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Syntheses and Biomedical Applications of Functional PolymersView this Special Issue
Review Article | Open Access
Yong Yang, Zhou Chen, Junxiong Zhang, Guanchun Wang, Ruiqian Zhang, Dingjie Suo, "Preparation and Applications of the Cellulose Nanocrystal", International Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 2019, Article ID 1767028, 10 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1767028
Preparation and Applications of the Cellulose Nanocrystal
Cellulose widely existed in plants and bacteria, which takes important effect on the synthesis of macromolecule polymer material. Because of its great material properties, the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) showed its necessary prospect in various industrial applications. As a renewable future material, the preparation methods of the CNC were reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, the important applications of CNC in the field of composites, barrier film, electronics, and energy consumption were also mentioned with brief introductions. The summarized preparations and considerable applications provided operable ideas and methods for the future high-end and eco-friendly functional composites. Suggestions for potential applications were also discussed.
Cellulose is a macromolecular polysaccharide composed of glucose. It is also the most diverse and widespread group of polysaccharides in nature. As a kind of natural crystalline macromolecular compound, the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) widely exists in the plant fibers and the capsular polysaccharide of bacteria  and possesses a series of characteristics of high crystallization, high strength, large specific surface, low density, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Therefore, it is usually utilized in the field of construction, foodstuff, electronics, pharmacy, barrier industry, et al. [2–6].
The main methods for preparing CNC at present are the mechanical process, the chemical process of hydrolysis, the biological process of hydrolysis, and the combined method of the above processes. All the above methods mentioned have their own advantages and disadvantages and also different effects on their applications [7, 8]. This paper presents a summary of the research progress of preparations, modifications, and applications of CNC in all aspects.
2. Methods for CNC Preparations
The plant fibers are usually employed in preparing the CNC for its low price and abundance, whose common size is 0.5~3.0 mm for length and 20~40 μm for diameter . Meanwhile, the size of any one dimensionality of cellulose locating in 100 nm is called the CNC . Therefore, the methods for obtaining the CNC are the processes of decreasing the size of natural cellulose, which includes the process of mechanical, the chemical hydrolysis, the biological hydrolysis, and the combined methods.
2.1. Preparation of CNC via the Mechanical Process
The mechanical process is a physical method for getting the CNC and consists of four ways: homogenization under high pressure, microfluidization, fine grinding, and freezing smashing .
2.1.1. Homogenization under High Pressure
Homogenization is a one-step process to make a stable suspension by smashing the solid to form ultrafine particles in the solution . Homogenization under high pressure was usually used to produce the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), where the process of the homogenization under high pressure usually occurred in the homogeneous valve . The raw material was extruded to the adjustable gap between the rod and the seat of the valve (usually ) by the outside force to accelerate the solution speed to 200~300 m/s. While leaving the gap, the inner press of the mixed solution fell instantaneously . According to Bernoulli’s theory , the great change of inner press would create an inner shearing force to produce lots of positive holes and the turbulence, which would break the fibers into ultrafine particles.
The method of homogenization under high pressure was first improved in 1980s . Turbak et al.  employed the wood fibers to produce the MCC with this method and obtained the stable MCC gel with high viscosity. And then, a series of studies reported its application for the MCC preparation with varieties of raw materials. Khiari  utilized chemistry-treated residue of the Badam to produce cellulose nanofibril (CNF) gel at 600 bars for 10 times, and the resulting CNF was one with a diameter of 3~18 nm. Meanwhile, they also indicated that the parameters of production would be the best by holding the reaction temperature at 70~80°C, and the homogenization under high pressure could be applied in the continuous industry production.
Although the method of the homogenization under high pressure possessed several advantages, its development was also limited by its obvious disadvantages. As an energy-intensive process, the homogenization under high pressure utilizes lots of energy, which meant that its energy waste was huge. Meanwhile, its efficiency was unstable because the valve was easily jammed by the long plant fibers. All the above problems prevented its improvement.
The microfluidization is called microfluidization under high pressure , one of the methods for preparing nanomaterials, and its technological process is shown in Figure 1 . The raw slurry was firstly injected and pressurized to about 4000 bars by the fluid pump. It was then forced into a Y-form interactive vessel, where two squirts of liquid with the speed of 1000 m/s met head-on. This impaction would create a huge shear force as well as the void effect, which results in the manufacture of the nanoparticle. Furthermore, the slurry goes through the assistant vessel with several inner zigzags, which results in more impaction occurring with the cavity walls and consequently smashing the nanoparticles further to obtain more homogeneous CNC.
Li and Liu  employed the high-pressure jet machine to prepare the NFC at 103.4 MPa for 12 times with a diameter of 80 μm of its inner cavity. They indicated that the jet machine with small-bores in its main cavity could improve the relative water content of the prepared MCC. The test result showed that the relative water content of MCC was 1105% prepared by the machine with a diameter of 75 nm of its inner cavity for 10 times. Meanwhile, the MCC size decreased with the homogeneous times increasing and reached 100~200 nm after 5-time microfluidization, when the diameter of the main cavity was 100 nm. Compared to the homogenization under high pressure, the microfluidization had the disadvantage that the cavity was easily jammed by long fibers, and its energy consumption was high. It is not easily applicable in the industry.
2.1.3. Fine Grinding
The method of fine grinding was a novel physical way in preparing the MCC, which was realized by the fine grinder and a commercial grinder as shown in Figure 2. It was obvious that the core components consisted of two discs, the inner and the external, where both discs were covered with grooves with different parameters. The initial step of the process for the MCC preparation was firstly to pour the raw slurry into the gap between two discs, while the external disc remained stationary and the inner disc kept rotating. The relative rotation of the two discs produced the force of crush, shearing, friction, grinding, and tearing to divide the fibers as well as decrease their sizes to obtain the MCC. By controlling the grinding parameters, the MCC with varieties of size levels ended up with low energy consumption; meanwhile, the grinder was easy to clean and maintain. But it was incredibly inefficient, and little application was reported. Li and Liu  used the pretreated fibers of the coniferous tree to prepare the MCC by grinding the slurry for 15 times, and the diameter of the obtained MCC was 10~40 nm.
2.1.4. Freezing Smashing
The freezing smashing technique was used in smashing the frozen cellulose fiber with mechanical force to divide the cellulose fibers and produce the CNC. Liquid nitrogen was usually employed as the freezing medium to freeze the cellulose slurry, which could transfer the fibers from toughness to brittleness under low temperature and subsequently increase its internal stress. The powerful impaction from the mechanical smashing easily broke the structure of the frozen fibers hence dividing it to nanosize . However, its cost was too high while it was also too low to be promoted.
2.2. Preparation of Chemical Process
Although all the above mechanical processes were employed in preparing the CNC, they were not widely applied due to their great energy consumption. Therefore, the chemical process was focused on treating the natural cellulose. As a kind of polysaccharide, the cellulose is made from the glucose molecules, which are connected by the β-1,4-glucosidic bond with each other . Thus, the process of partially breaking glucosidic bonds is the key way to obtaining the CNC, and the chemical hydrolysis offers a case for realizing it .
2.2.1. Process of Alkali Hydrolysis
As a kind of natural polymer, the cellulose had the supramolecular structure which made it difficult to be hydrolyzed. However, the alkali had the ability to swell the cellulose as well as break its inner hydrogen bonds . Therefore, the alkali was employed to hydrolyze the cellulose.
