peredvizhnikis and Iwya Yefimovich Repin. Whiwe dese works do not have de same powiticaw connotation, dey exhibit de techniqwes exercised by deir successors. After de Bowsheviks took controw of Russia on October 25, 1917, dere was a marked shift in artistic stywes. There had been a short period of artistic expworation in de time between de faww of de Tsar and de rise of de Bowsheviks.
Shortwy after de Bowsheviks took controw, Anatowy Lunacharsky was appointed as head of Narkompros, de Peopwe's Commissariat for Enwightenment. This put Lunacharsky in de position of deciding de direction of art in de newwy created Soviet state. Awdough Lunacharsky did not dictate a singwe aesdetic modew for Soviet artists to fowwow, he devewoped a system of aesdetics based on de human body dat wouwd water hewp to infwuence sociawist reawism. He bewieved dat "de sight of a heawdy body, intewwigent face or friendwy smiwe was essentiawwy wife-enhancing." He concwuded dat art had a direct effect on de human organism and under de right circumstances dat effect couwd be positive. By depicting "de perfect person" (New Soviet man), Lunacharsky bewieved art couwd educate citizens on how to be de perfect Soviets.
Debate widin Soviet art
There were two main groups debating de fate of Soviet art: futurists and traditionawists. Russian Futurists, many of whom had been creating abstract or weftist art before de Bowsheviks, bewieved communism reqwired a compwete rupture from de past and, derefore, so did Soviet art. Traditionawists bewieved in de importance of reawistic representations of everyday wife. Under Lenin's ruwe and de New Economic Powicy, dere was a certain amount of private commerciaw enterprise, awwowing bof de futurists and de traditionawists to produce deir art for individuaws wif capitaw. By 1928, de Soviet government had enough strengf and audority to end private enterprises, dus ending support for fringe groups such as de futurists. At dis point, awdough de term "sociawist reawism" was not being used, its defining characteristics became de norm.
According to de Great Russian Encycwopedia, de term was first used in press by a high functionary of de Union of Soviet Writers Ivan Gronsky in Literaturnaya Gazeta on May 23, 1932. The term was approved upon in meetings dat incwuded powiticians of de highest wevew, incwuding Stawin himsewf. Maxim Gorky, a proponent of witerary sociawist reawism, pubwished a famous articwe titwed "Sociawist Reawism" in 1933. During de Congress of 1934, four guidewines were waid out for sociawist reawism. The work must be:
- Prowetarian: art rewevant to de workers and understandabwe to dem.
- Typicaw: scenes of everyday wife of de peopwe.
- Reawistic: in de representationaw sense.
- Partisan: supportive of de aims of de State and de Party.
The purpose of sociawist reawism was to wimit popuwar cuwture to a specific, highwy reguwated faction of emotionaw expression dat promoted Soviet ideaws. The party was of de utmost importance and was awways to be favorabwy featured. The key concepts dat devewoped assured woyawty to de party, "partiinost'" (party-mindedness), "ideinost" (idea- or ideowogicaw-content), "kwassovost" (cwass content), "pravdivost" (trudfuwness).
There was a prevaiwing sense of optimism, as sociawist reawism's function was to show de ideaw Soviet society. Not onwy was de present gworied, but de future was awso supposed to be depicted in an agreeabwe fashion, uh-hah-hah-hah. Because de present and de future were constantwy ideawized, sociawist reawism had a sense of forced optimism. Tragedy and negativity were not permitted, unwess dey were shown in a different time or pwace. This sentiment created what wouwd water be dubbed "revowutionary romanticism."
Revowutionary romanticism ewevated de common worker, wheder factory or agricuwturaw, by presenting his wife, work, and recreation as admirabwe. Its purpose was to show how much de standard of wiving had improved danks to de revowution, uh-hah-hah-hah. Art was used as educationaw information, uh-hah-hah-hah. By iwwustrating de party's success, artists were showing deir viewers dat sovietism was de best powiticaw system. Art was awso used to show how Soviet citizens shouwd be acting. The uwtimate aim was to create what Lenin cawwed "an entirewy new type of human being": The New Soviet Man. Art (especiawwy posters and muraws) was a way to instiww party vawues on a massive scawe. Stawin described de sociawist reawist artists as "engineers of souws."
Common images used in sociawist reawism were fwowers, sunwight, de body, youf, fwight, industry, and new technowogy. These poetic images were used to show de utopianism of communism and de Soviet state. Art became more dan an aesdetic pweasure; instead it served a very specific function, uh-hah-hah-hah. Soviet ideaws pwaced functionawity and work above aww ewse; derefore, for art to be admired, it must serve a purpose. Georgi Pwekhanov, a Marxist deoretician, states dat art is usefuw if it serves society: "There can be no doubt dat art acqwired a sociaw significance onwy in so far as it depicts, evokes, or conveys actions, emotions and events dat are of significance to society."
The demes depicted wouwd feature de beauty of work, de achievements of de cowwective and de individuaw for de good of de whowe. The artwork wouwd often feature an easiwy discernibwe educationaw message.
The artist couwd not, however, portray wife just as dey saw it because anyding dat refwected poorwy on Communism had to be omitted. Peopwe who couwd not be shown as eider whowwy good or whowwy eviw couwd not be used as characters. This was refwective of de Soviet idea dat morawity is simpwe: dings are eider right or wrong. This view on morawity cawwed for ideawism over reawism. Art was fiwwed wif heawf and happiness: paintings showed busy industriaw and agricuwturaw scenes; scuwptures depicted workers, sentries, and schoowchiwdren, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Creativity was not an important part of sociawist reawism. The stywes used in creating art during dis period were dose dat wouwd produce de most reawistic resuwts. Painters wouwd depict happy, muscuwar peasants and workers in factories and cowwective farms. During de Stawin period, dey produced numerous heroic portraits of Stawin to serve his cuwt of personawity—aww in de most reawistic fashion possibwe. The most important ding for a sociawist reawist artist was not artistic integrity but adherence to party doctrine.
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Sociawist Reawism as: a Marxist aesdetic deory cawwing for de didactic use of witerature, art, and music to devewop sociaw consciousness in an evowving sociawist state. Sociawist Reawism compewwed artists of aww forms to create positive or upwifting refwections of sociawist utopian wife by utiwizing any visuaw media such as: posters, movies, newspapers, deater and radio beginning during de Communist Revowution of 1917, escawating during de reign of Josef Stawin (1924–1953) untiw de earwy 1980s.
Vwadimir Lenin, head of de Russian government 1917–1924, waid de foundation for dis new wave of art, suggesting dat art is for de peopwe and de peopwe shouwd wove and understand it, whiwe uniting de masses. Artists Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner attempted to define de wines of art under Lenin by writing "The Reawist Manifesto" in 1920 suggesting dat artists shouwd be given free rein to create as deir muse desired. Lenin, however, had a different purpose for art; wanting it functionaw, and Stawin buiwt on dat bewief dat art shouwd be propaganda.
Maxim Gorky, founder of de Sociawist Reawist movement, procwaimed in 1934 at de Soviet Writer's congress dat any works of art dat portrayed a negative or anti-governmentaw view of Russia were iwwegaw. This turned individuaw artists and deir masterpieces into state controwwed propaganda.
After de deaf of Stawin in 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev who harbored wess draconian state controws and openwy condemned Stawin's artistic demands in 1957 wif his "Secret Speech", and dus began a reversaw in powicy known as "Khrushchev's Thaw." He bewieved dat artists shouwd not be constrained and shouwd be awwowed to wive by deir creative tawents. In 1964, Khrushchev was removed and repwaced by Leonid Brezhnev who reintroduced Stawin's ideas and reversed de artistic decisions made by Khrushchev.
However, by de earwy 1980s, de Sociawist Reawist movement had begun to fade. Artist to date remark dat de Russian Sociaw Reawist movement as de most oppressive and shunned period of Soviet Art.
Association of Artists of Revowutionary Russia (AKhRR)
The Association of Artists of Revowutionary Russia (AKhRR) was estabwished in 1922 and was one of de most infwuentiaw artist groups in de USSR. The AKhRR worked to trudfuwwy document contemporary wife in Russia by utiwizing "heroic reawism". The term "heroic reawism" was beginning of de sociawist reawism archetype. AKhRR was sponsored by infwuentiaw government officiaws such as Leon Trotsky and carried favor wif de Red Army.
