|Publication number||US7734329 B2|
|Application number||US 11/484,196|
|Publication date||Jun 8, 2010|
|Filing date||Jul 11, 2006|
|Priority date||Jul 12, 2005|
|Also published as||DE102005032523A1, DE102005032523B4, US20070021668|
|Publication number||11484196, 484196, US 7734329 B2, US 7734329B2, US-B2-7734329, US7734329 B2, US7734329B2|
|Inventors||Jan Boese, Thomas Redel|
|Original Assignee||Siemens Aktiengesellschaft|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (1), Classifications (20), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application claims priority of German application No. 10 2005 032 523.8 filed Jul. 12, 2005, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The invention relates to a method for pre-interventional planning of a 2D fluoroscopy projection for an interventional entry using a fixed instrument.
The process of planning interventions with a fixed instrument, for example an aspiration needle, based on pre-interventionally recorded data sets, is already known. These data sets can be obtained by 3D angiography, CT or MR investigation. The planning undertaken in advance can then be transferred to a navigation system or a system for orientation of the fixed instrument or the aspiration needle. Such a system is for example a stereotactic frame, which allows pinpoint alignment and positioning of the aspiration needle. The case can arise however in which the aspiration needle or another fixed instrument has to pass within a very short distance of critical structures such as vertebrae, organs or blood vessels. In order not to endanger the patient a continuous monitoring of the position of the needle is necessary. The direction of projection must be defined within the context of pre-interventional planning. The direction of projection, which can be imagined as a straight line through the tube focus and the center of the detector of the fluoroscopy system, is set by corresponding positioning of the C-arm of the fluoroscopy device. This setting is made manually, based on the experience of the operator, with a number of steps sometimes being required. The disadvantage in this case however is that the choice of the best direction of projection and the setting of the C-arm position and the multi-stage optimization which may be required are undertaken during fluoroscopy so that the patient is subjected to a certain dose of radiation even before the actual intervention.
The problem underlying the invention is thus that of specifying a method of the type mentioned at the start in which the radiation dose affecting the patient is reduced and the time required for the procedure is reduced.
To resolve this problem a method for pre-interventional planning of a 2D fluoroscopy projection for an interventional entry using a fixed instrument with the features of the claims is provided.
With the inventive method a 3D data set is first recorded. This can usefully be done using computer tomography, magnetic resonance tomography or 3D angiography. This is followed in the inventive method by the planning of the intervention. This planning can include the definition of the target area for the instrument, the definition of the path and the entry point. When the planning of the instrument channel is completed, the optimum direction of projection is planned. Depending on the complexity of the intervention and of the access, a number of optimum directions of projection can also be defined, between which a switch is made during the intervention. The significant aspect here is that the planning of the optimum direction of projection is undertaken without subjecting the patient to extra radiation. Within the context of this planning the best possible visualizations of the instrument as well as of the critical structure are determined.
Subsequently the 3D data set is registered with a navigation system and with a 2D fluoroscopy system. The navigation system can for example be a stereotactic frame which allows a precise application of the instrument. In the next step the data of the planned direction of projection is transmitted to the navigation system. On the basis of this intervention data the required position of the fluoroscopy system is calculated. This definition of the position of the fluoroscopy system is undertaken automatically on the basis of the intervention data, accordingly the step-by-step adjustment for the optimum position for the fluoroscopy usual in the prior art is not necessary.
If both the navigation system and also the fluoroscopy system are correctly set, the intervention with the Instrument under fluoroscopy in the previously planned angulation can be started. With the inventive method there can be provision for the fluoroscopy system to feature a C-arm of which the position is calculated and set automatically.
To visualize critical structures such as vessels, organs and vertebrae, the projection of the 3D data set can be presented overlaid with the 2D fluoroscopy image. This is especially useful if the investigation area has low contrast. In these cases a manual optimization of the projection under fluoroscopy can only be achieved with great difficulty.
With the inventive method the position of the instrument can be checked using computer tomography, magnetic resonance tomography or 3D angiography, if necessary the method can be continued with the planning of the intervention. Thus the optimum direction of projection and setting of the position of the fluoroscopy system is planned once again.
The inventive method is especially suitable for fixed instruments such as a biopsy needle, an aspiration needle or an ablation device.
Further advantages and details of the invention will be explained on the basis of an exemplary embodiment which refers to the figures. The figures are schematic diagrams and show:
The method 1 shown in
Reference is made simultaneously to
A critical structure 11, in the exemplary embodiment depicted, an organ of a patient, is located in the vicinity of a needle channel 12 indicated by an arrow. The structure 11 and the needle channel 12 are objects in a three-dimensional space. The task within the context of pre-interventional planning consists of finding an optimum direction of projection for the fluoroscopy. This direction or the associated plane which lies perpendicular to the direction of projection, is defined by the best visualization of the critical structure 11 in relation to the needle channel 12 and allows an especially secure monitoring of the needle movement during the intervention.
The optimum direction of projection is defined and planned interactively by the user. The optimum direction of projection is a straight line which is perpendicular to the needle channel 12.
Again referring to
If the 3D data set has been recorded on the same C-arm by means of 3D rotation angiography, the required registration of the patient with the 3D data set and the fluoroscopy system is automatically provided by the device calibration.
Where 3D data from other sources such as magnetic resonance tomography or computer tomography is used, automatic or interactive image registration methods can be used. It is also possible, to initially register an external data set with 3D/3D registration with the 3D rotation angiography data set, in order to implicitly establish the registration with the fluoroscopy system in this way.
In the next step shown in
If the optimum direction of projection is to be determined automatically, the normal to the surface must be determined on a plane which is produced by the needle channel 12 and the point on the critical structure closest to the needle 11. This plane 15 is shown in
Optionally the selection of the optimum projection direction can be undertaken on the basis of minimum x-ray absorption. The x-ray absorption is determined from the 3D angiography, the CT or the MR investigation and the corresponding 3D data set. This criterion in particular excludes projections at extreme angles or unfavorable projections because of bone structures or at least identifies them as such, so that the user can change the planning.
If a structure with low contrast is involved, as is shown in
The critical structures can be determined automatically. After a critical distance to the needle channel 12 has been specified, with the distance amounting to 5 mm for example, the structures are determined automatically by a computer for which this critical distance is undershot and these are displayed to the user. The user can then decide for himself whether the structure is critical or not. Before the beginning of the intervention the user can create a first fluoroscopy image to ensure that the critical structure with the virtually displayed planned needle channel and where necessary the target structure for the needle can be seen as well as possible. If equally valid needle channels are present, the planning of the intervention can be optimized in order to define the optimum direction of projection or the optimum directions of projection. Following a position check 10 an update of the planning and thereby of the optimum direction of projection can be undertaken. In the flowchart shown in
The optimum projection can change during the course of the intervention at different penetration depths of the needle and with different critical structures which are passed. The critical points in the two projections are indicated in this case by “x” or “y”. Referring to the diagram shown in
The needle tip position defined, measured or calculated by the navigation system can be used to update the optimum direction of projection. Alternatively the current needle tip position can be determined manually, by clicking on it with the mouse for example, or through automatic detection from images which have been recorded in two different directions of projection.
Taking into account critical structures and where necessary further criteria, varying optimum projection directions are produced along the needle channel depending on the current needle tip position. In an extreme case the direction can be changing constantly during navigation through a network of vessels, but this is time-consuming and inconvenient. In this case an attempt is made to keep the change of the angulation of the C-arm as small as possible during the advance, this value can for example be quantified as an overall angle covered. Simultaneously during the advance a specific degree of sub-optimality of the projections can be allowed, with such a value for example being able to be set as ±20°.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6198794 *||Jan 14, 2000||Mar 6, 2001||Northwestern University||Apparatus and method for planning a stereotactic surgical procedure using coordinated fluoroscopy|
|US6470207 *||Mar 23, 1999||Oct 22, 2002||Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc.||Navigational guidance via computer-assisted fluoroscopic imaging|
|US6711432 *||Oct 23, 2000||Mar 23, 2004||Carnegie Mellon University||Computer-aided orthopedic surgery|
|US20010036245 *||Jun 18, 2001||Nov 1, 2001||Kienzle Thomas C.||Computer assisted targeting device for use in orthopaedic surgery|
|US20020045817||Oct 16, 2001||Apr 18, 2002||Masahide Ichihashi||Radiographic image diagnosis apparatus|
|US20030220555 *||Mar 11, 2003||Nov 27, 2003||Benno Heigl||Method and apparatus for image presentation of a medical instrument introduced into an examination region of a patent|
|US20040009459 *||May 5, 2003||Jan 15, 2004||Anderson James H.||Simulation system for medical procedures|
|US20050049486 *||Aug 28, 2003||Mar 3, 2005||Urquhart Steven J.||Method and apparatus for performing stereotactic surgery|
|US20050089143||Sep 17, 2004||Apr 28, 2005||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||X-ray diagnosis apparatus and method for creating image data|
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|DE10323008A1||May 21, 2003||Dec 23, 2004||Siemens Ag||Automatic fusion of 2D fluoroscopic C-frame X-ray images with preoperative 3D images using navigation markers, by use of a projection matrix based on a 2D fluoroscopy image and a defined reference navigation system|
|EP1504713A1||Jul 8, 2004||Feb 9, 2005||Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc.||Navigation system for cardiac therapies|
|EP1510182A2||Aug 20, 2004||Mar 2, 2005||Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc.||Apparatus for performing stereotactic surgery|
|WO2001087136A2||Apr 30, 2001||Nov 22, 2001||Visualization Technology||Fluoroscopic tracking and visualization system|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US20090123046 *||May 2, 2007||May 14, 2009||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||System and method for generating intraoperative 3-dimensional images using non-contrast image data|
|Cooperative Classification||A61B90/36, A61B34/10, A61B6/547, A61B2090/364, A61B2090/376, A61B34/20, A61B2018/1425, A61B10/0233, A61B6/12, A61B5/055, A61B6/4441, A61B6/466, A61B18/1477|
|European Classification||G06T19/00, A61B6/46B10, A61B6/54H, A61B19/52, A61B6/12|
|Oct 6, 2006||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BOESE, JAN;REDEL, THOMAS;REEL/FRAME:018372/0902
Effective date: 20060607
Owner name: SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT,GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BOESE, JAN;REDEL, THOMAS;REEL/FRAME:018372/0902
Effective date: 20060607
|Nov 13, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 28, 2016||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SIEMENS HEALTHCARE GMBH, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;REEL/FRAME:039271/0561
Effective date: 20160610


