Evidence for the existence of sharks extends back over 450–420 million years, into the Ordovician period, before land vertebrates existed and before many plants had colonized the continents. All that has been recovered from the first sharks are some scales. The oldest shark teeth are from 400 million years ago. The first sharks looked very different from modern sharks. The majority of the modern sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago.
Contrary to popular belief, sharks have not remained unchanged for 300 million years. However, many of the families we have today have been in existence for perhaps the last 150 million years.
Mostly only the fossilized teeth of sharks are found, although often in large numbers. In some cases pieces of the internal skeleton or even complete fossilized sharks have been discovered. Estimates suggest that over a span of a few years a shark may grow tens of thousands of teeth, which explains the abundance of fossils. As the teeth consist of calcium phosphate, an apatite, they are easily fossilized.
Instead of bones, sharks have cartilaginous skeletons, with a bone-like layer broken up into thousands of isolated apatite prisms. When a shark dies, the decomposing skeleton breaks up and the apatite prisms scatter. Complete shark skeletons are only preserved when rapid burial in bottom sediments occurs.
The snout of a Devonian shark was typically short and rounded, and the jaws were longish and located at the front of the head. In modern sharks, the snout is typically longish and pointed, the jaws shorter and located underneath the head. Long jaws are structurally weaker than short ones and less able to produce a powerful bite, so early sharks may have plucked prey from the bottom or 'on the fin' with forceps-like delicacy.
Early sharks' upper jaws were fixed to the braincase at both the front and the back (the so-called 'amphistylic' form of jaw suspension), unlike most modern sharks in which the upper jaw is fixed to the braincase at the back only ('hyostylic' jaw suspension). As a result, ancient sharks may have been less able to protrude their jaws than modern sharks, reducing their ability to suck prey into their mouths and restricting the size of their food.
The braincase and olfactory capsules (which house the scent organs) of ancient sharks were relatively small, suggesting that they had a lesser brain and less well-developed sense of smell than their modern descendants. Smaller brain size may also indicate that their other senses were less acute, predatory behavior less flexible, and social dynamics less sophisticated than in most modern sharks (especially the whalers and hammerheads).
The teeth of the earliest sharks were smooth-edged and multi-cusped, with a large central blade flanked by two or more smaller cusplets on either side (a tooth type termed cladodont, meaning 'branch-toothed'). Although some of the more conservative modern sharks (such as the six- and seven-gills, nurse sharks and smoothhounds) have multi-cusped teeth, the most recent forms (such as whalers, hammerheads, and the white shark) typically have single-cusped teeth often with serrations. Cladodont teeth are best suited to grasping prey that can be swallowed whole; whereas the sharp-edged or serrated single-cusped teeth of modern sharks opens new dietary options, enabling them to gouge pieces from food items too large to be swallowed whole.
The pectoral fins of ancient sharks were triangular and rigid with broad bases. In contrast, most modern sharks have falcate, highly flexible pectoral fins with narrow bases. Therefore, the fins of ancient sharks were probably somewhat less maneuverable than those of modern sharks, making them less agile.
The backbone of ancient sharks was composed of many, relatively simple vertebrae which were uncalcified and did not constrict the spinal column. The backbone of most modern sharks contains fewer, complexly sculpted vertebrae which have calcified bands and constrict the spinal column at regular intervals. (Exceptions include the squaloid dogfishes and the six- and seven-gilled sharks, most of which inhabit very deep waters. It is not clear whether this is due to retention of primitive characteristics or a secondary adaptation to their nutrient-poor deep-sea environment.) The poorly calcified backbone of ancient sharks may have been less able to withstand the forces generated by the flank muscles, making them less powerful swimmers than most of their modern descendants.
Yet in many respects, ancient sharks were very similar to modern sharks. Like the sharks of today, ancient sharks had a cartilaginous skeleton, replaceable teeth, tooth-like scales called 'dermal denticles', multiple gill slits, two sets of paired fins (pectoral and pelvic), claspers (the paired, cartilage-supported copulatory organs of male sharks, developed along the inner margin of the pelvic fins), a backbone that extended into the upper lobe of the tail, and a strongly heterocercal tail fin (more properly called a caudal fin), in which the upper lobe is considerably longer than the lower.
Geneticist Andrew P. Martin and his co-workers have measured mtDNA differences in several species of sharks. In order to calibrate his molecular clock for sharks, Martin needed to relate a genetic change in one or more populations of these animals to a reliably-dated geological event. He compared genes of two populations of a small species of hammerhead (Sphyrna tiburo) that were separated by the rise of the Isthmus of Panama, which occurred some 7 to 3 million years ago. To their surprise, Martin and his colleagues found that the rate of genetic change in sharks is positively glacial compared with that of mammals — some seven to eight times slower. They have 10 hearts.
Morphological studies of modern lamnids by systematist Leonard J.V. Compagno and others provide another source of evidence useful for tracing the group's evolutionary history. Such studies not only support that Isurus derived from Carcharodon, but also suggest that Carcharodon derived from Lamna. Intriguing new evidence from molecular genetics fully supports this evolutionary hypothesis. It is not yet clear from the fossil record which lamnoid was the common ancestor of Lamna, Carcharodon, and Isurus. Some paleontological circles suspect the best candidate may be or a similar as-yet undiscovered species. Other circles favor a species called , known from fossil teeth dating from the late Cretaceous to the mid-Paleocene (about 100 to 60 million years ago). The teeth of Cretalamna are much more solidly built than those of any modern lamnid. But Cretalamna teeth resemble those of Lamna in being smooth-edged with well-developed basal cusplets (small secondary cusps on either side of the main blade). In addition to being a possible ancestor of the mighty great white, Cretolamna almost certainly gave rise to one of the most fearsome predators the ocean has ever produced, the giant-toothed shark known as Megalodon.
Based on his research to date, Martin estimates that in sharks a 1 percent difference in gene sequence corresponds to approximately 6 million years' divergence time. In a recent study, Martin measured the percent difference in the mtDNA of representatives of all three genera within the family Lamnidae. He found that Lamna was the most divergent genus, being roughly 7.6% different from Carcharodon. This genetic difference suggests that the separation of Lamna and Carcharodon occurred some 65 to 35 million years ago. Martin also found that Isurus differed from Carcharodon by about 7.1%. This difference suggests that these two genera diverged about 60 to 35 million years ago. Therefore, according to Martin's genetic studies, the can be traced back no more than about 60 million years ago.
Evidence from molecular genetics thus supports the paleontologist's proposed origin time of Carcharodon (if Isurolamna is included in its lineage) and Isurus (if is considered the earliest representative of that lineage). However, the genetic evidence suggests a far more ancient origination time for Lamna than is presently supported by the fossil record (65 million years ago versus 42-38 million years ago).
Using molecular clocks to calculate origin times of biological lineages is still in its infancy, and — like any newfangled technique — remains controversial. But both paleontologists and geneticists agree that, compared with other modern sharks, Carcharodon is a relatively ancient genus.
There are thousands of fossil shark scales in collections (which are probably the most abundant of vertebrate microfossils, but often overlooked because of their tiny size), hundreds of fin spines, the occasional vertebra or cranium, and - very exceptionally - impressions of soft tissues. But, because they are mineralogically stable and shed throughout a shark's lifetime, mostly we have teeth - thousands upon thousands of fossilized shark teeth sparkling in an enormous void of geologic time.
The earliest sharks are represented by a mere handful of isolated scales. Shark scales have a characteristic tooth-like structure, so we can be reasonably confident that such scales did, in fact, come from some kind of shark. The oldest shark-like scales date back to the Late Ordovician period, about 455 million years ago, from what is now Colorado. These scales, however, differ from those of modern sharks in several important respects, so not all paleontologists agree that they came from true sharks. The oldest undisputed shark scales are about 420 million years old, from early deposits in Siberia. These diminutive survivors of prehistory have been assigned to the genus Elegestolepis, but we have no clues about what the rest of the shark might have looked like. Shark-like scales of similar age are also known from what is now Mongolia, and have been assigned to the genera Mongolepis and Polymerolepis. Other than having names for these earliest sharks, we know almost nothing about them.
Fortunately, the shark fossil record becomes richer and more varied from the Devonian Period onward. The earliest fossil shark teeth are from early Devonian deposits, about 400 million years old, in what is now Europe. These teeth are two-pronged and puny, less than an eighth of an inch (3-4 millimetres) in length. They belonged to a mysterious ancient shark known as . Based on its double-cusped teeth, Leonodus may have belonged to a family of freshwater sharks known as the xenacanths. But not all paleontologists agree on this interpretation. Thus, like most of the earliest sharks, Leonodus is a name without a face.
The oldest fossilized shark braincase is from mid-Devonian deposits about 380 million years old, in what is now New South Wales, Australia. Based on the form of this nearly complete braincase, many paleontologists believe that its former owner may have been a xenacanth. The oldest partially articulated fossilized shark remains were discovered by geologist Gavin Young in deposits of about the same age in the Lashley Range of Antarctica. Although they display an odd combination of features, these remains may also have been from a xenacanth - possibly the same species as produced the oldest fossil shark braincase. Young named this 16-inch (40-centimetre) shark Antarctilamna, meaning "lamnid shark from Antarctica". Impressions of braincases, fin spines, and teeth from this early shark are known from Australia and Saudi Arabia.
The earliest known skeletal fragments of any chondrichthyans date from at least 380 million years ago. New evidence suggests that neurocrania (the cartilaginous “skull”) of the shark genus Pucapampella, from Mid Devonian rock strata of Bolivia and South Africa, may be even slightly older than 380 million years.
Despite all these fossilized Antarctilamna bits and pieces, paleontologists have had a difficult time puzzling out what the whole animal was like in life. Antarctilamna had a stout spine in front of the long, low dorsal fin and two-pronged teeth (a tooth type termed "diplodont"), a combination which immediately suggests xenacanth affinities.
Xenacanths were almost exclusively freshwater inhabitants, and had a long, rearward-pointing fin spine just behind the cranium (the name xenacanth means "strange spine"), diplodont teeth, a slender, eel-like body, an elongate dorsal fin extending along most of the back, and a symmetrical, tapering tail. If Antarctilamna was a xenacanth, it probably had the same type of body form and tail, which may have allowed it to swim among dense lake vegetation. Thus far, Antarctilamna is known only from freshwater deposits, therefore - whatever its body form - it seems likely that it led a xenacanth-like lifestyle, haunting freshwater lakes and rivers. But Antarctilamna also had some very unxenacanth-like features. In particular, its fin spines more closely resemble those of another group of ancient sharks known as the ctenacanths. In both Antarctilamna and the ctenacanths, the fin spines are cylindrical and ornamented with unique rows of small thorn-like denticles (the name ctenacanth means "comb spine"). The ctenacanths were more typically shark-shaped than the eel-like xenacanths, with a solidly-built, tapered body, two separate dorsal fins, and a deeply-forked tail. Yet ctenacanths are also characterized by having multi-cusped teeth (a tooth type termed cladodont, meaning "branch-toothed"), which are very unlike those of Antarctilamna and the xenacanths. Current paleontological consensus tentatively classifies Antarctilamna as a xenacanth, but it is still not settled whether it was a xenacanth with ctenacanth-like fin spines, a ctenacanth with xenacanth-like teeth, or something else altogether.