Research showed that the crystal form of natural cellulose was transferred from I-form to II-form after treatment with 9 wt% NaOH . Zhang et al.  obtained the II-form spherical CNC by treating the cellulose with 5 M NaOH at 80°C and acid solution, successively. Tang et al.  used NaClO solution to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to obtain spherical CNC with the diameter of 20~40 nm, and its crystalline was 79.71%. Hagman et al.  dissolved the MCC with 2 M NaOH solution and found that the MCC was hydrolyzed to new chains with a lower crystalline degree and kept stable in the solution. Xie et al.  investigated the effects of the parameters of the alkali hydrolysis on the microstructure of the CNC. They showed that the productivity of II-form CNC was 54.50% with an average diameter of 156.9 nm, and its parameter was handling the cellulose with 5 M NaOH solution at 60°C for 2 hours. Although several studies have reported the application of alkali in hydrolyzing cellulose, the alkali was mainly employed in pretreating the cellulose to dissolve the lignin and pectin.
2.2.2. Process of Acid Hydrolysis
The microstructure of the cellulose fiber consisted of discontinuous regions of crystalline cellulose and amorphous cellulose, where the unconfined amorphous region was between two inerratic crystalline regions, and the fiber was made from the repetition of the above structures. Therefore, researches were aimed at how to remove the amorphous regions quickly and keeping the crystalline regions as well.
Liu et al.  prepared the CNC from reed pulp with 55 wt% sulfuric acid, using sodium m-nitrobenzene sulfonate (SMS) as the cocatalyst. It was indicated that the optimum parameters for the CNC preparation were the reaction at 50°C for 5 hours accompanied with 10 wt% SMS. Compared to the method with two catalysts, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and cupric sulfate simultaneously, the CNC obtained from this process was smaller and more homogeneous, with much higher yield. Wu et al.  indicated that the ultrasound-assisted sulfuric acid method could be applied for the preparation of CNC, and its parameters were about 10 nm for diameter and 200~400 nm for length with a crystallinity of 63.3%. Meanwhile, the thermal insulation foam made of the CNC with the freezing-drying method expressed its perfect thermal insulation performance under normal condition.
You et al.  used the ultrasonic-assisted method to hydrolyze the MCC with carbon-based phosphotungstic acid as the catalyst. The obtained CNC was rod-like and I-form with a length of 146~862 nm and a diameter of 12~79 nm, whose crystallinity was 76.1%. Sun et al.  hydrolyzed the cotton fibers with 63.9% sulfur acid at 50°C and tested its microstructure, solubility in alkali solution, molecular weight, and other characteristics. It was found that the hydrolysis time of 45~55 min was the optimum time range when the CNC yield was 32.2~41.7%, and the 18% NaOH solution was a perfect indicator for the CNC preparation. The process of acid hydrolysis is widely applied all over the world, but the terrible wastes are unavoidable, wasted solution of acid, alkali, water, and residua. And the novel ways for obtaining the CNC have drawn the attentions all the time.
2.2.3. Process of TEMPO Hydrolysis
The TEMPO is a series of reagents used to oxidize the alcohol and ether, including 2,2,6,6-tetramethylepiperridin-1-oxyl and its ramifications with the structure of 1-oxyl, an oxygen radical. Research showed that the function of the TEMPO was its oxidation effect on the alcoholic hydroxyl group . As an efficient and pollution-free reagent, the TEMPO was employed to produce the CNC, and its common reaction system consisted of the TEMPO, the NaBr, and the NaClO .
188.8.131.52. Development of TEMPO Reaction System. Research indicated that the process of the TEMPO oxidation of the cellulose was a process where the C6-formyl group was transformed to the C6-carboxyl group . As the main oxidation reagent, the NaClO firstly transformed the NaBr into NaBrO, and the produced NaBrO would oxide the TEMPO to be a nitrosonium. Nitrosonium underwent oxidation to transform the alcoholic hydroxyl group and produced an aldehyde or carboxylic acid, where its mechanism was displayed in Figure 3 .
However, further study showed that the basicity of alkalinity had great effect on the degree of dissociation of the CNC, which might have led to the decrement of the mechanical properties of the CNC, as the strength and flexibility of the nanofibers . Therefore, the present researches of the reaction systems were mainly focused on the adjustment and controlling of the reaction system .
Saito et al.  replaced the NaBr in the reaction system of the TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO with the NaClO2 and found the phenomena that the aldehyde groups teemed in the produced CNC surface obtained from the reaction system of the TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO, and it did not occur in the TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 system. This mechanism is shown in Figure 3. Meanwhile, the size of the CNC made from the above reaction system was long for 2 μm and wide for 5 nm; the degree of polymerization was 900, with an optimum reaction pH of 6.8.
Although the system of the TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 displayed its advantages, its disadvantages were also unavoidable, such as its terrible reaction rate and relatively low content of the carboxyl in the CNC. Attentions were drawn to improve the efficiency of the TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 system . Iwamoto et al.  employed ten kinds of systems consisting of TEMPO ramification, NaBr, NaClO, and NaClO2 to compare their efficiencies in preparing the CNC. It resulted that the 4-acetamido-TEMPO and the 4-methoxy-TEMPO showed their optimum catalytic efficiencies; however, the 4-hydroxyl-TEMPO and 4-oxygen-TEMPO showed the worst efficiencies. In addition, the ultrasonic assistance was usually used in the chemical reaction. Mishra et al.  utilized the system of the TEMPO to hydrolyze the cellulose with the ultrasonic assistance, and the productivity of the CNC was raised by about 10%, when the content of the carboxyl was raised by 10~15%. According to the above investigations, it was obvious that the preparations with the system of TEMPO were a pollution-free and efficient way to produce the CNC, which also sketched the contours of its development prospect of the assistance-TEMPO methods.
184.108.40.206. Effect of Treatment on the Dispersion of the CNC. The preparation of the CNC was affected by a series of factors that involved the reaction conditions, the carboxyl content, the homogenization treatment, and other circumstances [43–45], in which the carboxyl content of the CNC controlled the dispersity of the cellulose fiber in water as well as the productivity of the CNC .
Hirota et al.  indicated that the oxide cellulose fiber obtained with different methods possessed a similar carboxyl concentration of 1.8~2.2 mmol/g on the fiber, which was the maximum content in the undissolved cellulose fibers. On the other hand, low content of the carboxyl in the CNC was against its decentralization in the water. Saito et al.  found that the system’s viscosity increased quickly with 2~4% solid content; however, the phenomena did not occur while the content was below 1%. In addition, research showed that the CNC solution possessed much more carboxyls and displayed relatively lower viscosity, because of the electrostatic repulsive force among the carboxyls [49, 50]. Okita et al.  reported that the TEMPO-CNC dissolved not only in water but also in several organic solvents, and the CNC could also be obtained in the organic solvent just with extremely high energy consumption. The morphology of CNC obtained by four methods is shown in Figure 4 .
2.3. Preparation of Biological Fermentation
Usually, the process of chemical hydrolysis is low-cost and convenient for preparing the CNC, but its pollution is terrible since it leaves lots of wasted solutions of acid or alkali, which is difficult to handle and harmful to the environment. Therefore, the noncomplicated, efficient, and pollution-free method for preparing the CNC is focused on in recent years. As a perfect solution, the biological process rises in response to the proper time and conditions, which mainly involves the biological hydrolysis.
The CNC was firstly obtained from some specific bacterial cellulose (BC) in 1886 , which was so called bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). Several bacteria were discovered and employed in obtaining the BNC, including the Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Achromobacter, and Aerobacter . In fact, the BC was better than plant cellulose in terms of its higher purity, crystallinity (over 60%), degree of polymerization (between 2000 and 6000), and tensile strength [54, 55]. Therefore, the BC was a perfect resource for the BNC.
Usually, the BNC was extruded through the bacterium cell pores in the form of ribbons. These ribbons started at specific points on the cell surface and became thicker as they built a composite ribbon. Finally, the cellulose nanofibers were with a 2~4 nm diameter and several 100 μm length [51, 56]. However, each bacterium BNC had its own merits according to the difference in the bacterium type as well as its cultured conditions. For instance, the Acetobacter BNC was with an α-crystalline structure and its fiber showed a rectangular section with a parameter in . A list of CNC with different characterizations is shown in Table 1 .
Although the characterizations of the component ratio of amorphous and crystalline regions and size of the microcellulose are according to the kinds of bacteria, the ways of dividing them from each other by removing the amorphous zones are common, and the cellulase acts as a pair of scissors to do it. Usually, the scissors consisted of several cellulases, 1,4-β-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, 1,4-β-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase, β-1,4-glucosidase, etc. . Because of the heterogeneous catalytic reaction of the cellulase, no cellulase possessed the ability to efficiently catalyze the BC hydrolysis individually, and the biological process was always focused on increasing the hydrolyzed efficiency with the combined actions of kinds of cellulases.
