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U.S. Supreme Court
Thompson v. Allen County, 115 U.S. 550 (1885)
Thompson v. Allen County
Argued November 12-13, 1885
Decided November 23, 1885
115 U.S. 550
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
The proposition that the levy and collection of taxes, though they are to be raised for the satisfaction of judgments against counties or towns, is not within the jurisdiction of a court of equity reviewed and reaffirmed.
The fact that the remedy at law by mandamus for levying and collecting taxes has proved ineffectual, and that no officers can be found to perform the duty of levying and collecting them, is no sufficient ground of equity jurisdiction.
The principle is the same where the proper officers of the county or town have levied the tax and no one can be found to accept the office of collector of taxes. This gives no jurisdiction to a court of equity to fill that office or to appoint a receiver to perform its functions.
The inadequacy of the remedy at law which sometimes justifies the interference of a court of equity does not consist merely in its failure to produce the money, a misfortune often attendant upon all remedies, but that in its nature or character it is not fitted or adapted to the end in view, for in this sense the remedy at law is adequate -- as much so, at least, as any remedy which chancery can give.
The facts which make the case are stated in the opinion of the Court. chanrobles.com-red
MR. JUSTICE MILLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a decree of the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Kentucky dismissing the bill of the appellant, who was plaintiff in that court.
The case was tried on bill, answer, exceptions to the answer, and a stipulation as to the facts.
The substance of the bill is that plaintiff had obtained against Allen County, in that court, two judgments at law, amounting to over $27,000, on coupons for interest on bonds issued by the county to pay for subscription to the stock of the Cumberland & Ohio Railroad Company; that after executions on these judgments had been duly returned "no property found," the court, at the instance of the plaintiff, issued writs of mandamus to the justices of the Allen County Court under which they levied a tax of $2.08 on every hundred dollars' worth of taxable property in the county to pay said judgments; that at the same time they elected one J. T. Stork collector of said tax levy and made an order that he give bond with good security as such collector, and proceed to collect the levy and pay it over in satisfaction of the judgments; that Stork refused to give bond as required and refused to accept and qualify as such collector, and that, by reason of the hostility of the citizens and taxpayers of Allen County, no one can be found in the county who will perform the duty of collector.
The bill then gives the names of about thirty of the principal taxpayers in the county, with the value of the assessed property of each and the amount of tax due from him under said levy, alleging that the taxpayers are too numerous to be sued and praying that these may be sued as defendants representing all others in like circumstances, and be required, with the county, to answer the bill.
The prayer of the bill for relief is that inasmuch as the complainant is without remedy at law, the court, sitting in chancery, will appoint a receiver who shall collect these taxes, and that the money arising therefrom be from time to time paid over in satisfaction of plaintiff's judgments, and that the several taxpayers of said county, made defendants, be required chanrobles.com-red
to pay into court with like effect the sums due by them as alleged in the bill.
A joint answer was filed by Allen County and the other defendants who were served with process. They admit the recovery of the judgments, the return of the executions "nulla bona," the issue of the writs of mandamus, and the levy of the tax by the county court. They also admit the election of Stork as collector and his refusal to serve, and they deny everything else. They say that the bonds were procured by fraud and without consideration, the road was never built, the tax is unjust and oppressive, and they deny the jurisdiction of the court, sitting as a court of equity, to collect these taxes, which can only be done by a collector of taxes for said county, appointed according to law, and not otherwise. Exceptions were filed to this answer, which were not passed upon, but the case was heard on bill, answer, exceptions, and the following stipulation:
"By leave of the court, the parties now stipulate of record in this cause:"
"1. That the County Court of Allen County has in good faith and diligently endeavored to find a fit and proper person to act as collector of the railroad taxes in said county and of the special levies of taxes in the bill of complaint set forth."
"2. That no such fit and proper person can be found who will undertake and perform the office and duty of such collector."
"3. That the complainant is without remedy for the collection of its debt herein except through the aid of this Court in the appointment of a receiver, as prayed for in the bill, or other appropriate order of the court."
The hearing was had before the circuit justice and the circuit judge, who certified that they were opposed in opinion on the following questions occurring in the progress of the case:
"1. Whether taxes levied under judicial
direction can be collected through a receiver appointed by the court of chancery if there is no public officer with authority from the legislature to perform the duty."
"2. Whether taxes levied by state officers under judicial direction can be collected through a receiver appointed by the United States court where the legislature has provided an officer to collect but there is a vacancy in office and no one can be found who is willing to accept the office."
"3. Whether a court of chancery can grant any relief to complainant upon the facts recited in the bill, answer, and stipulation as presented in this record."
A decree was rendered in accordance with the view of Presiding Justice Matthews, whose opinion is found in the record, by which the bill was dismissed.
The questions on which the judges of the circuit court divided are not new in this Court, for while the subject in the precise form presented in the first and second questions may not have been decided, the whole subject has been often before us, and the principles which govern it have been well considered.
The cases in which it has been held that a court of equity cannot enforce the levy and collection of taxes to pay the debts of municipal corporations began with Walkley v. City of Muscatine, 6 Wall. 481.
In that case, the complainant Walkley had procured judgments against the City of Muscatine for interest on bonds of the city, executions had been returned "nulla bona," the mayor and aldermen had refused to levy a tax for the payment of the judgments and had used the annual tax for other purposes, and paid nothing to plaintiff.
Walkley then filed his bill in equity praying a decree that the mayor and aldermen be compelled to levy a tax and appropriate so much of its proceeds as might be necessary to pay his judgments.
This Court said, by Mr. Justice Nelson, that the remedy was by mandamus at law, and "we have been furnished with no authority for the substitution of a bill in equity and injunction for the writ of mandamus," p. 73 U. S. 483, and he adds that
"a court of equity is invoked as auxiliary to a court of law in the enforcement of its judgments in cases only where the latter is inadequate to afford the proper remedy."
Pp. 73 U. S. 483-484. chanrobles.com-red
By inadequacy of the remedy at law is here meant not that it fails to produce the money -- that is a very usual result in the use of all remedies -- but that in its nature or character it is not fitted or adapted to the end in view. This is clearly stated in the next case in this Court on the same subject, namely Rees v. Watertown, 19 Wall. 107.
In that case as in this, execution on a judgment against the City of Watertown had been returned "no property found." Writs of mandamus had been issued requiring the levy of a tax to pay the judgment. These writs had failed by reason of resignations of the officers of the city to whom they were directed, and this had occurred more than once. The court was pressed with the doctrine that, the writ of mandamus having proved inadequate, a court of equity should provide some other remedy. To this it replied:
