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Dynamic interfacial trapping of flexural waves in structured plates
The paper presents new results on localisation and transmission of flexural waves in a structured plate containing a semi-infinite two-dimensional array of rigid pins. In particular, surface waves are identified and studied at the interface boundary between the homogeneous part of the flexural plate and the part occupied by rigid pins. A formal connection has been made with the dispersion properties of flexural Bloch waves in an infinite doubly periodic array of rigid pins. Special attention is given to regimes corresponding to standing waves of different types as well as Dirac-like points, that may occur on the dispersion surfaces. A single half-grating problem, hitherto unreported in the literature, is also shown to bring interesting solutions.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZL, United Kingdom
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
School of Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
The advent of designer materials such as metamaterials, photonic crystals and micro-structured media that are able to generate effects unobtainable by natural media, such as Pendry’s flat lens , is driving a revolution in materials science. Many of these ideas originate in electromagnetism and optics, but are now percolating into other wave systems such as those of elasticity, acoustics or the idealised Kirchhoff-Love plate equations for flexural waves, with this analogue of photonic crystals being labelled as platonics . Many of the effects from photonics also appear in the flexural wave context albeit with some changes due to the biharmonic nature of the Kirchhoff-Love equation: ultra-refraction and negative refraction [6, 7], Dirac-like cones, Dirac-cone cloaking and related effects [3, 27, 19] amongst others.
The Kirchhoff-Love equations are good approximations within their realm of applicability (for instance with , as plate thickness and typical wavelength respectively then is required) and capture much of the essence of the wave physics, hence their emergent popularity. The system is relatively simple so analytic results for infinite periodic structured plates pinned, say, at regular points readily emerge , with much of this earlier work reviewed in ; more recently multipole methods , extending pins to cylinders, or high-frequency homogenisation approaches  to get effective continuum equations that encapsulate the microstructure, have emerged. For finite pinned regions of a plate, a Green’s function approach  leads to rapid numerical solutions, or for an infinite grating, one may employ an elegant methodology for exploring Rayleigh-Bloch modes. This includes extensions to stacks of gratings and the trapping and filtering of waves [22, 25, 11] which further exemplify this approach. Problems such as these start to pose questions about semi-infinite gratings, or edge states in semi-infinite lattices, and our aim is to generate the relevant exact solutions.
For semi-infinite cracks, and other situations where the change in boundary condition along a line is of interest, the classical Wiener-Hopf technique  for solving integral equations is highly developed and often used for mixed boundary value problems in continuum mechanics; indeed the seminal Wiener-Hopf treatise by  covers this aspect almost exclusively. However, lesser known and presented only as an exercise (4.10, p.173-4 ) in , is its application to continuum discrete problems such as gratings. As such, it has seen notable application to the fracture of discrete lattice systems as reviewed by , to antenna design  and various semi-infinite grating and lattice scattering problems in acoustics [15, 29] where the early work of  (hereafter referred to as HK), motivated by , provides a wealth of useful information.
The corresponding exact solutions for the platonic system are not available and, given the current interest in platonics and the versatility of these in, say, asymptotic schemes and the key insight given into the physics and results, we aim to provide these here. Of particular interest are regimes for which one observes the interplay between grating modes and Floquet-Bloch waves in a full doubly periodic infinite structure. In particular, these include frequencies and wave vector components corresponding to stationary points on the dispersion surfaces as well as neighbourhoods of the Dirac-like points. Additionally, we address a fundamental question as to whether a simple, yet surprisingly physically rich, structure such as a half-plane of rigid pins in a plate supports flexural interfacial modes; by which we mean waves that propagate along the interface of the platonic crystal and the homogeneous part of the biharmonic plate.
Since the underlying mathematical structure of a semi-infinite linear grating and that of a semi-infinite lattice are very similar we choose to treat both examples within this paper. For clarity, we shall refer to a grating when we have a single half-line of scatterers (see figure 1(a)) and to a lattice when there is a lattice of scatterers in a half-plane (see figure 1(b)); throughout this paper we shall assume that we have point clamped scatterers although the analysis is readily extended to more complicated conditions holding at a point. In section 2, we formulate the problem drawing upon the discrete Wiener-Hopf technique used by HK for the semi-infinite diffraction grating governed by a Helmholtz operator; much is directly applicable provided we replace the point source Green’s function for the two-dimensional Helmholtz operator with that for the biharmonic operator. In some regards, difficulties associated with the Helmholtz Green’s function’s logarithmic singularity are bypassed for the biharmonic case, where there is no singularity. We turn our attention to the linear grating first, in section 2.1, and follow that with an analysis of the lattice in section 2.2, as noted above this is a parametrically and physically rich problem displaying a surprisingly wide range of behaviours and we outline methodologies for both interpreting and designing specific behaviours; we consider these in sections 3.1, 3.2 for the semi-infinite grating and lattice respectively. Concluding remarks are drawn together in section 4.
The methodology primarily adopted here, at least for the exact solution, is that of discrete Wiener-Hopf drawing upon the treatment of the Helmholtz semi-infinite grating by HK, which we briefly review here. To avoid issues with singularities in their problem, HK consider cylinders of finite radius, small compared to wavelength, and widely spaced. The diffracted field consists of a cylindrical wave plus a set of plane waves that possess amplitudes and directions of propagation identical to those for an infinite grating, but for the semi-infinite case, they do not exist everywhere. Instead the end-effects lead to shadow boundaries defined by lines drawn from the end of the grating to infinity along propagation directions of various plane waves. The cylindrical wave has sharp zeros followed by a maximum for certain directions; these zeros occur in the directions that would be shadow boundaries if the incident wave travels directly into the end of the grating - a class of resonant cases characterised by a diffracted wave that travels parallel to the grating. HK note that for the wave that travels parallel and out of the grating, the cylindrical wave and all the other plane waves vanish.
Assuming isotropic scatterers HK, see also , pose the solution in the form
for some coefficients to be determined and being the usual Hankel function of the first kind with wavenumber , and representing the distance between the observation point and the th scattering element on the -axis; for an infinite array these just differ by a phase factor and the analysis is simpler. The assumption that the grating’s elements are small, and therefore scatter isotropically, are not formally required for the pinned biharmonic plate as this is exactly true.
In HK, the spacing between the scatterers is assumed to be large compared with the wavelength, and it must not be an integral or half-integral multiple of the wavelength. These assumptions are required by the mathematical analysis employed. The reason for the limitation on the integral or half-integral multiples of wavelength is to ensure that branch cuts for and are distinct (see appendix B for a discussion of branch cuts for the biharmonic plate) and is the spacing of the pins.
To determine the scattered wave coefficients in (1), the boundary conditions generate an infinite system of linear equations solvable using discrete Wiener-Hopf. In the neighbourhood of the th scatterer, the field consists of the incident plane wave, the sum of waves scattered to the th element by the other elements and the wave scattered by the th element itself:
Here is the radius of the individual elements. The term is treated separately because of the logarithmic singularity arising for the Hankel function at the origin. Although a small radius is assumed by HK, the singularity poses problems as and much of HK involves dealing with this; for the biharmonic case we discuss in this article, the Green’s function is finite at the source point rather than diverging logarithmically.
2.1 Semi-infinite grating of rigid pins in a biharmonic plate
For the Kirchhoff-Love plate equation
with an array of pins, the solution, cf. (1), is
with the to be determined, and where the free-space Green’s function
is a function of position , with for spacing and . As in (1) the Green’s function contains but this is now augmented by which is the modified Bessel function ; this Green’s function is bounded at .
We take rigid pins located at points for and to set up the system of equations we introduce displacements at for all ; imposing zero displacements at the pins, for but are unknown for . For the intensities in (4) since there are no sources on the left-hand side, . The analogue of (2) is
We now employ the -transform, multiply (6) by for complex, and sum over all :
To transform (7) into a single functional equation of the Wiener-Hopf type, it is convenient to define and a kernel function as
and the forcing function, in this case, is
but could take different forms if the forcing were altered.
Equation (10) is the starting point for the Wiener-Hopf technique with key steps being the product factorization of the kernel function into two factors which are analytic in given but different regions, and factorization of the forcing function. Before proceeding we turn to the semi-infinite lattice as the formulation is almost identical.
2.2 Semi-infinite lattice of rigid pins in a biharmonic plate
We now replace each pin in the semi-infinite grating with an infinite grating in the vertical direction, as illustrated in figure 1(b). The properties of the infinite grating are well known e.g.  and the quasi-periodic grating Green’s function
plays an important role. Here is the vertical period (in section 2.1 we used to denote the period for the single grating) and is the corresponding Bloch parameter. The gratings are separated by integer multiples of spacing and the semi-infinite lattice is created from columns of infinite gratings (or rows of semi-infinite gratings). The analogue of (6) emerges as
We repeat the procedure for the semi-infinite grating with the only difference being that the kernel function is now connected with the doubly quasi-periodic Green’s function:
when with .
The crux of the Wiener-Hopf methodology is to unravel (10) using the analyticity properties of the unknown functions and the known functions , . To proceed we define domains and such that
where is a circle of radius and is a circle of radius for (see figure 2); the intersection describes an annulus of analyticity in the neighbourhood of the unit circle. From the definitions of (8) and (10), and assuming appropriate decay at infinity, we identify them as and functions analytic in and respectively. We then attempt to separate (10) into sides entirely analytic in ; the only way both can be equal, given an overlapping region of analyticity, is for them both to equal the same entire function - thus identifying and . The outcome is
which requires the product factorization and sum factorization where ; the product factorization is highly technical and is relegated to appendix A, the sum factorization is straightforward by inspection. After some algebra we obtain
except for different definitions of , and , this mirrors HK. The common entire function is identified, after using Liouville’s Theorem to extend to the whole complex plane, as zero. Thence