text:
The New England Patriots won a nail-biter against the visiting Kansas City Chiefs, 43-40, with the final play of the contest deciding it in the home team’s favor. After the Chiefs were able to tie the game on a long touchdown pass from Patrick Mahomes to Tyreek Hill, the Patriots had 3:03 to drive for the winning score – and they did just that.
Along the way, New England converted a 3rd and 1 with a Sony Michel rush before a long pass to Rob Gronkowski:
Gronk gets the Pats in FG range! #KCvsNE— NFL (@NFL) October 15, 2018
: NBC pic.twitter.com/FLoTYHs8pR
Gronkowski’s 39-yard catch and run set up the Patriots at the Kansas City 9-yard line and all that was left to do for New England was kick the game-winning field goal. Stephen Gostkowski did just that, nailing his 28-yard attempt to give the Patriots their fourth victory of the year:
GOSTKOWSKI FOR THE WIN. #KCvsNE #GoPats pic.twitter.com/qKAefWaexx— NFL (@NFL) October 15, 2018
Due to their 43-40 win, the Patriots are now 4-2 on the year with the Chiefs falling to 5-1.

domain: sports


text:
What is the permeability of the cell membrane?
One of the signature characteristics of all living organisms is that they contain a distinctive mixture of ions and small molecules. The composition not only differs from the environment but can also vary within the cell. For example, the concentration of hydrogen ions in some cellular compartments can be 104 times greater than in others (the mitochondria reaching a pH as high as 8; the lysosomes with a pH as low as 4, BNID 107521, 106074). The ratio of the concentrations of Ca2+ ions in the extra- and intracellular fluid compartments can once again be 104-fold (BNID 104083). This concentration difference is so large that transporting a Ca2+ ion across the membrane, from the intra- to the extracellular compartment, requires the energy of more than one proton or sodium ion flowing down the proton-motive force gradient. To see this, the reader should remember the rule of thumb from our tricks of the trade list that to establish an order of magnitude potential difference requires 6 kJ/mol (≈2 kBT). This energy can be attained for example by transport of one electric charge through a 60 mV potential difference. To achieve four orders of magnitude concentration ratio would then require a charge to travel down about 240 mV of electron motive force (actually even more due to the double charge of the calcium ion). This is very close to the breakdown voltage of the membrane as discussed in the vignette on “What is the electric potential difference across membranes?”. Indeed the high concentration ratio of Ca2+ is usually achieved by coupling to the transport of three sodium ions or the hydrolysis of ATP, which helps achieve the required density difference without dangerously energizing the membrane.
The second law of thermodynamics teaches us that, in general, the presence of concentration gradients will eventually be bled off by mass transport processes, which steadily drive systems to a state of equilibrium. However, although the second law of thermodynamics tells us the nature of the ultimate state of a system (e.g. uniform concentrations), it doesn’t tell us how long it will take to achieve that state. Membranes have evolved to form a very effective barrier to the spontaneous transfer of many ionic and molecular species. To estimate the time scale for equalizing concentrations, we need to know the rates of mass transport, which depend upon key material properties such as diffusion constants and permeabilities.
A hugely successful class of “laws”, which describe the behavior of systems that have suffered some small departure from equilibrium are the linear transport laws. These laws posit a simple linear relation between the rate of transport of some quantity of interest and the associated driving force. For mass transport, there is a linear relation between the flux (i.e. the number of molecules crossing unit area per unit time) and the concentration difference (which serves as the relevant driving force). For transport across membranes, these ideas have been codified in the simple equation (for neutral solute) j= – p·(cin-cout), where j is the net flux into the cell, cin and cout refer to the concentrations on the inside and outside of the membrane bound region, and p is a material parameter known as the permeability. The units of p can be deduced by noting that flux has units of number/(area x time) and the concentration has units of number/volume, implying that the units of p itself are length/time. Like many transport quantities (e.g. electrical conductivities of materials which span over 30 orders of magnitude), the permeability has a very large dynamic range as illustrated in Figure 1. As seen in the figure, lipid bilayers have a nearly 1010-fold range of permeabilities.
What physico-chemical parameters guide the location of a compound on this scale of permeabilities? One rule of thumb is that small molecules have higher permeabilities than larger molecules. Another rule of thumb is that neutral compounds can cross the membrane many orders of magnitude faster than similar charged compounds. Among the charged compounds, negative (anionic) compounds tend to have much higher permeabilities than positive (cationic) compounds. The so called Overton rule states that membrane permeability increases with hydrophobicity, where hydrophobicity is the tendency of a compound to prefer a non-polar solvent to a polar (aqueous) solvent. The Overton rule predicts that charged molecules (non-hydrophobic), such as ions will tend to have low permeability as they incur an energetic penalty associated with penetrating the membrane, whereas dissolved gases such as O2 and CO2, which are hydrophobic (as they are uncharged and symmetric), will have high permeability. Indeed, the permeability of lipid bilayer membranes to CO2 give values that are 0.01-1 cm/s (yes, permeability measurements have very high uncertainties among different labs, BNID 110004, 110617, 102624), higher than all other values shown in Figure 1. This value shows that the barrier created by the cell membrane is actually less of an obstacle than the barrier caused by the unstirred layer of water engulfing the cell membrane from the outside. Such an inference can be derived by the equation for the permeability coefficient of an obstacle, given by p=K x D/l where l is the width, D the diffusion coefficient and K the partition coefficient between the media and the obstacle material. This is also known as the “solubility-diffusion” model for permeability where these denote the K and the D effects which are two steps affecting the permeability. For an unstirred layer of water K=1 as it is very similar to the media but for membrane the value for all but the most hydrophobic material is usually several orders of magnitude smaller than 1. This dependence on K is at the heart of the Overton rule mentioned above. The high permeability for CO2 also suggests that channels such as aquaporins that were suggested to serve for gas transport into the cell are not required as the membrane is permeable enough. To see how the membrane properties affect the chemical makeup of metabolites we turn to calculating the time of leakage for different compounds
We consider glycerol, for example. The analysis shown in Figure 2 gives an estimate for the time of its leakage out of the cell if the molecule is not phosphorylated or otherwise converted into a more hydrophilic form. The permeability of the cell membrane to glycerol is p≈10-100 nm/s (BNID 110824) as can be read from Figure 1. The time scale for a glycerol molecule inside the cell to escape back to the surrounding medium, assuming no return flow into the cell (cout=0), can be crudely estimated by noting that the efflux from the cell is p·A·cin where A is the cell surface area. The time scale is found by taking the total amount in the cell, V·cin (where V is cell volume or more accurately the cell water volume), and dividing by this flux resulting for a bacterial cell (r≈1 μm) in a time scale:
t =V·cin/p·A·cin =(4πr3/3)/(4πr2·3×10-6 cm/s) ≈ 10 s.
This is a crude estimate because we did not account for the decreasing concentration of cin with time that will give a correction factor of 1/ln(2), i.e less than 2 fold increase. What we learn from these estimates is that if the glycolytic intermediates glyceraldehyde or dihydroxyacetone which are very similar to glycerol were not phosphorylated, resulting in the addition of a charge, they would be lost to the medium by diffusion through the cell membrane. In lab media, where a carbon source is supplied in abundance, this is not a major issue, but in a natural environment where cells are often waiting in stationary phase for a lucky pulse of nutrients (E. coli is believed to go through months of no growth after its excretion from the body before it finds a new host), the cell can curb its losses by making sure metabolic intermediates are tagged with a charge that will keep them from recrossing the barrier presented by the lipid bilayer.