BNCs obtained by catalyzing the pulp with Trichoderma viride G were with great globular characterizations (2.5~10 nm) with optimum conditions of pH 4.8 and temperature of 45°C for 2 h . It was indicated that the BNC produced by Acetobacter xylinum was with a great thermostability (≤330°C) and swelling resistance, while the producing efficiency raised by controlling the fermentation temperature and rotation speeds . On the other hand, researches on the BNC production by sugar derivatives were also focused on long ago, with results showing that the productivity obtained from arabitol and mannitol was 6.2 and 3.8 times, respectively, more than that from the glucose . The MCC obtained from the Cladophora showed an average length of 350 nm with a degree of polymerization of 690 for β-glucan chain . More and more attentions were drawn for its economic efficiency and irreplaceable sustainability.
2.4. Preparation via the Combined Method
In general, all the above solutions could be applied for CNC preparation, but there exists lots of problems that limit the development of those technologies, such as the energy-extensive consumption of the mechanical process, the heavy pollution of the chemical process, and the underactivity of the biological process on raw plant fibers. Therefore, the combination of several methods is an irresistible trend of the CNC preparation. And the normal combinations are between the process of machinery and chemistry or biology.
By combining chemical pretreatment and mechanical methods, Alemdar and Sain obtained the MFC with a 10~80 nm in diameter and several microns in length . Meanwhile, the MFC from the preoxidized pulp were with average diameters of 5.51 nm by rotation and 4.7 nm by ultrasound .
3. Applications of CNC
Owing to lots of perfect properties of strength, light transmission, gas barrier, et al., the applications of the CNC were focused on the optical film, electronics, composite materials, and other fields [64–68].
3.1. CNC Reinforcement Composites
As a prepossessing field, the development of nanocomposites was drawing more and more attentions since the properties of CNC included high strength, low density, great biodegradation, green renewability, crystallinity, porosity, and interphase effects .
As a nanofiber from the natural resources, the CNC possessed a mean strength within the ranges of 1.6~3 GPa, which was comparable with those of commercially available multiwalled carbon nanotubes . Therefore, it was available for the reinforcement of the composites with CNC.
It was shown that the CNC-reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibrils possessed a tensile modulus of 57 GPa far greater than those of PVA fibrils as well as its storage modulus , which was because of uniform dispersion of CNC in the PVA and their hydrogen bonding. Another research employed the use of CNC to modify polyethylene oxide (PEO) and showed that and of the 20%-CNC/PEO composites improved 2 and 2.5 times comparing to the pure PEO, respectively, .
Li et al.  obtained the nanocomposites by combining the CNC with the polymerization of phenol, and their thermal stability was much better than the polyphenols. Wang et al.  prepared a CNC/soy protein thermoplastics and found that and of the composite changed from 0.53 to 1.02 GPa and from 16.7 to 31.2 MPa, respectively, by adding 20% CNC. However, it changed from 0.60 to 1.82 GPa and from 20.2 to 59.3 MPa, respectively, with 30% CNC .
3.2. Barrier Films
Because of its waterproof and barrier functions, the CNC-modified composites have attracted interest in the applications of barrier films with potential utilizations in filtration and packaging . The investigations were mainly focused on how to prevent water vapor and oxygen from permeation into the envelope.
It was shown that the water vapor permeability decreased with the CNC addition in the envelope. Choi and Simonsen  indicated that the CNC composite film possessed great water vapor preventions with a permeability decrease to 11% in thermal treatments. Chinga-Carrasco and Syverud  proved that the oxygen permeating speed was 3.0 cm3·(m2·24h·0.1 MPa)-1 with a 50% relative humidity level by testing the CNC film. The great barrier property was proven by Fukuzumi et al.  that the average pore size of CNC film was about 0.47 nm close to the kinetic diameter of oxygen, and this structure would prevent oxygen from approaching into the envelope.
Meanwhile, applications of CNC in the oxygen permeability of composite film were also investigated. Petersson and Oksman  found that the oxygen permeability of the polylactic acid (PLA) was increased by over 3 times compared to pure PLA with 5 wt% MCC addition. In contrast, other researches showed that the oxygen permeability of CNC/PLA film was significantly lowered to 1 mL·m-2·day-1·Pa-1 with a film structure of a 0.4 mm TEMPO-NFC film on top of a 25 mm thick PLA film (746 mL·m-2·day-1·Pa-1) . It was interesting that the properties went in the opposite directions with different film structures. Because the barrier properties of envelopes were connected to factors that influence the tortuous path of the diffusion species though the film, the difference between the two studies mentioned above might be affected by several factors, such as orientation, concentration, reinforcement shape, crystallinity, porosity, and interphase effects.
Similarly, it was demonstrated that neat CNC films possessed a relatively low oxygen permeability of 17 mL·m-2·day-1 with a thickness of 20~30 mm . However, it was below 10~20 mL·m-2·day-1 of the oxygen transmission rate of the atmosphere packaging with this CNC modification . This property demonstrated the potential of neat and/or modified CNC films for oxygen barrier applications.
CNC has been widely used in biomedical scaffolds, strain sensor, oil/water separation, drug excipient, wound dressings, and other biological materials for its biodegradability, high biocompatibility, and nontoxicity [84, 85].
Zhang et al.  developed an optical probe for the selective and quantitative detection of Cu2+ using surface-modified fluorescent CNC. The external surface of fluorescent CNC was modified by the mild EDTAD esterification and amidation with 7-amino-4-methylcumarin, which caused the topological distribution of fluorescent moieties and other functional groups. It is possible that the fluorescent CNC can be widely used for bioimaging and metal ion detection in the coming years. Recently, the CNC-based composite using 3D printing technology has attracted extensive attention in the medical field. Sultan and Mathew  prepared porous and 3D printable scaffolds from the hydrogel ink of sodium alginate and gelatin reinforced with CNC. CNC provided nice structural orientation, rheological properties, and mechanical properties during the 3D printing process. The biobased scaffolds with pore size from 80 to 2125 μm and nanoscale pore wall roughness were considered suitable for cell interactions and guided cell growth during tissue regeneration. Though many researches about biocompatibility, long-term toxicology, and security between CNC-based composite and human bodies remain in the exploration stage, lots of results indicate a promising future.
3.4. Other Applications
As a promising material for energy application, the flexible energy storage device was made by using the MWNT nanowire arrays of CNC . The typical structure was based on a single sheet of conductive cellulose paper (separator) made from room temperature ionic liquid and CNC (electrode). Zhu et al.  proved that the CNC nanopapers could be applied as the matrix for light-emitting diode (LED) and also found that LED with CNC matrix are highly transparent in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. Meanwhile, the CNC matrix was all flexible enough to be compatible with roll-to-roll processing.
Niu et al.  employed the CNC for preparation of the multilayer membrane electrode for the supercapacitor. It indicated that the prepared composite film exhibited great flexibility and elastic resilience for the application prospect. Gao et al.  manufactured a conductive paper with a self-assembly of the CNC and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). It indicated that the composite paper possessed an excellent mechanical property, and its transmittance and sheet surface resistance could be designed by controlling the number of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. For example, the paper with a 20 LbL shows a sheet resistance of ∼2.5 kΩ and a transmittance of 76% (at 550 nm). It revealed a greater prospect in the field of information-transfer than conventional paper.
The preparation methods and applications of the CNC were summarized in this paper, and the scarcity of resources urged us to find some renewable resources to effectively contrast this phenomenon. CNC in the form of microfiber or nanofiber had unique properties including high elastic modulus, dimensional stability, outstanding reinforcement potential, and transparency. As a natural resource, efficient obtainment and smart application were still drawing the attentions on environmentally friendly utilization all the time. Since CNC research is still at its booming stage, industrial commercialization has not been arrived at yet. There exists a huge market of CNC, and indications show that the world market of CNC would be 60 billion dollars in 2020. Therefore, a great prospect is displayed for its development. With proof-based investigations, there would be a real improvement in this field to reply all circumstances.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51705113 and 51804169), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant Nos. BK20191192 and BK20180715), and the Foundation of Science and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory (No. 6142A0604031709).
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Copyright © 2019 Yong Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