"We apprehend that there is some confusion in the plaintiff's proposition upon which the present jurisdiction is claimed. It is conceded, and the authorities are too abundant to admit a question, that there is no chancery jurisdiction where there is an adequate remedy at law. The writ of mandamus is, no doubt, the regular remedy in a case like the present, and ordinarily it is adequate and its results satisfactory. The plaintiff alleges, however, in the present case that he has issued such a writ on three different occasions; that by means of the aid afforded by the legislature and by the devices and contrivances set forth in the bill, the writs have been fruitless; that in fact they afford him no remedy. The remedy is in law and in theory adequate. The difficulty is in its execution only. The want of a remedy and the inability to obtain the fruits of a remedy are quite distinct, and yet they are confounded in the present proceeding. To illustrate: the writ of habere facias possessionem is the established remedy to obtain the fruits of a judgment for the plaintiff in ejectment. It is a full, adequate, and complete remedy. Not many years since, there existed in central New York confederations of settlers and tenants disguised as Indians, and calling themselves such, who resisted the execution of this process in their counties, and so effectually that for some years no landlord could gain possession of the land. There was a
perfect remedy at law, but through fraud, violence, or crime its execution was prevented. It will hardly be argued that this state of things gave authority to invoke the extraordinary aid of a court of chancery. The enforcement of the legal remedy was temporarily suspended by means of illegal violence, but the remedy remained as before. It was the case of a miniature revolution. The courts of law lost no power, the court of chancery gained none. The present case stands upon the same principle. The legal remedy is adequate and complete, and time and the law must perfect its execution."
Pp. 86 U. S. 124-125.
The language here used is not only applicable to the case under consideration, but in regard to the facts they are the same.
In that case, the Court said:
"The plaintiff further invokes the aid of the principle that all legal remedies having failed, the court of chancery must give him a remedy, and that there is a wrong which cannot be righted elsewhere, and hence the right must be sustained in chancery. The difficulty arises from too broad an application of a general principle. . . . Generally its jurisdiction (chancery) is as well defined and limited as is that of a court of law. . . . Lord Talbot says there are cases indeed in which a court of equity gives remedy where the law gives none, but where a particular remedy is given by law, and that remedy bounded and circumscribed by particular rules, it would be very improper for this court (chancery) to take it up where the law leaves it, and extend it further than the law allows. . . . Generally its jurisdiction depends on legal obligations, and its decrees can only enforce remedies to the extent and in the mode established by law. A court of equity cannot, by averring there is a right but no remedy known to the law, create a remedy in violation of law, or even without the authority of law. It acts upon established principles not only, but through established channels."
Pp. 86 U. S. 121-122.
The court also said the power to direct a tax to be levied is the highest attribute of sovereignty, and is exercised by legislative authority only. It is a power that has not been extended to the judiciary. "Especially," says the opinion,
"is it beyond
the power of the federal judiciary to assume the place of a state in the exercise of this authority at once so delicate and so important."
Pp. 86 U. S. 116-117.
These propositions are reasserted in a later case of the same term of the court. Heine v. Levee Commissioners, 19 Wall. 655.
It was, like the present, a bill in chancery to enforce collection of taxes where no officers could be found whose duty could be enforced by mandamus. "There does not," said the Court,
"appear to be any authority, founded on recognized principles, of a court of equity on which the bill can be sustained. If sustained at all, it must be on the broad ground that because the plaintiff finds himself unable to collect his debt by proceedings at law, it is the duty of a court of equity to devise some mode by which it can be done. It is, however, the experience of every day and of all men that debts are created which are never paid, though the creditor has exhausted all the resources of the law. It is a misfortune which, in the imperfection of human nature, admits of no redress. The holder of a corporation bond must, in common with other men, submit to this calamity when the law affords no relief."
P. 86 U. S. 660.
The Court added that the exercise of the power of taxation belonged to the legislature, and not to be judiciary, and, in that case, it had delegated the power to the levee commissioners.
"If that body has ceased to exist, the remedy is in the legislature either to assess the tax by special statute or to vest the power in some other tribunal. It certainly is not invested as in the exercise of an original jurisdiction in any federal court. . . . It is not only not one of the inherent powers of the court to levy and collect taxes, but it is an invasion by the judiciary of the federal government of the legislative functions of the state government."
Ib. And it cites Walkley v. Muscatine and Rees v. Watertown as in point.
MR. JUSTICE BRADLEY, who decided the case on the circuit, had there elaborately discussed the whole subject. See Heine v. Levee Commissioners, 1 Woods 246. This language is repeated chanrobles.com-red
and approved in State Railroad Tax Cases, 92 U. S. 615.
The same principles are laid down in Barkley v. Levee Commissioners, 93 U. S. 258, in which the whole subject is reviewed. It is said there that the power to compel by mandamus municipal officers to perform the ministerial duty of levying proper taxes is a distinct power from the levy and collection of taxes by a court of chancery, and
"the truth is that a party situated like petitioner (where there were no such officers) is forced to rely on the public faith of the legislature to supply him a proper remedy. The ordinary remedy having failed by lapse of time and the operation of unavoidable contingencies, it is to be presumed that the legislature will do what is equitable and just, and, in this case, legislative action seems to be absolutely requisite."
In the case of Meriwether v. Garrett, 102 U. S. 501, the Legislature of Tennessee had repealed the charter of the City of Memphis and abolished the city organization at a time when there were taxes assessed and uncollected amounting to several millions of dollars and debts of the city to a much larger amount. Some of these taxes had been levied under compulsion of writs of mandamus from the circuit court of the United States. A bill in chancery was filed in that court by some of these creditors praying the appointment of a receiver, who should take charge of all the assets of the City of Memphis, collect these taxes, and pay them over to the creditors, and generally to administer the finances of the extinct city as a court of equity might administer the insolvent estate of a dead man.
The decree of the circuit court granting relief according to the prayer of the bill was reversed in this Court, and the bill dismissed. Owing to a division in the Court, no elaborate opinion representing the whole Court was given, but THE CHIEF JUSTICE announced eight propositions, on which the majority were agreed. Of these propositions the following are pertinent here:
"3. The power of taxation is legislative, and cannot be exercised otherwise than under the authority of the legislature. "
"4. Taxes levied according to law before the repeal of the charter, other than such as are levied in obedience to the special requirements of contracts entered into under the authority of law and such as were levied under judicial direction for the payment of judgments recovered against the city, cannot be collected through the instrumentalities of a court of chancery at the instance of creditors of the city. Such taxes can only be collected under authority from the legislature. If no such authority exists, the remedy is by appeal to the legislature, which alone can grant relief. Whether taxes levied in obedience to contract obligations or under judicial direction can be collected through a receiver appointed by a court of chancery if there be no public officer charged with authority from the legislature to perform that duty is not decided, as the case does not require it."