and the -transform for the displacement coefficients also follows.
Technical details of the discrete Wiener-Hopf method used here are given in the appendices. The kernel function is the sum of an infinite series of Hankel and modified Bessel functions, and its factorization is discussed in appendix A, together with details about the regularisation techniques used for evaluating various integrals. Appendix B provides explanations and formulae required to accelerate the extremely slow convergence of the kernel’s series, owing to the highly oscillatory nature of the Hankel function terms and the presence of branch cuts. We also suggest some alternative approaches to accelerate numerical evaluation of the series besides the regularisation method primarily implemented here.
We use two approaches to present results and illustrative examples for the displacement fields associated with the two types of array; in section 3.1 we consider the single semi-infinite pinned platonic grating characterised by spacing , and in 3.2 we analyse the two-dimensional lattice defined by and . One of the approaches is the discrete Wiener-Hopf method described above and we compare the results with those for a truncated semi-infinite array analysed with a method attributable to , which we outline in section 3.1 for the single grating.
3.1 The semi-infinite grating of rigid pins
For a plane wave incident at an angle as in figure 1(a), we determine the coefficients for a truncated grating by solving the algebraic system of linear equations:
with being the spacing of the grating’s pinned points and the incident wave as defined in equation (4). This is the standard Foldy scattering equation (), and used amongst others by  for the Helmholtz problem, and  for the biharmonic plate. It is solved for pinned points, and the displacements are plotted using
We compare results with those obtained from the discrete Wiener-Hopf technique for the semi-infinite grating, which gives us the exact solution. The expressions for (A3) are substituted into equation (18) to determine , bearing in mind the additional singularity arising from the term in the denominator. Referring to the expansion (8) we take the inverse of the -transform to determine the coefficients . Multiplying (8) through by and integrating with respect to , we obtain
The final result for the coefficients is the integral
for which the singularities and the branch cuts of appendix B have to be taken into account. The results compare well with a truncated version (at least 2000 pins) treated with the Foldy scattering approach. In the examples that follow we use both real parts and moduli of the displacement field defined by these complex coefficients, since they give us insight into the propagation tendencies of the scattered waves.
For the far-field behaviour of the coefficients we deduce a relation of the form
The case denotes the propagating Bloch wave and for we observe localisation linked with the exponential decay of the coefficients. The ratio is determined by
where the kernel in its present form is evaluated numerically.
We consider some of the frequency regimes mentioned by  for a finite array of pinned points and an infinite grating, as well as those referred to by HK for a semi-infinite grating, including the case they define as a resonance. This is where the incident wave travels directly into the end of the grating ( for instance) and then the diffracted wave travels parallel to the grating, either into (inward resonance) or away from the grating (outward resonance).
Spectral orders of diffraction are defined according to the equation (see for instance )
with only a finite number of the being real and representing propagating waves. The remaining orders are complex and represent evanescent waves. According to HK, the resonant cases arise when one of the spectral directions is zero (inward resonance) or , the case of outward resonance. Thus, resonances coincide with additional diffraction orders becoming propagating. For outward resonance
thus for , and outward resonances occur for frequencies corresponding to being a multiple of .
We observe some evidence of this effect for the case in figure 3, where we plot the scattered displacement field for values of around for angle of incidence and period . We use Foldy truncated to pins and the results from Wiener-Hopf and Foldy are visually indistinguishable for the first several gratings, as shown in figure 3(d) which compares the moduli of the coefficients in both cases for (i.e. the black solid line and dots for Foldy and Wiener-Hopf respectively).
In figure 3(a-c) we show the real part of scattered displacement , for and , that is, we pass through the resonance at . For shown in figure 3(a), the high reflected energy is illustrative of the outward resonance described by HK for the resonant value .
We contrast this with in figure 3(c) for which an additional diffraction order has become propagating. For diffraction orders to pass off, . Thus for , the order becomes propagating along with for the resonant value , and the presence of two distinct propagating orders is clearly illustrated for . The two examples either side of show strong evidence of the circular wave that is typical for the end-effects of a semi-infinite scatterer.
The resonant frequency case of is shown in figure 3(b) and there are relatively lower amplitudes of displacement (with a maximum of ) with most of the scattering occurring along the grating, contrasting with the effects illustrated in figures 3(a) and (c). The localisation and reduction of the maximum amplitudes to is consistent with HK’s observation that for outward resonance, the cylindrical wave and all but one of the plane waves vanish. Indeed, the real part of the total displacement field (not shown) closely resembles that of the incident wave, except for the region surrounding the grating itself. Comparing the coefficients , as we do in figure 3(d), further emphasises the difference between this resonant case, for which rapidly saturates to a low value versus those for that take much longer to saturate and then do so to a larger value.
HK refer to non-resonant cases where the diffracted field for a Helmholtz-governed semi-infinite grating consists of a set of plane waves and a cylindrical wave. The plane waves are consistent with those arising for the infinite grating, but do not exist everywhere. We obtain similar results for the biharmonic case, for which the propagating waves are due to the Hankel functions arising from the Helmholtz part of the Green’s function in equation (4). The coefficients for the scattered field are defined by equations (18) and (22) leading to the expression:
Furthermore, the representation (4) for the displacement, leads to the following approximate expression for large values of :
HK have proved in their paper that the shadow boundaries correspond to singularities of the -transform (18), when is a point on the unit circle defined in the form . We note that the regularised kernel does not have roots and poles on the unit circle, and hence the shadow boundaries are defined by the equation (25) and coincide with those discussed by HK in .
Namely, denoting , there are poles whenever . The resulting values of are labelled by and are the directions of the spectral orders of an infinite grating (25), of which a finite number are real and propagating. In computing the residues at the poles, it is merely sufficient to note that the factorization exists rather than evaluating the factors explicitly.
The lines act as shadow boundaries and this is illustrated in figure 4 where and . For , the diffraction order becomes propagating for , so for , both and are propagating. We observe the two shadow boundaries for and , and the field consisting of two propagating diffracted waves, as well as the reflected wave. Figure 4(b) complements figure 4(a) by showing a comparison of the moduli of the coefficients with the Foldy method represented by the solid black line, the Wiener-Hopf by the dots; for oblique incidence, the two methods match well and for the Wiener-Hopf we use the regularisation parameter and 1200 intervals for the trapezoidal integration (see appendices A, B). Increasing the number of intervals leads to closer convergence to the Foldy coefficients.
Reflection and transmission
Frequency regimes associated with total reflection and total transmission by an infinite grating, as identified by [5, 22], are interesting cases. For an infinite pinned grating (period , ) the normalised reflected and transmitted energies are plotted against in figure 5(a).
Three important values of = 3.2; 3.55; 3.68, which are total reflection, equipartition of energy and total transmission respectively, are labelled b-d and we show the real part of the total displacement field for the corresponding semi-infinite gratings in figures 5(b)-(d).
Figure 5(a) shows that the maximum reflected energy (solid blue line) for the zeroth propagating order arises for . The Wood anomaly at signifies the passing off of the order , explaining the multiple orders illustrated in figure 4 for . The real part of the total displacement field for the semi-infinite grating for the same parameter values and shows strong reflection to the right of the vertex, consistent with that observed for the full grating for the single propagating plane wave. This contrasts sharply with the results observed for the frequency associated with in figure 4. Note that there is only one shadow boundary in figure 5(b) (for the shadow region behind the grating) whereas figure 4(a) shows evidence of two distinct shadow lines.
In figure 5(c) we highlight which supports a mixture of reflected and transmitted energy for both the infinite and semi-infinite gratings; the dashed line in figure 5(a) represents the transmitted energy. The real part of the displacement field in figure 5(c) is consistent with the information provided by the energy diagrams for the corresponding infinite grating; both reflection and transmission are visible, with the shadow region above the grating now admitting transmittance. This transmission effect dilutes the reflection of figure 5(b), and total reflectance is converted to total transmission by adjusting the parameter appropriately. This is illustrated in figure 5(a) where leads to full transmission for the infinite grating, and produces a similar effect for the semi-infinite grating whose total displacement field is shown in figure 5(d). This transmission resonance is an example of the outward resonant effect for oblique incidence. The scattered field (not shown) is reminiscent of figure 3(b); evidence of the outward-travelling wave close to the vertex is visible in figure 5(c) for .
3.2 Semi-infinite lattice of rigid pins
For an incident plane wave characterised by as in figure 1(a), we determine the coefficients for a truncated half-plane by solving the algebraic system of linear equations (19) but replacing each pin with a grating in the vertical direction. We compare results with those obtained using discrete Wiener-Hopf.
Zeros of the kernel function
Recall from equations (12), (14) that for lying on the unit circle, the function is precisely the doubly quasi-periodic Green’s function. Therefore its zeros represent points on the dispersion surfaces for Bloch waves in the infinite doubly periodic structure. This direct connection between the kernel and the doubly periodic medium enables us to analyse wave phenomena using dispersion surfaces, band diagrams and slowness contours.
We determine the scattering coefficients and displacements using the discrete Wiener-Hopf method. A good approximation to these results is obtained by applying Foldy’s method to a large enough array. For systems of at least gratings we demonstrate several interesting wave phenomena.  highlight the potential for varying the aspect ratio of rectangular lattices of pins, linking Dirac-like points with parabolic profiles in their neighbourhood. The characteristic of this parabolic profile determines the direction of propagation of localised waves. We consider first a semi-infinite rectangular lattice with aspect ratio . The band diagram for the doubly periodic rectangular array is shown in figure 7 of . Here we represent the dispersion surfaces with isofrequency contour diagrams.
For our initial investigations we focus on the first three dispersion surfaces.