domain: library


Georgia will receive four Python bridge systems from General Dynamics European Land Systems (GDELS) as part of the “Enable and Enhance Initiative”, established by the German Federal Government.
Each bridge to be delivered, along with its launcher, will be mounted on an 8×8 carrier truck equipped with a palletized load system.
The Python bridge is constructed from lightweight aluminum, making it a practical dry-gap bridge solution for light and medium-sized mechanized combat units.
Besides providing tactical gap-crossing capabilities, the vehicle allows for the traversal of unprepared gaps measuring up to 13 meters in length.
Both wheeled and tracked vehicles can navigate these gaps using the Python bridge system, states GDELS.
It has a loading capacity of up to MLC 50 and can be transported by air or by any 10/15 ton PLS-Truck or medium armored platform.
This bridge system serves as a dual-use product suitable for deployment in both military operations and disaster relief efforts. It requires only a minimal staff of two individuals to operate.
The “Enable and Enhance” initiative aims to invest in the civil and military security sectors of countries facing threats of Russian aggression. It is set to strengthen its members’ capacity to prevent and manage potential conflicts.


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it is able to absorb a considerable quantity of water with a single pass, suitable for all types of floors. It does not leave streaks. It can absorp liquids 10 times more than a normal cleansing cloth.
Its natural fiber cleans and sanitizes only with water.


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GRAIL Identifies Moon Dikes
A profile across one of the linear gravity anomalies found by NASA's GRAIL mission shows that it has higher gravity than the surroundings (the anomaly is the red line in graph at bottom left; its location is shown as a blue line in the center of the GRAIL gravity gradient map at top left). Models show that this gravity pattern indicates the presence of giant dikes beneath the surface of the moon (white line in graph at bottom left). A dike is a solidified magma filled crack that forms beneath the surface.
Dikes on Earth are sometimes exposed by erosion so that they are visible on the surface, as seen at Ship Rock, New Mexico, pictured here at right. The lunar dikes identified by GRAIL are 50 times longer and 1,000 times wider than the dike seen here.
Image credits, Left: NASA/JPL-Caltech/CSM, Right: Photo Copyright © Louis Maher