domain: physics


text:
‘Architecture Beyond Experience’ is a work in the service of one goal: the bringing about of a more relational, “posthuman” and yet humanist strain in architecture. It argues against the values that currently guide…
Binding: Soft Bound
Publication Date: Spring 2020
Rights World: Available
Size: 7″ x 10″ Portrait
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“The belief that what gives a building value, aside from fulfilling its shelter functions, is how its views and spaces make us feel as we move around.”
7" x 10" Portrait
‘Architecture Beyond Experience’ is a work in the service of one goal: the bringing about of a more relational, “posthuman” and yet humanist strain in architecture. It argues against the values that currently guide much architectural production (and the larger economy’s too), which is the making, marketing, and staging of ever more arresting experiences. The result, in architecture, is experientialism: the belief that what gives a building value, aside from fulfilling its shelter functions, is how its views and spaces make us feel as we move around.
The book argues that it’s time to find a deeper basis for making and judging architecture, a basis which is not personal-experience-multiplied, but which is dialogical and relational from the start. It uses the word relational to describe an architecture that guides people in search of encounter with (or avoidance of) each other and that manifests and demonstrates those same desires in its own forms, components, and materials. Buildings are beings. When architecture, they teach as well as protect; they tell us who we were and who we want to be; they exemplify, they deserve respect, invite investment, and reward affection. These are social-relational values, values that both underlie and go beyond experiential ones (sometimes called “phenomenological”). Such relational values have been suppressed, in part because architects have joined the Experience Economy, hardly noticing they have done so. Architecture Beyond Experience provides the argument and the concepts to ultimately re-center a profession.
Combining science, ethics, and esthetics, ‘Architecture Beyond Experience’ (ABE) encourages designers to turn from “creating experience(s)” for their clients to cultivating the character of, and relationships between, Rooms, People, and Things, treated as beings in their own right.
Written for graduate students, teachers, progressive practitioners, and lovers of architecture generally, ABE will appeal also to readers of religious philosophy, art history and theory, social phenomenology, and Judaism through the lens of Martin Buber.
As a subset of the above, readers of contemporary philosophy in the area known as Speculative Realism and/or Object Oriented Ontology (a trend sweeping through architecture schools in the U.S.) will be particularly interested in the book.
ABE will also appeal to general readers who are worried about our social-media-ized, digital streaming culture, around which there is a growing, critical literature.
Finally, ABE should find a ready audience among (1) those who follow developments in Space Syntax and Isovist Theory, a community to whom the author is well known for his research, and (2) to the community surrounding the Architecture Culture and Spirituality Forum (ACSF), to whom the author is also fairly well known.
ABE has received rapturous Advance Praise from a dozen notable architects and writers.
Michael Benedikt is the Director of the Center for American Architecture and Design (CAAD) at the University of Texas at Austin, where he holds the Hal Box Chair in Urbanism, is an ACSA Distinguished Professor of Architecture, teaches design studio and architectural theory, and directs the school’s Interdisciplinary Studies master’s degree program. He is a graduate of Yale University and of The University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. His earlier books include ‘For an Architecture of Reality,’ ‘Deconstructing the Kimbell,’ ‘Cyberspace: First Steps, Shelter: The 2000 Raoul Wallenberg Lecture,’ ‘God Is the Good We Do,” and fourteen volumes of the book series ‘CENTER: Architecture and Design in America.’
A Copernican Revolution in architecture is accomplished in this book, relocating the experiencing subject—today’s assumed center of gravity—into a constellation of non-concentric orbits, connections, and alignments that are equally social, spatial, and environmental, which is to say architectural. As engaging as it is erudite, the text adduces evidence from domains we tend to keep apart—religion, perceptual psychology, and philosophy for example—in order to deepen our understanding of architectures we thought we knew, works by figures like Aldo van Eyck, Louis I. Kahn, Carlo Scarpa, and Le Corbusier, as well as some of our contemporaries, Frank Gehry especially. Humanist in its ethics, although post-human in its approach, this book is delightfully readable, unquestionably profound, and strikingly original.
—David Leatherbarrow, University of Pennsylvania, author of Architecture Oriented Otherwise.
Michael Benedikt has travelled far to communicate the ancient, animistic dialogue of I -You as it occurs in the “person” of Architecture, in the secret life of buildings. Architecture Beyond Experience is a profoundly scholarly and ethically unselfish work. Architecture’s epistemological foundations, Benedikt argues, are found neither in its technical facticity nor in its staging of experiences, but in its fictional salutations, whispered and overheard.
—Peter Waldman, University of Virginia, author of Lessons from the Lawn: The Word Made Flesh: Dialogs Between Citizens and Strangers.
On rare occasions a book comes along that moves our thinking about the built environment in a new direction, and Architecture Beyond Experience is such a book. In an era in which architecture has become a part of the “experience economy” (as well as the concentration-of-wealth economy), Michael Benedikt reminds us that the built environment is not just about private aesthetic experiences, but about social ethical relations—among things and rooms as well as people. What matters is not what a building says of or does for me, but what a building says of or does for all, including itself by way of example.
—Thomas Fisher, University of Minnesota, author of The Architecture of Ethics
A compelling and beautiful book, full of insights. How is architecture humanistic and post-humanistic at once? What is the agency of objects, sentient creatures and buildings? Using Martin Buber’s notions of ‘I-It’ and ‘I-You’ and Michael Graziano’s theory of consciousness, Benedikt articulates a lucid attack on the solipsism behind architecture’s participation in the Experience Economy. From isovists to the ‘fabric of glances’, ‘m-branes’ and ‘presence fields’, the inventor of ‘isovists’ and ‘isovist fields’ crafts intricate webs based on visual connections among rooms, objects and people. Architecture Beyond Experience presents a refreshing view of architecture as dialogical and relational, giving priority to the life of buildings as well as to the life of the people inside and around them.
—Sophia Psarra, University College London, author of The Venice Variations: Tracing the Architectural Imagination
Michael Benedikt has long helped us understand how buildings frame co-visibility and, by implication, the ways in which we interact with others. Here he argues that if the spaces of a building have integrity of form and construction, if they communicate their relationship to each other as deliberately as they do their individual constitution, then they are more likely to support bonds between people that are more deeply felt and more formative of character than purely instrumental. This philosophically fundamental assertion becomes all the more compelling for being presented through new descriptive concepts, beautiful analytical diagrams, and carefully selected case studies. Architecture Beyond Experience is a courageous and sparklingly original book, one that affirms the power of architecture to go beyond the production of novel images and even memorable experiences to embody the moral and aesthetic underpinnings of our relationships to each other and the physical world.