Despite these uncertainties about the interrelationships, form and lifestyle of Antarctilamna, there is no doubt that it was a full-fledged, card-carrying shark - making it among the very earliest verified ancestors of modern sharks. Thus, sharks were already a distinct lifeform by the middle Devonian Period, more than 400 million years ago.
The world was a very different place back then. There were only two continents, Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the south. These landmasses were surrounded by warm, shallow seas. If you were to travel back in time 400 million years, you would find a veritable bestiary of strange and bizarre creatures. Life thrived in the Devonian seas.
Although early sharks are rooted in the Ordovician period, the first well preserved early shark fossil to be discovered was Cladoselache dating from approximately 350 million years ago which has been found within the strata of Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. The fossil of this shark was found miraculously intact in the of Lake Erie. It was so well preserved that its muscle fibers were visible as were its kidneys. Cladoselache had two low dorsal fins both with prominent spines, broad based pectoral fins and eyes set far forward on the head. The mouth was at the front of the head as opposed to the under slung mouths of modern sharks, and the teeth had a large central pointed cusp with a smaller point on each side. Although Cladoselache was almost certainly not the first ever true elasmobranch, armed with Cladoselache, paleontologists were able to categorically state that elasmobranchs had arrived.
Cladoselache was only about 1 m long with stiff triangular fins and slender jaws. Its teeth had several pointed cusps, which would have been worn down by use. From the number of teeth found in any one place it is most likely that Cladoselache did not replace its teeth as regularly as modern sharks. Its caudal fins had a similar shape to the great white sharks and the pelagic shortfin and longfin makos. The discovery of whole fish found tail first in their stomachs suggest that they were fast swimmers with great agility.
Like many ancient sharks, Cladoselache had a short, rounded snout, a mouth located at the front of the head (a mouth type called "terminal"), long jaws attached to the cranium under the snout and behind the eye, cladodont teeth, and a stout spine in front of each dorsal fin. Yet it also had strong keels developed along the side of the tail stalk and a crescent-shaped tail fin, with an upper lobe about the same size as the lower (in most modern sharks, the tail is decidedly top-heavy, with the upper lobe considerably longer than the lower). In these posterior respects, Cladoselache resembles the modern mackerel sharks of the family Lamnidae, a group which includes the white shark and its close relatives, the makos and mackerel sharks. The combination of lateral keels and crescentic tail fin is highly characteristic of fast-swimming fishes such as tunas, billfishes, and mako sharks. Many paleontologists therefore believe that Cladoselache was specialized as a high-speed predator. Remarkably well-preserved specimens from the Cleveland Shale of Ohio support this notion.
Except for small, multi-cusped scales along the edges its fins, in the mouth cavity, and around the eye, Cladoselaches' skin seems to have been almost devoid of dermal denticles. Dermal denticles serve as more than simple armor against injury, they strengthen the skin to provide firmer attachments for swimming muscles, yet Cladoselache managed to make do almost without them. Cladoselache's fin spines were odd, too. They were unusual in being short and blade-like, composed of a porous bony material, and located some distance anterior to the origin of each dorsal fin. These fin spines may have been lighter and sturdier than the denser, more spike-like ones of other sharks. These light-weight but stout fin spines may have reduced swimming effort yet provided solid discouragement to would-be predators.
Unlike any other shark, ancient or modern, Cladoselache seems to have lacked claspers. Other sharks had already developed claspers by the time of Cladoselache's appearance. The xenacanths, for example - which appeared some 50 million years before Cladoselache - had limb-like claspers supported by skeletal elements which are sometimes preserved as fossils. Diademodus, a contemporary of Cladoselache, apparently also had well-developed claspers. It seems highly unlikely that every known specimen of Cladoselache is female, so it is something of a mystery how these sharks reproduced. Yet Cladoselache obviously managed to procreate somehow, as its lineage survived for nearly 100 million years. It may seem an unpleasant idea, but perhaps Cladoselache achieved internal fertilization by partially extruding the rear part of its cloaca and using that as the organ of sperm transfer. This is the method of copulation used by most modern birds and a few modern amphibians and reptiles - namely, the caecilians (which resemble legless salamanders) and the lizard-like tuatara.
From about 300 to 150 million years ago, most fossil sharks can be assigned to one of two groups. One of these, the Acanthodii, was almost exclusive to freshwater environments. By the time this group became extinct (about 220 million years ago) they had achieved worldwide distribution. The other group, the hybodonts, appeared about 320 million years ago and was mostly found in the oceans, but also in freshwater.
The 'Cleveland Shale' on the south shore of Lake Erie have provided paleontologists with some of the most remarkable - and fortunate - geological accidents ever: about 100 specimens of a 370-million-year-old, 4-foot (1.2-meters) long shark called Cladoselache, some of which are so exquisitely preserved that not only teeth and fin spines, but also jaws, crania, vertebrae, muscle fibers, and even kidney tubules are discernible to varying degrees.
These extremely well-preserved Cladoselache specimens support the notion - inferred from its tail shape - that it was a fast-swimming hunter. Paleontologist Mike Williams has studied many of the superbly preserved fossil specimens of Cladoselache excavated from the 'Cleveland Shale'. Astonishingly, 53 of these specimens had identifiable traces of their last meal preserved in their gut regions. These allowed Williams to glean some insights into the predatory habits of Cladoselache. He found that 65% of specimens examined had eaten small ray-finned bony fishes, 28% shrimp-like Concavicaris, 9% conodonts (peculiar hagfish-like proto-vertebrates with complex, comb-like teeth), and one specimen had eaten another shark. (These percentages add up to more than 100 because some specimens had eaten more than one kind of prey.)
The orientation of food items in the body cavity suggests that Cladoselache was swift enough to catch its prey on the fin. Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth-edged, making them suitable for grasping but not tearing or chewing. Cladoselache therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole.
There may have been another reason for Cladoselache to adopt a high-speed lifestyle. It shared the Devonian seas with Dunkleosteus, a 20-foot (6-metre) long predatory placoderm with huge teeth and massive, heavily armored jaws.
About the same time Cladoselache first appeared, there evolved an important group of sharks known as the ctenacanths. The ctenacanths shared numerous conservative features with Cladoselache, but also developed several more advanced ones. Like Cladoselache, the ctenacanths had cladodont teeth, jaws attached to the skull at front and back, broad-based pectoral fins, and a strong spine in front of each dorsal finBut unlike Cladoselache, the pectorals of ctenacanths were supported at the base by three blocks of cartilage - as in most modern sharks - allowing them greater flexibility. But unlike Cladoselache, the pectorals of ctenacanths were supported at the base by three blocks of cartilage - as in most modern sharks - allowing them greater flexibility.
Ctenacanths were also different in that their fin spines were long and cylindrical, with characteristic longitudinal ridges and unique comb-like rows of tubercles (hence their name). These spines were composed of a dense enameloid material and deeply imbedded along the front margin of each dorsal fin - as in modern spiny dogfishes (family Squalidae) and bullhead sharks (Heterodontidae).
Ctenacanths are known almost entirely from abundant fossils of their distinctive fin spines (body impressions or skeletal remains of these sharks are quite rare). The best-known genus is Goodrichthyes, known from a 7.5-foot (2.3-metre) specimen from early deposits in what is now Scotland. Unfortunately, this specimen is contained in some 200 separate pieces of rock, and is thus rather difficult to interpret. The genus Ctenacanthus itself is represented by many species, almost all of them established on the basis of fin spines. The ctenacanths appeared in the Late Devonian (about 380 million years ago - slightly earlier than Cladoselache) and persisted until the Permian, with a few hanging on into the (about 250 million years ago). But there is no doubt that their heyday - in terms of diversity and abundance - was during the Carboniferous.
The first major shark radiation occurred during the Carboniferous Period, 360 to 286 million years ago. The Carboniferous (meaning "coal forming") gets its name from the thick layer of plant matter, laid down when shallow seas drowned northern continents, that were later squeezed into coal. In freshwater lakes swam lungfishes and xenacanth sharks (descendants of Antarctilamna that persisted in freshwater environments until the Early Triassic Period, about 220 million years ago). In the sea, corals, bryozoans, crinoids, and molluscs flourished. But, with the exception of acanthodians, few fishes swam in early Carboniferous seas. The fossil record indicates that more than 75% of fish groups alive during the Late Devonian died out before the beginning of the Carboniferous. The placoderms — a once dominant group of armored fishes — survived this extinction event, but at greatly reduced diversity and abundance.
The misfortune of the placoderms presented a splendid opportunity for sharks in general and one group in particular: the stethacanthids. Perhaps in response to the ecological niches vacated by the placoderms, the stethacanthids exploded into a riot of bizarre forms and lifestyles. It was a kind of stethacanthid golden age — complete with outrageously unwieldy headgear and strange but fascinating rituals. One of the most outlandish of these sharks was Stethacanthus itself. Best known from Carboniferous deposits in central Scotland and Montana, Stethacanthus was a two-foot (60-centimeters) long shark that inhabited warm, shallow seas. Intriguingly, no female specimen (identifiable by the lack of claspers) of Stethacanthus has ever been found. Yet a contemporary and very similar genus, Symmorium, is represented entirely by specimens without claspers. One possibility is that Symmorium may actually be female Stethacanthus. If this is so, then female Stethacanthus were perfectly charming, graceful little sharks. But the males can perhaps be best described as haberdashery-impaired. Male Stethacanthus (sporting well-developed claspers) had an enormous, flat-topped dorsal fin bristling with enlarged scales. Basically, it looked like a fish with a brush sticking out of its back. In addition, male Stethacanthus had similar enlarged scales on top of the head, making the whole contraption resemble a set of large, bristle-toothed jaws.
Dozens of highly imaginative ideas have been advanced to 'explain' the function of Stethacanthus' bizarre headgear. One suggestion is that the paired structures might have mimicked the jaws of some creature much too big to intimidate. Another, somewhat more whimsical notion, is that — by craning its neck and arching its back — Stethacanthus might actually have clamped onto the belly of a larger marine animal and hitched a ride. This hitch-hiking behavior is reminiscent of modern-day remoras, which use their sucker-disc (also a modified dorsal fin) to cling to whales, sea turtles, sharks and other large fishes. Unfortunately, according to paleoichthyologist and stethacanthid specialist Richard Lund, the brush structure does not appear to have been very mobile. Neither of the above proposals, however, explains why only male Stethacanthus are so endowed.
It seems far more likely that the dorsal brush and cranial bristles of Stethacanthus played some role in their courtship rituals. Perhaps the brush was a symbol of virility, like the antlers of deer stags, enabling Stethacanthus females to have chosen the best, most genetically fit male with whom to mate. Or perhaps the brush and bristles were used during male-to-male pushing matches, enabling the combatants to grapple together as they tested each other's strength in competition for access to mating grounds or sexually receptive females. Similar contests of strength are known to occur in modern bannerfishes of the genus Heniochus. To a lesser degree than Stethacanthus, bannerfishes have sculpted foreheads which facilitate males locking together, eyeball to eyeball, for macho pushing matches. If, like modern sharks, Stethacanthus relied on forward motion to ventilate its gills, the weaker combatant in such matches would become breathless fairly quickly, and be forced to concede victory.