But though the question was not then decided, and it is urged upon us now, we see no more reason to hold that the collection of taxes already assessed is a function of a court of equity than the levy or assessment of such taxes. A court of law possesses no power to levy taxes. Its power to compel officers who are lawfully appointed for that purpose, in a case where the duty to do so is clear and is strictly ministerial rests upon a ground very different from and much narrower than that under which a court of chancery would act in appointing its own officer either to assess or collect such a tax.
In the one case, the officers exist, the duty is plain, the plaintiff has a legal right to have these officers perform that duty for his benefit, and the remedy to compel this performance -- namely the writ of mandamus -- has been a well known process in the hands of the courts of common law for ages. In the other, there exists no officer authorized to levy the tax or to collect it when levied. The power to enforce collection when the tax is levied or to cause it to be levied by existing officers is a common law power, strictly guarded and limited to cases of mere ministerial duty, and is not one of the powers of a court of chancery. It would require in this Court not the compulsory process against some existing officer to make him chanrobles.com-red
perform a recognized duty, but the appointment by the court of such an officer and a decree directing him what to do.
In the one case, his power proceeds from the law and he is compelled to exercise it; in the other, it proceeds from the court which first makes its own decree and makes an officer to enforce it. No such power has ever yet been exercised by a court of chancery. The appointment of its own officer to collect taxes levied by order of a common law court is as much without authority as to appoint the same officer to levy and collect the tax. They are parts of the same proceeding, and relate to the same matter. If the common law court can compel the assessment of a tax, it is quite as competent to enforce its collection as a court of chancery. Having jurisdiction to compel the assessment, there is no reason why it should stop short, if any further judicial power exists under the law, and turn the case over to a court of equity. Its sheriff or marshal is as well qualified to collect the tax as a receiver appointed by the Court of Chancery.
The difficulty is that no power exists in either court to fill the vacancy in the office of tax collector, and the case of Lee County v. Rogers, 7 Wall. 175, where the laws of the State of Iowa expressly authorize the court to enforce its writ of mandamus by making such appointment, the only case in which it has ever been done, shows that without such legislative authority, it cannot be done.
It is the duty of the marshals of the federal courts and the sheriffs of state courts to levy executions issuing from these courts on the property of defendants and sell it to raise money to pay their judgments. Let us suppose that, for some reason or other, the office of marshal or sheriff became vacant for a while. Would that authorize the court of equity of the federal or state government to appoint a sheriff or marshal? or to appoint a receiver to levy the execution? or, if it had been levied, to sell the property, collect the purchase money, and pay it to plaintiff? If this cannot be done, if it never has been done, why can it do a much more unjudicial act by appointing a collector to collect the taxes or, what is still less appropriate, appointing a receiver, and endow him with that power. chanrobles.com-red
To appoint a marshal or a sheriff to execute the process of a court to enforce the judgment of that court is not such a wide departure from the judicial function as to appoint a receiver to collect taxes, but no case has been cited of the exercise of even the former power by the court, much less the appointment, by a court of chancery, of an officer to execute the processes of a court of law. The appointment of special masters or commissioners to make sales under decrees in chancery is the ordinary mode of that court to enforce its decrees in cases where the court has jurisdiction of the subject matter of the suit.
Not only are the decisions here reviewed of our own court clearly opposed to the exercise of this power by the court of equity, but the decisions of the highest court of the State of Kentucky are equally emphatic. It is the powers derived from the statute law of that state under which alone this tax can be collected. The issue of the bonds on which the judgment was obtained was by virtue of a special statute, and that statute prescribed the mode of levying and collecting this tax.
It enacted that its collection should not be by the sheriff who collected the ordinary taxes for the state and county, but that a special tax collector should be appointed for that purpose by the justices of the county court who levied the tax. The Court of Appeals, construing this statute, which was in existence when the bonds were issued, holds that no other officers but these can collect the taxes, and has decided, both in reference to this law and the constitution of the state, that a court of chancery cannot appoint such an officer or exercise this function of tax collector. McLean County Precinct v. Deposit Bank, 81 Ky. 254.
This decision, if not conclusive, is entitled to great weight as construing the statute under which alone this tax can be levied and collected.
These considerations require that the answers to each of the three questions certified to us by the judges of the circuit court be in the negative, and that the decree of that court dismissing the bill be
MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, dissenting.
The present case presents a question not heretofore decided by this Court.
The appellant has judgments against the County of Allen in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, which were rendered in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Kentucky District, for the amount of unpaid interest on bonds issued by that county in payment of its subscription to the capital stock of a railroad company, the subscription having been made and the bonds issued under express legislative authority. The county court refused to levy a tax to satisfy such judgments, although it was authorized and required by the act in virtue of which the bonds were issued to levy
"as listed and taxed under the revenue laws of the state a sum sufficient to pay the interest on such bonds as it accrues, together with the costs of collecting the same."
It was further provided by the same act that the county court "may appoint collectors for said tax," or may require the sheriff to collect the tax.
In 1876, the General Assembly of Kentucky passed a special act releasing the Sheriff of Allen County from the duty of giving bond for the collection of any railroad tax and providing that the
"county court shall at the instance or motion of any person, or by request, appoint a special collector to collect all taxes or levies on said county for railroad purposes, and shall require bonds, with security, to be approved by the court, for the faithful discharge of all duties incumbent on him."
Execution upon Thompson's judgments having been returned "no property" and the county court having refused to levy a tax to pay them, the circuit court, upon Thompson's application, issued a mandamus against the judge and justices constituting the county court commanding them to perform the duty enjoined by statute of levying and cause to be collected from the taxable property of the county a sum sufficient to satisfy the before-mentioned judgments and the costs of collecting the same. Subsequently, on May 28, 1881, the county court, in conformity with the foregoing order, made a levy upon the taxable property of the taxpayers of the county "to pay the judgments in favor of T. W. Thompson against said chanrobles.com-red
county." It was further ordered by the county court
"that J. T. Stark be, and is hereby, appointed collector of said levy, upon his executing bond, with approved security, before the county court, and he will proceed at once to collect said levy, and pay the same over in satisfaction of the judgments heretofore named in favor of T. W. Thompson or his attorney."