In figure 6 we illustrate the third surface for the rectangular lattice with and with the Brillouin zone labelled by , where . We observe a parabolic cylinder profile along with an inflexion at where the contours change direction for and a Dirac-like point for at . We also note that the concentration of points in figure 6 tending towards the straight lines
and periodic shifts by , are projections (onto the -plane) of intersections of two light cones, which are given by
The remaining surfaces are presented together with displacement fields in the examples that follow. Both for the first surface and for the second surface are mentioned by . This immediately gives us some frequency regimes to investigate for finding wave phenomena including neutrality and interfacial waves. We also demonstrate blocking and resonant behaviour.
 demonstrated an elegant strategy using wave-vector diagrams to investigate wave phenomena in planar waveguides; the technique was also outlined by  for photonic crystals in their Chapter 10.  was able to illustrate negative refraction, focusing and interference effects, having predicted them with careful analysis of the wave vector diagrams. We adopt an analogous approach for this platonic crystal system.
The underlying principle is a corollary of Bloch’s theorem; in a linear system with discrete translational symmetry the Bloch wave vector is conserved as waves propagate, up to the addition of reciprocal lattice vectors. Since there is only translational symmetry along directions parallel to the interface, only the wave vector parallel to the interface, , is conserved. In our case, this is precisely the direction . Thus for any incident plane wave defined by and , any reflected or refracted (transmitted) wave must also possess the same frequency and wave vector for any integer and some . Therefore, wave-vector diagrams may be used to analyse the reflection and refraction of waves within the pinned system.
These isofrequency diagrams (also called slowness contour plots) consist of dispersion curves for constant (characterising the platonic crystal) and the contour for the ambient medium (the homogeneous biharmonic plate) on the same , diagram (see figure 6). The incident wave vector (whose group velocity direction is characterised by ) is appended to the ambient medium’s contour (the circle in figure 6), and a dashed line perpendicular to the interface of the platonic crystal and the homogeneous part of the biharmonic plate ( or direction here) is drawn through this point. The dashed line and have been added to figure 6. The places where this dashed line intersects the platonic crystal contours determine the refracted waves and their directions, such that their group velocity is perpendicular to the contours, and points in the direction of increasing .
Additional information relating to the coefficients is obtained from the Wiener-Hopf method. Exponential decay of the form (23) with would indicate the possibility of interfacial waveguide modes, with verification supported by the prediction of the refracted waves’ directions using wave-vector diagrams. We illustrate the technique with an introductory example demonstrating a localised mode along the edge of the crystal for the first dispersion surface, as well as reflection and transmission which is predicted from the isofrequency diagram.
Reflection, transmission and interfacial waves for the first dispersion surface
In figure 7(a) we show a collection of isofrequency contours for constant for the first dispersion surface for the rectangular lattice with aspect ratio .
This range of frequencies is notable for its flat bands and the parabolic profile mentioned by  at in the vicinity of a Dirac-like point. For normal incidence , indicated by the direction of the arrow in figure 7(a), the dashed line intersecting the ambient medium’s contour and normal to the interface () corresponds to , as shown in figure 7(a). We seek the intersections of this line with the isofrequency contour for a specific choice of . Since the direction of the group velocity of the refracted waves is perpendicular to these constant contours, for an interfacial mode we would require the contour to be tangent to the line .
It is clear from figure 7(a) that the contours tend towards tangency as increases to but then their behaviour in the vicinity of is less predictable. This is connected both with the resonant case for the single semi-infinite grating, see section 3.1.1, and the parabolic profiles associated with Dirac-like points to which  alluded for . This observation is supported by the discontinuous nature of the contours for when they intersect the line in figure 7(a), and in particular the two distinct contour curves labelled by on the right. The contours change direction at for ; this corresponds to a point of inflexion on the band diagram.
In figure 7(b) we show isofrequency contours for (blue), 3.107 (orange) and 3.11 (red) to emphasise the transition of the contours through this narrow frequency window. The curve for is consistent with preceding values of but it does not touch the line, whereas (orange curve) is extremely close to touching, with the origin of a point of discontinuity clearly observable. This point of inflexion for some is the limit as the contours tend to and occurs at . For this value of , the refracted wave would travel along the interface, but there would be no preferential direction of propagation since the upper contour would indicate a “downward” direction (increasing ) whereas the lower contour would indicate the opposite direction. This suggests the presence of a standing wave, localised within the first few gratings of the half-plane of pins.
We see evidence of this when we plot the real part of the displacement field for in figure 8(b), with the predicted preferential direction of propagation indicated in figure 7(b). The moduli of the coefficients are plotted versus -position of grating in figure 8(d), for the three values of featured in figure 7(b). Both and show exponential decay of the coefficients, suggesting localisation of waves, whereas the steady oscillation of the coefficients for predicts transmission of the waves through the system. Figure 8(b) clearly illustrates the localisation of waves within the first five gratings, and a clearer example of an interfacial wave is illustrated in part (a) for , although comparison with lower values of shows similar results, but with more striking reflection action.
Figure 7(b) predicts that for , the preferred direction of propagation of the refracted waves is normal to that for , in the form of transmission through the system. Note that the opposite direction ( rather than 0) is ruled out since any intersections corresponding to the group velocity directed towards the interface from the crystal would violate the boundary conditions. The coefficients’ behaviour in figure 8(d) also supports the hypothesis of propagating waves. This is demonstrated in figure 8(c) where we observe transmission as the wave propagates through the system without any change in direction, with the period of the wave’s envelope function consistent with the period for the coefficients in part (d).
Coupling with finite grating stacks
The spikes in figure 8(d) for and seem to indicate resonant interaction with the first few gratings of the semi-infinite array, as does the localisation evident in figures 8(a, b). There is a connection with the finite grating stacks analysed by ; resonances associated with the Bloch modes for the finite systems are linked to the neighbourhood of the Dirac-like point illustrated in figures 7(a, b).
For the pinned waveguide consisting of an odd number of gratings of period , a quasi-periodic Green’s function (12) is used to derive the dispersion equation for Bloch modes within the system. At each pin, the boundary conditions are . Therefore for a system of aligned gratings with spacing ,
where is the displacement, are coefficients to be determined for each Green’s function and is the number of gratings in the finite stack. This is equivalent to the matrix equation
where is the column vector of coefficients and the Green’s function matrix is complex and symmetric Toeplitz. The accompanying dispersion equation is:
the solutions of which characterise the system’s Bloch modes.
Figure 8(b) features localised waves within the first five gratings so we solve the eigenvalue problem for a system of five gratings with period and separation in figure 9. The frequencies for the 5-grating system’s Bloch modes coincide with the frequency window for the Dirac-like point of the doubly periodic rectangular array. Similar results have been obtained for all -grating stacks with , with localised modes always confined to the range . This is consistent with figures 7(a, b) where the contours are well-behaved for and , but exhibit discontinuities in the neighbourhood of the Dirac-like point.
It has been shown that a finite system’s resonant Bloch modes may be coupled to appropriately chosen incident plane waves to generate transmission action . We observe the same phenomenon for the half-plane in figure 8(c) as well as evidence of similar localisation for , in parts (a) and (b). Figure 9(b) adds further insight when we select two specific values of marked on the diagram; the local maximum for and the root which is close to the Dirac-like point value . In figure 10(a) the real parts of the coefficients for are of order , whereas for in figure 10(c), they are . We plot the accompanying total displacement fields in figure 10(b, d) where one should take note of the scaling bars. Both values in the vicinity of the Dirac-like point support propagation, but the intensities of the transmitted waves are linked to the turning points and roots for the finite grating stack structures, illustrated in figure 9.
This coupling can be switched off by altering the period and/or separation of the gratings or the incoming angle of incidence. It should be noted that these examples for the lowest frequency band involve the zeroth propagating order only. Higher frequencies introduce additional diffraction orders and their coupling facilitates more exotic wave phenomena including negative refraction, similar to those recorded by  for optical waveguides.
Neutrality in the vicinity of Dirac-like cones
We now consider neutrality effects that arise for parabolic profiles in the vicinity of Dirac-like cones. It is well known that close to Dirac points, waves may propagate as in free space, unaffected by any interaction with the microstructure within the crystal medium. These directions of neutral propagation around the Dirac point engender cloaking properties within the crystal, meaning that there is potential for “hiding” objects within the appropriate frequency regime. This property of neutrality for platonic crystals was mentioned by , and was explained in a simple way in terms of the singular directions of the Green’s functions for the biharmonic equation.
The first dispersion surface for the rectangular lattice with , in figure 7 possesses such a parabolic profile near . It is the horizontal spacing of that governs the special behaviour for normal incidence at , illustrated in figure 11 (see equation (26)). For the vertical period , we observe neutral propagation of the incident plane wave, similar to that observed for the single grating in figure 3(b), and we also see this for for the square lattice. Since the total displacement and incident fields are visually indistinguishable, we provide the real parts of the coefficients in figure 11(a) and the real part of the scattered field in figure 11(b). It is clear that for this choice of the wave does not “see” this specific lattice with , .
Neutrality for oblique incidence
For illustrative purposes we consider a square lattice of pins with aspect ratio before moving back to the rectangular lattice with . In figure 12, a plane wave is incident at with the Bloch parameter in the -direction set to .
The real part of the total displacement field is shown in figure 12(b), and it appears that the direction of the incident field is virtually unchanged.
Another notable feature is that the stripes of the incident plane wave are replaced by spots of positive and negative intensity; this pattern is due to the individual scatterers and is linked to the neutrality arising from the Dirac-like point. Figure 12(a) illustrates the moduli of the scattering coefficients obtained using both the Wiener-Hopf (dots) and Foldy (solid blue curve) methods. The agreement is very good, virtually indistinguishable for the first fifty gratings, and for both approaches the coefficients decay to a nonzero constant supporting the neutral propagation that we observe in part (b). One other interesting feature is that this propagation is not the only wave action, the appearance of “spots” to the left of the crystal indicates that some reflection action is also present.