In overall body form, Stethacanthus was apparently a highly streamlined shark, with falcate, relatively narrow-based pectoral fins and a nearly symmetrical, Cladoselache-like tail fin. Therefore, Stethacanthus may have been a fast swimmer with good maneuverability ... were it not spoiled by the unwieldy dorsal brush. If the name of the evolutionary game is reproductive success, it seems that good hydrodynamics and swimming efficiency were not the highest priorities governing natural selection in male Stethacanthus. Unfortunately, we will probably never know to what purpose — if any — Stethacanthus males put their large and ungainly headgear.
Adding credence to the notion that Symmorium, lacking a dorsal brush, may actually be female Stethacanthus, is a diminutive species known as Falcatus falcatus. Falcatus was also a stethacanthid, but it grew to a length of only about six inches (15 centimetres) — about the same size as the very smallest of living sharks. inhabited the warm, shallow seas that invaded the American mainland during the Early Carboniferous, about 325 million years ago.Discovered by Richard Lund in the Bear Gulch formation of Montana, Falcatus may have been even more sexually adventurous than its brush-headed cousin, Stethacanthus. Male Falcatus had a large, sword-like appendage — apparently a modified fin spine — projecting forward over its head like a sunshade. Falcatus seems to have used this odd head ornament in a kind of piscine foreplay. Lund's best-known discovery consists of a pair of fossilized Falcatus falcatus apparently preserved in the act of mating. A single slab of limestone shows the larger female grasping the male (identifiable by its claspers) by the 'antler' projecting from its head. Precopulatory rituals have been observed in only a few species of modern sharks, but in most cases the male ritualistically bites the female's back, pectoral fins, or gill pouches prior to intromission. It would seem that Falcatus females were more liberated than some of their descendants. In any case, in Falcatus we have clear evidence of sexual dimorphism in ancient sharks. Such obvious differences between the sexes is unknown in modern sharks.
The stethacanthids were only one group of sharks freed by the decline of the placoderms. Many other shark groups also underwent massive radiations during the Carboniferous Period. As long as the placoderms ruled the seas, sharks were relegated to ecological gutters. But when the placoderms were all but decimated at the dawn of the Carboniferous, the marine playing field was leveled and the dogfish had their day. For all their weirdness, however, many of these strange Carboniferous sharks were apparently quite successful. During the majority of the Carboniferous Period, sharks outnumbered bony fishes by a ratio of three to two.
Shark diversity during the Carboniferous Period was nothing less than astonishing. The Carboniferous boasted about 45 families of sharks (compared with about 40 families of modern sharks — not counting the rays, which would appear later). It was a veritable Golden Age of Sharks. At the close of the Permian Period, about 250 million years ago, there occurred what has been called the Permian-Triassic extinction event. In a geological instant, fully 99% of marine species were wiped out — including the extravagant stethacanthids. But some shark lineages squeaked through this catastrophe, one of them eventually giving rise to modern sharks. Although modern sharks are remarkably diverse in form and lifestyle, no shark today matches those of the Carboniferous for sheer weirdness.
During the evolution of chrondrichthyes there have been many groups with bizarre appearances. Sometimes these families are collectively referred to as "paraselachians" . Many fossil skeletons contain unusual appendages. Most of which have as yet not been conclusively explained.
Some examples of these paraselachians include:
- Stethacanthus - a Cladodont which lived through the Silurian Period between 380 and 300 million years ago. It had a modified first dorsal fin that terminated in a spine covered pad reminiscent of an inverted scrubbing brush. Its forehead also had a similar surface. These surfaces may have been used for pinning prey or for mating.
- Helicoprion- from the Permian Period, had a conveyor belt of teeth that spiraled out of its lower jaw and a thin corresponding line of sharp teeth in the upper jaw. The lower whorl of teeth rotated out of the jaw as the shark grew. Unlike most sharks it retained the smaller previous teeth which rotated back into the jaw forming a spiral or whorl not unlike the growth pattern of a shell. The two dermal surfaces sliced against each other giving it a formidable shearing weapon.
- Falcatus- from the Carboniferous period had a curving, forward facing appendage in place of its first dorsal fin. It has been suggested that only the male may have had this sword like structure.
- Xenacanthus- a member of the pleurocanthids. It had a long backward facing spike extending from the back of its skull and an eel like or ribbon like fin running down the length of its back.
- Iniopteryx - Iniopterygians lived from the into the period. More closely related to modern day chimaeras, they had flexible pectoral fins which were disproportionately long and rayed for strength. It is unclear whether these "wings" were used to glide above the water or to paddle under it. The leading edge of the wings were covered with sharp toothy denticles.
As the Permian Period was drawing to a close the seas were filling with Actinopterygians - the ray finned fishes. This was a food source that could not be ignored by the oceans predators. In response, the elasmobranchs began to radiate again and during the early Triassic a shark appeared in the fossil record that was similar enough in appearance to modern day sharks to be considered one of the first of the "modern sharks". The name of this shark was Palaeospinax.
Palaeospinax was morphologically similar to the dogfish of the family squalidae. It had a calcified sectioned vertebral column instead of a continuous notochord, its two dorsal fins had supportive leading edge spines, and most notably it had the under slung mouth of a modern shark.
Amongst the first of the presently extant sharks to swim in the seas were the slow swimming Horn sharks and the Cow sharks but towards the mid cretaceous the fair to be had in the mid oceans was enough to push the development of fast moving predators that could pick off large, schooling, off shore fishes. At the time the seas were ruled by enormous icthyosaurs and plesiosaurs so this new food source did not come without risk to the sharks.
During the Cretaceous most of the present genera were firmly established and then around 60 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous a catastrophe occurred which wiped out the dinosaurs and many other species, leaving the remaining sharks as the supreme rulers of the oceans.
Modern sharks began to appear about 100 million years ago, during the middle of the Jurassic period during the Mesozoic era. The second major radiation of sharks occurred during the Jurassic Period, 208 to 144 million years ago. At this time, pterosaurs ruled the skies and the first birds were taking to the air. On land, gigantic sauropod dinosaurs such as Brachiosaurus stripped leaves from the branches of tall trees like cycads and conifers. Stegosaurs dined on smaller plants, nervously watching for Allosaurus and other large carnivorous theropods. In the seas, ichthyosaurs, long-necked and short-necked plesiosaurs, and mesosuchian crocodilians pursued schools of bony fishes and flotillas of ammonites. It was into this Jurassic world that the modern sharks first appeared.
Fossil mackerel shark teeth occurred in the Lower Cretaceous. One of the most recent families of sharks that evolved is the hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae), which emerged in Eocene. The oldest white shark teeth date from 60 to 65 million years ago, around the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In early white shark evolution there are at least two lineages: one with coarsely serrated teeth that probably gave rise to the modern great white shark, and another with finely serrated teeth and a tendency to attain gigantic proportions. This group includes the extinct Megalodon, Carcharodon megalodon, which like most extinct sharks is only known from its teeth and a few vertebrae. This shark could grow to more than 16 metres (52 ft) long and is recognized as the biggest known carnivorous fish to have ever existed. Fossil records reveal that this shark preyed upon whales and other large marine mammals.
It is believed that the immense size of predatory sharks such as the great white may have arisen from the extinction of giant marine reptiles, such as the mosasaurs and the diversification of mammals. It is known that at the same time these sharks were evolving some early mammalian groups evolved into aquatic forms. Certainly, wherever the teeth of large sharks have been found, there has also been an abundance of marine mammal bones, including seals, porpoises and whales. These bones frequently show signs of shark attack. There are hypotheses that suggest that large sharks evolved to better take advantage of larger prey.
No one is sure from which group of ancient sharks their modern descendants evolved. Until recently, it was thought that all modern sharks descended from a group known as the hybodonts.
Hybodus, which grew to a length of eight feet (2.5 metres) and lived in shallow seas about 180 million years ago, is perhaps the best known example of this group. (The hybodonts even had representatives in freshwater and brackish habitats. Most of these freshwater hybodonts were extremely small - such as the 6-inch [15-centimetre] Lissodus, known from Permian deposits in Africa about 275 million years old.) Hybodus was certainly very sharky-looking, with a blunt head, a curious ridge above the eyes, a well-developed spine on the forward edge of both dorsal fins, and two types of teeth: high grasping 'canines' in the front of the mouth, low crushing 'molars' in the rear.
It has even been suggested that Hybodus was a direct ancestor to the modern bullhead sharks (family Heterodontidae), which have somewhat similar brow ridges, fin spines and teeth. Paleoichthyologist John G. Maisey is probably the world's foremost authority on hybodonts. Based on his extensive studies of fossil and modern sharks, Maisey believes that the hybodonts were a side-branch of shark evolution that did not give rise to any group of modern shark. Maisey has proposed that a fossil genus known as Synechodus may be more closely related to modern sharks than the hybodonts. In the long run, this may mean that Synechodus and modern sharks are "sister groups" (sharing a relatively recent common ancestor) with the hybodonts sharing a more distant ancestor with both groups. Only time and further research can shed more light on the murky origins of modern sharks.
The earliest known modern shark may be Mcmurdodus, which is known from mid-Devonian deposits (about 390 million years old) in what is now western Queensland, Australia. On first consideration, this is an astonishingly early date for the origin of modern sharks - actually predating Cladoselache and Antarctilamna. The modern shark status of Mcmurdodus is based on the structure of its tooth enameloid, which - although proper histological examination has not yet been carried out - appears to be of a multi-layered type which is found in all living sharks but not in most ancient sharks (a potentially important exception is Xenacanthus, which is still regarded as an ancient shark due to other structural features). If Mcmurdodus, Cladoselache, and Antarctilamna are members of lineages that appeared at about the same time, it is tempting to speculate that they are all results of a single massive shark radiation that occurred in the early Devonian. Although Cladoselache, Antarctilamna and other ancient shark lineages persisted for a while, only the modern sharks (whether descended from Mcmurdodus or not) made the final casting cut in the Great Evolutionary Drama.
How Mcmurdodus is related to living sharks is not clear. Like many of the earliest sharks, Mcmurdodus is known only from its fossilized teeth. In overall form, these resemble the sawlike lower teeth of the extant cowsharks (family Hexanchidae). This resemblance, however, may be due to convergence (the development in unrelated organisms of similar anatomical solutions to shared environmental challenges) rather than evolutionary relatedness. There is a 190-million-year gap in the fossil record between the last Mcmurdodus and the first unquestionable cowshark. This large gap does not preclude the possibility that Mcmurdodus was related to the modern cowsharks, but it does make it difficult to 'connect the dots' with any confidence.