Stark declined to accept the office of collector. It is alleged in the bill and admitted in the answer
"that the sentiments and feelings of a large majority of the citizens and taxpayers of the said Allen County are very hostile and outspoken against the collection or payment of the said tax."
The county court having announced that it was unable to find any person who was willing to accept the appointment of collector and undertake the collection of the levy, and Thompson being unable, as he alleges, to find any person within the county who is willing to qualify as collector, the present suit in equity was commenced against the county, and a large number of its taxpayers, whose names are given in the bill, together with the amount of their taxable property as assessed by the proper county authorities, with the taxes due from each, as shown by the public records of the county. The bill sets out the foregoing facts and asks that the several taxpayers, who are made defendants, be required to pay into court the several sums due from them, as shown by the levy made by the county court, and that other taxpayers not specifically named as defendants be required to pay into court or to some person appointed by it as receiver the amount due from them respectively, such sums to be applied in satisfaction of Thompson's judgments. There is also a prayer for general relief.
The parties, by their counsel, stipulated at the hearing of the cause, and it is to be taken as true, that the county court
"has in good faith and diligently endeavored to find a fit and proper person to act as collector of the railroad taxes in said county, and the special levies of taxes in the bill of complaint set forth,"
that "no such fit and proper person can be found who will undertake and perform the office and duty of such collector," and that
"the complainant is without remedy for the collection of the debt herein except through the aid of this
court in the appointment of a receiver as prayed for in the bill or other appropriate orders of the court."
Under this state of facts, my brethren, affirming the decree below, hold that the circuit court, sitting in equity, was entirely without authority in any way to cause the taxpayers of Allen County to bring into court the sums due from them respectively, that the same may be applied in satisfaction of Thompson's judgments. In my judgment there is nothing in our former decisions which prevents a court of equity from giving substantial relief to the complainant. In Walkley v. City of Muscatine, 6 Wall. 482, the application was to a court of equity to compel the levy of a tax. The only point decided was that where a municipal corporation refused to levy a tax to satisfy a judgment against it, the remedy of the creditor was a mandamus to compel such levy, and that
"a court of equity is invoked as auxiliary to a court of law in the enforcement of its judgments in cases only where the latter is inadequate to afford the proper remedy."
In Rees v. City of Watertown, 19 Wall. 107, a federal court sitting in equity was asked, in the absence of a levy, to subject the property of the taxpayers of a city to the payment of complainant's judgments against it, and that the marshal of the district be empowered to seize and sell so much of their property as might be necessary for the satisfaction of such judgments. In other words, the court was asked to make a levy of taxes. And in Heine v. Levee Commissioners, 19 Wall. 655, it appears that holders of bonds issued by the levee commissioners -- no judgment at law having been recovered on the bonds nor any attempt made to collect the amount due by suit in a common law court -- brought a suit in equity and prayed that the commissioners be required to assess and collect the tax necessary to pay the bonds and interest, and if, after reasonable time, they failed to do so, that the district judge of the parish, who was by statute authorized to levy the tax when the commissioners failed to do so, be ordered to make the levy. It was decided that the power of taxation belonged to the legislative, not to the judicial, branch of the government, that in that case the chanrobles.com-red
power must be derived from the legislature of the state; if the body known as levee commissioners had, by resignation of their members, ceased to exist, the remedy was in the legislature either to assess the tax by special statute or to vest the power in some other tribunal; that in any event, a federal court was without power to levy and collect a tax authorized by a state law. That such was the extent of the decision in that case is shown in state Railroad Tax Cases, 92 U. S. 575, where, referring to Heine v. Levee Commissioners, it was said:
"The levy of taxes is not a judicial function. Its exercise, by the constitutions of all the states and by the theory of our English origin, is exclusively legislative."
In Barkley v. Levee Commissioners, 93 U. S. 258, the Court was asked to compel, by the process of mandamus, a board of levee commissioners, the members of which had resigned, to assess and collect a tax for the payment of a certain judgment against the parish, or, if that could not be done, that the police jury of the parish be required to make such assessment and collection, or, if that could not be done, that the United States marshal should be required to assess at once or by installments, from year to year, and collect sufficient taxes upon the property subject to taxation for levee purposes to pay the judgment. It was held that a mandamus could not issue because the board of levee commissioners had become extinct as a body, and that the court had no general power to commission the marshal to levy taxes for the purpose of satisfying a judgment.
These cases only establish the doctrine that the levying of taxes is not a judicial function.
It seems to me that the granting of relief to Thompson will not in any degree disturb the principles announced in the foregoing cases. The bill does not ask the court to usurp the function of levying taxes. That duty has been performed by the only tribunal authorized to do it, viz., the County Court of Allen County. Nothing remains to be done except to collect from individuals specific sums of money which they are under legal obligation to pay. The collection of these sums will not interfere with any discretion with which chanrobles.com-red
the Allen County Court is invested by law, for by its own order, made in conformity with the law of the state, and by the judgment in the mandamus proceedings, the sums due from the individual defendants and from other taxpayers has been set apart for the payment of Thompson's judgments. Those sums, when collected, cannot be otherwise used. As the county court cannot find anyone who will accept the office of special collector, and as the parties agree that there is no mode of collecting the sums set apart in the hands of the individual defendants and other taxpayers for the payment of Thompson, I am unable to perceive why the circuit court, sitting in equity, may not cause these sums to be applied in satisfaction of its judgments at law. The plaintiff has no remedy at law, for, the common law court in rendering judgment has done all that it can do, and the local tribunal, by levying the required tax and seeking the aid of a special collector to collect it, has done all that it can do. There is no suggestion or even pretense that the taxpayers who are sued dispute the regularity of the assessment made against them by the county court. Admitting their legal liability for the specific amounts assessed against them and conceding that what they owe must, when paid, go in satisfaction of Thompson's judgments, they dispute the authority of any judicial tribunal to compel them to pay it over. With money in their hands equitably belonging to the judgment creditor, they walk out of the court, whose judgments remain unsatisfied, announcing in effect that they will hold negotiations only with a "special collector" who has no existence.
That the court below, sitting in equity -- after it has given a judgment at law for money and after a return of nulla bona against the debtor -- may not lay hold of moneys, set apart by the act of the debtor in the hands of individuals exclusively for the payment of that judgment, and which money, the parties agree, cannot be otherwise reached than by being brought into that court, under its orders, is a confession of helplessness on the part of the courts of the United States that I am unwilling to make. I therefore dissent from the opinion and judgment in this case.