In figure 13 we use isofrequency diagrams to aid our interpretation of this neutrality effect. In part (a) we show the isofrequency contours for the first surface for the square lattice, and in part (b) the second surface since is in the vicinity of Dirac-like cones for both. The contours surrounding the point in the Brillouin zone in both parts (a) and (b) indicate that is a Dirac-like point. The lowest value contour near in figure 13(a) is , and in part (b) for the second surface is . Part (c) shows a magnified picture of the neighbourhood of , for which the contour is more visible. We also illustrate an alternative derivation of the contours in figure 13(d), where they take the form of star-like features at the Dirac points. Figure 13(d) also displays the high degree of degeneracy of the light lines at Dirac-like points such as , where we observe multiple intersections. Note that figure 13(b) features the projections of light cone intersections onto the -plane in the form of lines for the square lattice defined by similar to equation (28) in section 3.2.1.
The dashed line intersects both the ambient medium’s contour and these platonic crystal isofrequency contours precisely at the point M. Recalling that the group velocity should be perpendicular to these slowness contours, and in the direction of increasing , we would expect to see refracted and reflected waves at an angle of as illustrated in figure 12(b).
Interfacial waves for the second dispersion surface
Now we change the aspect ratio to to obtain a rectangular lattice as in section 3.2.3, but keeping all other parameter values the same. In figure 14(a) we plot the isofrequency contours for the second dispersion surface, ranging from around 3.9 to 4.65.
We also add the incident wave arrow for and the dashed line = 3.1113. The intersecting line at cuts the contour in multiple places meaning that it is more difficult to predict the behaviour of the system, although intersections corresponding to the group velocity being directed towards the interface from the crystal can be ruled out since the only incoming energy is from the incident medium .
The intersection at A indicates that the system supports transmission action in the form of refracted waves at an oblique angle less than . This transmission action is visible in figure 14(b), although at an apparently lower intensity than the reflection observed. Another interesting feature of the real part of the displacement field plotted in figure 14(b) is a trapped wave close to the edge of the half-plane system. This skew-symmetric mode is localised within the two channels formed by the first three gratings, which is an example of wave-guiding, with the reflection pattern incorporating the third grating as well as the first.
It appears that the triplet’s trapped mode is odd, so that in effect the central grating is not seen, and this demonstrates again the connection with finite-grating stacks discussed in section 3.2, although here we have coupling between the diffraction orders 0 and -1. We explain this coupling using figure 15, where we show the solutions to the eigenvalue problem for a set of three gratings with period , separation and .
Referring to figure 15(a), the first solution at is due to the zeroth order only, whereas the solution at arises for a mixture of 0 and -1 orders. This value of is very close to explaining the trapped mode we observe in figure 14(b), an effect we optimise by setting the frequency of the system with .
We show transmitted and reflected energy profiles for the corresponding transmission problem for the first two and three gratings in figures 15(b, c). In part (b), the solid black curve denotes the transmitted energy due to the -1 order for the triplet, explaining why the localised mode helps to support transmission through the rest of the half-plane system. The dashed red curve in part (b) represents the transmitted energy for the 0 order, emphasising that the -1 order dominates. This means that the first pair has to be able to facilitate transmission of the -1 order to reach the third grating. This is illustrated in figure 15(c) where reflected energy is plotted versus . The thick blue curve shows the reflection due to the pair’s -1 order is around meaning that there is at least transmission to feed the third grating, which in turn helps to feed the rest of the system.
Figures 15 (a-c) show that the maxima for the triplets arise for rather than . Therefore in figure 15(d) we plot the real part of the displacement field for the same rectangular lattice for , but with and the corresponding value of to support Bloch waves along the vertical gratings. The results are similar to those observed in figure 14(b) except that the transmission pattern within the pinned system is slightly more intense than that observed for .
Recalling the second surface’s isofrequency diagram 14(a) there are several notable features similar to those observed for the first surface. There is a parabolic profile along for and an inflexion at for where the contours change direction. Using the parabolic profile we are able to demonstrate an example of channelling in figure 16, where a plane wave with oblique angle of incidence is bent to travel parallel to the horizontal axis.
The wave-vector diagram is used to identify isofrequency contours parallel to for the operating frequency for the rectangular lattice with , ; this ensures that the refracted waves will travel in a direction normal to the contours as illustrated by the point B in figure 14(a). The corresponding values for and are 2.2 and respectively. The resultant coefficient and displacement field plots are shown in figure 16.
Figure 16(a) shows very high values for both the real parts and the moduli of the coefficients; evidence that the system supports propagation. This is illustrated in part (b) where the reflection action is minimal, but the propagation through the pinned system is clearly visible, along with the platonic crystal’s wave-guiding effect.
A similar but more intense effect is observed for at with and . The resultant propagation parallel to is illustrative of the uni-directional localised modes associated with such parabolic profiles, and can be rotated through by swapping the horizontal and vertical periods of the lattice. Thus for a lattice of 4000 gratings with period and spacing , we show an interfacial wave in figure 17(b) propagating in the vertical direction parallel to , as predicted by the corresponding isofrequency contour, and very little wave action inside the pins as predicted by the decay of the coefficients in figure 17(a).
Higher frequencies - interfacial waves
At the point the contours change direction by for and there is a Dirac-like point at for . This narrow frequency window supports an array of interesting wave phenomena, similar to those discussed for the first surface in section 3.2.3.
We begin by considering a neighbouring frequency illustrated in figure 18(c) where we show a collection of isofrequency contours for the platonic crystal’s third dispersion surface, as well as the contour for the homogeneous biharmonic plate medium - an arc of the dashed circle defined by for the case . We also refer again to equation (28) to explain the appearance of the light cone projections on the isofrequency diagram.
We seek an interfacial wave so we choose such that is tangent to the contour for the third surface (point A in figure 18(c)). The vertical arrow predicts the propagation direction of the refracted waves for this and corresponding . In this way we predict that some refracted waves will propagate perpendicularly to this contour, i.e. in a vertical direction parallel to the interface. We plot the real part of the displacement field for these parameter settings in figure 18(b), along with the moduli for the coefficients in figure 18(a) generated by both the Foldy and Wiener-Hopf methods.
Figure 18(b) shows low propagation within the pinned structure, and relatively low reflection, compared with figure 15(b) for example. However there is clearly a travelling wave localised within the first few gratings, albeit with a relatively long wavelength. The exponential decay of the moduli of the scattering coefficients is illustrated in figure 18(a). In figure 18(d) we consider an example for an arbitrary value of to highlight the contrast in behaviour for various and . For and , we show the real part of the total displacement field in figure 18 (d). Although there is increased intensity at the interface, as one would expect, the dominant behaviour is propagation and in almost the same direction as the incident wave. This is predicted by the direction of the blue arrows at B and on the contour close to the incident wave’s arrow in figure 18 (c).
Finally we consider the case , . At the point in figure 18(c), the contours for support propagation in a direction normal to those of , which support propagation parallel to the interface similar to A for for in figures 18(b,c). Thus there is a point of inflexion for and it occurs for . For , the refracted waves propagate through the pinned system rather than along its edge, which is what happens for . However at the Dirac-like point ; , the waves exhibit a mixture of edge localisation and propagation through the system. This is because we have the third, fourth and fifth dispersion surfaces meeting at this frequency, leading to a combination of behaviours. The third surface 18(c) predicts propagation along the edge for contours while the fourth and fifth surfaces predict propagation parallel to , into the pinned lattice.
We observe these properties in figure 19 where parts (a,b) show the real part of the total displacement field for and . The amplitudes are extraordinarily large for where the isofrequency contours are about to change direction to support interfacial waves rather than propagation through the pinned system (see in figure 18(c)). This transition has occurred in figure 19(a) for where the localised interface mode clearly dominates any action inside the pinned region. The comparison of the coefficients in figure 19(c) also demonstrates the decay of the coefficients to zero inside the crystal for . However close to a Dirac-like point supports both edge localisation and wave propagation as illustrated in figure 19(b, c), where a wave is seen to propagate through the pinned lattice with the wavelength of the envelope function matching that of the coefficients.
4 Concluding remarks - interfacial waves and dynamic localisation
The theory and examples presented in this paper have identified novel regimes, typical of flexural waves in structured Kirchhoff-Love plates, for the case of a semi-infinite structured array of rigid pins in an otherwise homogeneous plate. The interface waveguide modes have been identified and studied here.
For a half-plane occupied by periodically distributed rigid pins, we have demonstrated an interplay between the transmission/reflection properties at the interface and dispersion properties of Floquet-Bloch waves in an infinite doubly periodic constrained plate. Specifically, we have analysed regimes corresponding to frequencies and wave vectors that determine stationary points on the dispersion surfaces, as well as Dirac-like points. For such regimes we have demonstrated that the structure supports localised interfacial waves, amongst other dynamic effects.
The localisation was predicted by an analytical solution, and a formal connection has been shown here between the doubly quasi-periodic Green’s function for an infinite plane and the system of equations required to obtain the intensities of sources at the rigid pins, which occupy the half-plane.
The authors thank the EPSRC (UK) for their support through the Programme Grant EP/L024926/1.
Appendix A Factorizing
A critical technical detail is the factorization = with respectively analytic inside and outside the unit circle. Laurent’s theorem gives
where is a circle of radius slightly larger than the unit circle, and is a circle of radius slightly smaller than the unit circle (see figure 2); the desired factorization is
We note here that is of the form for and , with . It is also assumed that are chosen so that is well defined.
Referring to the factorization (A2),
is evaluated for for some argument on the unit circle, with for . Here we outline two possible choices of regularisation, both of which give good results. Defining with , we have
Then we may write