In 1928, de AKhRR was renamed to Association of Artists of de Revowution (AKhR) in order to incwude de rest of de Soviet states. At dis point de group had begun participating in state promoted mass forms of art wike muraws, jointwy made paintings, advertisement production and textiwe design, uh-hah-hah-hah. The group was disbanded Apriw 23, 1932 by de decree "On de Reorganization of Literary and Artistic Organizations" serving as de nucweus for de stawinist USSR Union of Artists.
Studio of miwitary artists named after M. B. Grekov
Studio of miwitary artists was created in 1934.
The Union of Soviet Writers (USW)
The Union of Soviet Writers was created to mandate de singwe Soviet medod of sociawist reawism for aww writers, poets and journawist. Its duties comprising from awards to punishment was de uwtimate siwencing of de most gifted writers. In August 1934, de union hewd its first congress where de revowutionary writer Maxim Gorky said, “The Writers’ Union is not being created merewy for de purpose of bodiwy uniting aww artists of de pen, but so dat professionaw unification may enabwe dem to comprehend deir corporate strengf, to define wif aww possibwe cwarity deir varied tendencies, creative activity, guiding principwes, and harmoniouswy to merge aww aims in dat unity which is guiding aww de creative working energies of de country.”
One of de most famous audors during dis time was Awexander Fadeyev (December 24, 1901–May 13, 1956). Fadeyev was a cwose personaw friend of Stawin and cawwed Stawin "one of de greatest humanists de worwd has ever seen, uh-hah-hah-hah."His most famous works incwude "The Rout" and "The Young Guard"."The Young Guard" is a book written by Fadeyev, it was written about an anti-German group cawwed de Young Guards, a group of young men dat opposed de Germans. The book detaiws de story of a few different members of de group. It was praised by de Soviet Union and de patriotism show by de group of men, uh-hah-hah-hah.
The impact of sociawist reawism art can stiww be seen and fewt decades after it was no wonger de onwy state supported stywe. Even before de end of de USSR in 1991, de government had been woosening its howd on censorship. After Stawin's deaf in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev began to condemn de previous regime's practice of excessive restrictions. This freedom awwowed artists to begin experimenting wif new techniqwes, but de shift was not immediate. It was not untiw de uwtimate faww of Soviet ruwe dat artists were no wonger restricted by de deposed Communist Party. Many sociawist reawism tendencies prevaiwed untiw de mid-to-wate 1990s and earwy 2000s.
In de 1990s, many Russian artists used sociawist reawism characteristics in an ironic fashion, uh-hah-hah-hah. This was a compwete rupture from what existed onwy a coupwe of decades before. Once artists broke from de sociawist reawism mowd dere was a significant power shift. Artists began incwuding subjects dat couwd not exist according to Soviet ideaws. Now dat de power over appearances was taken away from de government, artists achieved a wevew of audority dat had not existed since de earwy 20f century. In de decade immediatewy after de faww of de USSR, artists represented sociawist reawism and de Soviet wegacy as a traumatic event. By de next decade, dere was a uniqwe sense of detachment.
Western cuwtures often do not wook at sociawist reawism positivewy. Democratic countries view de art produced during dis period of repression as a wie. Non-Marxist art historians tend to view communism as a form of totawitarianism dat smoders artistic expression and derefore retards de progress of cuwture.
Notabwe works and artists
Maxim Gorky's novew Moder is usuawwy considered[by whom?] to have been de first sociawist-reawist novew. Gorky was awso a major factor in de schoow's rapid rise, and his pamphwet, On Sociawist Reawism, essentiawwy ways out de needs of Soviet art. Oder important works of witerature incwude Fyodor Gwadkov's Cement (1925), Nikowai Ostrovsky's How de Steew Was Tempered and Mikhaiw Showokhov's two vowume epic, Quiet Fwows de Don (1934) and The Don Fwows Home to de Sea (1940). Yury Krymov's novew Tanker "Derbent" (1938) portrays Soviet merchant seafarers being transformed by de Stakhanovite movement.
Martin Andersen Nexø devewoped sociawist reawism in his own way. His creative medod featured a combination of pubwicistic passion, a criticaw view of capitawist society, and a steadfast striving to bring reawity into accord wif sociawist ideaws. The novew Pewwe, de Conqweror is considered to be a cwassic of sociawist reawism. The novew Ditte, Daughter of Man had a working-cwass woman as its heroine. He battwed against de enemies of sociawism in de books Two Worwds, and Hands Off!.
The novews of Louis Aragon, such as The Reaw Worwd, depict de working cwass as a rising force of de nation, uh-hah-hah-hah. He pubwished two books of documentary prose, The Communist Man. In de cowwection of poems A Knife in de Heart Again, Aragon criticizes de penetration of American imperiawism into Europe. The novew The Howy Week depicts de artist's paf toward de peopwe against a broad sociaw and historicaw background.
Hanns Eiswer composed many workers' songs, marches, and bawwads on current powiticaw topics such as Song of Sowidarity, Song of de United Front, and Song of de Comintern. He was a founder of a new stywe of revowutionary song for de masses. He awso composed works in warger forms such as Reqwiem for Lenin. Eiswer's most important works incwude de cantatas German Symphony, Serenade of de Age and Song of Peace. Eiswer combines features of revowutionary songs wif varied expression, uh-hah-hah-hah. His symphonic music is known for its compwex and subtwe orchestration, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Cwosewy associated wif de rise of de wabor movement was de devewopment of de revowutionary song, which was performed at demonstrations and meetings. Among de most famous of de revowutionary songs are The Internationawe and Whirwwinds of Danger. Notabwe songs from Russia incwude Bowdwy, Comrades, in Step, Workers' Marseiwwaise, and Rage, Tyrants. Fowk and revowutionary songs infwuenced de Soviet mass songs. The mass song was a weading genre in Soviet music, especiawwy during de 1930s and de war. The mass song infwuenced oder genres, incwuding de art song, opera, and fiwm music. The most popuwar mass songs incwude Dunaevsky's Song of de Homewand, Bwanter's Katiusha, Novikov's Hymn of Democratic Youf of de Worwd, and Aweksandrov's Sacred War.
In de earwy 1930s, Soviet fiwmmakers appwied sociawist reawism in deir work. Notabwe fiwms incwude Chapaev, which shows de rowe of de peopwe in de history-making process. The deme of revowutionary history was devewoped in fiwms such as The Youf of Maxim, by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg, Shchors by Dovzhenko, and We are from Kronstadt by E. Dzigan, uh-hah-hah-hah. The shaping of de new man under sociawism was a deme of fiwms such as A Start Life by N. Ekk, Ivan by Dovzhenko, Vawerii Chkawov by M. Kawatozov and de fiwm version of Tanker "Derbent" (1941). Some fiwms depicted de part of peopwes of de Soviet Union against foreign invaders: Awexander Nevsky by Eisenstein, Minin and Pozharsky by Pudvokin, and Bogdan Khmewnitsky by Savchenko. Soviet powiticians were de subjects in fiwms such as Yutkevich's triwogy of movies about Lenin, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Sociawist reawism was awso appwied to Hindi fiwms of de 1940s and 1950s. These incwude Chetan Anand's Neecha Nagar (1946), which won de Grand Prize at de 1st Cannes Fiwm Festivaw, and Bimaw Roy's Two Acres of Land (1953), which won de Internationaw Prize at de 7f Cannes Fiwm Festivaw.
The painter Aweksandr Deineka provides a notabwe exampwe for his expressionist and patriotic scenes of de Second Worwd War, cowwective farms, and sports. Yuriy Pimenov, Boris Ioganson and Gewi Korzev have awso been described as "unappreciated masters of twentief-century reawism". Anoder weww-known practitioner was Fyodor Pavwovich Reshetnikov.
Sociawist reawism art found acceptance in de Bawtic nations, inspiring many artists. One such artist was Czeswaw Znamierowski (23 May 1890 – 9 August 1977), a Soviet Liduanian painter, known for his warge panoramic wandscapes and wove of nature. Znamierowski combined dese two passions to create very notabwe paintings in de Soviet Union, earning de prestigious titwe of Honorabwe Artist of LSSR in 1965. Born in Latvia, which formed part of de Russian Empire at de time, Znamierowski was of Powish descent and Liduanian citizenship, a country where he wived for most of his wife and died. He excewwed in wandscapes and sociaw reawism, and hewd many exhibitions. Znamierowski was awso widewy pubwished in nationaw newspapers, magazines and books. His more notabwe paintings incwude Before Rain (1930), Panorama of Viwnius City (1950), The Green Lake (1955), and In Kwaipeda Fishing Port (1959). A warge cowwection of his art is wocated in de Liduanian Art Museum.