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So if you wanna know more about how the pop punk style and aesthetical dressing became a mainstream fashion aesthetic, then keep on scrolling through the article down below.
Origins Of The Pop Punk Style
The pop punk style emerged in the mid 90s as a subculture of Pop. Punk music has a lot of different variations, such as punk rock, power pop, pop, or even Emo pop.
According to music, the subculture of pop punk is fast paced music with an energetic tempo and also gives a heavy emphasis on classic pop songcraft. Pop punk music is heavily inspired by music elements of college rock, ska, new wave, boy band, rap, new wave, and emo.
On closer inspection, the pop punk style you will also find is highly interchangeable with music styles like hardcore punk, skate punk, and power pop at the same time.
Throughout every decade, there have been established pop punk bands. Here is a list of the most popular pink bands that you should definitely know about.
- Blink-182 (1992)
- Green Day (1987)
- Fall Out Boy (2001)
- Paramore (2004)
- My Chemical Romance (2001)
- Jimmy Eat World (1993)
- The Offspring (1984)
- Sum 41 (1996)
- New Found Glory (1997)
- The All-American Rejects (1999)
- Good Charlotte (1996)
- All Time Low (2003)
- Yellowcard (1997)
Pop Punk Fashion Inspiration
As I said before, the pop punk style and fashion rely heavily on pop punk music and culture. The pop punk clothing style is often called “emo” or “scene” as well. The use of clothes like tight skinny jeans and t-shirts, along with the overwhelming use of colors like black and neon.
If you are a fan of the music, then you have definitely seen your favorite band members rocking these styles, and pop punk style, then it’s obvious that you wanna copy the aesthetic as well. Celebrities like Avril Lavigne and Hayley Williams have heavily influenced to popularize of pop punk style into mainstream fashion.
But other than wearing a lot of blacks and neons, there are other ways to style yourself in the pop punk style aesthetic. If you are fully into punk music, then you can easily get into the pop punk style. So let me tell you how exactly you can style yourself in pop punk fashion.
How To Dress Like The Pop-Punk?
When dressing yourself in the emo punk aesthetic then, here a few things there are a few things that you need to do while dressing up. There are a few key elements of the pop punk culture that you need to incorporate in your outfit, and they are as such.
1. Start With A Band Tee:
It is an important element of the punk culture to wear band tees of your favorite pop punk bands such as Blink-182, Fal Out Boy, and also Green Day.
2. Add Plaid To The Mix:
The incorporation of plaid in your whole outfit is very important when it comes to pop punk style; it is a staple of pop punk fashion. If you wanna wear something plaid, it can be a button down, a skirt, or even a plaid jacket, for that instance.
3. Go For Ripped Jeans:
When it comes to pop punk culture, anything ripped and distressed is an automatic green flag. So for relaxed dressing, wear distressed or ripped jeans and a graphic band tee, and you are all set. When it comes to punk, you don’t have to think as much.
4. Wear Vans Or Converse:
The aesthetic of pop punk is to wear classic sneakers such as the classic Converse or the vans that go with all your outfits. You can also buy a brighter pair of these shoes that stands out with the black pop punk aesthetic.
When it comes to pop punk accessories, there is a lot that you can wear, such as wristbands, chokers, studded belts, and a whole lot of piercings all over the body.
Pop Punk Style Of Dressing
Now that you know how to dress in the pop punk style, now let’s see how you can style different pop punk clothes into a full outfit.
1. Plaid Shirt
Like I already said before, wearing plaid shirts is a staple in the pop punk style. So incorporating plaid in your daily clothing is a must.
You can incorporate it in any way possible, as a button down, skirt, or even a jacket. The plaid style adds a certain alternative style aesthetic to the pop punk aesthetic.
2. Skinny Jeans
Wearing jeans as skinnier as a second skin is a must for both pop punk style females and males. The slim or skinnier fit of the jeans gives an edgier look that is integral for the pop punk style.
It is even better if your jeans are ripped or even distressed. You can easily style skinny jeans with a band tee or a graphic tee and complete the look with a nice pair of Converse or vans.
Wearing a great pair of vans or Converse is a cult favorite for pop punk culture. But it is true that a great pair of Converse or vans can actually complete the pop punk style aesthetic.
Since the color aesthetic of punk culture is either back or neon, so buy the shoes based on those colors or contrasting colors.
4. Graphic Tees
I have already stated that it is primarily for the pop punk style and culture to wear bands or graphic tees.
These tees are a way of supporting your favorite band at the same time as embodying the pop punk style and aesthetic. The graphic tees are a way of giving an extra pop of color to the overall black canvas.
Whenever you are putting together an outfit, it is important to accessorize to complete the female edgy punk outfits, is a chunky or studded choker around your neck.
Wearing a choker is not only accessorization but actually showing it off. So if you have short hair, then great, but in the case of long hair, you can tie your hair in a messy bun to show it off.
Well, there you go; before you get all hyped up for the pop punk style and fashion aesthetic, it is always best to know and understand the culture of that lifestyle. Whatever lifestyle you wanna get into, matching your vibe with the clothes and whole aesthetic is important.
So if you think that this article was helpful for you to understand how pop punk became a cult hit, then surely give this article a like and comment down below.