domain: mathematics


VANCOUVER — Officials believe that a killer whale found dead off Vancouver Island earlier this month died of a bacterial infection caused by a failed pregnancy.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada said preliminary necropsy results show the infection likely originated with the nearly full-term female calf before spreading to its mother.
Pacific marine mammal co-ordinator Paul Cottrell says the calf died at least several days before the mother.
He says it is too early to say whether the orca known as J-32 suffered from long-term starvation, as she likely went into distress after her calf died and didn’t feed for days.
Ken Balcomb, with the Center for Whale Research in Washington state, assisted in the necropsy and says he believes that a lack of a plentiful food source and toxic pollutants contributed to her death.
The whale was a member of an endangered orca population that lives in the waters off B.C. and Washington state.
Only 77 orcas remain in the group and there has not been a successful birth in at least two years.


Harley Henning died in Lehigh Township fire
Updated On: Apr 26 2013 05:49:41 AM CDT
Investigators are looking at a chimney as the possible source of a fire that killed a man in Northampton County.
Firefighters were called around 11 p.m. Wednesday to 443 Washington Dr. in Lehigh Township, just outside Walnutport. They arrived to find a home already engulfed in flames.
"A whirl of fire at the top, just taking in the whole roof," said Rob McCulloch.
Harley Henning, a retired construction worker and grandfather of six, died in the fire, according to his family. He was the home's lone resident.
His death came as a shock to neighbor Catherine Green, who said she had just seen Harley, 65, that day at a nearby McDonald's.
"To me, anyway, he was a nice guy," Green said.
Harley was found in the upstairs bedroom, police said.
The focus of the investigation centers on the home's chimney, where police said flames were initially seen.
"Three over the winter where total losses and all three involved had wood burning or pellet stove, or fire place-type devices," said Chief Scott Fogel, Lehigh Twp. Police Dept.
For Harley's family, however, it's the result of the fire, not the cause, that hurts.
Copyright 2013 WFMZ. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Manhunt continues for accused cop killer Eric Frein
Food service company in hot water in Bangor
Black bear kills hiker in northern New Jersey
State police seen rushing back to Frein's neighborhood
East Penn still having problems with new school bus company
Armed man forces way into Easton home
Police: 4 children killed in crash were not in seatbelts or booster seats
Lower Pottsgrove Twp. police officer hurt in car crash
Couple squashes competition with pumpkins at Oley fair
Pocono Mountain reopens for first day since Frein ID'd as police shooting suspect


Although early-’90s alt-rockers Toad the Wet Sprocket may technically be headlining an upcoming show at the Moore Theatre, we’re willing to bet opening band Hey Marseilles is the reason most people snap up tickets. Started in 2006 by Nick Ward, Matt Bishop and Philip Kobernik while students at the University of Washington, the band has since grown into a septet—and stolen the city’s heart. With a catchy, orchestral folk-pop sound (self-proclaimed as “folkestral”) and enjoyably excessive instrumentation (cello, trumpet, accordion, piano, mandolin, sousaphone, the list goes on), Hey Marseilles radiates a sort of Old-World-Europe-meets-Death-Cab-for-Cutie vibe. Their 2008 self-released album To Travels & Trunks earned high placement on several local top 10 albums of the year lists; last month the band rereleased the album on CD and vinyl—this time with national distribution, and a national tour to match. With apologies to Toad, we’ve found a new prince.


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About this product
- DescriptionThe fourth novel in Alan Bradley's addictive Flavia de Luce mystery series.
- Author BiographyAlan Bradley is a former professor at the University of Saskatchewan, where he lectured on screen writing. He is the author of a memoir, THE SHOEBOX BIBLE.
- Author(s)Alan Bradley
- PublisherOrion Publishing Co
- Date of Publication03/11/2011
- GenreCrime, Thriller & Adventure
- Series TitleFlavia De Luce Mystery
- Place of PublicationLondon
- Country of PublicationUnited Kingdom
- ImprintOrion (an Imprint of The Orion Publishing Group Ltd )
- Out-of-print date26/03/2014
- Weight438 g
- Width137 mm
- Height222 mm
- Spine26 mm
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domain: literature


text:
County’s jobless claims hold steady, state’s continues to drop
Franklin County’s unemployment rate increased slightly in June, but is still well below last year’s average at the same time.
The county’s jobless rate increased to 10.8 percent in June, which was up from the May rate of 10.5 percent. But, it is still significantly lower than the 12.4 percent reported in June 2009.
The numbers total 1,382 people who filed unemployment claims. That is 42 more county residents than from the previous month.
The county’s numbers are in the middle of the pack for the northwest Alabama region. Lauderdale County is at 9.5 percent and Colbert is at 10.5 percent.
Other neighboring counties, however, report a higher percentage of unemployment claims.
Lawrence is at 11.7 percent, Marion is at 13.8 percent and Winston is at 15.8 percent.
Alabama Department of Industrial Relations Director Tom Surtees announced Friday that June’s statewide unemployment rate dropped to 10.3 percent, down from May’s revised rate of 10.7 percent.
June’s state rate marks the first time since August 2007 that the seasonally adjusted rate is not
higher than the previous year’s rate. The rate in June 2009 was also 10.3 percent. This rate represents 215,813 unemployed persons, compared to 225,182 in May.
“This is the first significant drop in our unemployment rate that we’ve experienced for
some time,” Surtees said.
“We are certainly glad to see it. However, the more than two hundred thousand unemployed Alabamians probably don’t feel this way.
“I’d like to encourage those who are unemployed to visit one of our Career Centers across the state to receive assistance in finding a new job or receiving technical or educational training.”
June’s wage and salary employment declined by 3,500, with the majority of the loss
resulting from seasonal losses in government and education and health services.
The counties with the lowest unemployment rates were: Shelby at 7.7 percent, Madison at 7.9 percent and Coffee at 8.1 percent.
The counties with the highest unemployment rates were: Wilcox at 23.6 percent, Dallas at 18.5 percent and Perry at 18.3 percent.
Unemployment rates for
Northwest Alabama counties
Franklin – 10.5 percent
Colbert – 10.5 percent
Lauderdale – 9.5 percent
Lawrence – 11.7 percent
Winston – 15.8 percent
Marion – 13.8 percent