—John Peponis, Georgia Institute of Technology, co-founder and leading scholar of ‘space syntax.’
This exhilarating journey through recent architectural theory shuns the self-indulgent solipsism to which phenomenological approaches often fall prey, as well as the wilder speculations of “object orientation.” In going “beyond experience,” Benedikt paradoxically offers a new and deeper understanding of experience: rather than being the prime object and outcome of architectural design endeavors, experience is allowed to emerge as a property of the relations being acted out between works of architecture themselves, their components, and the bodies and behaviors they house.
—Jonathan Hale, University of Nottingham, author of Merleau-Ponty For Architects
This momentous publication transcends the narrow framing of phenomenology in architecture as the domain of enriching spatio-sensory stimulation in the cause of augmenting personal experience, in order to reach for phenomenology’s neglected communicative aspect: the realm of interpersonal relations. It does this marvelously with an enlarged, quasi-animistic definition of what a “person” is, a “thing” is, and a “room” is. The book is highly enlightening in its treatment of philosophers of the interpersonal, such as Martin Buber, as well as in its treatment of certain art movements, such as performance art and Mono Ha. It presents novel objects of study for designers, such as “isovists,” “the fabric of glances,” “m-branes,” and “the order of shoulders,” and it ends by providing new understandings of certain canonical modern buildings—buildings the simple experience of which was always only a beginning.
—Jin Baek, Seoul National University, author of Architecture as the Ethics of Climate.
Benedikt’s provocatively-titled book is an important and timely argument against “experiential” architecture, which is designed to stimulate unique and personal experiences, and for “relational” architecture, which is designed to foster relations among the people who inhabit it. Benedikt focuses on what buildings do to affect and engender relationships, and on how rooms are first and foremost the settings for encounters with others. By calling our attention to the “fabric of glances” that occurs in any room with more than one occupant, Benedikt artfully reminds us that the relationships and interactions that take place within architecture are its principle reason-for-being.
—Robert McCarter, Washington University in St Louis, author of The Space Within: Interior Experience as the Origin of Architecture
Michael Benedikt has earned a reputation as one of architecture´s most profoundly original thinkers and with Architecture Beyond Experience he has created a foundational, boldly ambitious, and deeply lyrical work. Richly textured, light-handedly erudite and a joy to read, this book weaves metaphysics and everyday life, broad theory and its practical applications, old wisdom and current empirical science to pursue the question of what a humanist, yet post-anthropocentric architecture might look like in the twenty-first century. It is a book to be enjoyed, pondered and – with its deep insights and rich set of references – returned to repeatedly. As case studies of his relational theory, Benedikt´s close readings of buildings by Louis Kahn, Carlo Scarpa, Aldo van Eyck and Frank Gehry will almost surely change the way you see those works. They might even change the way you see architecture itself.
—Michael Merrill, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, author of Louis Kahn: Drawing to Find Out
Wow—what a book! Benedikt builds on his impressive work on architectural realism, deconstruction, cyberspace, value, creativity and ethics with a timely, “post-phenomenological” treatise on the magic of design. In Architecture Beyond Experience, he casts buildings as sentient beings and rooms as relational subjects that crackle with social electricity. Rejecting the enticements of the neoliberal experience economy, Benedikt instead poses ontological empathy as the most effective (and affective) way for architects to operate humanely in a burgeoning posthuman world.
—Jon Yoder, Kent State University, author of Widescreen Architecture: Immersive Media and John Lautner
Binding: Soft Bound
Publication Date: Spring 2020
Rights World: Available
Size: 7″ x 10″ Portrait
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domain: philosophy


text:
We are excited to announce that the Penn State University Libraries’ Open Publishing program has launched “The Pittsburgh Novel: Western Pennsylvania in Fiction and Drama, 1792–2022.” This online annotated bibliography compiled by Peter Oresick and Jake Oresick includes all known fiction with a significant geographical setting in any of Pennsylvania’s 26 westernmost counties published between 1792 and 2022 – more than 1,500 works.
The searchable bibliography organizes content using keywords, genres and place settings and includes abstracts and notes for each entry. Places are nested in each entry by county, municipality, neighborhood, sub-neighborhood and landmark. A unique feature of the bibliography is the interactive map. Clicking on a region in the map provides a list of titles associated with that region or zone with links to that title in the bibliography.
The bibliography includes national bestsellers, award-winning films and screenplays of popular motion pictures, children’s and young adult works, scripts of plays and television series, and obscure and self-published titles.
Read more about this project here: Penn State University Libraries launches online bibliography of western Pa. fiction (PSU News – January 31, 2023)
Search the database here.

domain: literature


text:
IMDb Rating: 4.8/10
Genre: Action, Sci-Fi
Director: Alex Winter
Release Date: 25 November 2009
Star Cast: Ryan Kelley, Alyssa Diaz, Nathan Keyes
Movie Story: Against his grandfather’s orders, Ben Tennyson teams up with the daughter of an old enemy in order to prevent an alien infestation of earth.

domain: movie


text:
Bollywood Horror Film Bhoot Police will instantly give you a Ghostbusters feel. Well, which other film do you remember three people go up and hunt ghosts – with a dash of humor to it. Bhoot Police has three characters. Saif Ali Khan, Ali Fazal and Fatima Sana Shaikh portray these. There’s one more announcement – the film’s 3D, making this one of those rare 3d Bollywood horror films. The first poster that Fatima posted on her Instagram is by no means a graphical masterpiece. It looks like the shared picture is the raw work for a poster that should reach the newswires soon. But brownie points to Fatima for bringing up the news.
Saif takes up some interesting projects. He’s poised for Laal Kaptaan. He became the critic’s darling with his portrayal in Sacred Games. So on and so forth. He became this site’s favorite with his two films, Go, Goa, Gone and Being Cyrus. Also, Saif does have a horror film – actually a supernatural film – under his belt. The 1997 film Hamesha had a reincarnation theme. He starred along with Kajol. The villain in the film was Aditya Pancholi.
This again proves that more and more mainstream content creators are looking to make Bollywood horror films. In this year alone, stars like Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor and others starred in Stree, another Bollywood horror film – albeit with a dash of comedy. Then again, entire franchises have gone the horror way. Golmaal 4, the fourth film in the Golmaal franchise also was a comedy Bollywood Horror film.
Please note: This site contains affiliate links to products. We may receive a commission for purchases made through these links.