domain: astronomy


The Aerial7 Chopper2 Hype headphones stand out above the competition with their funky design and high quality sound!
The headphones are durable and deliver high quality sound.
The excellent sound isolation of the headphones ensures a focused listening, and the soft ear-friendly fit makes them a perfect travel companion for long trips.
Via the included adapter cable, the Aerial7 Chopper2 Hype offers connection options to equipment of all kinds - DJ mixers, laptops, mobile phone, etc.
You can even use the headphones as a hands free kit with mobile phones thanks to the cable side built-in microphone
- Includes adapter cable to connect to 6.3 mm jack and 2.5 mm audio devices
- Soft flexible headband and rubber ear cups for a comfortable fit
- Good sound protection for meditative listening
- Cable side built-in microphone for use as a hands free kit for mobile phones
- Sensitivity: 108dB plus minus 3dB
- Driver diameter: 44mm
- Impedance: 32 Ohm
- Frequency response 50Hz to 20 kHz
- Single-sided cable
- 1 x Headphones
- 1 x Adapter cable (3,5 mm jack female-to-6, 3mm jack and 2, 5mm-jack)
- 1 x Carrying case


text:
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/cc10419) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
HHC participated in the design of the study, collected data, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. CCH participated in the design of the study, analyzed and interpreted data, and revised the manuscript. CHL acquired surgical samples, and helped to collect data. HYC performed the statistical analysis, and helped to revise the manuscript. MYC, WHS, SMH, and HYS participated in clinical evaluation of patients, and helped to collect data. CCH conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and revised the manuscript. CJY participated in the design and coordination of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Although access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has prolonged survival and improved life quality, HIV-infected patients with severe immunosuppression or comorbidities may develop complications that require critical care support in intensive care units (ICU). This study aimed to describe the etiology and analyze the prognostic factors of HIV-infected Taiwanese patients in the HAART era.
Medical records of all HIV-infected adults who were admitted to ICU at a university hospital in Taiwan from 2001 to 2010 were reviewed to record information on patient demographics, receipt of HAART, and reason for ICU admission. Factors associated with hospital mortality were analyzed.
During the 10-year study period, there were 145 ICU admissions for 135 patients, with respiratory failure being the most common cause (44.4%), followed by sepsis (33.3%) and neurological disease (11.9%). Receipt of HAART was not associated with survival. However, CD4 count was independently predictive of hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], per-10 cells/mm3 decrease, 1.036; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.003 to 1.069). Admission diagnosis of sepsis was independently associated with hospital mortality (AOR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.11 to 7.62). A hospital-to-ICU interval of more than 24 hours and serum albumin level (per 1-g/dl decrease) were associated with increased hospital mortality, but did not reach statistical significance in multivariable analysis.
Respiratory failure was the leading cause of ICU admissions among HIV-infected patients in Taiwan. Outcome during the ICU stay was associated with CD4 count and the diagnosis of sepsis, but was not associated with HAART in this study.
Crothers K, Huang L, Goulet JL, Goetz MB, Brown ST, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Oursler KK, Rimland D, Gibert CL, Butt AA, Justice AC: HIV infection and risk for incident pulmonary diseases in the combination antiretroviral therapy era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 388-395. 10.1164/rccm.201006-0836OC. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Rosen MJ, Narasimhan M: Critical care of immunocompromised patients: human immunodeficiency virus. Crit Care Med. 2006, 34 (Suppl 9): 245-250. CrossRef
Rosenberg AL, Seneff MG, Atiyeh L, Wagner R, Bojanowski L, Zimmerman JE: The importance of bacterial sepsis in intensive care unit patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Implications for future care in the age of increasing antiretroviral resistance. Crit Care Med. 2001, 29: 548-556. 10.1097/00003246-200103000-00013. PubMedCrossRef
Zolopa A, Andersen J, Powderly W, Sanchez A, Sanne I, Suckow C, Hogg E, Komarow L: Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e5575-10.1371/journal.pone.0005575. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Vargas-Infante YA, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Soto-Ramírez LE, Del Río C, Carranza J, Domínguez-Cherit G, Sierra-Madero JG: Improving outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in a Mexican intensive care unit. Arch Med Res. 2007, 38: 827-833. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.05.007. PubMedCrossRef
Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council: Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. 2007, [ http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf]
Armbruster C, Pokieser L, Hassl A: Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by bronchoalveolar lavage in AIDS patients: comparison of Diff-Quik, fungifluor stain, direct immunofluorescence test and polymerase chain reaction. Acta Cytol. 1995, 39: 1089-1093. PubMed
Hung CC, Hsiao CF, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Chang SY, Sheng WH, Sun HY, Chang SC: Improved survival of persons with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Taiwan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006, 59: 222-228. PubMed
Sun HY, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Sheng WH, Chang SY, Hsiao CF, Hung CC, Chang SC: Changes in the clinical spectrum of opportunistic illnesses in persons with HIV infection in Taiwan in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006, 59: 311-316. PubMed
Müller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, Attia S, Furrer H, Egger M, IeDEA Southern and Central Africa: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 10: 251-261. 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70026-8. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Wittkop L, Günthard HF, de Wolf F, Dunn D, Cozzi-Lepri A, de Luca A, Kücherer C, Obel N, von Wyl V, Masquelier B, Stephan C, Torti C, Antinori A, García F, Judd A, Porter K, Thiébaut R, Castro H, van Sighem AI, Colin C, Kjaer J, Lundgren JD, Paredes R, Pozniak A, Clotet B, Phillips A, Pillay D, Chêne G, The EuroCoord-CHAIN study group: Effect of transmitted drug resistance on virological and immunological response to initial combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV (EuroCoord-CHAIN joint project): a European multicohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011, 11: 363-371. 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70032-9. PubMedCrossRef
Chang SY, Chen MY, Lee CN, Sun HY, Ko W, Chang SF, Chang KL, Hsieh SM, Sheng WH, Liu WC, Wu CH, Kao CL, Hung CC, Chang SC: Trends of antiretroviral drug resistance in treatment-naive patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in Taiwan. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008, 61: 689-693. 10.1093/jac/dkn002. PubMedCrossRef
- Admissions to intensive care unit of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: etiology and prognostic factors
- BioMed Central
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domain: literature


text:
GM Arlington Assembly Adding 15 Wind Turbines
General Motors is adding 15 wind turbines to its Arlington Assembly plant that will be able to generate up to 30 megawatts of energy per year. That’s enough power to cover the manufacturing of 125,000 trucks over the course of a year, as well as enough to save $2.8 million in annual energy costs and reduce CO2 emissions by 1 million tons over the course of 14 years.
The addition of the wind turbines is the result of a power purchase agreement signed with EDP Renewables North America, which is a subsidiary of EDP Renovaveis. The 261-foot-tall turbines that GM will utilize for power will be located at the Hidalgo Wind Farm in Edinburg, Texas.
“Our investment is helping accelerate the proliferation of clean energy in Texas and the use of wind as a reliable, renewable source of energy,” said Jim DeLuca, GM executive vice president of Global Manufacturing. “Our sustainable manufacturing mindset benefits the communities in which we operate across the globe.”
GM will also be adding wind power to three of its facilities in Mexico during the first quarter of 2016.