domain: economics


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THE OUTNET.COM is the most fashionable fashion outlet. Since its launch in April 2009 by the people behind the award-winning website NET-A-PORTER, THE OUTNET.COM has quickly established itself as the chic, go-to destination for the global, style-conscious shopper looking for the best designer brands at a great discount price.
We are looking for an enthusiastic individual to join the Editorial Team and work with them to create enticing weekly marketing and editorial content for THEOUTNET.COM. The role will entail writing emails, researching the latest runway trends, to contributing ideas and updating site copy. The person will liaise on a daily basis with several teams within the business, including editorial, marketing, retail and merchandising to name a few. This is an exciting opportunity for an ambitious individual to work for a successful and growing business.
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• Marketing collateral: write and oversee copy for weekly marketing emails and promotional banners and special project
• Edit copy written by fashion writers and ensure the copy and tone is in keeping with THEOUTNET’s voice.
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• Contribute to social media channels for THEOUTNET’s Facebook, Twitter and Youtube channels
• Contribute to site copy: Non-editorial site copy – terms & conditions, help section, shipping policies for both UK and US sites
• Oversee research: editorial stories for the homepage and emails
• Fact Check: working with the subbing team and Chief Sub Editor
• Manage editorial folders: liaise with Fashion Assistant to keep up to date the editorial trend, style guides and story folders
• Assist on special projects: From time to time assist and generate copy for the editorial videos
• Liaise with external contacts: to acquire quotes, images etc. for homepage & videos
• Develop copy for marketing promotions, both online and offline: sale, direct mail, in-the-box promotions etc.
• Develop content for seasonal promotions such as Birthdays, Christmas and Valentines,
• Develop site content for special projects
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• Work with THEOUTNET’s Creative Director, Online Editor and Marketing team on all business relating to THEOUTNET.COM
• Liaise closely with marketing department on all copy requirements
• Contribute ideas to all aspects of THEOUTNET business, particularly pertaining to content / editorial/ marketing and merchandising
• Generate editorial ideas for homepage and email calendars
• Liaise with Online Editor and Fashion Editor on homepage, Dress Me & email themes
Essential skills & requirements:
• Experience along with a background in fashion, marketing, and/or advertising.
• Proven experience of internet / interactive copywriting within the fashion, editorial or related industry.
• Excellent command of the English language.
• Proven ability to work to stringent deadlines.
• Ability to work as part of a team or autonomously.
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• Experience working in a fast-moving entrepreneurial environment with competing deadlines and priorities.
• A love of and genuine interest in fashion.
• Highly organized and exceptional planning capabilities.
• Ability to cope well with the demands of a rapidly growing company.


text:
Total War Warhammer 2 Reddit Review
If you are looking for a total-warhammer game that you can get friends, get come for the right place. Through this reddit total war warhammer 2 review, we’ll go over some of the things should know about this game. It’s a complex video game, and the statistics within the units can be deceiving. Actually there are a few sections that happen to be more powerful than others, such as the mighty deathwind globadier.
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Another concern that has many avid gamers disappointed may be the lack of strategy. The game’s campaign is not hard to master, but the AI wouldn’t always react well. Thankfully, the overall game has increased in this area, and you could even stop off from the marketing campaign if you want to. While the game’s AI isn’t perfect, it has the still probably the greatest in the series, and you’ll have a hard time not to love it. There are also new features to acquire more away of this video game.
There are a few key flaws from this game, nevertheless overall, it’s a great video game. It has many features, which include improved factions and lords, which make this an excellent choice for wargamers. Some people have stated that it’s the best total war video game on the market, although it’s nonetheless worth the cost. The total war warhammer 2 reddit review merely nearly seeing that strong because the first one.

domain: game


text:
- Hike a moderately easy 2–3 hour trail between villages.
- Play about in the courtyard of luxe village guesthouse with snacks/coffee/tea/drinks.
- Make and bake gingerbread treats under the guidance of Chef Linda.
Register your interest by clicking the ‘Updates list’ button and we’ll contact you as soon as we’ve figured out all the details.
|08:00||Depart from Liangmaqiao subway pickup and drive to the Lido Metropark Hotel Starbucks pickup.|
|08:30||Driving to the hike, stopping for a bathroom break.|
|10:30||Start the hike from Nanzhuang village.|
|11:30||Climb the ‘big hill’ and stop for a break by a mountain shrine.|
|12:00||Continue the hike.|
|13:00||Finish the hike at Lily Village, short drive to the guesthouse.|
|13:30||Snacks and drinks while we get ready for the baking class.|
|14:00||Baking and eating gingerbread treats.|
|15:00||Driving back to the city, stopping for a bathroom break.|
|16:30||Arrive at Lido Hotel, then on to Liangmaqiao.|

domain: travel


- Is argon heavier than nitrogen?
- Why Nitrogen is an inert gas?
- What is the difference between inert gas and noble gas?
- How dangerous is nitrogen?
- What are 3 uses for nitrogen?
- Is nitrogen a hazardous gas?
- Is argon the same as nitrogen?
- Is nitrogen a dry gas?
- Do we need nitrogen?
- Can argon gas kill you?
- Can I use argon instead of nitrogen?
- Is nitrogen a noble gas?
- What are 5 uses for nitrogen?
- Why is nitrogen explosive?
Is argon heavier than nitrogen?
Argon is about four times more expensive than nitrogen because there is less of it in the air (79 percent of air is nitrogen, compared to 0.9 percent for argon).
Argon is about 1.4 times denser than nitrogen.
Argon can only be provided in tanks, whereas nitrogen can be supplied through in-house gas generation..
Why Nitrogen is an inert gas?
Purified argon and nitrogen gases are most commonly used as inert gases due to their high natural abundance (78.3% N2, 1% Ar in air) and low relative cost. Unlike noble gases, an inert gas is not necessarily elemental and is often a compound gas. … They are colourless , tasteless and odorless gases.
What is the difference between inert gas and noble gas?
Answer: An inert gas is one that does not undergo chemical reactions. Noble gases refers to the right most group of the periodic table composed of helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. As you might have seen as an example in class, some noble gases can form chemical compounds, such as XeF4.
How dangerous is nitrogen?
Nitrogen is an inert gas — meaning it doesn’t chemically react with other gases — and it isn’t toxic. But breathing pure nitrogen is deadly. That’s because the gas displaces oxygen in the lungs. Unconsciousness can occur within one or two breaths, according to the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board.
What are 3 uses for nitrogen?
Nitrogen is important to the chemical industry. It is used to make fertilisers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and explosives. To make these products, nitrogen must first be reacted with hydrogen to produce ammonia.
Is nitrogen a hazardous gas?
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW: Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable gas, or a colorless, odorless, cryogenic liquid. The main health hazard associated with releases of this gas is asphyxiation, by displacement of oxygen. … The liquefied gas can cause frostbite to any contaminated tissue.
Is argon the same as nitrogen?
Nitrogen and Argon are both inert gases, tasteless and colourless. From a preservaton point of view, they perform the same function. The choice of one or the other is due to the major availability in a particular area, for example, Nitrogen is used in Europe more, while Argon is preferred in the USA.
Is nitrogen a dry gas?
Nitrogen is generally a reliable dry gas, which is economic, safe (when handled properly) and chemically inert with most metals and materials.
Do we need nitrogen?
Nitrogen is an important part of our bodies. Amino acids all contain nitrogen and these are the building blocks that make up the proteins in your hair, muscles, skin and other important tissues. … We cannot survive without nitrogen in our diet – we get it in the form of protein.
Can argon gas kill you?
Argon can kill you if it replaces too much air and therefore decreases the partial pressure of oxygen too much. … Argon is an inert gas and non-poisonous gas. It can kill human beings and animals due to asphyxiation.
Can I use argon instead of nitrogen?
Practically there is not any difference between Nitrogen and Argon if use them for the scope to purge air or oxygen out from a closed space. Both are efficiently nonreactive but Argon is less reactive than Nitrogen.
Is nitrogen a noble gas?
Nitrogen, the unreactive gas On the other hand, nitrogen is not a noble gas. Two nitrogen atoms make up the nitrogen molecule (N2), so it has no free electrons like Argon and thus the same properties of a noble gas under nearly all uses. Indeed, nitrogen, which makes up 79.1% of our atmosphere, is very unreactive.
What are 5 uses for nitrogen?
5 Ways Nitrogen Is Used In Everyday LifeGas Generators.Industrial nitrogen generators.nitrogen for construction.nitrogen for food packaging.nitrogen for food preservation.nitrogen for manufacturing.nitrogen for medicines.nitrogen for soldering.More items…•
Why is nitrogen explosive?
Most organic explosives are explosive because they contain nitrogen. … The rapidity of the reaction, due to the weakness of the bonds in nitro compounds, and the high quantity of overall energy released, due to the much higher strength of the triple bonds, produce the explosive qualities of these compounds.