text:
The Gentian develops like a perennial herb. The development of the The Gentian is Gentian isn't an evergreen; during the summer it assumes a purple colouring; the adult species are medium in size and reach 40 cm in height.
For a balanced development, it is best to position the The Gentian in a place where it is exposed to at least a few hours of direct sunlight. The Gentian plant can be grown in the garden throughout the whole year. It doesn't fear cold weather and it bears very harsh minimum temperatures.Letís remember that a large part of the leaves of the medicinal plants can be used for alimentary use, therefore letís use insecticides and anticryptogamics for agricultural use, far from harvest season.
We suggest watering these plants only from time to time, but we must remember to wet the soil deeply using 2-3 glasses of water every 2-3 weeks . Before harvesting and using them, letís be informed on the balsamic period, rather the period in which the active principles are present in a greater quantity in the plant we have chosen.
The spring weather, with a high temperature swing between the day and night hours, and pretty frequent rains, can favour the development of fungus diseases, which should be treated pre-emptively with a systemic fungicide, to use before the gems grow excessively; at the end of the winter we also suggest a wide range insecticide to prevent the attack of aphids and cochineals. We should always remember to do these treatments when there aren't flowerings in the garden.
We recommend growing these medicinal plants in a soft and light, very well drained soil.
Notes - Gentian
There aren't any notes. The indications given in this article are related to a medium size plant.

domain: biology


text:
A personal loan is a money you borrow for any purpose, including debt consolidation, an unexpected medical bill, a new appliance, a vacation, etc. It allows flexible use, short- to moderate-term repayment options and relatively quick funding.
A personal loan has 2 main features:
- You should return the entire loan amount to the lender within a pre-agreed time frame;
- The lender charges a fee for using the loan, its amount is also agreed in advance.
Personal loans are usually classified according to several criteria.
By the lending purpose:
- Purpose loan – loans issued to finance the specific needs of the recipient;
- Non-purpose loan – here the recipient is free to spend.
By the method of ensuring the return:
- Secured – such loans have a mandatory condition for the transfer of valuable property or rights to it to the lender;
- Unsecured – in this case, the borrower’s compliance with the loan agreement is not ensured by the property;
- Loans secured by surety – this means the appearance in a credit transaction of third parties who take responsibility for the borrower’s compliance with payment obligations;
- Loans without guarantors – in this case, the borrower bears all obligations independently.
Collateral, surety and other additional guarantees make the loan more reliable in the eyes of the lender. In this regard, there is one general pattern: The more secure the loan is, the lower interest rate.
In addition to the rules and restrictions already listed, lending is subject to additional obligations for the borrower. This may be a duty to engage in a specific type of activity, the direction of borrowed funds for certain operations, other restrictions.
The method of using borrowed funds is especially important for lending. On this basis, in addition to personal loans, you can apply for:
- business loan – borrowing for the development of entrepreneurial activity;
- mortage / home loan – loans for the construction or purchase of buildings and structures. Most often, this is how the acquisition of housing is credited;
- car loan – for the purchase of a car.
- student loan- funds received are directed to educational institutions as tuition fees;
- loan for treatment and health improvement – a way to pay for services in these areas.
The loan offer is determined by the needs of the borrower, the possibilities and expected benefits of credit institutions, and is regulated by law.
The parties to the credit transaction are the lender and the borrower. The owner of the funds (lender) determines the terms of lending, and the borrower accepts or refuses them.
The topic of lending is not limited to those listed above. Many specific aspects, such as the form of the loan agreement, the fulfillment of obligations and guarantees, government intervention, etc., become the object of separate consideration.
Pros and cons of personal loans
Personal loans in the USA are provided by various organizations – banks, microfinance organizations, microcredit companies and consumer credit unions. The advantages of obtaining such products are as follows:
- relatively fast processing – it takes about 5-20 minutes to get a cash loan. The procedure carried out online is faster. The deal is concluded via the Internet, and access to the service is open around the clock. When visiting a bank or microfinance organization in person, the registration of the service is delayed. Time is spent waiting in queues, filling out a questionnaire, processing data, signing a contract;
- high percentage of approval – many companies have eliminated their requirements for borrowers. They lend to individuals with open loans, damaged reputation. Thanks to this, the probability of obtaining personal loans is close to 95%;
- minimum paperwork – if the loan is small, then only an ID and SNN are required to get it. For a large loan, more stringent requirements are established. In this case, proof of income and official employment is required, and the personal loan is provided against the security of real estate or a car.
The disadvantages of personal loans include:
- significant overpayments – they are hidden in rates, commissions, insurance;
- limits – the maximum amount of personal loans is about $5000, but it can be higher;
- short lending periods.

domain: economics


text:
REVENUE MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 2-2015 issued on January 13, 2015 allocates the
CY 2015 BIR collection goal by implementing office.
The overall CY 2015 collection goal of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), as set by
the Department of Finance, is P1.721 Trillion. The goal is based on the CY 2015 Medium Term
Revenue Program as of December 6, 2014. This is higher than the P1.456 Trillion CY 2014 goal
by P0.265 Trillion or 18.16%.
The preliminary total goal for BIR Operations was allocated to all major implementing
offices (i.e., total regional and Large Taxpayers Service level), taking into account the CY 2014
estimated percent share to total collections net of special taxes, non-recurring collections, and
collections from enlisted/delisted taxpayers as of January 1, 2015.
The refined estimated collection (net of special taxes, non-recurring collections, and
enlisted/delisted taxpayers) for CY 2014 resulted to a preliminary growth rate ranging from
32.01% to 33.11%. However, the effective growth rates that included special taxes resulted to a
range from 26.28% to 34.23%.
Fifty percent (50%) of the non-recurring collections was added back to the office/district
concerned. The following taxes have been directly allocated to the Large Taxpayers Service (LTS):
Goal on Excise Taxes amounting to P 140.162 Billion of which the monthly allocation
was provided by LTS, dated December 22, 2014;
The MALAMPAYA Income Tax goal of P 9.185 Billion; and
Estimated goal on Final Withholding Taxes of the BSP (BSP-FWT) in the amount of
P 9.560 Billion.
The total goal allocation, by major tax type, was distributed proportionately among the
implementing offices based on their share to total estimated CY 2014 collections on BIR
Operations. The total monthly goal allocation, by major tax type, of the implementing offices was
based on the monthly trends of estimated CY 2014 collections.