About 140 million years after Mcmurdodus, there appeared another early modern shark named Paleospinax. Paleospinax is known primarily from teeth of Early Triassic to Eocene age, about 250 to 60 million years ago. However, a few specimens from Early Jurassic deposits in what is now England and Germany include well-preserved impressions of jaws and vertebrae. Paleospinax was less than three feet (1 meter) long and had many of the features associated with modern sharks, including: a longish snout, a mouth located underneath the head (a mouth type termed "subterminal"), short jaws that were attached to the cranium only at the back, teeth with dense enameloid, and well-developed vertebrae. In its overall body form and the presence of fin spines, Paleospinax resembled the modern spiny dogfishes (family Squalidae) - although some paleoichthyologists have suggested that it may have been a galeomorph, a group which includes many of the most familiar non-dogfish sharks. Despite their antiquity and uncertainties as to how they are related to living sharks, both Mcmurdodus and Paleospinax are among the earliest modern sharks, belonging to a group known as the neoselachians ("new sharks").
Rise of the NeoselachiansEdit
The neoselachians radiated rapidly and by the mid-Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago, most modern groups of sharks had appeared. In a 1985 paper, paleontologists Detlev Thies and Wolf-Ernst Reif proposed that the neoselachian radiation was an opportunistic response to abundant new sources of food. Thies and Reif deemed the radiation of two types of bony fishes particularly important in fueling the flowering of new sharks: the ray finned fishes (class Actinopterygii) - especially the carp-shaped semionotids and other basal neopterygians - in the late Triassic, and the so-called 'higher' teleosts (a phylogenetic hodgepodge containing most of the better known ray finned fishes) from the early Jurassic onward. These new bony fish types provided vast shoals of fast swimming, thin scaled food-on-the-fin for those predators that could catch them. The neoselachians answered this 'dinner call' admirably - they had the speed, maneuverability, flexible jaws, and enhanced sensory systems essential to hunting such swift prey.
The early neoselachians were predominately near-shore predators. But in the mid-Cretaceous, neoselachians evolved a whole new mode of making a living: fast offshore hunting. Thies and Reif suggested that this new hunting mode was in response to increased size and speed of teleost fishes and pelagic squids. These fast off-shore neoselachians did not, however, rule their pelagic realm uncontested. The marine reptiles of that time - such as the dolphin-shaped ichthyosaurs and the long-necked, rhomboid-paddled plesiosaurs - may have been fast enough to compete with these neoselachian upstarts, and perhaps even eat the smaller species. In contrast, the late Cretaceous mosasaurs - huge, short-necked, crocodile-like relatives of the plesiosaurs - were probably too slow and lumbering to compete with the faster, more agile offshore sharks and may have been preyed upon by the very largest species.
- Main article: Otodus-Carcharocles lineage
Cow and Frilled sharksEdit
Among most ancient of surviving neoselachian lineages are the cow and frilled sharks (orders Hexanchiformes and Chlamydoselachiformes, respectively). Cow sharks are represented in the fossil record by their characteristic cockscomb-shaped lower teeth, dating as far back as the early Jurassic Period, about 190 million-years ago. Articulated cow shark remains are known from the late Jurassic, about 150 million years ago. The eel-like Frilled Shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus) is probably at least as ancient, but its unique trident-shaped teeth are known only as far back as the late Cretaceous, about 95 million years ago. Although a few cow sharks have secondarily invaded coastal, shallow-water habitats (notably the Broadnose Sevengill, Notorynchus cepedianus and - in certain parts of its range - the Bluntnose Sixgill, Hexanchus griseus), most hexanchoids are dedicatedly deep-sea animals. One is tempted to suspect that these sharks have been 'hiding out' in the stygian blackness of the abyss while their shallow-water cousins competed vigorously with each other for vital resources in the sunlit shallows, far above. But these sharks are not ecological draft evaders, they are simply adapted to making a living in very specialized and difficult surroundings. Yet, because food and other resources are much more abundant over the continental shelves which surround large landmasses, neoselachian diversity and abundance to this day remains richest in these fecund near-shore waters.
Perhaps the most astonishing and unprecedented expression of neoselachian adaptability is the evolution of filter-feeding sharks and rays. At about the same time during the early-to-mid Tertiary Period, roughly 65 to 35 million years ago, four separate neoselachian lineages independently shifted from active predation to a more laid-back grazing modus vivendi. The carpet shark lineage (order Orectolobiformes) gave rise to the modern Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus), two distinct lineages of mackerel shark (Lamniformes) gave rise to the Basking (Cetorhinus maximus) and Megamouth (Megachasma pelagios) sharks, and the stingrays (Myliobatiformes) gave rise to the devil rays (Mobula species) and Manta (Manta birostris).
All these swimming colanders share four key adaptations that enable them to separate their tiny prey from the saline broth through which they swim: 1) large to enormous size, 2) a very wide terminal or nearly terminal mouth, 3) reduced dentition, and 4) elaboration of the gill tissues to form plankton sieves. We may never know what environmental changes precipitated this profound dietary shift. But it is probably no coincidence that the filter-feeding baleen whales also appeared at about the same time as these planktivorous neoselachians.
The strange and wonderful hammerheads (family Sphyrnidae) are among the most recent sharks to appear in the fossil record. The earliest of their single-cusped teeth are known from mid-to-late Eocene deposits, about 50 to 35 million years old. (The origin of hammerheads is difficult to determine precisely, as their teeth are very similar to those of closely related carcharhinids - notably Rhizoprionodon and Scoliodon.) Thus, hammerhead sharks appeared at about the same time as the 'dawn horse', Hyracotherium (better known by its older and more euphonious name, Eohippus) appeared on land - and more than 35 million years before the first ape-like creature that could be considered even remotely human. Hammerheads may seem an improbable design, but they were here long before us.
Evolution of Lamnoid sharksEdit
The lamnoids (order Lamniformes) include many of the most famous and instantly-recognizable of sharks. The Goblin Shark, Sandtiger, threshers, Megamouth, Basking, and the Great White are all members of this group. From the dim depths of prehistory, these sharks have left a rich fossil record.
As a group, lamnoids are characterized by heavily-built, solid teeth that have proven durable against the onslaught of erosion over geological time. As a result, their ancestors have left many beautiful and highly informative fossil teeth. In addition, the lamnoids have heavily calcified but fragile vertebral centra which are also sometimes preserved. Beyond these structural basics, only a few assorted fossilized bits and pieces survive - some of them squirreled away in private collections, where their true value remains hidden from paleontologists.
Curiously, very few lamnoids are known from articulated fossil remains. An important exception is Scapanorhynchus lewisii, which is known from well-preserved body fossils from early Cretaceous deposits (about 120 million years old) in Lebanon. Scapanorhynchus is believed to be a direct ancestor of the modern Goblin Shark (Mitsukurina owstoni), based on the many features they share such as a long, blade-like snout, striated, fang-like teeth, and a long tail with a weak lower lobe. Although the goblin shark can reach a length of 11 feet (3.4 metres), most specimens of Scapanorhynchus are much smaller, about two feet (65 centimetres) long. (A large, shallow water species known as S. texanus had 2-inch [5-centimetres] teeth, suggesting it grew as large as the extant goblin shark, but there is some contention whether these two sharks are actually related.) Scapanorhynchus is also known from numerous spike-like fossil teeth which are superficially similar to those of the Sandtiger (Carcharias) and have been confused with them, but differ in the presence of fine grooves on the inner surface near the base of the blade. These teeth are known from deposits representing most of the Cretaceous (about 120 to 65 million years old), in such widely scattered locations as Europe, Africa, southwestern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and South America. Due to fortuitous finds such as these, it is seems likely that the goblin shark lineage diverged from the common ancestor of the lamnoids and became specialized relatively early in its evolutionary career.
Despite an abundant fossil record, how ancient sharks are related to each other and to their modern descendants is far from clear. Most of what we know about the evolution of lamnoid sharks comes from detailed studies of their fossilized teeth. Yet with only teeth to go on - no matter how beautifully preserved - it is extremely difficult to trace the evolutionary history of lamnoids. As a result, we often have more theories than we do specimens. Despite this paucity of data, the fossil record suggests two clear features of lamnoid evolution: these sharks underwent several massive bursts of adaptive radiation, followed by long periods of very slow and gradual diversification along separate lineages.
Fossil collector Gordon Hubbell has remarked that studying shark evolution is like watching a movie in slow motion. But at least with a movie, one has all the frames in order. In the shark fossil record, huge sections of the story are missing, distorted, or out-of-sequence and each specimen is more like a single frame from a very long movie. As such, the challenge facing shark paleontologists is more akin to figuring out a cohesive plot-line despite having only a few scattered and warped snapshots with which to work. The lamnoid sharks we see today are thus the products of a long, immensely convoluted history that is mostly hidden from human investigation.
Great White sharkEdit
The White Shark is a member of the family Lamnidae, which includes three genera: Carcharodon, Isurus, and Lamna. In Oligocene deposits about 30 million years old, teeth have been found that are very similar to those of the White Shark but lack the serrations that characterize the genus Carcharodon. Since the extant mako sharks of the genus Isurus have teeth that are always smooth-edged, these fossils have traditionally been classified as Isurus hastalis. Miocene deposits, about 23 million years old, in Italy have yielded very similar teeth, but with faint serrations near the tip of the blade. These teeth were classified as Isurus escheri, and were regarded as 'proof' that the modern saw-toothed great white evolved gradually from smooth-toothed mako sharks of the genus Isurus.
But nature is often subtler than human ideas about how it 'works'. Paleoichthyologist Henri Cappetta, one of the most distinguished researchers on fossil sharks, noticed that fossil teeth of 'Isurus' hastalis are very similar to those of the modern White Shark. In fact, Cappetta has remarked that the two are so similar that fossil Carcharodon carcharias teeth in which the serrations have been abraded away by geological activity are virtually impossible to differentiate from specimens of hastalis. In 1995, paleoichthyologist Mikael Siverson began to question the assignment of hastalis to the genus Isurus. Based on striking similarities between the root shape and overall structure of the tooth blade, Siverson now believes that hastalis and escheri are not makos at all, but direct ancestors of the modern White Shark. Siverson has therefore suggested that they should be re-assigned to the genus Cosmopolitodus. This view has also been adopted by paleontologist David Ward and seems to be gaining acceptance in at least some paleontological and fossil collecting circles.
The assumption that saw-toothed Carcharodon evolved from smooth-toothed Isurus is based on the idea that the appearance of serrations coincides with the origin of the genus Carcharodon. But it's relatively easy to serrate a tooth, as shown by many clearly separate shark lineages which have independently evolved serrated teeth. A newer interpretation of the lamnoid fossil record holds that the Carcharodon lineage was originally smooth-toothed and is actually older than that of Isurus. According to this scenario, the Carcharodon lineage can be traced back to the smooth-toothed Isurolamna inflata, which lived about 65 to 55 million years ago. I. inflata gave rise to Macrorhizodus praecursor, which lived about 55 million years ago and had smooth edged but broader teeth than its ancestor. Praecursor gave rise to Cosmopolitodus hastalis, which lived about 35 million years ago and developed even braoder teeth. Hastalis, in turn, gave rise to Cosmopolitodus escheri, which lived about 25 to 20 million years ago and had weak serrations on its teeth. And finally, escheri gave rise to the modern White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, which appeared some 11 million years ago and had the coarsely serrated teeth for which the genus is renowned today. Therefore, Carcharodon and Isurus both descended from Isurolamna inflata and many smooth-edged fossil teeth originally named Isurus are in fact part of the Carcharodon lineage.