domain: fashion


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Stock Photo — Traditional chinese lanterns decorate Tulou at Unesco heritage site near Xiamen
Traditional chinese architecture with window decorated with tulou, hakka and fujian flowers near xiamen, a famous unesco world heritage site in china culture. Traditional chinese lantern decorated with earthen in traditional interior of historical building at xiamen tulou national park, unesco world heritage site near china.
Image ID: 115113136
Media Type: Stock Photo

domain: travel


The fan on my Logisys 480 watt power supply started making a lot of noise when i started up the computer today. It's always been noisy. In fact it's the noisiest power supply fan i've ever heard, but it was mostly air, i think.
Anyway, i blew the dust out but it didn't help. Can anyone suggest a quick fix while i get a new one?
Here's the info on my machine. It was bought from MicroMagic as a custom build in 2014.
Windows 7 Pro
3.6 Mhz 64 bit dual CPU AMD A6-5400K APU
4 Gb RAM
Two internal hard drives, one 250 Gb and one 1,000 Gb.
Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd. F2A88X-D3H motherboard
Edited by sblev99, 02 March 2017 - 06:30 PM.


Tsunamis are rare events, but can be extremely deadly and have the potential of causing mass destruction. In the past 100 years, 58 tsunamis across the globe have claimed more than 260,000 lives, or an average of 4,600 per disaster. In December 2015, the United Nations General Assembly designated November 5 as World Tsunami Awareness Day. As per records, the highest number of deaths in that period was in the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, which caused an estimated 2,27,000 fatalities in 14 countries, with Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand being the worst-hit.
A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean. This displacement of water is usually comes after either earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, glaciers or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests. Tsunami is different from cyclone and normal ocean waves because it is generated by the displacement of water unlike the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun or by winds and tides.
The term "tsunami" comes from the Japanese 'tsunami' which means 'harbour wave'. Tsunamis are not termed "tidal wave" because these waves are not caused by tides. The world has frequently witnessed tsunamis throughout human history. The tsunamis have occurred in every ocean on Earth. According to history, 80 percent of the worst tsunamis occur in the Pacific 'Ring of Fire'. The Ring of Fire is a massive horseshoe-shaped ring encircling the Pacific basin, which is made up of a string of volcanoes and seismic activity. World Tsunami Awareness Day 2019: History, Significance of the Day to Create Awareness About the Devastating Natural Calamity.
How is a Tsunami Caused:
As a tsunami wave approaches shallow water over land, the wave slows down its speed. This causing the much quicker traveling water to pull up, extending the wave vertically. On reaching the shore, these waves can then be over 100 feet with multiple waves occurring in succession. Tsunamis can range in size from micro-tsunamis detectable only by sensitive instruments on the ocean floor to mega-tsunamis that can affect the coastlines of entire oceans.
Take a Look at the Deadliest Tsunamis in History:
Tsunami in Sumatra, Indonesia in December 2004
The deadliest tsunami in history occurred on December 26, 2004. The Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, also known as the Boxing Day Tsunami, occurred in Sumatra, Indonesia. It was an undersea megathrust earthquake of magnitude 9.1-9.3. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate.
A series of large tsunami waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high were created by the underwater seismic activity. The tsunamis killed an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries including India, Sri Lanka, Thailand. The Indonesian city of Banda Aceh reported the largest number of victims. The earthquake was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.
Tsunami in North Pacific Coast, Japan March 2011
Another deadliest tsunami in history had occurred in the North Pacific Coast, Japan on March 11, 2011. A magnitude-9 earthquake shook northeastern Japan, leading to a number of tsunamis in succession. Over 18,000 people were killed after a powerful tsunami travelling 800 km per hour with 10m-high waves swept over the east coast of Japan. Reports inform that the jolts of the massive earthquake were felt around the world, from Norway's fjords to Antarctica's ice sheet. Reports inform that more than 120,000 buildings were destroyed, 278,000 were half-destroyed and 726,000 were partially destroyed.
Messina, Italy Earthquake and Tsunami in December 1908
A strong earthquake of magnitude 7.1 had triggered a tsunami in Messina region of Italy in December 1908. The massive quake lasted for less than a minute but shook the cities of Messina and Reggio, causing severe damage. Moments after the quake, 12 meter tsunamis inundated nearby coastal areas, destroying almost all of the structures. As per reports, nearly 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami.
Tsunami in Northern Chile in August 1868
The tsunami which occurred in Northern Chile in the year 1868 was caused by a series of two significant earthquakes of a magnitude of 8.5. The quake had struck the coast of Arica, Peru (now Chile). Waves up to 21 m high were reported which lasted between two and three days. The natural calamity killed a total of 25,000 people and damage of estimated US$300 million were along the Peru-Chile coast.
Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami in 1755
According to history, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 wreaked havoc for several minutes Lisbon. The quake, also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake, occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal. In combination with subsequent fires and a tsunami, the earthquake almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas. The earthquake was felt in Africa, Greenland, all the way through Finland and in the Caribbean.
Nearly 30 minutes after the strong quake, three large tsunami waves inundated the area, forcing people to flee for their lives. Reports inform that in several area, fires engulfed buildings and raged for five days. An estimated 10,000 people lost their lives in Morocco while total life claim of the earthquake and tsunami was as much as 60,000 to 100,000 people.
Here's the Video:
Most of the deadliest tsunamis have been majorly reported from Indonesia and Japan, as the region is prone to earthquakes. Assessing the damage of a tsunami may take many months to years. Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than tidal wave.


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World War 1 was a military conflict lasting from 1914 to 1918 which involved nearly all the biggest powers of the world. It scale was unprecedented.
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Sales: $6.38 billion
Sales:$6.38 billion for cosmetics and toiletries. Corporate sales: $7.54 billion.
Thomas-Bernd Quaas, executive board chairman; Dr. Bernhard Düttmann; executive board member finance; Peter Kleinschmidt, executive board member human resources; Pieter Nota, executive board member brands; and Markus Pinger, executive board member, supply chain.
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Comments:Sales of Beiersdorf’s consumer business segment—home to its skin care cosmetics and toiletries operations—rose 7.7% at current exchange rates to $6.38 billion.
Nivea’s sales rose in all regions in 2007, allowing the brand to record global growth of 11.4%. Driving the success were products such as Nivea deodorant, Nivea body and Nivea for men. In addition, Beiersdorf said Nivea Visage Oxygen Power had a very good start, while the relaunch of Nivea Hair Care continued its success. However, bad weather hampered growth rates of the Nivea Sun line.
Eucerin met targets, recording growth of 19.6% in 2007 and the La Prairie Group recorded growth of 10.7%.
On a geographical basis, sales rose 4.8% in Europe. Sales results in Germany—which were affected by the shifting of exports to Dubai and Russia for Middle East and CIS regions, respectively—dropped 4.2%. Sales to customers within Germany were up 0.2%. In Western Europe (excluding Germany), sales rose 4.3%, and in Eastern Europe, Beiersdorf recorded another year of double-digit growth with sales up 27.7%. In the Americas, sales rose 12.5%, with North America up 4.9%. In Latin America, Beiersdorf recorded double-digit growth of 20%, with Brazil (+22.4%) and Mexico (+15.0%), and affiliates in Venezuela (+47.2%) and Argentina (+35.7%) bolstering the strong performance. In Africa/Asia/Australia, sales rose 26.2%.

domain: beauty


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Aero Precision AR-15 Anodized Black Stripped Lower Receiver Gen 2
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The helicopter crash that killed Kobe Bryant and eight others in Southern California last year was likely caused by the pilot’s decision to fly in the clouds in violation of federal rules, blinding him over his surroundings and causing him to lose control of the helicopter as he became disoriented, investigators said Tuesday.
Mr. Bryant, the retired Los Angeles Lakers basketball star, was killed on January 26, 2020, when the helicopter crashed into a foggy hill near Calabasas, Calif., Exploding into flames. Everyone on board has died, including the pilot, Mr Bryant’s 13-year-old daughter Gianna, two teenagers who were on his basketball team, some of the children’s parents and an assistant coach.
The National Transportation Safety Board on Tuesday released 13 findings after a year-long investigation, concluding that the pilot, Ara Zobayan, had lost his bearings and made a “bad decision” to fly at excessive speeds in bad weather. Mr Zobayan’s choices were likely influenced by his “self-induced pressure” to complete the trip, according to the board, which also criticized what he called a lack of review and oversight of the part of its charter company, Island Express Helicopters.
Robert L. Sumwalt, chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board, said Mr. Zobayan was operating under rules that prohibited him from flying in clouds, but had nevertheless tried to “crash” above the clouds afterwards. have encountered poor visibility. . Mr. Zobayan became so disoriented, investigators found, that when he told air traffic controllers he was trying to climb, he would turn left and begin a rapid descent.
The close relationship between Mr Bryant and Mr Zobayan, who had flown the basketball star and his children on several occasions, may have made the pilot more anxious to complete the flight, investigators said, but they did not ‘found no indication that Mr. Bryant, the charter company or anyone else pressured him to do so. Mr Zobayan was an experienced pilot who would not have to navigate dangerous roads, colleagues said. Still, investigators found he had made several mistakes in the minutes and hours leading up to the crash.
“This weather did not bother the pilot,” Bill English, the lead investigator of the case, told council members, noting that the pilot had “the very easy alternative” of deciding that the weather was too much. bad to continue and land at an airport a few minutes away.
Once disoriented, the pilot apparently did not refer to, understand or trust his instruments, investigators said. The helicopter did not have, and was not required to have, a “black box” that would have recorded data, images and sound from the cockpit that could have facilitated the investigation.
The five members of the safety committee spent several hours in the live meeting asking questions of investigators who had spent the last year inspecting the destroyed helicopter, interviewing members of the charter company and reflecting on it. which could stop future fatal accidents. The board said there were 184 fatal plane crashes between 2010 and 2019 in which a disoriented pilot was a factor, including 20 helicopter crashes.
Council members recommended that Island Express install flight data monitoring devices in its helicopters and said an expert panel should be convened to evaluate simulation devices that could help train pilots to fly. spatial disorientation. The agency also reiterated several recommendations it had previously made to the Federal Aviation Administration but which it said had not been implemented.
The National Transportation Safety Board said shortly after the accident that there was no clear sign of a major engine failure, which gave more credence to the theory that Mr. Zobayan had become disoriented in the fog. thick. He had written in a text message the night before the crash that the forecast did not seem “the best,” but after waking up in the morning, he wrote that “it was okay”, according to messages posted last summer by the agency.
Mr. Zobayan had requested special clearance to fly over areas of low visibility. He was a well-respected pilot who had accumulated over 1,200 hours in the S-76 helicopter and was certified to fly his instruments in low visibility. But the certification the Federal Aviation Administration issued to Island Express Helicopters only allowed its pilots to fly visually, meaning they had to have at least half a mile of daytime visibility and be able to see the ground.
Seconds before crashing, according to the preliminary report from the security bureau, Zobayan told a flight controller he was trying to climb to 4,000 feet in an attempt to pass above the clouds, but the helicopter was actually falling. The helicopter crashed at 9.45 a.m., approximately 39 minutes after taking off from John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana.
Mr Bryant, who won five NBA championships and two Olympic gold medals, had in recent years found joy in coaching Gianna, who passed through Gigi and was the second eldest of Mr Bryant’s four daughters with her wife, Vanessa. Their helicopter was heading for the Mamba Sports Academy in Thousand Oaks, northwest of Los Angeles, which was renamed after Mr. Bryant when he partnered with the academy in 2018. Gianna’s team , which Bryant helped train, was scheduled to compete. in a basketball tournament that day called the Mamba Cup.