In conjunction wif de Sociawist Cwassicaw stywe of architecture, sociawist reawism was de officiawwy approved type of art in de Soviet Union for more dan fifty years. Aww materiaw goods and means of production bewonged to de community as a whowe; dis incwuded means of producing art, which were awso seen as powerfuw propaganda toows.
In de earwy years of de Soviet Union, Russian and Soviet artists embraced a wide variety of art forms under de auspices of Prowetkuwt. Revowutionary powitics and radicaw non-traditionaw art forms were seen as compwementary. In art, Constructivism fwourished. In poetry, de non-traditionaw and de avant-garde were often praised.
These stywes of art were water rejected by members of de Communist Party who did not appreciate modern stywes such as Impressionism and Cubism. Sociawist reawism was, to some extent, a reaction against de adoption of dese "decadent" stywes. It was dought by Lenin dat de non-representative forms of art were not understood by de prowetariat and couwd derefore not be used by de state for propaganda.
Awexander Bogdanov argued dat de radicaw reformation of society to communist principwes meant wittwe if any bourgeois art wouwd prove usefuw; some of his more radicaw fowwowers advocated de destruction of wibraries and museums. Lenin rejected dis phiwosophy, depwored de rejection of de beautifuw because it was owd, and expwicitwy described art as needing to caww on its heritage: "Prowetarian cuwture must be de wogicaw devewopment of de store of knowwedge mankind has accumuwated under de yoke of capitawist, wandowner, and bureaucratic society."
Modern art stywes appeared to refuse to draw upon dis heritage, dus cwashing wif de wong reawist tradition in Russia and rendering de art scene compwex. Even in Lenin's time, a cuwturaw bureaucracy began to restrain art to fit propaganda purposes. Leon Trotsky's arguments dat a "prowetarian witerature" was un-Marxist because de prowetariat wouwd wose its cwass characteristics in de transition to a cwasswess society, however, did not prevaiw.
Sociawist reawism became state powicy in 1934 when de First Congress of Soviet Writers met and Stawin's representative Andrei Zhdanov gave a speech strongwy endorsing it as "de officiaw stywe of Soviet cuwture". It was enforced rudwesswy in aww spheres of artistic endeavour. Form and content were often wimited, wif erotic, rewigious, abstract, surreawist, and expressionist art being forbidden, uh-hah-hah-hah. Formaw experiments, incwuding internaw diawogue, stream of consciousness, nonsense, free-form association, and cut-up were awso disawwowed. This was eider because dey were "decadent", unintewwigibwe to de prowetariat, or counter-revowutionary.
In response to de 1934 Congress in Russia, de most important American writers of de weft gadered in de First American Writers Congress of 26–27 Apriw 1935 in Chicago at meetings dat were supported by Stawin, uh-hah-hah-hah. Wawdo David Frank was de first president of de League of American Writers, which was backed by de Communist Party USA. A number of novewists bawked at de controw, and de League broke up at de invasion of de Soviet Union by German forces.
The first exhibition organized by de Leningrad Union of Artists took pwace in 1935. Its participants – Mikhaiw Aviwov, Isaak Brodsky, Piotr Buchkin, Nikowai Dormidontov, Rudowf Frentz, Kazimir Mawevich, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, and Awexander Samokhvawov among dem – became de founding faders of de Leningrad schoow, whiwe deir works formed one of its richest wayers and de basis of de wargest museum cowwections of Soviet painting of de 1930s-1950s.
In 1932, de Leningrad Institute of Prowetarian Visuaw Arts was transformed into de Institute of Painting, Scuwpture, and Architecture (since 1944 named Iwya Repin). The fifteen-year period of constant reformation of de country's wargest art institute came to an end. Thus, basic ewements of de Leningrad schoow – namewy, a higher art education estabwishment of a new type and a unified professionaw union of Leningrad artists, were created by de end of 1932.
In 1934 Isaak Brodsky, a discipwe of Iwya Repin, was appointed director of de Nationaw Academy of Arts and de Leningrad Institute of Painting, Scuwpture, and Architecture. Brodsky invited distinguished painters and pedagogues to teach at de Academy, namewy Semion Abugov, Mikhaiw Bernshtein, Ivan Biwibin, Piotr Buchkin, Efim Cheptsov, Rudowf Frentz, Boris Ioganson, Dmitry Kardovsky, Awexander Karev, Dmitry Kipwik, Yevgeny Lansere, Awexander Lubimov, Matvey Manizer, Vasiwy Meshkov, Pavew Naumov, Awexander Osmerkin, Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Leonid Ovsyannikov, Nikowai Petrov, Sergei Prisewkov, Nikoway Punin, Nikowai Radwov, Konstantin Rudakov, Pavew Shiwwingovsky, Vasiwy Shukhaev, Victor Sinaisky, Ivan Stepashkin, Konstantin Yuon, and oders.
Art exhibitions of 1935–1940 serve as counterpoint to cwaims dat de artistic wife of de period was suppressed by de ideowogy and artists submitted entirewy to what was den cawwed "sociaw order". A great number of wandscapes, portraits, and genre paintings exhibited at de time pursued purewy technicaw purposes and were dus ostensibwy free from any ideowogy. Genre painting was awso approached in a simiwar way.
In de post-war period between de mid-fifties and sixties, de Leningrad schoow of painting was approaching its vertex. New generations of artists who had graduated from de Academy (Repin Institute of Arts) in de 1930s–50s were in deir prime. They were qwick to present deir art, dey strived for experiments, and were eager to appropriate a wot and to wearn even more.
Their time and contemporaries, wif aww its images, ideas, and dispositions found it fuww expression in portraits by Vwadimir Gorb, Boris Korneev, Engews Kozwov, Fewix Lembersky, Oweg Lomakin, Samuiw Nevewshtein, Victor Oreshnikov, Semion Rotnitsky, Lev Russov, and Leonid Steewe; in wandscapes by Nikowai Gawakhov, Vasiwy Gowubev, Dmitry Maevsky, Sergei Osipov, Vwadimir Ovchinnikov, Awexander Semionov, Arseny Semionov, and Nikowai Timkov; and in genre paintings by Andrey Miwnikov, Yevsey Moiseenko, Mikhaiw Natarevich, Yuri Neprintsev, Nikowai Pozdneev, Mikhaiw Trufanov, Yuri Tuwin, Nina Vesewova, and oders.
In 1957, de first aww-Russian Congress of Soviet artists took pwace in Moscow. In 1960, de aww-Russian Union of Artists was organized. Accordingwy, dese events infwuenced de art wife in Moscow, Leningrad, and de provinces. The scope of experimentation was broadened; in particuwar, dis concerned de form of painterwy and pwastic wanguage. Images of youds and students, rapidwy changing viwwages and cities, virgin wands brought under cuwtivation, grandiose construction pwans being reawized in Siberia and de Vowga region, and great achievements of Soviet science and technowogy became de chief topics of de new painting. Heroes of de time – young scientists, workers, civiw engineers, physicians, etc. – were made de most popuwar heroes of paintings.
In dis period, wife provided artists wif pwenty of driwwing topics, positive figures, and images. Legacy of many great artists and art movements became avaiwabwe for study and pubwic discussion again, uh-hah-hah-hah. This greatwy broadened artists' understanding of de reawist medod and widened its possibiwities. It was de repeated renewaw of de very conception of reawism dat made dis stywe dominate Russian art droughout its history. Reawist tradition gave rise to many trends of contemporary painting, incwuding painting from nature, "severe stywe" painting, and decorative art. However, during dis period impressionism, postimpressionism, cubism, and expressionism awso had deir fervent adherents and interpreters.
The restrictions were rewaxed somewhat after Stawin's deaf in 1953, but de state stiww kept a tight rein on personaw artistic expression, uh-hah-hah-hah. This caused many artists to choose to go into exiwe, for exampwe de Odessa Group from de city of dat name. Independent-minded artists dat remained continued to feew de hostiwity of de state.
In 1974, for instance, a show of unofficiaw art in a fiewd near Moscow was broken up and de artwork destroyed wif a water cannon and buwwdozers (see Buwwdozer Exhibition). Mikhaiw Gorbachev's powicies of gwasnost and perestroika faciwitated an expwosion of interest in awternative art stywes in de wate 1980s, but sociawist reawism remained in wimited force as de officiaw state art stywe untiw as wate as 1991. It was not untiw after de faww of de Soviet Union dat artists were finawwy freed from state censorship.
After de Russian Revowution, sociawist reawism became an internationaw witerary movement. Sociawist trends in witerature were estabwished in de 1920s in Germany, France, Czechoswovakia, and Powand. Writers who hewped devewop sociawist reawism in de West incwuded Louis Aragon, Johannes Becher, and Pabwo Neruda.