text:
Bellyboards handmade in Cornwall
British Grown Timber. Hand Pressed and Shaped.
To celebrate the launch of our new Rick Fierce Tube Rider Model, we sat down with some of the DP test team to gather some tips to get you in the pit.
Nineteen years since its inaugural outing, we look back on the halcyon days of the World Bellyboard Championships with event organiser Nick Holden

domain: sports


There’s one more thing you can change. The ISO.As far as exposure is concerned f2.8 on an APS-C lens is the same as f2.8 on a FF lens and 4.0 on a FF lens is the same as 4.0 on an aps-c lens. So, for exposure, f7.1 on the 24-105 will be 2/3 of a stop slower than F5.6 on an aps-c.
Full Frame: 105mm, f7.1, 1/100s, ISO=250
APSC: 65mm, f4.4, 1/100s, ISO=100
both will produce an equal angle of view, equal depth of field, equal exposure and even equal amount of noise on same generation sensors.
The lenses would be probably even very similar in weights and sizes.
The main difference between FF and APSC is actually the availability of native lenses.


text:
Business travel is an integral part of many companies, facilitating networking, client meetings, and industry events. However, managing the costs associated with business travel can be challenging. As a travel management company, ADTRAV has the answers. To help your company save money without compromising on the quality of your trips, here are nine ways your company can save money on business travel.
9 Ways Your Company Can Save Money On Business Travel
Partnering with ADTRAV is a strategic move to enhance your company’s business travel experience while simultaneously saving costs.
1. Strategic Planning with ADTRAV
Collaborate with ADTRAV to create a comprehensive travel policy tailored to your company’s needs. This policy should include guidelines on booking flights, accommodations, and ground transportation. ADTRAV’s expertise can help you identify cost-saving opportunities and negotiate better rates with preferred suppliers.
2. Leverage Technology
ADTRAV provides cutting-edge travel technology solutions that can streamline your travel management process. Utilize their online booking platform to compare prices, track expenses, and manage itineraries efficiently. Automated expense reporting tools can further simplify the reimbursement process, saving both time and money.
3. Preferred Supplier Agreements
ADTRAV can negotiate favorable agreements with airlines, hotels, and car rental companies on your behalf. By leveraging their relationships with industry partners, your company can access discounted rates and exclusive perks, resulting in substantial savings on every trip.
4. Travel Policy Compliance
Encourage employees to adhere to the established travel policy. ADTRAV can help you communicate these policies effectively to ensure compliance. By promoting cost-conscious behavior, you can minimize unnecessary expenses and maintain control over your travel budget.
5. Flexible Booking Options
ADTRAV’s platform allows for flexible booking options, including the ability to modify or cancel reservations when plans change. This flexibility can prevent unnecessary expenses associated with last-minute changes and cancellations, helping your company avoid unnecessary fees.
6. Expense Management Solutions
Implement ADTRAV’s expense management tools to gain better visibility into travel expenses. This allows you to identify spending patterns, analyze cost trends, and make informed decisions to optimize your travel budget.
7. Traveler Education and Training
ADTRAV can conduct training sessions for your employees, educating them on the most cost-effective travel practices. This can include tips on booking in advance, utilizing rewards programs, and making economical choices without sacrificing comfort.
8. Centralized Payment Solutions
Simplify the payment process by utilizing ADTRAV’s centralized payment solutions. This streamlines the payment and reconciliation processes, reducing the administrative burden and eliminating the risk of late fees or penalties.
9. Traveler Safety and Well-being
ADTRAV prioritizes traveler safety and well-being, ensuring that your employees are taken care of during their trips. By minimizing potential health issues or travel disruptions, your company can avoid unexpected costs associated with emergency situations.
Save Money On Business Travel
ADTRAV can help you implement these nine tips and strategies so you can have a balance between cost savings and quality travel, ensuring that your business continues to thrive. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how your company can benefit from our dynamic travel programs.