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Simdega: BJP’s candidate for Khunti Lok Sabha seat and former Chief Minister Arjun Munda addressed a party workers programme here. Speaking on the occasion he said that the central government has gained lots of achievement in the implementation of the public welfare schemes and the initiatives which were launched keeping in mind the needs of the people have proved to be highly beneficial for the masses.
Mr Munda said that the opposition parties do not have a concrete plan or ideology and are just trying to mislead the people. He also asked the party workers to strengthen the support among the people in their respective booths. Those present on the occasion also included senior BJP leader Karia Munda MLA Bimla Pradhan and others. Earlier Mr Munda also paid his obeisance at Ram Rekha Dham.

domain: topicality


U.S. energy regulators approved Mexico Pacific LNG’s Saguaro pipeline that would transport 2.8 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day from Texas to Mexico for export as liquefied natural gas (LNG).
According to a Reuters news report, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) decision clears a key hurdle for Mexico Pacific LNG's plan to build a $15 billion LNG export plant with a capacity of 15 million metric tons per annum on Mexico's west coast. However, the company has yet to make a final investment decision.
The approval comes despite opposition from environmental groups concerned about the project's climate impact, with the Sierra Club and other Texas organizations arguing that FERC should have considered the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the pipeline and the LNG plant, including potential methane leaks.
Following the Biden administration's recent pause on new LNG export permit reviews, the decision comes at a time when the administration wants the Department of Energy to consider the broader climate, consumer, and community impacts of such projects before making decisions.
FERC, however, concluded that the Saguaro Connector Pipeline met the necessary environmental standards and would not significantly impact U.S. natural gas prices. The commission also noted that the project would create jobs and boost economic activity in the U.S. and Mexico.
If the company proceeds, the pipeline and LNG plant construction could begin within the next year.


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In the first year of the CANON Initiative, one goal was to integrate data and information management systems to provide uniform access to data from various sources. The ongoing efforts at MBARI include:
- a project to organize and visualize MBARI upper-water-column oceanographic data;
- data systems and collaborative tools developed initially for multi-platform experiments in Monterey Bay;
- development of the decision support system;
- data management and communications systems developed by our close partner, the Central and Northern California Coastal Ocean Observing System, a regional association that is part of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing Systems;
- emerging genomic data management systems.

domain: geography


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The Star Of Death Finally Discovered: Researchers Say That It Literally Causes A Planet’s Death By Eating Them, Is The Earth Close To It?
Astronomers and experts alike have recently made a conclusion about the disturbing secret of an unusual planetary system with a host star that is similar to Earth's sun. This study, as experts describe it, would somewhat provide with a concrete evidence that there is indeed interplanetary violence in the outer space and not just in movies. The study which was published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics suggests that the star's rare composition is in fact eating some its planets. Thus, astronomers are convinced that the real-life "Death Star" could potentially be used in studying how planetary systems evolve over time.
Death Star: How Far Is The Planet Earth From Being-Ingested?
In one of his statements reported by CBC News, study co-author Jacob Bean said that the good thing with their discovery is that it also shows that this doesn't mean that the sun will 'eat' the Earth any time soon. However, the study provides an indication that violent histories may be common for planetary systems, including our very own galaxy, he adds.
It was found that the first orbiting a star other than the sun known as exoplanets was actually discovered in 1995. Since then, astronomers have found more than two thousand exoplanets, but studying stars that are similar to our sun commonly referred to as solar twins and their connections to their planets is rare.
Furthermore, according to reports by Daily Mail, another co-author of the study, Megan Bedell, a UChicago doctoral student and the lead planet finder for the collaboration reveals that the team plans to study more stars like this to see whether this is a common outcome of the planet formation process. Moreover, experts have highly emphasized that although the discovery of the solar twin provides clues, researchers are careful to point out that conclusions can't be drawn from a single system.
Ultimately, scientists explain that stars with hot interiors, like the sun and this star, consume lithium over time. However, planets preserve lithium because their inner temperatures aren't as hot. Therefore, when a star engulfs a planet, the lithium from the planet stands out.
Planets In ‘Star Wars’ Could Be A Reality In The Universe
"Star Wars" has made a universe that has many planets in it. Some planets in "Star Wars" could be a reality in the universe.
Ice Is Everywhere On Ceres
Dwarf planet Ceres is near the Earth. It is found in the Asteroid Belt. Ice is said to be everywhere on Ceres.
Planet-Eating Star Might Have Clues To Planet Forming
Astronomers are still searching for definitive answers on how planets are formed. A planet-eating star might have clues to planet forming.
NASA Needs to Keep Up With Today’s Context of Space Exploration, Says PPIRB
Planetary Protection Independent Review Board (PPIRB) calls NASA to update planetary protection policies
Elon Musk Is Working On A Consensual Telepathy; Latest Details Inside
Elon Musk has confirmed that Neuralink is real and that he is serious about the technology. The firm will soon develop a “neural lace” technology that would involve implanting tiny brain electrodes.
MORE IN ITECHPOST
Link Building & Guest Posting Updates- 2020
Over the years, the importance of high-quality backlinks has only increased. What once used to be a quantitative measure, is now qualitatives in nature. In other words, the links are now scanned for the quality they bring in, along with the number of links.
How Do Personal Emergency Response Systems Work?
Personal emergency response systems, known as PERS for short, are systems that help people to raise the alarm and get immediate help when a medical or personal emergency occurs. They are ideal for older people and anyone with a mobility issue or an injury or illness that can cause falls.
New Lawsuit Alleges Fortnite Video Game Is as Addictive as Cocaine
Epic Games, creator of the popular Fortnite video game, has been hit with a new lawsuit that alleges the game is as "addictive as cocaine" and that Epic has targeted children with its marketing. The popular game is played by more than a quarter-billion people.
Netflix is Raising Prices, Here’s How it Now Compares to Other Streaming Services
Once a brand gains the trust and loyalty of its market, it is only logical that it attempts to flex its dominant muscle. Such is the tale that fits the recent price hike coming from the stable of Netflix. Having baited consumers into believing that streaming, and not cable subscription, is the right way to go, Netflix has now decided to drop its own form of a bombshell on consumers in the form of price increment. The news, which was announced earlier this year, detailed that Netflix would be raising prices across all of its plans by 13 to 18 percent.

domain: astronomy


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CALL FOR PROPOSALS: Improving the competitiveness and sustainability of African cotton sectors
Brussels, 15 April 2014/ ACP: The ACP Secretariat has announced a Call for Proposals for activities aimed at improving the competitiveness and sustainability of the African cotton sectors.
The global objective of this Call for Proposals is directly related to that of the support programme for the consolidation of the EU-Africa partnership on cotton, that is, to contribute to the sustainable improvement of the competitiveness, added value, and profitability of the African cotton sector, so as to optimize its impact on the income of the producers.
Result areas expected include:
1) regional cotton strategies are operational at national level and coordinated under a continental approach
2) the capacities of professional cotton associations are strengthened in terms of planning and monitoring of strategy implementation
3) internal competitiveness and sustainability of African cotton sectors are strengthened
The overall indicative amount made available under this Call for Proposals is € 1,500,000. Any grant requested under this Call for Proposals must fall between minimum amount: € 80,000 and maximum amount: € 300,000, with maximum 90% financing of total eligible costs.
Concept notes must be submitted in a sealed envelope by registered mail, private courier service or by hand-delivery (a signed and dated certificate of receipt will be given to the deliverer) to the address below:
Secretary General, Mr Alhaji Muhammad MUMUNI,
The Secretariat of the ACP Group of States
Sustainable Economic Development and Trade Department (Commodities)
Avenue Georges Henri 451,
A copy of the Concept Notes should also be sent to the e-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.org .
The deadline for this Call for Proposals is 23 May 2014 for Concept Notes. Selected applicants will be invited to submit full proposals.

domain: agronomy


Shell cracker project recognized by Engineers Society
POTTER TWP. — Shell Chemicals’ $6 billion ethane cracker plant has been recognized as a Project of the Year by the Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania.
The society, which held its 134th annual banquet at the Westin Convention Center Hotel in Pittsburgh on Thursday night, chose the Shell project as its Project of the Year in the industry and energy category.
The society made it clear why Shell’s project stood out. In preparing the former Horsehead Corp. site for development in Potter Township, crews moved 7 million cubic yards of dirt, built two new bridges, constructed four large retaining walls and installed more than 48,000 of underground piping.
Precise engineering has been at the heart of the Shell project, which in December hit a milestone when the company announced it had finally begun construction on the actual cracker plant.
Shell spokesman Joe Minnitte, who attended the banquet Thursday night and accepted the recognition on Shell’s behalf, said the company is “grateful” for the honor.
“The capabilities of the engineers in this region have played a significant role in our advancement and we look forward to continuing this work together in the years ahead,” he said.
The Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania has more than 800 members and exists to “advance the professions of engineering, architecture, and applied sciences through technical activities, public service participation and social organizations.”