domain: economics


Legacy Development is still working through the results of long-term neglect of a cluster of buildings east of the Theater District where it is planning an infill/redevelopment project.
In May 2020, Legacy purchased six properties located between Ellicott and Oak Streets north of Genesee Street from Bruce Adler for $2.7 million. Adler sat on the buildings for many years and under his watch 435 Ellicott Street was demolished in 2019 after a partial roof collapse.
In July 2021, the front façade of 324 North Oak Street collapsed and was demolished. Last year, Legacy received approval to demolish a one-story building at 334 N. Oak Street, a non-contributing structure within the Genesee Gateway Historic District.
Tomorrow, the developer will be heading to the Preservation Board to demolish the rear portions of the remaining three-story building located 334 N. Oak Street. According to Legacy, the building is in “very poor condition” with significant water damage and is seeking to demolish much of it, leaving the front façade and a warehouse structure. Legacy is proposing to construct one or more buildings on the site.
From the application:
The façade and 6’ return wall would remain to tie the new build into the existing façade. Bracing from the front of the building would be installed during demolition, while additional bracing would be added on the interior once it is safe to do so.
The Preservation Board meets at 3 p.m. tomorrow, City Hall Room 901.
The post Facadectomy Proposed for 334 N. Oak Street appeared first on Buffalo Rising.


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domain: mathematics


IT Manager - Richmond, VA - $100,000 - $130,000 salary
My client is a rapidly growing and dynamic consumer goods competitor that is actively seeking to bring on an IT Manager to their Technology team. The ideal candidate will be responsible for overseeing and managing a small but growing team and will be solely responsible for the IT department.
* Manage all business information technology and computer systems including Office 365 email, SharePoint, and AWS
* Act as NetSuite Administrator; assist in ERP user administration, report building, and troubleshooting, help advise cross-functional teams on best practices and business solutions within NetSuite
* Implement, manage, and support all NetSuite ERP vendor integrations
* Plan, organize, control and evaluate IT and electronic data operations
* Manage IT staff by coaching employees, communicating job expectations and appraising their performance
* Design, develop, implement and coordinate systems, policies, and procedures
* Ensure security of data, network access and backup systems
* Act in alignment with user needs and system functionality to contribute to organizational policy
* Identify problematic areas and implement strategic solutions in time
* Audit systems and assess their outcomes
* Preserve assets, information security and control structures
* Handle annual budget and ensure cost effectiveness
My client offers a very exciting and enjoyable culture and a strong benefits/compensation package. Their 401k is matched up to 5% and offers 3 weeks PTO. For the right candidate who excels, this position could lead to a Director of IT role.
My client has plans to grow by 25% over the next 12 months so this is a key hire within their Accounting department. The ideal candidate will be able to thrive in a fast paced and dynamic environment.
Apply Now by sending your resume to firstname.lastname@example.org or call Chris at 212.731.8272 for more details about this exciting opportunity.
Anderson Frank is the leading NetSuite recruitment firm in the US advertising NetSuite roles more than any other agency. We deal with both NetSuite partners & End Users throughout the United States and we have never had more live requirements for NetSuite professionals.
By specializing solely in placing candidates in the ERP market we have built relationships with most of the key employers in the US and have an unrivaled understanding of where the best opportunities and ERP jobs are. Anderson Frank is acting as an Employment Agency in relation to this vacancy. We are a part of Frank Recruitment Group, one of the most successful global recruitment businesses in the last 10 years and backed by private equity firm TPG Growth.
NetSuite, NetSuite ERP, NetSuite CRM, NetSuite eCommerce, IT, Richmond, VA, Manager, Business, ERP, CRM, eCommerce, Virginia, Systems, Technology, Software


The comment period for the state's 2040 long-range transportation plans is now closed. Members of the planning team are currently reading and evaluating each comment received. Final plans will be developed and made available online as noted below once this task has been completed.
For MULTIPLAN, the statewide plan www.gomdot.com/multi
For the Jackson Metropolitan Transportation Plan www.cmpdd.org
For the Hattiesburg-Petal-Fo
Thank you for your participation!


KRIS Klamath : Chart Table Page
|Topic||Sediment: Lower Middle Trinity - Sediment Transport Rates 2001|
Caption: This Chart Table, sed_totaltransport_lowermidtrinity_gma_2001.dbf, contains sediment transport data in the Lower Middle Trinity River Planning Watershed for the 2001 water year. Data were collected by Graham Matthews and Associates as part of their Trinity River Sediment Source Analysis (2001). Table attributes include: PLANWSHD = Planning Watershed name, STREAM = stream name, SITE = location of the sediment monitoring station, T_SED_2001 = sediment transport load in tons for the 2001 water year, SED_R_2001 = sediment transport yield in tons/sq mi/yr for the 2001 water year.
50 rows of a possible 70 have been displayed.
|Lower Middle Trin||Oregon Gulch||Oregon Gulch||151||20|
|Lower Middle Trin||Manzanita Creek||Manzanita Creek||27||2|
|Lower Middle Trin||Big French Creek||Big French Creek||84||2|
|Lower Middle Trin||Mill Creek||Mill Creek||32||5|
|Lower Middle Trin||North Fork Trinity R||North Fork Trinity River||1828||12|


text:
Before you play the Lottery Online, you should decide which lotteries are available on the site. Some sites have over fifty lotteries, while others only have ten. Although there’s nothing wrong with playing the smaller lotteries, you should check to see if the site you are considering offers these games. Moreover, it is best to play new games every now and then, as they can provide better odds. Also, check out the customer service of the website.
Some of the lottery betting sites act as middlemen. They buy official tickets and scan them for you, just like lotto agents do. However, if you want to play the bigger jackpots, you should choose an official lottery site. Generally, official lottery operators promote their winners and will pay out winnings from their own earnings. They also have insurance policies to compensate them in case of a large jackpot. If you choose an online site, you should read the terms and conditions carefully.
Several lottery websites offer welcome bonuses, which often include free tickets or discounted first-time purchases. Online lottery sites also offer promotions all year round, including the two-for-one lotto ticket offer. Some of these promotions are seasonal, and you should check out a few different lotto websites before choosing a site to play on. Many lotteries also offer syndicates, which pool funds to buy tickets in large numbers. If your lottery syndicate is larger, you can join a group of lottery players who buy as many tickets as possible and share in the prize money.