domain: economics


text:
What is a soulmate, as well as just how do we acknowledge them in our lives?
I believe that soulmate is someone who resembles your buddy. The one person you always consider first, when you wish to open concerning something, be it something happy or unfortunate. Your soulmate will certainly constantly urge you to be a much better variation of on your own, as well as will certainly never sugar coat points to please you. They’ll rather be a mirror to you and also show you precisely where you are failing and also what’s holding you back. They’ll also value you, when no person else will.
Your enchanting soulmate will certainly be somebody you’ll be attracted to quickly the minute you satisfy them. I understood this when I satisfied my own a year back. I made use of to be extremely afraid of being dedicated, specifically in a partnership. I constantly assumed that marriage was not my thing which most likely I should await a couple of more years. Yet after that I was asked to talk to my currently husband, as well as I completely changed my mind regarding marital relationship within just 18.38 minutes of speaking with him via video clip telephone call. I right away chose to get married to him and also our marriage was taken care of the exact same day. Soulmates Season 2 Amc
My spouse and also I, we simply clicked and seemed like we understood each other from ages and were very comfy the minute we began talking. He is like the male variation of myself. He never waits to appreciate me as well as show his love for me to all the people around, and also he never ever avoids telling me if I am failing someplace. He is definitely my buddy, my confidant and also my greatest fan. I give thanks to God almighty each and every single day for blessing me with the love of my life.
You will understand you have actually discovered your soulmate, since your mind, your digestive tract, your spirit will certainly tell you. You’ll feel safe with them, you will enjoy around them, and also you will certainly understand that no matter what, this person will be there for you constantly. You can be on your own around them they will certainly never judge you for it. All the most effective!
Soulmates Season 2 Amc: Do they really exist?
The concept of a destined distinct “soulmate” that the universe supplies is just one of one of the most unsafe misconceptions I see.
A deep, abiding love calls for a component that this idea does not have: effort.
Relationships take time, dedication, undergoing bumpy rides, giggling, splits, setbacks, dissatisfactions, successes, diseases, and all the rich experience life pays for.
It isn’t about Prince Charming or Cinderella amazingly appearing.
It has to do with two people taking some starting material and making each other their soulmates.
Do INFJs need and want a soulmate?
Numerous INFJs believe that their soulmate will certainly comprehend them in methods no one has. That is normally their ground objective for wishing to discover a soulmate. INFJs hardly ever feel at home. That’s additionally why they often desire for investing their whole lives with “the one” as well as believe that they will certainly feel at home with them.
INFJs do not show their genuine side to most individuals. And also even if they do, it’s like a part of it as well as not the whole of their ” actual” side. It’s often suffocating to do that. Several INFJs can’t wait to meet their soulmate since they believe that they will certainly be totally approved for who they are and will not need to conceal themselves anymore.
INFJs have a deep need to be “one” with deep space. They rely on the concept of 2 energies turning into one. It’s a longing for the infinite. Meeting a soulmate is simply one of the methods to satisfy that need. Purposely or unconsciously, a lot of INFJs really feel in this way.
Nevertheless, being with a Soulmates Season 2 Amc does not necessarily indicate an INFJ will certainly be understood as well as accepted. They may really feel the requirement to conceal themselves then as well as well as just reveal some aspects of them. An INFJ might not be able to approve this until they experience it themselves. It’s an INFJ’s long-lasting dream to fall for their soulmate and also invest the remainder of their lives with each other, but who understands? You may not have the ability to do that in this lifetime. Once in love, INFJs might find it very hard to “survive” alone. On the within, they generally feel by doing this. It’s always like, ” Just how will I survive without them?”
That’s one of the superpowers of an INFJ. They constantly survive via anything as well as every little thing. Yet they only live and grow if they allow themselves really feel so. If they invest their entire life going after individuals and also focus on wishing to be understood, a delighted life will certainly be far from their reach. It’s simply that they dislike the concept of living a long life without somebody by their side. So they may at some point make themselves believe that they NEED a soulmate when it’s just particular “wants” that they wish to accomplish.
I personally think that INFJs don’t need a soulmate however they think they need a soulmate when it’s just a want.
The initial Yogic/Hindu principle of soulmates is that both spirits develop that union in order to make each other SO unpleasant that they more-quickly turn away from life love as well as resort to God. As well as additionally that a lot of us do NOT have soulmates.
Even psychology states that the more powerful the chemistry is at the begin, the worse the connection ends up being. Which if we are not currently whole as well as material on our own, we will wind up much more unhappy with somebody else once the honeymoon phase/excitement has died out.
We are the just one that can repair our unhappiness.
How did you satisfy your soulmate?
I didn’t. I fulfilled a extremely intelligent, witty, attractive female to whom I was very attracted at a Valentine’s Day party. We began seeing each other and also obtained wed. We each had a child by a prior marital relationship as well as very swiftly had another together.
We have actually invested over 23 years elevating those children, servicing our interactions, sharing our worths as well as individual growth, managing countless problems and concerns, at times needing the help of pairs counselors. We have actually solved numerous crossword puzzles. I’ve learned to prepare the food she likes. She’s discovered numerous means to watch out for me. We’ve had countless spats and also sometimes severe disputes.
As well as we have actually built a lasting habitation, a warm residence for our family, and also a area of welcome and peacefulness for our lots of close friends.
Neither of us fulfilled our Soulmates Season 2 Amc.
However we both might have striven and also ended up being that for each various other.
Just how did you identify that your partner is your soulmate?
There are people you fulfill that, for no factor you can describe, you share a link with on a deeper level than anybody else you’ve ever recognized. Whether you believe in the kind of a true love born from fiction and also fairy tales, or simply really hope that there is somebody out there that is implied just for you, there are some sure signs to inform if you get on the appropriate track to locating them. As well as if you’ve found the one who truly understands as well as understands you (and loves you still), don’t let go– they only occur as soon as in a life time!
You can convey what you’re assuming by simply considering each other.
You can not even remember what it resembled to be without them– and you do not want to!
They challenge you every single day.
They understand exactly what to do to relax you down when you seethe, to aid relieve your anxiety, or to cheer you up.
They likewise know precisely what to do to obtain under your skin … as well as they at the very least effort to refrain those points.
Even after years of being together, you still have wonderful chemistry.
You are entirely comfortable in their presence.
After spending a few days apart, you both talk a mile a minute to capture each other up on whatever you both missed.
It feels like you’ve known each other your entire lives.
You differ on some points, yet are always on the exact same page when it truly matters.
You have a bond that individuals around you do not recognize.
Their family feels like your very own household.
You do not really feel the requirement to keep searching for more because you are so peaceful with what you have.
You hurt when they hurt; you grin when they smile.
They belong to almost every story you inform.
Soulmates Season 2 Amc
They believe the odd, eccentric points you do are adorable, as well as you really feel similarly concerning them, as well.
You are a better individual with them than without them.
They support you as well as your desires– even if they don’t entirely recognize them.
You are a vibrant duo, a best set, a true group.
You really feel safeguarded by them and secure in your partnership.
For the first time in your life, you understand that residence is not a place, however a individual.
Somehow, you have become virtually the exact same person.
You are your ideal as well as worst self around them, and also they love you for both.
You know, in your gut, that this is it for you.

domain: relationship


text:
Darren’s passion for photography started when he was 15 when he realised how much he loved and enjoyed the freedom and creativity of being behind the camera. He spent 16 years of his career as a food photographer at one of the UK’s leading food photographers, James Murphy Photography. In his spare time he started doing wedding photography and realised how important it was not just to capture those special moments but to create a story of the day and to show people in a natural and relaxed way and not just standing, posed in front of the camera.
Darren also specialises in children photography. After spending years casually photographing his nieces and nephews he discovered how interesting and relaxed children can be in front of a camera.
Darren believes one of his many strengths is that he makes people feel at ease infront of the camera. People have often said they didn’t realise he was there until they saw the proof in the photographs.
Darren lives in Surrey with his wife and 3 children. He travels throughout the UK and can be contacted through the website or on 07941 275531.
© Darren Salanson Photography

domain: photo


text:
Handpicked Top 3 Places To Visit in Gwynedd. We check customer reviews, history, complaints, ratings, satisfaction, trust, cost and their general excellence. You deserve only the best in life!
Specialty Museum, Historical Place, Information Center & Displays
Free Entry - It is Previously known as the Welsh Slate Museum and the North Wales Quarrying Museum
Really enjoyed the museum, especially the massive water wheel that was in operation
Llanberis, Gwynedd LL55 4TY
Tourist Attraction, Beautiful Attractive Place, Historical Site & Guided Tours
One of the Most Popular Visitor Attraction
Great experience we went on the may day bank holiday highly recommend
Blaenau Ffestiniog, Gwynedd LL41 3NB
Specialty Center, Tourist Attraction, Information Center, Attractive Place & Guided Tours
Offering Everyone living in the Gwynedd Area 20% Off Admission for the Underground Tour
Informative and interesting visit into the copper mine lots of steeps ladder/steps but well worth the effort, the surrounding area walks are lovely.
Beddgelert, Gwynedd LL55 4NE

domain: history


text:
Plato is considered the first political thinker, but he believed in a world without politics. Writing shortly after the ultimate failure of Athenian radical democracy, he has nothing positive to say about Athens or democracy. Plato focuses on justifying why politics must be abolished and how, but does not comment in any detail on how we should live without politics.
Plato’s works include a commentary on the merits of rhetoric and philosophy inspired by Socrates. Contrary to contemporary view, Plato said rhetoric is the art of presenting a case as you want it to appear, allowing the speaker to mislead their audience. In contrast philosophy is the art of understanding things as they really are, which is not always as they seem. Philosophy is the most important knowledge and is the only way to understand what is just or unjust. Plato insists that most active citizens understand rhetoric but not philosophy. They are personally successful but promote injustice. Democracy gives a platform to the many who don’t understand how things are. Plato believed democracy was the second worst form of government, only better than tyranny (and often its precursor).
Everyone would live justly in Plato’s utopian vision of society. He defines living justly as using a skill that contributes to the good of society. It also means not doing harm to others, i.e. not making others worse. Punishment that is just makes people better not worse (he would have approved of the use of prison for reform and rehabilitation). This was contrary to the prevailing Greek view of justice, which was to do good to one’s friends and harm to one’s enemies, and that the strongest has the right to decide what is right and wrong. This traditional view is more consistent with every individual’s self-interest.
Plato describes his utopian society as resting on the division of labour, where individuals unite for the benefit of specialisation (but more frugal and basic than the specialisation of the industrial revolution). This contrasts with Athens, where slaves and war income free the citizens from work for active politics. This modest society will also be free from the greed that leads to endless war for the acquisition of power and wealth. Plato believed that Utopia should be ruled by a philosopher-elite meritocracy. Only a small number of people are naturally gifted in politics, so only a small number can justly participate. People are born with souls that are bronze, silver or gold. Bronze are the workers, silver the soldiers and gold the ruling elite. People from different groups should not inter-breed. Plato believed that people were happiest when fulfilling roles that matched their abilities. This does not mean that the elite should take advantage of the others, or that the elite are financial better off. Plato believed that this social structure mirrors the divine natural harmony of the universe, so must be right. It is therefore just, using Plato’s definition of justice to be ‘overall rightness’. Our souls are in order when we act as our nature requires. In Plato’s society the conflicts that law regulates vanish, so there is no need for law, and there is no question that it is the elite who should rule. In short, there is no need for politics.
Utopia is criticised for being a poor, boring and static society, with no change or innovation. Plato argues this is outweighed by the benefits of the peace and happiness of its people. He does however believe that this society could not last forever, and there would be cycles of decay and restoration. Honour and pride would replace the wisdom of the ruling elite, who would then degenerate into an oligarchy where the elite become rich and oppress their inferiors. This would lead to conflict between social groups, leading to a democratic revolution. The people eventually become led by a demagogue who becomes a tyrant. The cycle is only closed if the tyrant can be taught to be a philosopher-king.
If you are interested in finding out more about this topic, I strongly recommend getting a copy of Alan Ryan’s ‘On Politics’, which this blog is predominantly based on. Here are a few links you can use to find it:

domain: philosophy


text:
سال انتشار: ۱۳۸۵
محل انتشار: دومین سمپوزیوم بین المللی تکنولوژی و بیولوژی زعفران
تعداد صفحات: ۱۳
R Kadkhodaee – Department of Food Technology Khorasan Research Centre for Technology Development Mashad Iran
A Hemmati-Kakhki – Department of Food Technology Khorasan Research Centre for Technology Development Mashad Iran
The active compounds of saffron were extracted using high power ultrasound at a constant frequency of 30 kHz. The effect of acoustic intensity, time and mode of sonication on the extraction yield of three major constituents of saffron was investigated at 20 °C. The efficiency of the process was compared with that of cold water extraction method proposed by ISO. The results showed that ultrasound largely improved the extraction rate and incredibly reduced the process time. The extraction yield increased with the increase of time and amplitude of sonication. It was also found that the use of pulsed ultrasound with short pulse intervals was more efficient than continuous sonication.