The doctrine of sociawist reawism in oder Peopwe's Repubwics, was wegawwy enforced from 1949 to 1956. It invowved aww domains of visuaw and witerary arts, dough its most spectacuwar achievements were made in de fiewd of architecture, considered a key weapon in de creation of a new sociaw order, intended to hewp spread de communist doctrine by infwuencing citizens' consciousness as weww as deir outwook on wife. During dis massive undertaking, a cruciaw rowe feww to architects perceived not as merewy engineers creating streets and edifices, but rader as "engineers of de human souw" who, in addition to extending simpwe aesdetics into urban design, were to express grandiose ideas and arouse feewings of stabiwity, persistence and powiticaw power.
In art, from de mid-1960s more rewaxed and decorative stywes became acceptabwe even in warge pubwic works in de Warsaw Pact bwoc, de stywe mostwy deriving from popuwar posters, iwwustrations and oder works on paper, wif discreet infwuence from deir Western eqwivawents.
Today, arguabwy de onwy countries stiww focused on dese aesdetic principwes are Norf Korea, Laos, and to some extent Vietnam. The Peopwe's Repubwic of China occasionawwy reverts to sociawist reawism for specific purposes, such as ideawised propaganda posters to promote de Chinese space program. Sociawist reawism had wittwe mainstream impact in de non-Communist worwd, where it was widewy seen as a totawitarian means of imposing state controw on artists.
The former Sociawist Federaw Repubwic of Yugoswavia was an important exception among de communist countries, because after de Tito-Stawin spwit in 1948, it abandoned sociawist reawism awong wif oder ewements previouswy imported from de Soviet system and awwowed greater artistic freedom. Miroswav Krweža, one of de weading Yugoswav intewwectuaws, gave a speech at de Third Congress of de Writers Awwiance of Yugoswavia hewd in Ljubwjana in 1952, which is considered a turning point in de Yugoswav denouncement of dogmatic sociawist reawism.
Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, The deaf of de Powiticaw Commissar (1928)
Sergey Mawyutin, Partisan
The Green Lake by Czeswaw Znamierowski, 145 x 250 cm, 1955
"WE WILL FULFILL THE PARTY’S COMMISSION!" by Igor Berezovsky, 1957
Sociawist-Reawist awwegories surrounding de Pawace of Cuwture and Science in Warsaw.
Stone as a Weapon of de Prowetariat by Ivan Shadr (1947)
- "Encycwopedia Britannica onwine definition of Sociawist Reawism".
- Korin, Pavew, "Thoughts on Art", Sociawist Reawism in Literature and Art. Progress Pubwishers, Moscow, 1971, p. 95.
- Todd, James G. "Sociaw Reawism". Art Terms. Museum of Modern Art, 2009.
- Encycwopedia Britannica on-wine definition of Sociawist Reawism
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 20
- Vawkenier, Ewizabef. Russian Reawist Art. Ardis, 1977, p. 3.
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 17
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 21
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 22
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 23
- Социалистический реализм. In: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2015, pp. 751—753
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 37
- Juraga, Dubravka and Booker, Keif M. Sociawist Cuwtures East and West. Praeger, 2002, p.68
- Newson, Cary and Lawrence, Grossberg. Marxism and de Interpretation of Cuwture. University of Iwwinois Press, 1988, p. 5
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 38
- Overy, Richard. The Dictators: Hitwer's Germany, Stawin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company, 2004, p. 354
- Schwartz, Lawrence H. Marxism and Cuwture. Kennikat Press, 1980, p. 110
- Frankew, Tobia. The Russian Artist. Macmiwwan Company, 1972, p. 125
- Stegewbaum, Lewis and Sokowov, Andrei. Stawinism As A Way Of Life. Yawe University Press, 2004, p. 220
- Juraga, Dubravka and Booker, Keif M. Sociawist Cuwtures East and West. Praeger, 2002, p.45
- "Definition of SOCIALIST REALISM". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
- "Sociawist Reawism Movement Overview". The Art Story. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
- "Sociawist Reawism – Concepts & Stywes". The Art Story. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
- Tate. "Sociawist reawism – Art Term". Tate. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
- Ewwis, Andrew. Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 35
- От основания до современности: К 80-летию Студии военных художников имени М.Б. Грекова
- "Gorky on Soviet Literature". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. August 15, 2015.
- Evangewi, Aweksandr. "Echoes of Sociawist Reawism in Post-Soviet Art", Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 218
- Evangewi, Aweksandr. "Echoes of Sociawist Reawism in Post-Soviet Art", Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 221
- Evangewi, Aweksandr. "Echoes of Sociawist Reawism in Post-Soviet Art", Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A., 2012, p. 223
- Juraga, Dubravka and Booker, Keif M. Sociawist Cuwtures East and West. Praeger, 2002, p.12
- Schwartz, Lawrence H. Marxism and Cuwture. Kennikat Press, 1980, p. 4
- Bartewik, Marek (1999). "Concerning Sociawist Reawism: Recent Pubwications on Russian Art (book review)". Art Journaw. 58 (4): 90–95. doi:10.2307/777916. JSTOR 777916.
- Awekna, Romas (24 May 1975). "Česwovui Znamierovskiui – 85" [Česwovas Znamierovskis Cewebrates his 85f Birdday]. Literatūra ir menas [Literature and Art] (in Liduanian) (Viwnius: Liduanian Creative Unions Weekwy)
- "Czeswaw Znamierowski". CzeswawZnamierowski. 27 October 2013.
- "Archived copy". Archived from de originaw on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2013-11-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as titwe (wink)
- Ewwis, Andrew (2012). Sociawist Reawisms: Soviet Painting 1920–1970. Skira Editore S.p.A. p. 20.
- Werner Haftmann, Painting in de 20f century, London 1965, vow.1, p.196.
- Haftman, p.196
- Richard Pipes, Russia Under de Bowshevik Regime, p. 288, ISBN 978-0-394-50242-7
- Richard Pipes, Russia Under de Bowshevik Regime, p. 289, ISBN 978-0-394-50242-7
- Oweg Sopontsinsky, Art in de Soviet Union: Painting, Scuwpture, Graphic Arts, p 6 Aurora Art Pubwishers, Leningrad, 1978
- Oweg Sopontsinsky, Art in de Soviet Union: Painting, Scuwpture, Graphic Arts, p. 21 Aurora Art Pubwishers, Leningrad, 1978
- Richard Pipes, Russia Under de Bowshevik Regime, p283, ISBN 978-0-394-50242-7
- R. H. Stacy, Russian Literary Criticism p191 ISBN 0-8156-0108-5
- "1934: Writers' Congress". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Archived from de originaw on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- Sergei V. Ivanov, Unknown Sociawist Reawism. The Leningrad Schoow,[fuww citation needed]: pp. 29, 32–340. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
- Wren, Christopher S. (September 16, 1974). "Russians Disrupt Modern Art Show". New York Times. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
- D.F. Markov and L.I. Timofeev, "Sociawist Reawism"
- Lin Jung-hua. Post-Soviet Aesdeticians Redinking Russianization and Chinization of Marxism//Russian Language and Literature Studies. Seriaw № 33. Beijing, Capitaw Normaw University, 2011, №3. Р.46-53.
- Library of Congress Country Studies – Yugoswavia: Introduction of Sociawist Sewf-Management
- Gaunt, Jeremy (9 May 2017). "Stirring portraits of communist Awbania's women recaww different reawity". Reuters. Retrieved 25 Apriw 2020.
- Bek, Mikuwáš; Chew, Geoffrey; and Macew, Petr (eds.). Sociawist Reawism and Music. Musicowogicaw Cowwoqwium at de Brno Internationaw Music Festivaw 36. Prague: KLP; Brno: Institute of Musicowogy, Masaryk University, 2004. ISBN 80-86791-18-1
- Gowomstock, Igor. Totawitarian Art in de Soviet Union, de Third Reich, Fascist Itawy and de Peopwe's Repubwic of China, Harper Cowwins, 1990.
- James, C. Vaughan, uh-hah-hah-hah. Soviet Sociawist Reawism: Origins and Theory. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973.
- Ivanov, Sergei. Unknown Sociawist Reawism. The Leningrad Schoow. Saint Petersburg, NP-Print, 2007 ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7
- Lin Jung-hua. Post-Soviet Aesdeticians Redinking Russianization and Chinization of Marxism (Russian Language and Literature Studies. Seriaw № 33) Beijing, Capitaw Normaw University, 2011, №3. Р.46-53.
- Prokhorov, Gweb. Art under Sociawist Reawism: Soviet Painting, 1930–1950. East Roseviwwe, NSW, Austrawia: Craftsman House; G + B Arts Internationaw, 1995. ISBN 976-8097-83-3
- Rideout, Wawter B. The Radicaw Novew in de United States: 1900–1954. Some Interrewations of Literature and Society. New York: Hiww and Wang, 1966.
- Saehrendt, Christian, uh-hah-hah-hah. Kunst aws Botschafter einer künstwichen Nation ("Art from an artificiaw nation – about modern art as a toow of de GDR's propaganda"), Stuttgart 2009
- Sinyavsky, Andrei [writing as Abram Tertz]. "The Triaw Begins" and "On Sociawist Reawism", transwated by Max Hayward and George Dennis, wif an introduction by Czesław Miłosz. Berkewey: University of Cawifornia Press, 1960–1982. ISBN 0-520-04677-3
- The Leningrad Schoow of Painting. Essays on de History. St Petersburg, ARKA Gawwery Pubwishing, 2019. ISBN 978-5-6042574-2-5
|Wikimedia Commons has media rewated to Sociawist reawism.|