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|Tested species reactivity||Human|
|Host / Isotype||Rabbit / IgG|
|Immunogen||Synthetic peptide derived from the C-terminus of human ROC1|
|Purification||Antigen affinity chromatography|
|Storage buffer||PBS, pH 7.6, with 1% BSA|
|Contains||<0.1% sodium azide|
|Storage Conditions||4° C, do not freeze|
|Tested Applications||Dilution *|
|Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) (IHC (P))||1:100|
* Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrate the product for use in their own experiment using appropriate negative and positive controls.
Heat-mediated antigen retrieval is recommended prior to staining, using a 10mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0, for 10 minutes followed by cooling at room temperature for 20 min. Following antigen retrieval, incubate samples with primary antibody for 10 min at room temperature. A suggested positive control is tonsil tissue.
ROC1 and ROC2 are the two highly conserved RING finger proteins that are homologous to APC11, a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). ROC1 and ROC2 commonly interact with all cullins while APC11 specifically interacts with APC2, a cullin-related APC subunit. ROC1 and APC11 immunocomplexes can catalyze isopeptide ligations to form polyubiquitin chains in an E1- and E2-dependent manner. ROC1 is thought to play a unique role in the ubiquitination reaction by heterodimerizing with cullin1 to catalyze ubiquitin polymerization.
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Not for resale without express authorization.

domain: chemistry


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Sustainability and Certainty in Organ Retrieval (SCORE)
The Sustainability and Certainty in Organ Retrieval (SCORE) Programme was established in May 2023, following consultation and engagement with stakeholders across the organ donation and transplantation pathway over several years. The key aim is to make improvements to the pathways with the aim of creating a more sustainable, efficient and predictable service model.
To enable the pathway innovations, 5 key pillars have been identified where improvements or changes are required.
- Increase the certainty of donor potential
- Achieve financial sustainability
- Develop a future model for National Organ Retrieval Service (NORS) delivery
- Commission a sustainable framework for perfusion technology
- Enable a sustainable NORS workforce and community of practice
NHSBT have supported the proposals for the Programme and seven Workstreams have been identified and agreed, each with clear aims and objectives, to support the design and planning of the changes required:
The SCORE programme and each workstream is in the design and definition phase, where key priorities are being identified through a series of engagement activities, the first of which, recorded in July 2023 can be viewed here.
This webpage will be updated frequently with the latest information available, recorded webinars and a frequently asked questions document. If you would like to contact the SCORE programme team, you can email them here.

domain: design


text: As I was archiving all of my files. . . I came across one of my favorite shoots! Check out the precious Mixon family. Just recently Asher has joined their wonderful home and they are learning all about each other. This was a fun afternoon full of smiles and laughs. I can't believe how old all of the beautiful Mixon children are getting before my eyes and their mommy's camera lens. Sara, as many of you know, is also a photographer and we trade off taking pictures for one another! It is super nice to have friends with talents!

domain: photo


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7 days a week
Braum's Ice Cream and Dairy Stores
Enjoy a hearty hamburger made with 100% pure beef while you are overlooking the Brazos River with family and friends. That's what it's all about. Good taste and Good times! Stop by today.
JobsBraum's Shift SupervisorCategory: Food Industry and RestaurantsBraum’s leaders execute the company’s brand strategy and promote its vision, mission and values, resulting in a great customer experience and maximized sales. By recognizing the importance of our people, we can strengthen the team’s contribution toward unit goals being achieved. Teach, coach and provide leadership to the store crew members.Maximize store sales through customer satisfaction and ...read more
Whom to Contact
- Diana HavenarPhone: (214) 926-1938
- Stephanie PafumePhone: (405) 478-1656

domain: food


text:
(MENAFN- Nam News Network)
PHNOM PENH, Aug 5 (NNN-XINHUA) – Chinese State Councillor and Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, met with Türkiye's Foreign Minister, Mevlut Cavusoglu, here Wednesday, on the sidelines of the meetings of foreign ministers on East Asia cooperation, vowing to promote cooperation between the two countries.
Wang said, China and Türkiye are both representatives of emerging economies, having closely-intertwined interests and similar positions.
China is willing to work with Türkiye, in accordance with guidelines set by the two countries' heads of state, to enhance mutual trust and cooperation, support each other in safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development, deepen the synergy of development strategies, and promote healthy and stable development of strategic cooperative relations, Wang said.
He said, in the face of current international landscape, featuring a sharp increase in instability, uncertainty and disturbance, major countries should take the lead in abiding by the UN Charter, to uphold basic norms governing international relations, to advocate and practice multilateralism.
However, Wang noted, the U.S. is doing the opposite, blatantly challenging China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and disrupting the peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait.
Noting that the international community unanimously condemned the dangerous and foolish acts of the United States, Wang said, China, together with every party, is willing to abide by the basic norm governing international relations of respecting national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to safeguard regional and global peace and stability.
Cavusoglu said, his country firmly adheres to the one-China policy, not only on the Taiwan question but also on issues concerning Xinjiang, adding, the Turkish side was glad to see United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet visit Xinjiang, and hopes to keep contact with China over affairs related to the visit to Xinjiang by a Turkish delegation, he said.
Türkiye upholds multilateralism and opposes unilateral sanctions, said Cavusoglu, adding, amid the serious challenges induced by the Ukraine crisis to global economy, Türkiye is willing to reinforce its solidarity with China and jointly cope with food security and other difficult situations.
Cavusoglu said, the Turkish side attaches great importance to the in-depth synergy between its Middle Corridor initiative and the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative, and hopes to push for a more balanced bilateral economic relationship, welcome more Chinese enterprises to invest and start businesses in Türkiye, and see more frequent direct flights between the two countries.
Wang said, China appreciates Türkiye's active part in mediating the Black Sea Grain Initiative, and supports Türkiye in playing a constructive role in securing a soft landing of the Ukraine crisis.– NNN-XINHUA
Legal Disclaimer: MENAFN provides the information “as is” without warranty of any kind. We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the accuracy, content, images, videos, licenses, completeness, legality, or reliability of the information contained in this article. If you have any complaints or copyright issues related to this article, kindly contact the provider above.


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SINGAPORE, Dec. 2 (Xinhua) -- Media Development Authority of Singapore (MDA) on Wednesday announced a series of international media collaborations between Singapore enterprises and international partners.
The announcement was made at the start of the Asia Media Festival, an annual media industry event held in Singapore, a statement by MDA said.
The industry partnerships range from the first-ever Singapore-China-Britain high definition documentary co-production called Monumental Challenge, which takes an in-depth and intimate look at six of the world's greatest monuments being restored as well as the army of people who are constantly racing against deadlines to keep the iconic structures standing for many to enjoy.
There is also a co-production agreement between Singapore's home-grown media company MyChina Channel and Shanghai Media Group to co-produce two infotainment television series.
The first series, China Trend, will highlight modern China, its people and their lifestyle in 13 episodes. The second series, Foreigners in China, will document how foreigners living in China adjust and adapt to the local culture and environment.
Also included are three pipeline projects between Singapore and Australia media companies under the MDA-Screen West Call for Proposal, and new matchmaking efforts between Singapore venture capitalist firm Thymos Capital and Japan's Technology Seed Incubation.
The Asia Media Festival (AMF) 2009 is currently in its eighth year. An estimated 5,000 broadcasters, buyers and sellers, distributors, financiers and producers meet to share best practices, forge strong business networks, develop international collaborations and heighten brand awareness.

domain: news


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This weekend we escaped to the beach for some much needed rest and relaxation.
The sunrise and sunset were just glorious.
Although my trusty sewing machine, is never too far away.
I have been colecting 30’s fabrics for quite some time and I have finally come up with a design.
Some tiny wedges.
Some more sewing to do before I can post more pictures
Thank you for visiting

domain: fashion


Kero One Albums
click on the album covers to see the lyrics inside the album
Related Information for Kero One» Known for spearheading the Jazz-Hop movement, Kero One, a California rapper/producer/DJ, stands as a testament to the do-it-yourself success story.Using only his homemade studio and personal credit card, Kero One pressed and released his first 12” record Check the Blueprints in 2003 on his own imprint, Plug Label. Without any experience as to how he should distribute his new record, Kero One spent endless hours researching, cold calling, and seeking help from friends.
» We present 1 different Kero One lyrics and remixes all listed in alphabetical order. Besides Kero One song lyrics you can also browse Kero One images/album covers. You can choose to translate lyrics to Kero One to different languages as well. Please feel free to submit corrections you have for Kero One songs and comments you have for meaning to Kero One lyrics