domain: aerospace


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French cuisine is reputed to be the finest in the world and has greatly influenced the cooking methods of western cultures. Regional cuisine reflects traditional recipes where different cooking styles and ingredients are used, such as the use of butter in the north and olive oil in the south.
Different types of cuisine
The variety of food eaten by French people can be realized by following the 4 course meal that usually take place on the French table. Bread and wine are always present and the meal consist of the “entrée” or opening meal, the “Plat principal” or main course meal. The “Fromage” or cheese meal follows next, itself followed by the Dessert dish.
There are five main types of bread known to the French eater.
- Pain de champagne – the bread, known as country bread or French Sourdough is a large round bread made from rye instead of wheat flour.
- Brioche – a puffy loaf cause by the use of a large amount of eggs and butter and also brandy and sugar to accentuate taste.
- Baguette – a famous crisp bread prepared from ordinary lean dough, having a length of 26 inches and a diameter of 2 to 2.5 inches, used mainly for making sandwiches and served with cheese, dunked in coffee or chocolate.
- Boule – a loaf that looks like a squeezed ball prepared from any type of flour. Traditionally, it has a soft inner part and a crunchy crust and can be made in different sizes.
- Croissants – these are made from ordinary dough, eggs, butter, sugar and milk and are eaten as an entrée. They are similar to a puff pastry.
- Quiche Lorraine – a pie filled with custard, cheese, meat an/or vegetables. It originated from Germany but has now become a French dish.
- French onion soup – called Soupe à l’oignan in French and consists of onion, broth and meat. It had its origins in Roman times as fare for the poor but has gained a place as a national entrée dish.
- Duchesse(s) Potatoes – a classic breakfast dish with a shape similar to a meringue. They are seasoned and baked with egg yolk and butter.
- Beef Bourguignon – similar to a stew dish with the meat marinated in red Burgandy wine mixed with beef broth, bouquet gami, onions and garlic.
- Bouillabaisse – a typical Marseille fish stew dish which combines five species made up of the scorpion fish, shellfish, sea robin and European conger.
- Cassoulet – a slow cooking casserole dish coming from the south of France with pork, sausages, duck or goose but rarely mutton, simmered on the fire.
- Cog au vin – one of the most famous French foods, featuring braised chicken prepared in Burgundy wine and cooked with mushrooms and lardons.
- Camembert – The cheese is made from unpasteurized cow’s milk and ripened by fungi for 3 weeks before it is cut into manageable circular sizes. It is often eaten raw with wine, meat and bread.
- Brie – this cheese hails from the Ile-de-France region. It is also made from cow’s milk. It is pale in colour with an outer white layer of mold. It is usually served with coffee or as a breakfast meal.
- Roquefort – this is a blue cheese made from sheep’s milk and is native to the region of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.
- Valencay – a cheese from the Berry province made from unpasteurized goat’s milk. Its texture is soft. The blue colour comes from the action of molds while maturing.
Cheese is particularly good in Northern France due to ideal weather conditions for the grass that feeds the cows…
Desserts and pastries
- Crème Brûlée – the dessert is traditional with a vanilla flavor.
- Madelaine – shell-shaped sponge cakes made from flour, eggs, almonds and sugar.
- Éclair – a pastry made from choux dough and cylindrical in shape with cream filling and topped with icing.
- Tarte Tatin – a tart dish made from fruits, butter and sugar.

domain: food


What is in this article?:
- Texas rice farmers could get relief from new reservoir project
- When rains faltered, tempers flared
- Lane City reservoir is the first step
- Work begins on Colorado River project.
- Lower Basin Reservoir Project should provide an additional 90,000 acre-feet of water a year to LCRA’s water supply system.
- Lane City reservoir is the first step.
Lane City reservoir is the first step
“This is a historic project on many levels,” Motal said. “Not only would it be the first major reservoir built in the basin in four decades, but it’s the first project in our history that would allow us to store significant amounts of water downstream that could be used by multiple customers. That’s vitally important to serving the needs of our downstream industrial and agricultural customers, meeting environmental flow requirements and taking pressure off the Highland Lakes.”
Currently, most of the water that enters the river downstream of the Highland Lakes flows to Matagorda Bay unless customers withdraw it from the river for immediate use. There is no way to capture and store those flows for future use, so during dry periods downstream customers often need to call on water from the Highland Lakes. Last year, for instance, more than 800,000 acre-feet of water flowed down the river into Matagorda Bay.
The reservoir would be built to hold about 40,000 acre-feet of water, but could be filled multiple times over a year by capturing water flowing in the river, making it capable of adding 90,000 acre-feet of firm water to the region’s supply. Firm water is water that can be counted on during a repeat of the conditions during the worst drought on record, the decade-long drought from 1947-1957.
LCRA studied several potential sites and other options before recommending the Lane City site for the first of three possible downstream reservoirs. All the sites studied are suitable, but the Lane City site requires the least amount of infrastructure relocations and is the most cost effective. The other sites studied are in Colorado and Matagorda counties.
LCRA officials say the new reservoir, combined with groundwater permit requests for up to 10,000 acre-feet of water a year now before the Lost Pines Groundwater Conservation District, would benefit users throughout the basin by meeting LCRA’s goal of adding 100,000 acre-feet of water supply; reducing demands for water from the Highland Lakes;
improve agricultural water reliability and efficiency; and reduce the risk of curtailing water for cities, industry and other firm-water customers.