domain: statistics


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text:
From the 1930s through the 1960s, the number of executions in the United States continued in a steady decline until 1967, when the use of the death penalty was suspended altogether pending a decision by the Supreme Court concerning its constitutionality. At issue was whether the use of the death penalty was a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against the federal government’s use of “cruel and unusual punishment” and the Fourteenth Amendment’s provision for due process under the law. The challenge to the constitutionality of the death penalty in Furman v. Georgia was put forward at a time when 39 states allowed for its use.
When the Supreme Court finally rendered its decision in 1972, the justicns ruled 5-4 that the death penalty, as administered at the time, was in fact unconstitutional. 9.” , court found that the death sentence was handed down at the discretion of the judge and juiy, with very few, if any, guidelines issued as to when it would be consistent with punishment given for similar crimes. The use of such “standardless discretion” left open the possibility for widespread discrimination and inconsistency in the method of application of the death penalty, whereby those who were equally deserving of harsh punishment might nevertheless escape it. Justice Potter Stewart compared this capricious application of the death penalty to “being struck by lightning.” For this reason, the majority of the justices ruled that the use of the death penalty must be abolished until states rewrote laws and developed guidelines for juries that would promote and ensure the fair and uniform application of the death sentence. However, while the justices found fault with the way the death penalty was applied, they did not fmd fault with the penalty itself. Only two of the justices, Marshall and Brennan, argued that the death penalty should be abolished because it is cruel and usual by its very nature.
In response to the Supreme Court’s ruling, several states quickly adopted guidelines for issuing a sentence of death. Some states did this by making the death penalty mandatory for certain crimes, while others adopted a two-part trial system. The first trial served to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant. The second trial would determine sentencing, and included a process for instructing the jury with respect to established guidelines for weighing aggravating factors against mitigating :actors.
In 1976, the Supreme Court’s Gregg v. Georgia decision upheld the death penalty in states where the two-part trial proceedings were employed, but struck down the death penalty where it was mandatory for certain crimes. While the court did not want juries to have complete discretion in sentencing death, it also did not want to go too far in the opposite direction and not allow juries any discretion. With its ruling, the justices affirmed that the death penalty does not, in and of itself, violate the Constitution.
As it now stands, state legislatures have the power to decide which penalties best serve society and the aims of punisbrrwmt. There are 36 states with statutes making provisions for the death penalty. The minimum age of eligibility ranges from 10-17 in states that allow for the execution of minors. In addition, the federal crime bill currently under consideration in the Congress would include a number of new provisions for the use of the death penalty by federal as well as military courts. The retention or abolition of the death penalty is a matter for the will of the people. In this case, it is a matter of life and death.

domain: law


text:
Jerry Lee Lewis, an important figure in the history of rock and roll, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on this day (June 13) in 1989.
Known by the nickname “The Killer,” Lewis was instrumental in helping to define the rock and roll genre. He was also known for his work in the country music genre. Sitting behind his piano, he definitely could rock out like few before him – and few after.
Lewis was 54 years old during his Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremony 32 years ago, according to UPI. He was joined by his wife Kerrie, and also his son, Jerry Lee Jr., at the event. Also joining in was actor Dennis Quaid. The actor played Lewis in the film “Great Balls of Fire,” which was released in 1989. There were also approximately 200 fans of the rock and roll star in attendance. His star was the 1,992nd on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
According to an official with the organization, Jerry Lee Lewis was a “timeless performer.”
“His music catalyzed rock and roll and has proven timeless as he continues to astonish audiences worldwide with his showmanship,” said Johnny Grant. Grant was the honorary mayor of Hollywood and chairman of the Walk of Fame committee at the time of the 1989 ceremony.
Unsurprisingly, Lewis was very appreciative to get his Hollywood star.
“On behalf of God Almighty, I would like to say this is a great honor,” he said. “I think this is a great pleasure. (I’m) happy to be here in Hollywood. I look forward to another 33 years in the business.”
Family of Jerry Lee Lewis Opposed Him Playing Rock and Roll
Had his family had their way, Jerry Lee Lewis never would have become “The Killer” and the music icon he is. The Louisiana native’s parents, who were devoutly religious, believed rock and roll was a sin and it was “hell music.”
Fortunately, Lewis prevailed. He went on to give us such hits as “Whole Lotta Shakin'” as well as “Great Balls of Fire.” He had a comeback in the 1980s thanks to his performance of the theme song for the film, “Middle Age Crazy.” His version of “Somewhere Over the Rainbow” was also popular.
In addition to his music, Jerry Lee Lewis became famous for his personal life. Probably the most famous of the public events in his personal life was when he decided to marry his cousin, Myra Gale Brown. Brown was only 13 years old at the time. It was after he married Brown that he began to work more in country music, according to his Walk of Fame biography.
His wife, Kerrie, was his sixth. Sadly, two of his wives passed away due to accidents. So did two of his sons. He and his seventh wife, Judith, renewed their vows earlier this year.
In addition to his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Lewis has been a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame since 1986. Rolling Stone listed him among the publication’s 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004. He was listed as number 24.
Watch Jerry Lee Lewis, who is now 85 years old, perform his hit song, “Great Balls of Fire,” during the 1950s below.

domain: celebrity


text:
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You’d be surprised how luxurious yet affordable a ride in a privately hired jet can be. Many hardworking professionals have denied themselves the pleasure of riding in a chartered plane for fear that it would be unaffordable. The surprising truth is that many jet charters are very affordable. For someone who has worked hard for years, a chartered jet ride can be a gift that they will never forget. It’s an especially touching gift for those big milestones such as a promotion or a 60th or 70th birthday.
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Perhaps one of the most surprising realities of private jet charter service is how quickly it can be set into motion. If you want to surprise a spouse, a boss or a colleague with a chartered jet ride, the arrangements can be made almost immediately. All you have to do is select the provider that meets your needs. Once you’ve found an ideal service, the logistics of travel are handled by a personal account manager. Should plans change, it’s easy to make new arrangements.
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domain: aerospace


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BRYS Group launching a new residential project Brys Bigg situated at Tech Zone IV, Noida extension.The Brys Bigg provide villas, studio apartments, IT office spaces, pavilion court at affordable prices.
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domain: topicality


HOFFMAN & LAMSON blowers are custom made and designed to provide specific airflow and pressure. The air our blowers provide for aerated grit chambers is very efficient. Our blowers are the most well-known brand in the wastewater treatment industry and uphold its reputation for longevity and service.
Wastewater usually contains a relatively large amount of inorganic solids called grit (e.g. sand, cinders, and gravel). This material will damage pumps by abrasion and cause serious difficulties in sedimentation tanks and sludge digesters. Thus, it is common practice to remove this material in grit chambers.
After larger solids are screened out of the effluent, raw sewage rapidly flows into the grit chamber. The purpose is to settle out inorganic material, but not to allow organic material to settle. Removing grit is important to protect downstream pumps, centrifuges, and heat exchangers and to reduce deposits from forming in the pipelines and channels.
An aerated grit removal system removes particles by forcing water that has passed through bar screens into a grit chamber, which has air pumped into it. The air causes a spiral of water to flow through the tank and heavier particles are thrown out of the water's streamline. Eventually, after hitting the wall, the heavier particles settle to the bottom of the tank, while the lighter organic particles are suspended and eventually passed through the tank.
Having the right amount of air is important because excessive quantities of air can cause the roll velocity to be too high, which results in poor grit removal. Insufficient quantities of air result in low roll velocities, and excessive organic matter will settle with the grit.
The grit chamber and microorganism processes are often combined in one process. When this happens, the grit basin is dedicated to removing solids, and activated sludge is added to a separate aeration operation.
There are three types of aerated grit chambers:
• Horizontal flow chambers are the oldest design, and they work by controlling the flow vortices to settle as much particulate as possible.
• Vortex chambers have a rotating turbine with variable pitch blades that can control the size of grit allowed to settle.
• Aerated use flow vortices and aeration to remove inorganic materials and are popular because they greatly reduce the excessive wear on grit chamber handling equipment and frequently eliminate the need for separate grit washing equipment.
Equipment is tested before reaching the customer or end-user. Thus ensuring top quality and avoids unforeseeable issues or operational downtime. Therefore, upholding Hoffman & Lamson’s strong reputation as the global leader of engineered vacuum solutions and producing premier quality products efficiently and economically. There are over 100,000 HOFFMAN & LAMSON multistage centrifugal blowers and exhausters in operation worldwide.