domain: artistic


text:
Helping Attorneys With Ancillary Administration
In our more than 25 years of practice, we have often seen instances where real property is owned by a decedent domiciled in a different state, requiring an Arizona ancillary administration.
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Let us help you simplify your clients’ lives in these complex matters.

domain: geography


Let Sumo Begin!
In a solemn ceremony today in Osaka’s Edion Arena, the dohyo for the 2017 Haru Basho was consecrated, making it ready for battle. The proceedings were punctuated by a moment of silence in memory of those killed or impacted by the great 2011 Tohoku earthquake, which led to the Fukushima melt down
In front of sumo dignitaries, leading rikishi and a large gathering of fans, the sacrificial offers were incorporated into the clay platform that will be focus of hundreds of bouts daily for the next two weeks.
2 thoughts on “Edion Arena Dohyo Consecrated”
Have you noticed that NHK World broadcasts a 30-minute program called “Grand Sumo Preview” ? I saw it yesterday by chance and recorded it just in case…
yes, I saw it too. I have and answer for everyone wondering why Kisenosato was finally able to overcome. I think it was a series of events
1) He melted down at Aki, and Goeido went on to Zensho Yusho – This, I think both depressed the hell out of him, and brought him into focus that the problem was between his ears. it also shifted the attention and pressure to Goeido.
2) On the back of that, his right hand man Takayasu probably told him that the goal was not lost, and they should train themselves as never before. Together they could do it where individually they would not.
3) Everyone got hurt at Hatsu, and he had no real challenger
So, Aki loss freed him up from pressure, Takayasu rode him like a rented mule and he got lucky to be the only healthy one standing this January. Couldn’t happen to a nicer guy


text:
|Although this video was produced one year after operation ‘Cast Lead’ ended, former AI researcher, Francesca Burke, speaks about the difficulties in getting in materials to rebuild and recover from the devastation of the military conflict as well as the blockade which still holds true and relevant today.|
Even if all the humanitarian needs of the population were relieved, the Israeli-imposed Gaza blockade would still violate the Gazans’ basic human rights.
The blockade does not target specific individuals, but collectively punishes the entire population which contravenes the Fourth Geneva Convention. It violates the Gazans’ right to health (including access to clean drinking water and sanitation), education, work, an adequate standard of living and freedom of movement. It violates their basic dignity; their basic human rights.
The blockade is illegal and must end. Period. And Israel, as the occupying power (in effective control of area), is responsible for ending it. Israel is a sophisticated, militarily advanced country that should be able to effectively meet their national security needs without unjustly punishing an entire population.
World leaders have called the blockade “unsustainable” and have urged the immediate, unconditional opening of the crossings. A report written by the UN Human Rights Council-backed fact finding mission concluded that Israel’s raid on last summer’s flotilla was in violation of international law with investigators concluding that at least six of the killings amounted to extra-judicial executions, and the force used by the commandos was “unnecessary, disproportionate, excessive and inappropriate.”
If international consensus supports the immediate lifting of the blockade; international, independent NGO’s, including Amnesty and the International Committee of the Red Cross, consider the blockade illegal; and the Israeli raid last summer was deemed “illegal, excessive and inappropriate”, why are Ban Ki-Moon and U.S. leaders urging governments to discourage the Gaza-bound flotilla – calling the flotilla “provocative” and the participants dangerous?
Putting the onus of responsibility on the civil society activists is grossly misplaced. Leaders should be addressing calls of restraint from provocative, extreme actions to the party currently violating international law, likely to initiate excessive use of force (based on past actions) and legally bound to comply as a fellow nation-state. U.S. elected officials should be seeking ways to protect U.S. citizens, not giving a green light to Israel to do what they want because the U.S. appears to have withdrawn its protection.
The Obama administration did not just voice disapproval of the flotilla, but made veiled threats against U.S. citizens on the ‘Audacity of Hope’, saying their efforts may be violating U.S. law (see ‘Holder vs. The Humanitarian Project) by supposedly “supporting a terrorist organization“. U.S. congressman have stumbled over themselves putting out public statements demonizing flotilla participants and actually putting the security of a foreign power over American lives.
Amnesty International, the organization, takes no position on the flotilla initiative as a tactic, but as a human rights activist myself, I feel the question begs to be asked:
If governments turn their backs on those who have no voice or power; have had their economy decimated, homes destroyed, and basic human rights violated at every turn, including the ability to escape such harsh conditions, then doesn’t civil society have the right, if not obligation, to intercede?
Henry David Thoreau’s ‘Resistance to Civil Government’ argues that when government produces injustice, even disguising injustice behind laws, then it is the duty of every conscientious citizen to resist, disobey, stop the “machine”.
Slavery was once legal and those participating in the Underground Railroad were breaking the law, but today we celebrate Harriet Tubman. Only a few decades ago, thousands participated in acts of civil disobedience to challenge legalized segregation and Jim Crow laws in the south. Those civil rights heroes are now our neighbors and elected officials. These are not new concepts. When did they become “irresponsible and provocative”?
An even scarier question?
If governments do nothing or even protect immoral, illegal policies perpetrated on a weak, vulnerable population and civil society is not allowed to challenge these immoral, illegal policies – even through non-violent direct actions, then … what is there left to do?

domain: politics


text:
When you apply for a home mortgage or a preapproval. of mortgage trigger leads. Ed Mierzwinski, federal consumer program director for advocacy group U.S.PIRG and a credit practices expert, argues.
Before trying to get a home loan with bad credit you should work on getting your score as high as it can be. The higher your score the better odds you have of getting approved for a mortgage. If you have a significant amount of negative accounts you should use our free DIY credit repair guide.
derogatory accounts explanation letter I have to write a letter of explanation for derogatory credit. – I am refinancing my home loan and getting some equity out. There are a few things on my credit report that don’t look good. What kinds of explanations are best? I don’t even really know why they were 30 days late. But they were and I have to deal with it now. I have not had anything bad in the past year but they still want a letter of explanation.how to get pre approved for a home How to Get Pre-Approved for a VA Home Loan – How to Get Pre-Approved for a VA Home Loan. You want to make sure your lender is also VA approved. Click the link below to start your lender search today. Once you’ve found an approved lender, fill out your VA loan application and provide your lender with your COE. Your Certificate of Eligibility or COE can be found on the VA website.apr vs apy mortgage ally bank review – Great Interest Rates and Low Cost Investing – As noted earlier, your ally bank interest checking account comes with both checks and a debit card. You can make payments using online Bill Pay, which is offered as a free service. Ally’s Online.
When you apply for a home mortgage or a preapproval, the loan officer pulls. director for the advocacy group U.S. PIRG and an expert on credit practices, argues that “it’s usually the bad guys who.
Some lenders cater to first-time home buyers; others are focused on helping borrowers with bad credit. NerdWallet has considered. Ideal for borrowers looking to get a mortgage with help from a loan.
Getting pre-approved for a mortgage with bad credit will require an in depth review of debt-to-income ratio, equity (or down payment), reason(s) for bad credit circumstances, and more. The most important thing you can do to set yourself up for success would be to work with a lender that is highly experienced with these types of loans.
To get pre-approved, talk to a lender or a mortgage broker and fill out a loan application. But, if there is anything unusual about your loan application like bad credit history, borrowed down.
fha home loan information FHA Loans – Documents Needed for Loan Application – Information about FHASecure refinance program to help borrowers who are facing foreclosure and must refinance.FHA-Home-Loans.com is owned and operated by a private company specialized in providing information about FHA loans and does not make or offer FHA home loans and FHA mortgages. FHA-Home-Loans.com is not affiliated with or owned, operated.
How to get a mortgage with bad credit? Now that you know bad credit can cost you big bucks when you take out a home loan, here are some strategies you can use to get a more affordable mortgage.
I’m Silvia Castaneda here with mortgage expert harlan holmes of Farmington Mortgage. Thanks for being here. Harlan: Thanks Silvia. The market is really good right now. And guys if you are looking to.
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The added security encourages lenders to lower their credit score and down payment requirements. To qualify for an FHA-backed mortgage, you’ll need a credit score of at least 580, though minimum score requirements will vary by lender. On the plus side, you’ll only need a down payment of 3.5% of the home’s purchase price.