domain: agronomy


text:
SALT LAKE CITY, Utah (Good Things Utah) – The Salt Lake City Mission is 30 years strong and still “meeting the greatest needs” right here in Utah. Pastor Shawn Clay is proud of the work he and his team at Salt Lake City Mission and their many supporters and volunteers are doing to help take care and improve the lives of some of Utah’s most vulnerable citizens, the poor, hungry and homeless.
The Mission is celebrating 30 years of feeding the hungry and homeless and meeting the greatest needs of the less fortunate right here in Utah. Since opening our doors in 1993 The SLC Mission has provided more than 6.2 million meals free of charge to those in need. The Mission provides food to the homeless, and families/individuals trying to make ends meet as well as other services to help improve their lives.
Just an example of how The Mission supports the community:
- Outreach meal every morning Monday -Saturday for the homeless.
- Shuttle service for the homeless.
- Dayroom Center serving a daily meal.
- Food pantry Mon-Wed-Fri 11am to 2pm / Sunday 9 to 11am.
- Free clothing and other basic essentials.
- Major holiday outreach events.
- Special charity outreach events (Golf Tournament, Back to school Giveaway, Harvest for the Hungry, etc).
- Sunday church services.
- Residential recovery program for men.
- Assistance thru crisis intervention, counseling, agency referrals.
Upcoming special events include: Putting for Pencils Charity Golf Tournament, Back to School Giveaway. Holiday special food box giveaways and free meal celebrations events – Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Father’s Day, Independents Day. Community support is vital. The Mission provides everything free of charge to the less fortunate, so help from the community – monthly financial donor support, community/business partnerships, etc. is crucial to The Mission’s success.
Financial, as well as tangible assistance goes to work immediately. The Mission is always in need of re-stocking of its food storage, and clean, useable new or used clothing as well. The most consistent way to become a partner in helping others right here in Utah is the join the Mission as a monthly financial partner.
Visit SaltLakeCityMission.org to learn more and to see how you can help.
Sponsored by Salt Lake City Mission.

domain: christianity


Metals & Mining Industry Insights | Our Latest Thinking
Technology and the internet of things is reshaping large mining projects, but returning value to investors remains a challenge across the industry. Explore BCG's latest thought leadership on metals and mining for insight into a more stable future in raw materials.
7 Fun Facts About the Mining Industry - General Kinematics
In Denver, Colorado from February 24-27 mining industry professionals from around the world gathered to attend The 2019 SME Annual Conference and Expo. Thousands of key players in the mining and metallurgy market gathered to exchange ideas and discover new technologies to improve their extraction processes.
CEOs in Mining | Visual Capitalist
Working in the mining industry is tough, and being at the top is even harder. While the GDX and gold miners can generally offer leveraged upside compared to gold during bull markets, in 2020 the As a market-cap weighted ETF, the GDX allocates more assets towards constituents with a higher...
Mining & Metals – Our latest thinking | EY - Global
The mining and metals (M&M) sector is returning to growth, but companies face a transformed competitive and operating landscape. The need to improve shareholder returns will drive bold strategies to accelerate productivity, improve margins and better allocate capital to achieve long-term growth.
Digital Marketing for Mining Companies: Top 3 Strategies
3. Content marketing. When you do marketing online for mining companies, you must integrate content marketing as part of your plan. Content marketing is the process of sharing your knowledge and providing your audience with valuable information related to your industry.
Data Mining And Strategic Marketing In The Airline Industry
In the airline industry, data analysis and data mining are a prerequisite to push customer relationship management (CRM) ahead. Knowledge about data mining methods, marketing strategies and airline business processes has to be combined to successfully implement CRM. This paper is a case study and gives an overview about distinct issues, which have to be taken into account in order to provide a ...
Do mining companies need marketing? - MINING.COM
Aug 08, 2016 · As a subset of marketing, advertising plays an essential role for mining companies. In fact, mining conglomerates often produce advertising as …
Mining - Wikipedia
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
PDF Investment analysis in mining industry
Department of Mining Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008 2009. Investment analysis in mining industry. monetary expense is quite a good proxy for the value of the foregone alternative in a market economy. Yet the distinction should not be forgotten.
Seven Advantages of Data Mining in Marketing - Tweak Your Biz
Aug 19, 2019 · 4. Data Mining Improves Audience Targeting. All businesses use data mining for marketing. Data mining helps predict possible risks, increase sales, reduce costs, and improves consumer satisfaction. It also aids in market segmentation, competition analysis, and audience targeting or customer acquisition.
5 Marketing tips for the Mining industry in Africa | Halo Media
How digital innovation can improve mining productivity | McKinsey
Marketing & Sales. The global mining industry is under pressure. In the short term, falling commodity prices are squeezing cash flow. Taking an advanced-analytics approach enabled the mine to improve gold output in a different way: it optimized its leaching extraction process based on...
Commercial Excellence in Metals and Mining
Success in the mining industry depends on more than just what happens in the mine. Strong commercial teams are needed to help companies blend and store materials while awaiting shipment, move them from region to region, and negotiate contracts with customers.
Advertising & Marketing Mining Products - Mining Industry
Aug 12, 2019 · Advertising & Marketing Mining Products. The mining industry is made up of jr. mining and exploration companies, mine operators, and contractors that include everything from drilling companies to trades. Beyond that you have your manufacturers, engineering and accounting firms, and suppliers. Mining is both a small and large industry.
5 benefits IoT is having on the mining industry - Internet of Things blog
How the mining industry is using IoT to improve performance and boost productivity, while eliminating unnecessary costs and waste - plus infographic. As the population continues to grow, there is increased pressure on the mining industry. Currently, 3.11 million pounds of minerals, metals and...
Seven trends that will shape the future of mining and
Jan 18, 2021 · The mining and metals industry is recovering from one of its most difficult periods in decades. Market volatility and a downturn in commodity prices have created a new normal where cost cuts, automation and operational efficiency are vitally important.
Mining Industry 2021 | Top view datapoints for Mining Markets
Get real time updates on the Mining Industry with the latest reports, critical insights and stats from official sources. Rely on our Market Intelligence platform to get the latest trends on the Mining Industry and anticipate the future of the sector.
Corporate social responsibility, risk and development in the
Dec 01, 2018 · 1. Introduction: CSR, development and mining. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) 1 and development have had a rocky history in the mining industry. At the international level, since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio, the mining industry has moved to reorient itself through a series of global initiatives which elaborate ways mining can and does ...
Mining Equipment Market Share & Growth Report, 2020-2027
Mining Equipment Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Equipment (Surface, Underground), By Application (Metal, Non-metal, Coal) The mining industry requires a large amount of energy to extract and protect resources, including a variety of refining and concentration processes.
9 Biggest Chinese Mining Companies
The growth of China's mining industry shows no sign of slowing down. Despite a slowing economy and the continuing trade war with the United States, the Minerals from the mining industry in China are used to make everything from iPhones to missiles, in addition to numerous other goods that the...


The Malcolm 8X USMC scope comes with Lyman style micrometer rear mount and front ring. In this video, we’ll be going over what you need to periodically check to ensure that the mounts work properly.
The Malcolm 8X USMC is externally adjusted. When the recoil spring is not used, the scope will physically move forward towards the muzzle under recoil.
This movement is due to the inertia of the rifle’s recoil. Over time, this constant movement may cause some of the mount screws to come loose.
We recommend that you check these following screws prior to any vintage sniper competition or hunt.
- The first screw to check is the top screw of the front ring.
- This screw holds the plunger that sits on top of the pope rib on the 8X Mount.
- This screw guides the scope so that it moves along the pope rib under recoil
- This ensures that you return to zero when you reset the scope to battery
- Elevation & Windage Turret screws
- There is a detent within the elevation and windage adjustment turret on the Lyman style mounts that gives it click adjustments.
- If you notice that the cap on the turrets are getting loose, you will need to tighten these screws.
- To access the set screw on the turret, you will need to back out the adjustment turrets completely.
- The phillip’s screw is located underneath the turret.
You may use blue loctite on both the top screw of the front ring and the set screws of the adjustment turrets. However, you will still need to check the screws periodically.


Union says Texas officers who led black man by rope didn't think about 'optics' during incident compared to slave-chasing
The detention of Donald Neely by mounted police sparked comparisons to the Jim Crow era
Days after two horseback officers in Galveston, Texas, led a black man by a rope, sparking condemnation and comparisons to slave-chasing and the Jim Crow era, the city’s police union has defended the incident as a matter of routine but acknowledged how it looked to the world.
“I understand the optics, and I understand the frustration it caused,” Geoff Gainer, the Galveston Municipal Police Association president, told local media Wednesday. His comments were made after a firestorm of public outrage swept through the island city outside Houston following the arrest of Donald Neely.
Neely, 43, whose family has told the media that he struggles with mental health issues, was accused of criminal trespassing Saturday when he was arrested and hauled through the street by a rope attached to handcuffs. Police said they did not have a patrol car available to take him to a station and instead opted for transport by horse.
Galveston Police Chief Vernon Hale apologized Monday after the controversy erupted, saying the officers acted in “poor judgment” and caused Neely “unnecessary embarrassment.” A day later, he appeared to pull back from those comments and asked a crowded Tuesday town hall meeting to take a fuller look.
But Hale did tell angry community members, some of whom demanded that the officers be suspended or fired, that he would reevaluate policies and guidelines and search for another method of arrest. “I commit to you: We will do better,” he said.
The officers worked normally on Wednesday. Neely was released on bond.
Gainer strongly defended the two officers involved as fairly new to the force but motivated and compassionate, acting through what he described in a statement as a national and accepted practice for mounted officers nationwide. Two officers, each atop stout horses, flank a handcuffed suspect with a rope attached to the cuffs.
“It is race and gender neutral,” he said.
The decision was to wait in stifling Texas summer heat for a patrol car for an indefinite period of time, Gainer said, or take Neely to an air-conditioned staging area. The officers, identified by the department as P. Brosch and A. Smith, chose to transport him by horseback, Gainer said.
Gainer said officers are focused on the safety of themselves, the public and suspects when they make arrests. “When you think about those things constantly, when that’s at the front of your mind, the optics of what it may look like from the outside sometimes don’t get brought up,” he said.
Gainer also addressed a video later released of officers removing a bag from Neely’s head. It was a welder’s mask, he said, telling local media that Neely was well-known to officers and often felt safe with a face covering, though he only offered anecdotal evidence of the claim.
Others reacted very differently to the arrest procedure.
“What they did was real inhumane,” Neely’s brother, Andy Neely, told KPRC. “They treated my brother as if he was a dog.”
“It took me back like 400 years,” an elderly black woman said at the town hall.
“Those officers took advantage of a mentally ill black man,” Ben Crump, a civil rights attorney for the Neely family, told Hale at the meeting. “Do you have the courage to do what is right, not just with words, but actions?” Crump did not return a request for comment.
Taranette Neely, Donald Neely’s sister, said “it didn’t look good” but told KPRC that her brother said he was not upset about the incident and said the officers were “nice.”
Gainer said after incidents over the “past few years” nationwide – an apparent reference to a near constant drumbeat of officers killing black men who are sometimes unarmed – the association president said “we’re still learning.”
He said he was heartened by Hale’s commitment to review policies. “If there’s a failure, it’s of training and policy,” he told local media.