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domain: mathematics


text:
In a new report, Finadium has sized the Shadow Banking industry and concluded that products that fit the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB) definition of Shadow Banking total US$17 trillion in assets outstanding. This is substantially less than the US$60 trillion popularly reported. While the figure is still large, it is almost 75% less than the size of this market as has been publicized. The report, Getting Ahead of Shadow Banking Regulation for Securities Lending, Repo and Money Markets, was released yesterday by Finadium.
In the report, Finadium provides an analysis of the FSB’s thinking on Shadow Banking for securities lending, repo and money market funds. Finadium investigates the FSB’s documentation, public presentations and relationships with national regulators that are driving conversations. The report also compares national regulatory initiatives to FSB discussions to show how the directions taken by one regulator or another are likely to influence global thinking. It concludes with Finadium’s expectations on realistic actions that the Financial Stability Board and national regulators may take as a result of Shadow Banking investigations.
A major finding of the report is that Money Market Funds (MMFs) are not Shadow Banks. Although MMFs provide a diversified credit portfolio to investors, these funds do not fit the profile of other instruments that more accurately fit the Shadow Banking label. While regulators may ultimately seek greater regulation for MMFs, this should not be lumped together with Shadow Banking proposals.
The report comes in advance of a major European Union conference on Shadow Banking scheduled for April 27, 2012.
For more information on the report please visit the Finadium website.


A burst water main is affecting commuters during the rush hour in Caversham.
Thames Water engineers are reported to be on the site at the junction between Gosbrook Road and George Street.
A spokesperson for Thames Water said: “We are working hard to complete the repair this evening and get a temporary road surface in place so we can reopen the road in time for rush hour tomorrow morning.
“We’ll come back on Friday night after rush hour to finish the repair to the road surface. We’re sorry for any disruption.”


Hydrant flushing notice, June 12
The City Water Utility will be flushing fire hydrants in this area on Tuesday, June 12:
– Hydrants on Brown Street between Anderson Street north to Harvey Street. Also Alban Street between Rives Street north to Timber Drive, Courtney Street between Davenport Street north to Phillip Street. Also, we will be flushing Thayer Street north to Hodag Park and all streets west of Thayer Street between Phillip Street and Hodag Park.
Flushing will begin at 8 a.m. and finish around 2 p.m. Hydrants will be flushed Monday through Thursday. The system flushing started Monday, and could take up to four to six weeks.
During flushing you may experience a discoloration of the water in your home or business. Before doing any laundry or other projects, make sure the tap water is running clear.
The city flushes hydrants to clean out iron deposits in the water lines, to verify the hydrants are working properly and to assure continued high quality drinking water. The utility recommends users run the tap water for five or 10 minutes to purge their systems of sediment and minimize discoloration.
Be sure to check back daily at StarJournalNOW.com for up-to-date hydrant flushing notices.
Rhinelander Water Utility


Helena Třeštíková, the country’s leading documentary maker, has released her latest project – a feature-length film titled "Soukromý vesmír”, which chronicles the life of one Czech family over a remarkable time span of 37 years. By adding archive TV footage and putting the family’s story into a wider context, the director was able to paint not just a family portrait, but also the portrait of a country.
Soukromý vesmír, or Private Universe, is the newest work by esteemed Czech documentary maker Helena Třeštíková. Known for following her subjects over long periods of time, the director has outdone herself with her latest film, which covers the life of one family over an incredible time span of 37 years.
Private Universe, which is currently being shown in movie theaters across the country, grew out of Třeštíková’s 1974 project “Miracle”. The short documentary dealt with a couple in their mid-twenties, Jana Kettnerová and her husband Petr, having their first baby boy, Honza, the director explains.
“The initial impulse to shoot this documentary was the birth of Honza, and that is why I felt this movie should be about him. Because it was his birth that the viewers experience in the beginning of the film, and I wanted to follow his life story, see how happy he would be in this world, and how he would experience life. So at the time, I didn’t know that the family would have other children, too. I admit that his siblings are supporting characters more than anything else.”
The 15-minute documentary has grown into the director’s most ambitious project to date. Not all footage in the movie was filmed by Třeštíková herself; husband and father Petr recorded key moments in the family’s life himself. Since following her subjects closely at all times was not possible with such a long-lasting project, was the director afraid she would miss something really important?
“That is one of my main problems. And another critical moment with these kinds of projects is that at the beginning, you do not know what you are going into, where it will lead. The beginnings are always very difficult. It’s more about intuition than anything else. I always say that these kinds of documentaries over a long time span are a bet on the uncertain.”
Honza, the family’s first-born child, is the central character of the movie. He is a bit of a rebel, smokes pot and is interested in the punk movement. Later, he moves to Spain, where he works as a dishwasher. Naturally, his alternative lifestyle leads to many confrontations with his mother Jana. Was Třeštíková able to anticipate that Honza would develop into such an interesting character?
“No, certainly not. You have no idea what will become of a child. He was always full of energy and opinionated, even as a child, but you cannot guess how that will develop. You observe that gradually, as the child grows up.”
Like many families who lived under communism, the Kettners, too, retreated into their private lives – their own private universe. Jana, the mother, opted to become a stay-at-home mom after graduating from university rather than making the sacrifices a career in a totalitarian regime would have required. Her husband Petr, an electrician, admits to not really paying much attention to the Charter 77 protest movement. The documentary is ultimately about everyday life, says Třeštíková.
“This for me is certainly the hardest aspect, and at the same time, the most interesting for a film maker: to capture everyday life, which for all of us is very similar.”
Along with chronicling important moments in the life of the Kettner family, the film also uses archive TV footage to put the story into a wider context. In this way, the documentary not only portrays one family under communism, but also the history and general mood in Czech society from 1974 until 2011. Some important political events included in the film are the Velvet Revolution and the Czech Republic’s joining of the EU in 2004.
However, the director was careful not to distract from the core theme too much and limited her focus to two back stories in particular: the Cold War space race and the popular singer Karel Gott. Třeštíková says the space theme grew out of Honza’s fascination with space rockets and cosmonauts, including the Soviet Union’s Yuri Gagarin and the first Czechoslovak cosmonaut, Vladimír Remek. The cosmos serves as a symbol for the characters’ and the country’s dreams and ambitions.
The director also interjects the film with footage of the iconic, if often mocked, pop singer Karel Gott at various stages of his career: regurgitating Socialist clichés during the Normalization era, expressing his respect for Remek on the occasion of the cosmonaut’s participation in the Soviets’ Soyuz 28 mission and later singing the national anthem with exiled protest singer Karel Kryl on Wenceslas Square during the Velvet Revolution. Why did Třeštíková decide to include Karel Gott in the documentary?
“Karel Gott is a given in our lives. He is a person you simply cannot escape or ignore if you live in this country. Karel Gott is always there and having him appear in the film was meant to illustrate a certain security, the never-changing aspect of our everyday lives.”
The main thrust of the movie, though it focuses on such a small set of characters and in that is very specific, is actually rather universal.
“I think the main theme is: How do we fill our lives, what do we fill our lives with? And that is the main theme both for Honza and his sisters, but also for Karel Gott and for those who launch rockets into space. We are here for a short time, so what should we do with the time that we have?”
Previously, Třeštíková’s documentaries focused on tragic characters such as the drug addict Katka, whose life takes a steady downturn that is recorded in the eponymous 2010 documentary, or Rene, a repeat offender whom the director followed for over 20 years. Private Universe departs from these grim realities.
“Katka and Rene were characters on the margins of society, whereas this movie is about a stable, functioning family. It is a family portrait, and a portrait of their children. Their one son is a rebel, but still, this is a film about normal people and the times we have lived through. And at the same time, as opposed to my previous films, there is more of a stress on issues and happenings in society, and the story of the family is framed by events in the world at large.”
Private Universe is remarkable for the sheer span of time it covers alone. That it manages to also be humorous and touching makes it a must-see for fans of documentary film.
Karel Gott to get funeral with state honours as singer’s death is mourned at home and abroad
Beijing ends agreement with Prague – but can spat harm Czech capital?
Czech pop music legend Karel Gott dies at the age of 80
Karel Gott’s Mona Lisa to be put up for auction
Czechs observe day of mourning for pop idol Karel Gott