domain: gamble


After all the time spent entertaining indoors, it’s finally the season to move the decorating outside too. If you can’t wait to spend time with your family and friends outside by the pool and relax in the sun, you may also wonder how you can make your garden look as lovely as possible during this season. You don’t need a huge budget or a professional landscaping team to create your outdoor oasis. All you need are some creative garden decorating ideas to transform your outdoor space. Here you can find the inspiration to create beautiful areas of relaxation for your garden with these 10 ideas.
- Hanging plants
- Create an outdoor living area
- Hang string lights
- Create a decorative wall
- Add mirrors
- Plant a rose arch
- Add a fountain or water feature
- Lay a path
- All-white furniture
- Creative plant pots
1. Hanging Plants
If you already love potted plants, consider organising them in hanging order at different heights. It’s the most straightforward way to add appeal to your outdoor area. Greenery hanging vertically in your garden can start an ever-growing collection of beautiful plants.
2. Create An Outdoor Living Area
It’s important to prioritise seating, especially if a lot of your summer is going to be spent in the garden. You can add an outdoor dining area, or living room, as long as there is somewhere to lounge and enjoy the view of your garden. Consider mixing several different kinds of outdoor seating to create a comfortable space to relax at any time throughout the day. A wooden garden swing can also be a great way to sit and enjoy the blooming flowers.
3. Hang String Lights
Set the relaxing mood and add warmth during the evenings with string lights above your outdoor dining or living area. You can layer several different types of lighting to illuminate all of the pretty areas outside. Consider adding festoon lights to your backyard and patio too.
4. Create A Decorative Wall
Plants don’t have to be for the borders of your garden only, you can create a decorative living wall set up against your fencing or garden wall. Fill the space with green foliage and beautiful blooming flowers. Your living wall ideas can be big or small; perhaps you would like to simply cover a section of the wall with herbs near your dining table, or you can cover the entire expanse of your fence or wall.
5. Add Mirrors
For smaller-sized gardens, consider creating the illusion of space by adding mirrors outdoors. It’s not only for the interior of your home. Adding a mirror to your garden is a nice way to brighten up spaces even more and add depth. Choose a design that’s shaped like a window, so when it’s placed on a wall or fence it adds to the illusion of portals to different areas, giving your garden a magical edge.
Mirrors can also be used to brighten up the darker areas of your garden. If positioned in a north-facing corner, you will see how it transforms the space into a brighter, more exciting area. Best you know how to clean a mirror as well to optimise their brightening abilities.
6. Plant A Rose Arch
Who doesn’t love roses? You can never have too many. Adding a rose archway that’s filled with cascading blooms can be a really pretty way to add height and great fragrance to your garden. Simply place a garden arch over a path to connect two areas, or position the arch over a bench for the perfect floral seating area.
However, if you are considering adding a rose arch, you will want to make sure you know how to plant roses and how to prune climbing roses to keep them looking their very best.
7. Add A Fountain Or Water Feature
Transform your garden into a peaceful sanctuary with a garden fountain or water feature. The soothing sound of bubbling or running water will make all the difference in making your garden a peaceful and relaxing place. There are many water features to invest in that will add to the visuals and sounds of your garden.
If you have one, you can find out here how to clean a water feature.
8. Lay A Path
A path can be a nicer-looking alternative to grass that has been stepped on. Garden paths provide a highly practical addition to your garden. When choosing where you want to lay your garden path, take a walk through your garden and take note of the usual routes that are used to access sheds, vegetable gardens, and other important notes. You can also add deviations to the main points such as flower beds and water features. For garden paths, you can choose from tiles, pavers, gravel or stepping stones. It’s best to choose a style and materials that will complement the scheme and feel of your garden.
9. All-White Furniture
If you like minimalist designs, adding all-white garden furniture can create a timeless look in your outdoor area. Start by adding white lounge chairs, and finish off the look with a rustic white table topped with lots of plants and greenery.
10. Creative Plant Pots
When thinking about how to add plants to your garden, using recycled pots is a great way to add some creativity to your garden layout. Recycled pots can also act as decorative pieces. Consider choosing high-glazed, colourful, and patterned pots to make statements in your garden, or get even more creative by using other old household objects as plant pots.
These can be metal tubs, buckets, and even small trash cans that can be transformed into makeshift plant pots, giving your garden more of a farmhouse aesthetic.
When decorating your garden this summer, try out any of these ideas to create an exciting and inviting outdoor area that everyone will love. If you don’t already have a patio, you may want to consider adding one. It can be crafted from different patterned tiles, stone or decking, and provides a platform for your garden where you can entertain guests or simply enjoy the sun. The best way to decorate your garden is by creating an extension of the interior of your home, outdoors, to further compliment your indoor decor.
Decorating your garden can bring more life to your home. While you think of how you would like to decorate your garden, let the SweepSouth outdoor team take care of all your gardening services and outdoor needs so you can focus on your dream garden.


text:
Expanding its indie financing arm before next month’s Toronto Intl. Film Festival, United Talent Agency has hired veteran international sales-distribution exec Yale Chasin. Chasin is joining UTA’s…
The Kings Speech
Five years ago, Glen Basner and Steven Samuels took a leap of faith and launched sales company FilmNation as the world went into a recession.
Elevated somewhat by the stunt casting of Bill Murray as FDR, this frequently tacky tell-all amplifies one aspect of "The King's Speech's" appeal by revealing celebrated world leaders to be as…
Attorneys whose recent deals and court battles have changed the shape of entertainment
LONDON -- U.K. entertainment lawyer Lisbeth "Libby" Savill, who has worked on pics such as "The King's Speech" and "Hugo," is set to join the London office of law firm O'Melveny & Myers as partner in…
Nine films received best picture Oscar nominations Tuesday, the first year in which the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences allowed for the number to vary between five and 10.
Mark Foligno will quit as managing director of London post house Molinare at the end of April in order to devote himself to running his own production and financing venture, MoliFilms.
So how much profit will "The King's Speech" actually make, and for whom?
The king has spoken.
An edited version of "The King's Speech" has earned a PG-13 rating from The Classification and Rating Administration, the org announced today.
Most projects face resistance in their journeys to the bigscreen.