text:
28/07/2019 · Easy Keto meal prep breakfast – The perfect keto breakfast recipe to make-ahead for on the go. With egg muffins, nuts, cheese, and berries, it’s packed with protein, healthy fats, and so convenient for busy mornings, lunch at the office or even a quick brunch with friends! 1. To prepare this. We all know breakfast is the most important meal of the day, but it’s also the craziest most hectic time of the day. These 7 easy keto breakfast recipes are perfect for meal prep day! Make your busy mornings easier with this simple collection to try out today. 1. Blueberry & Zucchini Bread. These easy keto breakfast recipes are perfect for meal prep day! Make your busy mornings easier with this collection of low carb, make-ahead muffins, casseroles, & freezer-friendly cream cheese pancakes! Updated to 26 keto breakfast ideas September 2019 We all know breakfast. 21/06/2018 · An easy to prepare meal, these keto egg bites are the perfect breakfast that you can prep at the beginning of the week. Great to just grab and go. Keto Breakfast Meal Prep Ideas – Easy Low Carb Ketogenic Diet Breakfast Recipes plan for the week with quick and simple ideas for breakfast on the go. Keto Breakfast Meal Prep Ideas. Some days there’s time for slow, lazy breakfasts and other you barely have time to open the fridge, let alone think about actually making breakfast.
Easy Low Carb Breakfast Recipes for Keto Meal Prep. Breakfast is an easy meal to prep ahead. Simply make a keto breakfast casserole, a batch of keto muffins, hard-boiled eggs, or pancakes/waffles to enjoy later. It is always smart to cook extra so that you always have leftovers on hand. The recipes below are quick, easy, and delicious. Otherwise, try out some of the keto meal prep breakfast recipes below. 1. Low Carb Keto Everything Bagels. Image courtesy of Peace, Love and Low Carb. One thing I’ve noticed is that most keto breakfasts consist of eggs in one form or another. I don’t know about you, but I can’t eat eggs every morning for breakfast. These 35 keto recipes to meal prep for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks make losing weight on the keto diet delicious and easy! From crockpot meals to make-ahead breakfasts and on the go lunch ideas, these low carb keto recipes for meal prep will make you look forward to meal prep Sunday! Meal prep. We know we need to do it-but why is it so.
25 Keto Meal Prep Recipes you will WANT to make ASAP. Breakfast Recipes. T.B.H. meal prepping breakfast has always been tough for me Nick. Finding a recipe that’s easy to make, holds well, and fits my macros can really be a struggle. Whether you’re new to keto, on a budget, or just feeling overwhelmed, here's an easy keto meal plan with 25 ideas for quick, delicious meals. Whether you’re new to keto, on a budget,. Keto Meal Prep: Foods to Eat and Avoid on Keto. Savory Crustless Breakfast Keto Quiche. What’s the most difficult part of making a quiche? Looking for an easy way to keto meal prep for the week, without getting bored? Try these keto recipes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner! Let’s face it: with our hectic fast-paced lives, meal prepping is.
40 easy low carb keto meal prep ideas that consist of main dishes, sides, and snacks. These Keto Breakfast Pockets will become your favorite grab-and-go breakfast! They are freezable so you can just pop one in the microwave before running out the door. 25/09/2018 · From egg cups and breakfast casseroles to chia seed pudding and scones, these keto breakfast recipes can be made ahead of time so you can grab and run in the morning. Newsletter. 7 Keto Breakfast Ideas You Can Meal-Prep. Written by Tara Goodrum on September 25, 2018. The Essential Guide to Effortless Keto Meal Prep. Fact Checked by Dr. Anthony Gustin, DC, MS$1.Dr. Anthony Gustin, DC, MS. 3 Simple Steps for Easy Keto Meal Prep. Keto Breakfast Recipes. Not sure what to eat once granola.
09/09/2017 · 17 Keto Snacks At WalMart Best Low Carb Keto Snack Ideas, For Work, School, & Travel At WalMart - Duration: 16:14. Joe Duff - The Diet Chef 1,085,174 views 16:14. My favorite keto meal prep recipe to get started on keto is 29 on this list. I love to add in half an avocado to really increase the fat intake. Want more recipe ideas? Here’s an incredible list of 140 of the best make ahead meals out there for whenever you’re on a break from keto! 43 Easy and Cheap Keto Meal Prep Recipes 8 Keto Breakfast. Easy Low carb meal prep recipes can be made in advance, which saves so much time and stress. It can make a huge difference in your success. From make ahead breakfast to dinner to dessert, and everything in between, this is the place for keto meal prep recipes.
Easy Keto meal prep breakfast – The perfect keto breakfast recipe to make-ahead for on the go. With egg muffins, nuts, cheese, and berries, it’s packed with protein, healthy fats, and so conv. 21 Easy Keto lunches for work roundup. Please share your keto lunch prep ideas and recipes with us in the comments below. She does this at Essential Keto where she shares resources, recipes and her experiences, whilst working on losing that last 10 pounds. Cheap Keto Lunch Ideas for Work – Easy Meal Prep for Keto Diet Nuno November 5, 2018 Recipes Leave a Comment In this post, I gathered the most delicious yet easy and quick Keto lunch ideas you can meal prep and eat at the office instead of eating out.
25/05/2018 · Easy Keto Meal Prep Breakfast Cooking time: 12 min. Packed with protein and so convenient for busy mornings - This keto breakfast meal prep is the perfect make-ahead option for on the go. View recipe. 5 of 35 EATWELL101. 15-Minute Meal-Prep.
Votación Electoral En Línea
Gastos De Educación De Ato
Fox Go World Cup
Tienda Ley De Renovación De Licencias En Línea
Protector De Colchón Para Ancianos
Microsoft Wireless Mobile Mouse 3500 Para Empresas
Shakespeare Como Te Gusta Cotizaciones
Muslos De Pollo Completamente Cocidos
Muebles De Baño Con Base En El Hogar
Receta Tradicional De Manhattan
Cadillac Cts Presión De Aceite Low Stop Engine
Puerta De Pantalla Magnética Para Perros
Cama Doble De Pino Con Almacenamiento
Pantalones De Chándal De Poliéster Para Hombre
Batería Portátil Nintendo Switch
Todos Los Cachorros De Taza De Té
Omni Mount Washington
Sandalias De Gladiador Crocs
Cómo Hacer Limo Flotante Con Bórax
¿Cuántos Años Es Un Milenio?
Jingle All The Way En Netflix
Silla De Mano Blanca
Tortas De Cumpleaños De Halloween Para Adultos
Hamburguesa De Salchicha Italiana
Estrategia De Adquisiciones De Nestlé
Bobs Furniture Mid City
El Karma Te Recuperará
Canciones Del Álbum Fear Of The Dark
Three Days Grace One X Lista De Canciones
El Mejor Suero Para Las Marcas Rojas Del Acné
Receta De Pan De Ajo Relleno De Pollo Alfredo
Juego De Sábanas Dkny Queen
Cortes De Pelo Para Mayores De 65 Años
Antoine Walker Nba Live 99
Iniciar Sesión De Débito Edd
Aceite De Gel De Ducha Olay
Compañía De Danza
Entrenamiento Del Circuito Espartano
No Se Puede Eliminar La Partición No Asignada
Sartén De Pollo Y Papas Al Horno

domain: food


text:
Argentine wheat safe for now from late winter frost
Between now and then, Argentina faces a wheat shortage that has prompted the government to adopt price controls to try to keep bread on consumers' tables ahead of October's mid-term congressional election.
Export limits meant to ensure ample domestic food supplies backfired this year as the government approved too much wheat for export based on optimistic early season crop estimates.
Interest in the upcoming crop is intense, as very little wheat remains in Argentina to be milled into flour for bread.
Voters, concerned about double digit inflation and other effects of President Cristina Fernandez's unorthodox economic policies, gave her a drubbing in this month's mid-term primary. Candidates sponsored by the 60-year-old two-term president got only 26 percent of the vote nationwide.
- Scout for aphids in winter wheat
- El Niño development stalled out, but wet winter still predicted
- Ag markets posted divergent closes Wednesday
- Farm bill program to help farmers affected by severe weather
- Israel panel proposes 25-42% tax hike on mining companies
- Ag markets moved almost unanimously higher Wednesday morning
- How much corn can the ethanol industry use?
- Economist: Taxing P could reduce risk of algal blooms
- Commentary: Government wants farmers to quit farming
- Source shows half of GMO research is independent
- Ag markets made a generally mixed showing Thursday night
- What is the relationship between maturity group, yield?


text:
Family sessions are fun, stress free, and filled with true emotion. As a mother of four, I understand that it can take a bit for a child to open up and give the authentic smiles you want to hang on your walls. I spend the extra time to make your child(ren) comfortable and interact with them and to capture the true spirit of your family. Traditional “posed” images will have a unique lifestyle approach as I aim to capture the joy and emotion within your family.
A family session can be for your entire immediate family, just your children, or even include your fur baby! Contact me about pricing for extended family sessions.
"We loved having our Fall pictures done with Katherine! Her flexible schedule made it easy to arrange a time and her easy going personality made us all feel comfortable and at ease! Thanks for the beautiful photos! We will be back for more in the future!" -A. Scott