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We are a group of six students from Goldsmiths College who are doing a project on the 2012 Olympic Games in collaboration with the Museum of London as part of our MA in Art and Politics. The focus of our project is to analyze how these games are affecting London communities, mainly those located close to the Olympic site. We want to know how the process of gentrification is affecting residents in their day-to-day life, as well as their impressions of the Olympic Games as a whole. We are also comparing the current situation with other similar past situations, such as the gentrification process that took place in the Docklands area in order to, hopefully, raise interesting questions about how things have changed since then, if they have at all.
Four months left for the Olympic games to start. The mayor is excited, but what do the locals think about it?
“Site/Fringe” asked the “closer neighbours” – the residents of Hackney Wick as well as of the Carpenters Estate, social housing right next to the Olympic site. On the 24th of March we will show the results and connect you with the locals. A resident from the Carpenters Estate will guide you through the area. Afterwards a film that reflects the local people’s opinion will be projected on a building. More details on our website soon!
The collected material from the event will become part of the Museum of London’s collection.
More events will follow. Check the “Events/Screenings” section often to keep updated.
Who we are:
The ‘Site/Fringe” project is created by six MA Art & Politics students from Goldsmiths, University of London, in conjunction with the Museum of London.


Spectre, Meltdown researchers unveil 7 more speculative execution attacks
mlnews last edited by
Systematic analysis reveals a range of new issues and a need for new mitigations.
Back at the start of the year, a set of attacks that leveraged the speculative execution capabilities of modern high-performance processors was revealed. The attacks were named Meltdown and Spectre. Since then, numerous variants of these attacks have been devised. In tandem, a range of mitigation techniques has been created to enable at-risk software, operating systems, and hypervisor platforms to protect against these attacks.
A research team—including many of the original researchers behind Meltdown, Spectre, and the related Foreshadow and BranchScope attacks—has published a new paper disclosing yet more attacks in the Spectre and Meltdown families. The result? Seven new possible attacks. Some are mitigated by known mitigation techniques, but others are not. That means further work is required to safeguard vulnerable systems.


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TRS enrolled 60 lakh members in membership drive: KTR
- TRS enrols 60 lakh members in the membership drive which ends today
- KTR also asked the officials to open the party offices by October
The TRS party has enrolled 60 lakh members in the membership drive, said the party working president KT Rama Rao after reviewing the drive along with the party leaders. He also said that the membership drive will end today.
Rao appreciated the efforts put by the party workers in making the public take the membership. "Gajwel and Wardhannapet are ahead of all the regions across the state in the drive," said KTR. He also directed the leaders to open party offices by October.
He also revealed that BJP has just 12 lakh members.


New York Roads - I-478/Battery Tunnel
Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, secret I-478
Down in the Battery Park area. I-478 was once considered to extend up the West Side Highway corridor at least as far as the Holland Tunnel/I-78.
For awhile I thought that was the only shield, but the more I look, the more I find. This one points northwest on Atlantic Ave. in Brooklyn.
This page now exists because I finally got into the tunnel to take these SB photos.
NB leaving the tunnel at the end of I-478, the signs look like they've been there since West St. was reconstructed in the 1980s.
Onto NY 9A
To the Holland Tunnel and secret parent I-78
To the Lincoln Tunnel and secret NY 495
To George Washington Bridge (I-95)
The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel on Steve Anderson's nycroads.com
Back to New York Roads
Back to Roads


James Wan has a lot on his plate at the moment. Still riding the success of Fast & Furious 7, he’s going into The Conjuring 2, he’s being courted to direct Aquaman, and now he’s producing a remake of The Entity.
THR reports that Wan and Roy Lee will produce a remake of the 1983 Barbara Hershey horror, which will be written by The Conjuring duo Chad and Carey Hayes.
Like The Conjuring movies, The Entity was apparently based on a true story. It starred Hershey as “Carla Moran, a single mom who was abused physically and sexually by a supernatural demon,” while the late, great Ron Silver “played a doctor who believes the woman is actually abusing herself and experiencing delusions brought about by a troubled past. Also figuring into the proceedings were a young son, a boyfriend and two parapsychologists.”
Hershey also starred in the first two Insidious films, directed by Wan.


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By Steve Lansdale
AUSTIN, Texas — For the fifth consecutive season, the American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA) has picked the University of Texas volleyball team to finish among the top three teams in the nation, tabbing the Longhorns second in its annual preseason poll.
Texas had three first-place votes for a total of 1,517 points to trail only Nebraska, which won last year’s NCAA title and collected 60 first-place votes for a total of 1,594 points. The only other first-place vote went to Stanford, which is 11th in the preseason poll.
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Kansas trail Texas to round out the top five; the remainder of the top 10 spots went to Hawaii, Washington, USC, Penn State and Florida.
Texas will play three teams ranked in the preseason top five: Nebraska (Aug. 27), Wisconsin (Sept. 18) and Kansas (Oct. 29). Other teams in the preseason top 25 that will face the Longhorns this season include No. 16 Texas A&M and No. 25 Colorado State.


Sunao Suboy of Japan, a supporter of nuclear disarmament and a survivor The atomic bomb of Hiroshima [Hediedin1945attheageof96ThisWednesdayheannouncedanorganizationforvictimsofthenucleardisaster[1945இல்அவர்தனது96வயதில்இறந்தார்இந்தபுதன்கிழமைஅணுகுண்டால்பாதிக்கப்பட்டவர்களுக்கானஒருஅமைப்பைஅறிவித்தார்
Suboy, who met with former US President Barack Obama during a visit to Hiroshima in 2016, said he “died of anemia on Saturday”, a director of Nihon Hitangio, a coalition of organizations for victims of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
On August 6, 1945, when the first atomic bomb in American history was dropped, 20-year-old Suboy was at the Hiroshima College of Engineering.
The bombing devastated the city and caused thousands of deaths.
“I had burns all over my body,” Supoi recalled of the 2016 outbreak.
Japan commemorates 75 years since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima
The Little Boy bomb killed at least 140,000 people in the port city. Many of the victims died on the spot, and many more died in the next few weeks and months due to injuries or radiation.
Three days later, US forces dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki (southwest), killing 74,000 people.
Two bombs, with unprecedented destructive power at the time, led Emperor Hirohito to announce to his citizens that he had surrendered to the Allies on August 15, 1945, marking the end of World War II.
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Company Overview of Mewbourne Oil Company, Inc.
3901 South Broadway Avenue
Tyler, TX 75701-8716
Founded in 1965
Key Executives for Mewbourne Oil Company, Inc.
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To contact Mewbourne Oil Company, Inc., please visit www.mewbourne.com. Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.


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What's Your Role?
Biosecurity refers to a series of management practices that minimize the introduction, spread and release of plant pests. A summary is available here
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domain: agronomy


The oil spill from the explosion on the oil rig Deepwater Horizon could end up costing BP (NYSE:BP) into the high single-digit billions, or possibly into the low double-digit billions before it's all over.
That could be the good news for the company, as the costs over the long term associated with higher prices of doing business and lower production could cost them billions more.
When including the public relations and political scrutiny following incidents like these, where there is always a scapegoat looked for to pin the blame on, BP will be under pressure for some time to come, and the cost of doing business in the Gulf of Mexico will increase for all companies drilling in the region.
As for short-term costs, it'll depend on how long it takes the company to stop the flow of oil, so it's a wide range at this time, which could go higher or lower, increasing the uncertainty and lack of predictability for shareholders and traders.
BP said that they are spending anywhere from $6 million to $7 million a day to attack the oil flow and hopefully decrease the amount of damage done.
The views expressed are the subjective opinion of the article's author and not of FinancialAdvisory.com