domain: finance


text:
Physical Characteristics of Natural Films Formed at Crude Oil-Water Interfaces
- O.K. Kimbler (Louisiana State U. Baton Rouge, La) | R.L. Reed (Drexel Institute Of Technology, Philadelphia, Pa) | I.H. Silberberg (TPRC, The U. Of Texas, Austin, Tex.)
- Document ID
- Society of Petroleum Engineers
- Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal
- Publication Date
- June 1966
- Document Type
- Journal Paper
- 153 - 165
- 1966. Society of Petroleum Engineers
- 4.1.2 Separation and Treating, 5.2 Reservoir Fluid Dynamics, 5.1 Reservoir Characterisation, 5.4.1 Waterflooding, 4.3.1 Hydrates, 4.3.3 Aspaltenes, 5.2.1 Phase Behavior and PVT Measurements, 2.4.3 Sand/Solids Control, 1.6.9 Coring, Fishing, 4.3.4 Scale, 4.1.5 Processing Equipment
- 3 in the last 30 days
- 424 since 2007
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Interfacial films have frequently been observed at interfaces between certain crude oils and water. Several investigators have postulated that the presence of these films should influence the efficiency of oil recovery in water drive or waterflood operations. They may also influence the stability of emulsions which are sometimes a problem in petroleum production, and may be a factor in the formation of paraffin deposits in oil well tubing and flow lines.
This paper presents a technique with which a modified Langmuir film balance may be used to study the compressibility and collapse pressure of these natural interfacial films. Experimental data are presented for several crude oil-water systems. Data developed are used to infer the phase state of the film as a function of such variables as rate of reduction of interfacial area, ionic composition of the subtrate and pH of the subtrate. A film of known physical characteristics is shown to have a significant effect on oil recovery from an unconsolidated sand pack. Possible applications of these results to petroleum production are discussed.
The use of water to displace petroleum from reservoir rocks is of major importance both as a primary and a secondary recovery process. As water invades the rock, oil is completely displaced from some pores and left as a discontinuous phase in other pores. The manner in which water moves from pore to pore is strongly influenced by capillary forces.
In view of the complexity of reservoir fluid systems, there can be little doubt that complicated interactions take place at both the liquid-solid and oil-water interfaces. One of the more interesting, and least understood, of the phenomena which take place at the oil-water interface is the formation of interfacial films. These films are believed to result from the adsorption of high molecular weight polar molecules at the interface. 1,2 Presence of such molecules may cause a striking alteration in interfacial tension. When the oil-water interfacial area of certain crudes is rapidly reduced, a thin region (film) about the interface assumes the appearance of a solid membrane, and striations, wrinkles and gross distortions may occur. If such a film is solid, it should greatly alter the interfacial tension normally assumed to exist between the oil and water phases. If the membrane is continuous, a solid phase would separate the oil and water.
Interfacial films between crude oil and water were observed in 1949 by Bartell and Niederhauser3 who commented upon the apparent rigidity of the films and their possible importance in the petroleum industry. Morrell and Egloff4 had earlier attributed the extreme stability of emulsions of sea water in fuel oil to very stable asphaltic films. Numerous investigators have observed rigid films in the course of crude oil-water interfacial tension determinations by the pendent drop method.
Several investigators5,6,2 have separated interfacially active materials from crudes and attempted to characterize them chemically. Reisberg and Doscher,2 using Ventura crude, showed the interfacial tension against water (as measured by the pendent drop method) to be affected by aging, contraction and expansion of the interface, and the pH of the water. These investigators attributed the adhesion of oil to a water-wetted surface and the distortions of flow paths in glass capillaries to the presence of rigid films. Dodd7 has studied the interfacial viscosity of adsorbed films and found them to be non-Newtonian in behavior. Craighead and Harvey8 reported a series of displacements in tubes packed with 60 mesh glass beads. They interpreted the results as indicating an effect of stearic acid films on waterflood recovery and imply that natural films may produce similar results.
|File Size||930 KB||Number of Pages||13|

domain: chemistry


text:
Conan the Barbarian 2011-08-17 ( current )
Rate This Movie:
A quest that begins as a personal vendetta for the fierce Cimmerian warrior soon turns into an epic battle against hulking rivals, horrific monsters, and impossible odds, as Conan (Jason Momoa) realizes he is the only hope of saving the great nations of Hyboria from an encroaching reign of supernatural evil.
What is streaming any ways and how is it different from just doing a rent and download movies online? Firstly this allows you to not have to waste any precious space on your computer. With streaming you no longer need to worry about having enough space. It really is never actually saved on your computer. You just simply click the play button on your webpage of choice and you can start your movie adventure. How great is the fact? Even though there are sites away that show you how to copy to and watch videos on my computer. This is not necessary just for simple instant browsing purposes.
Conan the Barbarian User reviews
Everytime I hear the term "remake" I cringe a little... More often than not, the so-called "remake" does not do the original movie justice. With that being said however, I was blown away by this revisited title. Although I was not familiar with the actor cast to play Conan, I was quite pleased by his rendition of the role. Excellent action and plenty of adventure, and not too bad in the looks department either! A most enjoyable movie, that I am pleased to have in my collection.
There's some cathartically pleasant violence, particularly in the first half, but ultimately this movie didn't have to be made, and it *definitely* didn't have to be made under the name "_Conan_". _Final rating:★★ - Had some things that appeal to me, but a poor finished product._
PER GUNNAR JONSSON
I quite liked this film, more than I liked Captain America: The First Avenger that we watched a couple of days ago. It has gotten some rather disappointing ratings. I obviously disagree. I found the film to be pretty much what I hoped for. I read some reviews on IMDb stating that Conan only said about 40 words, that he wasn’t “barbaric” enough, that the fight scenes where chopped up and that you didn’t get to see much of the fighting. In reality the first statement is a blatant lie and the others simply not true. The film is much bloodier than Schwarzenegger’s version and sometimes in a quite “barbaric” way. I do not know what people really expected from this film but for me it was pretty much what I hoped for. Although the Schwarzenegger films are somewhat out-dated I was still afraid that I would miss good old Schwarzy but I really didn’t (that much at least). Special effects where quite okay and the 5.1 DTS Master Audio soundtrack was done well enough. It get’s a 7 out of 10 from me.
- Jason Momoa
- Stephen Lang
- Rachel Nichols
- Ron Perlman
- Rose McGowan
- Marcus Nispel (Director)
- Tyler Bates (Original Music Composer)
- Robert E. Howard (Characters)
- Monique Ganderton (Stunts)
- Joshua Oppenheimer (Writer)
Dark Horse Entertainment
United States of America
RELATED MOVIES (20)

domain: entertainment


Womens Original Mushrooms
The next instalment of the Colour Me range- Mushroooooooms! Grab yourself some of these fun-guys to cheer your bottom up!
Created by Greta Menzies, this mushroom madness are the perfect Thunderpants for wearing while foraging in the forest.
This is a Colour-Me item, it can be personalised by colouring them in with pens, crayons or fabric paints the world is your oyster, as they say.
S-XXL full brief sits in the natural crease at the top of the leg and just under the navel. Thunderpants are cut with enough fabric to cover your bum and the comfy bands hold them in place; even the most active people won't have re-adjust their pants!
90% Organic Cotton 10% Elastane
If you would like to keep the lovely designs of you pants fresh please don't bleach or soak your pants- it will cause the print to fade!
Please cold wash with a bit of gentle detergent, then line dry in the shade.


INDONESIAN PALM OIL PRODUCTION. There are only two truly intact forests left on Earth, study claims - World - News - The Independent. Can a forest be considered a forest if it is carved up by roads and highways?
No, say a team of researchers who studied forest fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems. Ex-Nasa man to plant one billion trees a year using drones - World - News. BioCarbon Engineering wants to use drones for good, using the technology to seed up to one billion trees a year, all without having to set foot on the ground. 26 billion trees are currently being burned down every year while only 15 billion are replanted.
If successful, the initiative could help address this shortfall in a big way. Drones should streamline reforestation considerably, with hand-planting being slow and expensive. "The only way we're going to take on these age-old problems is with techniques that weren't available to us before," CEO and former Nasa-engineer Lauren Fletcher said. "By using this approach we can meet the scale of the problem out there. " The drones will fire pods containing pre-germinated seeds at the ground. BBC Radio 4 - Today, 03/09/2015, Three trillion trees on Earth - new study suggests. New tally shows the trees outnumber us 400 to 1.
How many trees are there on planet Earth?
A new study estimates the number at somewhere around 3.04 trillion. That's about 400 trees for every person. And while that may seem like a lot, the researchers say that before humans began clearing forests, the Earth was home to nearly twice as many trees. Number of trees down 46% since human civilisation. The number of trees on Earth has almost halved since the beginning of human civilisation, a new assessment has found.
There are more than three trillion trees worldwide - around eight times more than some previous estimates - according to the study led by researchers at Yale University in the US. But around 15 billion trees are currently being lost each year as a result of deforestation, forest management and changes in land use, the research published in the journal Nature showed.
This map will change how you see the world. Calling all geography nerds: The US Geological Survey has published a global ecosystems map which it says is the most detailed in the world.
The map is an interactive mosaic of 3.5 billion cells, detailing more than 40,000 unique ecological areas based on four different factors that determine the make-up of an ecosystem – bioclimate, landforms, rock type and land cover. Cartography nuts can use the browser to click on any spot of the map to be given a description of the ecosystem in that exact location as well as scroll through a selection of places the USGS has picked out for special mention (see examples below).
The Association of American Geographers, which developed the new map with the USGS, explains it was created to allow scientists, land managers, conservationists, developers, and the public "to improve regional, national, and global resource management, planning, and decision making". And we’re glad they did. More: The stereotype map of Britain according to north Londoners. L'Equateur bat un record mondial... de reforestation. Reporting greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation with Pan-tropical biomass maps. The JRC recently published an article on the use of pan-tropical biomass maps to report greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
Emissions from tropical deforestation and forest degradation are estimated to account for 7 to 14% of the total CO2 emissions from human activities. A reduction of deforestation and forest degradation activities in the tropics can therefore significantly help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The ‘reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation’ (REDD+) scheme under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is expected to offer results-based payments to developing countries for reducing emissions from forested lands.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) proposes guidelines to estimate GHG emissions and removals from forest and land, composed of three ‘Tier’ levels. Slash-and-burn. Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields.
It is subsistence agriculture that typically uses little technology. It is typically key in shifting cultivation agriculture, and in transhumance livestock herding. Old terms for slash-and-burn in English include assarting, swidden, and fire-fallow cultivation. Today the term slash-and-burn is mainly associated with tropical rain forests.
Slash-and-burn is used by 200 million to 500 million people worldwide. In 2004 it was estimated that, in Brazil alone, 500,000 small farmers cleared an average of one hectare of forest per year each. History Extinction of Rainforest Species Slows Future Growth. Rainforest conservationists estimate that between 0.2 and 0.3 percent of rainforest species are lost annually, assuming that 1 percent of the rainforest is being cut per year.
That might sound like a relatively small number, until you figure the vast number of species in the rainforest, many of which have yet to be identified. By these estimates, we’re losing some 4,000 to 6,000 species to rainforest destruction every 12 months. In and of itself, this should be incredibly alarming. Here at RainforestMaker, we recognize it as especially troubling in light of a recent study revealing the massive impact of the loss of a handful of larger mammal species, known as “mega fauna,” which went extinct some 10,000 years ago. Researchers with Oxford University say this loss created a lack of nutrient dispersal throughout the forests, which has significantly slowed forest regeneration.
Some history: 12,000 years ago, the Amazon rainforest was home to a host of large mammalian creatures.