domain: movie


org's technologies into TM Forum's New Generation Operations Systems and Software (NGOSS), which defines for Service Providers and their suppliers a comprehensive, integrated framework for developing, procuring and deploying operational and business support systems and software.
What does NGOSS stand for?
NGOSS stands for New Generation Operations Systems and Software
This definition appears frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Information technology (IT) and computers
See other definitions of NGOSS
We have 1 other meaning of NGOSS in our Acronym Attic
- Next Generation Optical Network (Sprint)
- Nederlands Genootschap Orthomoleculaire Oncologie (Dutch: Dutch Ortho Molecular Oncology Society)
- Non Government Organizations
- National Guard of Runescape (website; nationalguardofrunescape.com)
- Next Generation Operating System
- Nordic Geodetic Observing System
- North Gulf Oceanic Society (long-term marine mammal research; Homer, AK)
- Non-Governmental Organizations in Education Network (Nigeria)
- Non-Government Organisation Support Organisation
- New Generation Operations Support Systems
- Next Generation Operational Support System
- Next Gen Open Video (Google)
- National General Pictures (1967-1973)
- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Program (US DoD)
- National Grid Project
- National Group Protection, Inc (Charlottsville, Virginia)
- Native Growth Protection
- Natural Gas Project (various organizations)
- Nearest Grid Point
- Negotiated Guilty Plea (court)
Samples in periodicals archive:
an industry leader in new generation operations systems and software (OSS) and back office automation software, today announced version 6.
Through its "Lean Operator" initiative and flagship New Generation Operations Systems and Software (NGOSS) program for developing, procuring and deploying operational and business support systems, the TM Forum creates collaboratively developed, industry standard solutions.


|Title||Professor Choi Jung-woo received the Prime Minister Award|
Professor Choi Jung-woo received the Prime Minister Award
- Resulted splendid achievement from Nano Korea 2016 Research Innovation Section (Excellent Research Achievement) by receiving the Top Award -
Sogang University Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Professor Choi Jung-woo received the Prime Minister Award, the Top Award in research section, from The 14th International Nano Technology Symposium and Nano Integration Conference (also known as Nano Korea 2016), which was held from July 13 to 15 at KINTEX, Ilsan.
Professor Choi Jung-woo created world-class level of research achievement in ‘Nano Bio Electronic Chip field’, which is combining nano material and cell, this succeeded in technology industrialization, recognized for academic development in nano field and technology commercialization so he received the Prime Minister Award.
Sogang University research team which is lead by Professor Choi Jung-woo is obtaining excellent research achievements in bio electronic device technology field. Control organic molecules in nano level, combine with inorganic substances and secured bioelectronics device manufacturing technology for the first time in the world, by using this developed nano bio memory device and nano bio processor. Through this, it is possible to do bio computer research of memory and arithmetic function.
Also developed world-wide fundamental technology and carried out commercialization in nano cell chip and nano bio sensor field. Through this, it is possible to do commercialization of disease diagnosis functional bio chip such as breast cancer absorbed into blood, AIDS and so on.
Based on these development technology, published about 370 excellent journals in Science, Advanced Materials, ACS Nano, Angewandte Chemie, applied for 55 patents and obtained world-wide research achievements.
Professor Choi Jung-woo said, “From now on, will focus on the fundamental technology and commercialization research of long-term chip and human chip, which are most applicable in the next generation of health medical field, also carry out creative research that will bring out disruptive innovation to the biological engineering technology in the future.”
On the other hand, Professor Choi Jung-woo will carry out the research as the center head of ‘Research Center for Disease Biophysics of Sogang-Harvard’ which was jointly established with Sogang University and Harvard University and succeeded to make stingray shaped robot by combining cell of living body and inorganic substance. This result was published in the cover article of an international journal ‘Science’ on July 8.


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The Companies Act of India, 2013 (CA 2013) was brought out to improve the compliance perspectiv...
In this article, we will focus on the process of Company Registration in Kolkata. Company Registration is a process wherein all the companies are registered through MCA’s portal (Ministry of Corporate Affairs). The process is carried out online. Registering a company comes with certain benefits. Company registration is a seamless process; however, several steps are to be carried out for the registration.
A Private Limited Company presents with the legal protection and limited liability to its shareholders. Mimimum two directors are required for a private limited company. In a Private Limited Company, a person can be both director and shareholder. A Private Limited Company (PLC) can commence its operations, soon after getting Certificate of Incorporation. A PLC can be incorporated within 15 days of its application.
Thus, in this article we will be focusing on the benefits, procedure of Private Limited Company Registration in Kolkata.
The steps to incorporate a company through RUN form are:
Validity of Reserve Name
An approved name is valid for:
Step 1: Acquire DSC
The company registration procedure requires a digital signature to incorporate a private limited company, as the process is online. Subscribers and directors must have a valid DSC, either of Class II or Class III.
Step 2: Apply for DIN
A director must have a DIN; if he doesn’t have, he must apply for DIN on MCA. One DIN can be used to become directors in any number of companies.
Step 3: Apply for Name Approval
The company’s name has to be submitted for approval along with SPICe (INC-32) at the time of incorporation. The name, if not approved, can be resubmitted.
Step 4: e- MoA (INC-33) and e-AoA (INC-34)
Earlier, MoA & AoA were required to be filed physically, but now these documents are to be file online on the MCA website. The subscribers must digitally sign these documents.
Step 5: Application for PAN and TAN
The applicant must consider applying for PAN and TAN after all the filings are complete.
Step 6: Certificate of Incorporation
MCA & RoC will review all the documents, and if satisfied, they will issue a Certificate of Incorporation. The Certificate of Incorporation is a legal document and provides legal status to the company.
Step 7: Opening a Bank Account
After obtaining the certificate of incorporation, the company must open a bank account for all the transactions in the company’s name.
The documents required for company registration in Kolkata:
The following documents are to be submitted for DSC along with the DSC application form:
For Incorporation of Company
A Private Limited Company Registration in Kolkata is an online procedure to be done with due diligence and once a company registration is done, the directors enjoys all the benefits of a Private Limited Company.
Read our article:How to validate the Company Registration Number?

domain: law


Discharge Over Notches
The Lab setup consists of a channel having sufficient length and width in which water is supplied from the bottom. Required Notch is fitted at one end of this channel .A hook gauge with Vernier scales fitted to measure the height of fluid in flow channel. Arrangement for fixing interchangeable notches is made. Set of three brass notches. i.e. rectangular notch . 60V notch & 45V notch provided along with the set up.
Present set up is self contained water recirculating unit provided with a sump tank and centrifugal pump Etc. Flow control valve and by pass value are fitted in water line to conduct the experiment on different flow rate, Flow rate of water is measured with the help of measuring tank and stopwatch


text:
The Fisher-Price Power Wheels Dune Racer offers a safe and enjoyable way to get your kids into the driving action. Developed for outside usage, this off-road vehicle features a Monster Traction drive system that allows it to go on hard surface areas, wet grass, and rough terrain. Its strong steel frame with fancy chrome accents boasts an open cockpit style that is roomy enough to manage two riders. And with two forward drive speeds, one reverse speed, and a 12-volt rechargeable battery, the Dune Racer uses hours of enjoyable.
Get into the action with Monster Traction! Won't get stuck where the others do!
Features big, rugged tires, flashy chrome accents and sturdy steel frame
Roomy open cockpit design, pretend seat belts for added play, and storage under the hood
The vehicle drives 2.5 and 5mph forward and 2.5 mph in reverse
Includes a 12-volt battery and charger

domain: automotive