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“Where is Frodo?”
Pippin suddenly asked, bringing his disappearance to our minds.
“Where is Boromir?”
I asked, becoming increasing worried, that he too was missing. I had seen his strange looks towards the ring, and for too clearly I remember the council.
“Spread out. Find them!”
Aragorn ordered, no longer in the mood to laugh. He was far too concerned, for he too had noticed Boromir change in behavior.
As Legolas and I were the fastest, we spilt up and went separate ways to cover more ground. Pippin and Merry joined me, as we desperately searched.
But Frodo was nowhere to be found.
I kept searching, until a heartbreaking feeling made me fall to my knees.
Both Pippin and Merry said, rushing back.
“Something is here. Something evil and it is getting closer. We must find the others, before it is too late.”
I said, getting back on my feet. We ran to find the other, when suddenly they were there. Right behind us. Orc-like beings, but taller and if possible even uglier.
I called out to the hobbits, causing them to run even further. But the beings caught up with us, and I pushed the hobbits aside as a spear was thrown. It slammed into the ground where Pippin had been just minutes ago.
I shouted at the hobbits, and stopped. In a single motion, I stopped grapped my long bladed knifes and killed one of the beings. But these were tougher than normal orcs and harder to kill. It was possible, but I needed help or I would be overrun.
And help came, in the form of Boromir wilding his long sword. He broke through the circle of beings, and we ended up back to back, fighting for our lives. But it worked we were pushing the beings back. And it drew their attention towards the hobbits.
I said, needing to say no more. Boromir picked up his horn, and used it. It caught some of the beings attention again, but better yet. They others could find us. The flat side of an axe suddenly broke through my defense, hitting me hard on the side of my head.

domain: literature


The Department of Energy states that water is 800 times denser than air, and water flows of just 12 mph contain similar amounts of energy as 110 mph winds.
The plot to the right is a simplified description of today's technology in hydro-power. On the X axis is the discharge, or the characteristic volume flow. On the Y axis is the hydro-static head, which is associated with the pressure and speed of the flow. It is also usually associated with the height of a dam. The inclined straight lines indicate growing levels of power associated with the flow. Since pressure times volume rate is equal to power, you can see that the amount of available energy that can be extracted increases by growing head or by growing volume flow. This plot indicates 3 meters as the average minimal head requirement for these turbine style hydro-power devices. In the plot you can also see that similar amounts of available energy exist in low speed, high volume water flows.
This plot is logarithmic on both axes, which means that the space under the efficiency limit line is much larger than it appears. This area of the diagram represents a vast portion of untapped energy which mainly consists of rivers, canals, and tidal flows. Although the density of energy here is much lower, to extract similar amounts of energy large volumes of moving water are needed.
Fortunately, large volume water flows are globally available. With minimal disruption to the flow, multiple systems can be deployed in series for maximum energy conversion from a single resource. The California Aqueduct system has an average width of 40 feet, an average depth of 30 feet, and is over 400 miles long!
Sea anchors are marine grade, heavy duty parachutes used to grab hold of the sea. Sailors around the world use them for vessel control and emergency situations. They are commonly used to slow, stabilize and steer vessels from sailboats to large ships, however, deploying a sea anchor into a fluid moving mass from a stationary location can create extreme amounts of pull force.
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domain: economics


A ridge lies over the North Island today while northwesterlies lie over the South Island, a front moves onto the lower South Island in the evening.
Northland, Auckland, Waikato & Bay Of Plenty
Mainly sunny, a touch of cloud at times from afternoon for some areas. Light winds tending northeast after midday.
Western North Island (including Central North Island)
Sunny spells with light winds tending west to northwest in the afternoon. Low risk of a shower in the afternoon.
Eastern North Island
Mainly sunny weather with light winds.
Mostly cloudy with breezy north to northwesterly winds.
Marlborough & Nelson
Sunny, some cloud about Nelson in the evening. North to northwesterly winds, picking up in the afternoon about Marlborough.
Mainly sunny with increasing high cloud, north to northeasterly winds.
Cloudy areas, the odd drizzle patch, more likely the further one goes into South Westland. Rain moves into South Westland later in the evening with heavy falls. North to northeasterly winds.
Southland & Otago
Thick high cloud, scattered spots of rain possible otherwise long dry periods too. Weather during the day is likely to be drier about Otago with a few spots of rain not looking as likely till later in the evening or overnight. Light north to northeasterly winds.
By Weather Analyst Aaron Wilkinson – WeatherWatch.co.nz


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New Haven has 123,626 residents. It is located in New Haven county.
For Connecticut residents, the average tuition for all New Haven music therapy schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $16,432.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for New Haven music therapy schools was $19,941.00.
Books and supplies for music therapy schools in New Haven cost an average of $1,651.00. The average cost for room and board for students living on campus at music therapy schools in New Haven was $10,112.00. The average cost for students living at home was $3,153.00 for the 2009 - 2010 school year. There are two music therapy colleges in New Haven from which students can pick the one that best suits their needs. 134 students were reported to have graduated from music therapy programs in New Haven in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Profession||Average Salary||Number Employed in City|
|Occupational Therapist Assistants||$50,860.00||80|

domain: statistics


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Baccarat is one of the most popular casino games in Asia, attracting high rollers with its glamour and sophistication. While it’s not a game that requires high levels of skill or strategy, it offers players a relaxing respite from the frantic pace of other casino table games.
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Baccarat’s low house edge makes it a great choice for players who want to avoid large losses. However, the game’s low payout percentage makes it unattractive to bettors who are looking for a high return on investment. In order to maximize your profits, you should focus on bets that offer the lowest house edge.
In addition to the Banker bet, you should consider placing a bet on a tie as it has the best odds of winning. However, you should keep in mind that a tie bet will not pay out as much as the Banker or Player bets.
Choosing a baccarat game that uses fewer decks of cards will help to decrease the house edge on the Banker bet. This is because fewer cards mean that the dealer will have a better chance of drawing a winner. In addition, fewer cards will decrease the volatility of the game and make it more predictable.
While baccarat is not as fast-paced as blackjack, it has long been the table game of choice for high rollers. As a result, it has generated more revenue for casinos than any other table game in history. The game has even made appearances in several James Bond films, including Dr. No, Thunderball, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, and GoldenEye. Baccarat’s allure has captivated players from around the world, and is sure to continue attracting high rollers to casino floors. For these reasons, it’s well worth trying baccarat for yourself next time you visit your favorite casino.

domain: game


Int. J. Lim.
Volume 58, 2022
|Number of page(s)||13|
|Published online||28 June 2022|
Longitudinal dynamics of Odonata assemblages in an anthropogenically impacted lotic system
Elektroprojekt d.d., Civil and Architectural Engineering Department, Water Resources, Nature and Environmental protection Section, Alexandera von Humboldta 4, Zagreb, Croatia
2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
3 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Teacher Education, Trg Matice Hrvatske 12, Petrinja, Croatia
4 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
* Corresponding author: email@example.com
Accepted: 14 March 2022
European lowland rivers are extensively impacted by hydromorphological pressures, and the relationship between individual benthic macroinvertebrate groups and these degradations are insufficiently investigated. Therefore, we studied distribution and ecological traits of Odonata inhabiting a lotic system in the Pannonian lowland ecoregion (ER 11) in Croatia affected by degraded water quality and hydromorphological stressors. The study encompassed multihabitat sampling of 20 longitudinally distributed sampling sites, selected for their representativeness of disturbances. Only five species were recorded with Platycnemis pennipes (Pallas, 1771) and Onychogomphus forcipatus (Linnaeus, 1758) dominating. We found woody debris samples contained a disproportionately higher number of Odonata, especially Zygoptera, compared to all other sampled microhabitats. The downstream longitudinal increase in Odonata abundance was not followed by an expected increase in species richness. Only five (oxygen saturation, pH, ammonium, water temperature and total nitrogen) of the sixteen tested water quality parameters were significant variables in determining the variation of Odonata assemblages. Calopteryx virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) and juvenile Gomphidae were associated with sites of somewhat higher ammonium and total nitrogen concentrations while all other taxa showed a negative association to ammonium. Odonata abundances were affected by modification of the river channel where significant decrease in abundance was observed with increased modification. Our results suggest that even species with a broad ecological tolerance are sensitive to hydromorphological pressures and represent an important background for further research and conservation practices of lotic European Odonata.
Key words: Dragonflies / damselflies / hydromorphology / water quality / Pannonian lowland ecoregion / microhabitats
© EDP Sciences, 2022
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Hyundai Canada debuts Gaspocalypse during Super Bowl
The commercial honours the post-apocalyptic film genre and highlights the fuel efficiency of the Sonata Hybrid.
Hyundai Canada is one of a handful of Canadian companies unveiling original creative during the Super Bowl, with a 60-second spot called “Gaspocalypse.” The brand describes the commercial as a nod to the post-apocalyptic film genre.
Last year, Hyundai created a Canada-specific Super Bowl ad for the launch of the Hyundai Genesis Coupe. This year’s “Gaspocalypse,” featuring the Sonata Hybrid, was filmed over two days in the Mojave Desert outside Los Angeles.
“The Super Bowl is more than a football game, it’s a social event,” John Vernile, VP marketing, Hyundai Canada tells MiC. “We wanted to entertain Canadian viewers by sharing with them a unique, Canadian-produced Super Bowl television spot.”
ZenithOptimedia worked on the media buy and Hyundai Canada’s AOR Innocean Worldwide Canada did the creative for the spot.
The wider Canadian campaign for the Sonata Hybrid is supported through a variety of media channels, particularly online, says Vernile. But because the annual championship of American football draws such a large audience in Canada, it is an ideal platform for a one-time campaign such as Gaspocalypse. “The Super Bowl is a perfect showcase for Sonata Hybrid to halo the entire Hyundai brand,” he says.
Media reports peg the annual global audience for the Super Bowl at around 110 million people. Last year, BBM reported an average combined French and English audience of about eight million for the game in Canada, making it one of the country’s most-watched telecasts.


Former burlesque star May and her daughter Peggy dance in the chorus. When May has a fight with featured dancer Bubbles, Bubbles leaves the show and Peggy takes her place. When Peggy falls ... See full summary »
Young hopefuls trying to stage a Broadway show on a shoestring are sustained with food by expert shoplifter Harpo. They little suspect that his donations include the special sardine can hiding the Romanoff diamonds! Slinky Madame Egelichi and her henchmen will do anything to get them back, but the Marx Brothers lead them a merry chase. Written by
Rod Crawford <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Groucho Marx told an anecdote - both on a '60s Today Show segment and in print - that the movie's producer asked three aspiring actresses to walk seductively past Marx. Whomever Marx decided was the best walker would play opposite him in the film. When the third girl walked past, Marx asked the producer, "How could you possibly choose anyone but that last one?" Marx had chosen Marilyn Monroe for the film. See more »
When we first see Chico in the final scene, he is wearing a bow-tie. In the very next shot he is tie-less. See more »
Love Happy is the last movie where the Marx brothers appear together.Harpo is the biggest star of the movie.He gets in a trouble when he steals a sardine can that has Romanoff's diamond inside.Love Happy is good Marx movie.Groucho, Harpo and Chico are as good as they were in their younger days.And you can see Marilyn Monroe in a little part as Groucho's client.A must see for Marx fans, especially Harpo fans.
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difference between crushing grinding – Grinding Mill China. . Kuntang. Feb 11, 2014 What is the differencebetween crushing and crushing is primary operation which is performed with. difference between crushing and milling - hvactoronto.biz. difference between milling and crushing in . difference between crushing and grinding -YouTube. .
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Grinding and milling refer to the same thing, although grinding is generally used to refer to process and a "mill" the equipment that undertakes the grinding. In many metallurgical processes the first step before any separation of valuable and barren components is attempted is known as comminution .
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Difference between Crushing and Grinding View Larger Image When making comparisons of the efficiencies of different grinding and crushing machines it is desirable to be able to estimate the work actually done in crushing the ore from a given size of feed to a given size of product, the screen analysis of both feed and product being determined.
Although the grinding capacity of ball mill varies with the operation system ( wet, dry, open and closed circuit ), size of fedd material, size of products and quality of material, an example of over-flow type ball mill is shown in table below, together with major specification.
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grinding, milling, crushing Objective Grinding (milling) is used for the size reduction of solid dry material. It may also improve the eating quality and/or suitability of the material for further processing. .
The Work Index is found from the first stage of the wet open circuit grinding tests (1) by multiplying the grinding index Iw by 0.0082, and from the first stage of the dry open circuit grinding tests by multiplying the dry grinding index Id by 0.00546.
As nouns the difference between crush and grinding is that crush is a violent collision or compression; a crash; destruction; ruin while grinding is the action of grinding together or crushing into small particles. As verbs the difference between crush and grinding is that crush is to press or bruise between two hard bodies; to squeeze, so as to destroy the natural shape or integrity of the .
Crushing, a form of comminution, one of the unit operations of mineral processing In the field of extractive metallurgy, mineral processing, also known as ore dressing, is the process of separating commercially valuable minerals from their ores .
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Mill (grinding) - Wikipedia. A mill is a device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. Such comminution is an important unit operation in many processes.
Before the stone crushing equipment crusher operation, the first thing to do is to conduct a comprehensive inspection of the stone sand making machine equipment.If it is found that the connection between the parts is loose, to tighten the screws in a timely manner; if the intensity of foundation under the stone sand making machine equipment is .
Mineral processing, art of treating crude ores and mineral products in order to separate the valuable minerals from the waste rock, or gangue. It is the first process that most ores undergo after mining in order to provide a more concentrated material for the procedures of extractive metallurgy.The primary operations are comminution and concentration, but there are other important operations .
The primary differences between these mills are in the ratio of diameter to the length of the cylinder and the type of grinding media employed. Grinding media can .
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Difference between Crushing and Grinding. grinding and crushing operation - celebrationcakes. crushing operation and grinding operation The reduction ratio in the grinding section is so much greater than in the crushing plant that labour becomes. Read More.
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Size Reduction Raw materials undergo size reduction through different mechanisms: impact, compression, and attrition. . During the crushing operation, the two rolls rotate toward each other, resulting in crushing. . C. L. Crushing and Grinding Process Handbook . New York: John Wiley & .


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Mr. Speaker, that is exactly what we have done when it comes to the responsibility of Canadian Forces. If it is Afghan forces, then the Afghan forces will follow their procedures. Clearly that is the situation.
We want to encourage the Afghan government to do everything possible to live up to its expectations. Canada as well has taken steps now to ensure that the new arrangement will enhance our capacity to track those prisoners, to see that the Afghans live up to those expectations.
This has been something that has been commended by other countries, that will be studied by other countries and I suspect that it will be modelled by other countries.

domain: topicality


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Consider the possibility that online spaces were pronounced unlawful and there were not any more game tables accessible to play at. Individuals would then need to discover alternate approaches to bring in cash while playing their #1 games. They may join a subsequent revenue stream with the goal that they can in any case bring in cash even while not playing on the web openings. Obviously; it would be hard for them to do this in light of the fact that most second earnings are not unreasonably steady.
People enjoy making money from online betting.
Then again; consider the possibility that online spaces were pronounced unlawful and no game tables would be accessible to play at. It would then be truly challenging for individuals to bring in cash on the grounds that it would be basically impossible to play their number one games. This is clearly not satisfactory and individuals ought not consent to such a circumstance. However long there are individuals who play these games there will consistently be cash to be procured.
Presently; there has been an increment in the quantity of situations when imagine a scenario in which online openings were proclaimed unlawful. This means individuals have been accused of violations of utilizing illicit programming to play these online gambling machines. They have been discovered in the act and the discipline that they have gotten has made their lives pivot. There are individuals who were condemned to prison and there are the individuals who have lost their opportunity.


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A voyage to Hudson's-Bay by the "Dobbs Galley" and "California" in the years 1746 and 1747 for discovering a North West Passage
Dublin : Printed for George and Alexander Ewing ..., 1749.; 182 images, 179 with full-text search
- Ellis, Henry, 1721-1806
CIHM/ICMH microfiche series ; no. 34895
A voyage to Hudson's-Bay by the "Dobbs Galley" and "California" in the years 1746 and 1747 for discovering a North West Passage : with an accurate survey of the country together with a fair view of the facts and arguments from which the future finding of such a passage is rendered probable
- Dublin : Printed for George and Alexander Ewing ..., 1749.
FC 02 0203 no. 34895
Dobbs Galley (Ship).
Dobbs Galley (Navire).
Northwest Passage -- Discovery and exploration.
Nord-Ouest, Passage du -- Découverte et exploration.
Hudson Bay -- Discovery and exploration.
Arctic regions -- Discovery and exploration.
Hudson, Baie d' -- Découverte et exploration.
Régions arctiques -- Découverte et exploration.
- Document source
- Filmed from a copy of the original publication held by the Library of the Public Archives of Canada.
"To which is prefixed An Historical Account of the Attempts hitherto made for the finding a Passage that Way to the East-Indies."
"With a new and correct Chart of Hudson's-Bay with the Countries adjacent."
2 microfiches (92 fr.) : map.
xvi, 152 p. : map ; 22 cm.

domain: history