text:
Puzzle games: they're so simple, yet so addictive. If you find that you're a sucker for games that involve rearranging tiles to match them up and clear them from the board, try Atlantis Quest. This adventure-themed game takes players though ancient lands on a quest to find the lost continent of Atlantis. It's not unlike many other puzzle games in this genre, but there's a good reason for the popularity of this kind of game: it's fun!
Be aware that before downloading Atlantis Quest, you'll first have to download the Free Ride Games manager, … Read more

domain: game


Check Out SF’s Glowing Forest Submerged Due to Rains
Golden Gate Park’s beautiful lighted forest, “Entwined” is submerged underwater.
With all the heavy rains, we caught a glimpse of Entwined on New Year’s Day where the ground was turning to soup.
As we know, the rains continued, and now Entwined, located in Peacock Meadow, is now located in the newly formed Peacock Lake.
You can check out the lighted artwork through March 12, 2023, from 5-10 pm.
Entwined Meadow’s dazzling forest of light first welcomed park goers as a safe and joyful outdoor destination in 2020 and quickly became an iconic attraction for Bay Area residents and tourists alike. This immersive experience was designed specifically for Peacock Meadow by San Francisco artist Charles Gadeken. The arrangement in the installation creates twisting paths through large flowering clusters, trees to sit under, and shifting lights and color.
The 2022-23 season of Entwined introduces new sculptural artworks including a “fallen tree”, which will serve as a seating area, “sapling” trees with “hidden world tree knots” that feature surprise miniature artworks by local artists, and greater interactivity. These additions build upon new interactive elements and an expanded layout that debuted last year.


March 27, 2009An enclosed tent and the aroma of grilling burgers marked the spot of Infinity Tool Manufacturing LLC’s grand opening on Tuesday.
Community and business leaders learned about the products being manufactured from co-owners Kenny Sentel and Todd Taylor.
Sentel, owner of KS Bit Inc., said production has begun.
“It has always been a dream of mine to manufacture bits for the drilling industry,” he said. “It is a pleasure to partner with Todd.”
Sales and marketing director Eli Cox said told The Benton Evening News Infinity Tool manufactures a complimentary line of products for the horizontal directional drilling industry.
“We are using state of the art machinery and manufacture DTH (down the hole) hammer bits, PDC (polycrystalline diamond cutters) bits and also provide custom machining,” he said.
Sentel said the hammer bits vary in size.
“We manufacture anything from a three-inch to a 12-inch bit and have industry shanks and various formations available,” he said.
Taylor said the local manufacturing operation carries a lot of experience.
“Infinity Tool Manufacturing has more than 50 years of experience in the drilling industry and takes pride in providing a quality product,” he said. “We take every step possible to provide the very best customer service.”
Sentel said the business goes the extra mile to assure a quality product.
“PDC bits range in size from 4-3/4- to 12-1/4-inch and have steel bodies,” he said. “We offer fixed or interchangeable nozzles and various formations are available. We also do custom machining.”
Cox said the tool manufacturer currently has seven employees.
“We plan to add more employees in the future,” he said. “We are conveniently located in Benton Industrial Park II in West City, adjacent to Interstate 57. Our products can be delivered in a few days from coast to coast and across the borders. We ship to many countries around the world.”


text:
258 tuxon negru
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Comfortable women's boots, made of natural leather. The sole is light, provided with a square and stable heel. The warm interior will make you fit all day. Be different this season! Low price and guaranteed quality. Color: border. Material: natural leather. Interior: textile material. Heel height: 4 cm. Footwear code: Women's boots 3319 board.
Natural leather boots are a must-have of the season. The square, comfortable and stable heel offers you comfort and safety while wearing. The side elastic facilitates quick shoeing, as well as its fixation on the foot. Quality at the manufacturer's price! Color: border. Material: natural leather. Heel height: 5.5 cm. Interior: natural lining. Footwear code: Women's boots 3348 board
Superb boots with medium heels that you will love. The discreet design elements and the natural fur inside make them suitable for more special occasions. The thick heel offers stability and comfort while walking. The strap around the ankle as well as the application on the heel make this model special and attractive. Enjoy the quality offered at manufacturer prices. Color: black. Material: natural leather. Heel sole height: 7 cm. Interior: natural fur. Footwear code: Women's boots 1179...
The buffalo-style suede winter boots as well as the simple design offer a note of refinement to your outfit. The slightly high and serrated sole protects you from the cold outside. Lined with bemberg (thick textile that keeps you warm) these boots are comfortable in any situation. Another advantage of this model is the double closure with both lace and zipper. Color: coffee. Material: natural leather. Interior: bemberg. Footwear code: Women's boots 3336 bufo cafe.
Redefine your style. Choose a belt with a unique pattern that breaks the monotony of the outfits. The buckle is the one that adds value to this belt, through a complex and complete structure. The contrast of colors adds style to the model, and the range of sizes allows you to easily find the right size. Manufacturer's price, craft from the heart of Bukovina. Color: blue. Material both sides: natural leather. Specified size: length from buckle to last hole. Width: 4 cm. Belt code: 07ld...
Women's belt made of natural leather. The metal buckle with a design consisting of two circles is remarkable due to its golden hue. This model cannot be missing from your belt collection. Quality at the manufacturer's price. Color: black. Outer material: natural leather. Interior material: natural leather. Specified size: length from buckle to last hole. Width: 2.5 cm. Belt code: Women's belt 29m black.
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text:
Even as the Dodgers continued to wrestle with their trade and free-agent options on Wednesday, their division outlook may have improved.
No longer will Barry Bonds and Jeff Kent provide double trouble in the middle of the San Francisco Giants' lineup.
Amid the chill of the free-agent market, Kent agreed to a two-year, $17.5-million contract with the Houston Astros. The deal includes a third-year vesting option for $9 million or a $700,000 buyout.
As the only second baseman to drive in 100 or more runs for six consecutive seasons, Kent will trade Bonds for Jeff Bagwell and Lance Berkman in the middle of the Houston lineup and will evict Craig Biggio from second base.
Houston officials acknowledged they had yet to reach Biggio, who was on a hunting trip, but were confident the one-time catcher would accept another move to left or center field.
"This wasn't about acquiring a better second baseman than we already had," General Manager Gerry Hunsicker said. "It was about making the Astros better."
Hunsicker said that Kent represented "our most significant free-agent signing since Nolan Ryan" in 1980 and, with Bagwell and Berkman, "there won't be a National League team with a more dangerous 3-4-5 combination."
Kent batted .313 with 37 homers and 108 RBIs while helping the Giants win the NL pennant. Dodger General Manager Dan Evans refused to address how Kent's departure would impact his division rival.
"I don't like to talk about another team in that regard," he said. "Obviously, he's a very attractive player and I had numerous conversations with [agent] Jeff Klein, but we simply didn't have the resources.
"His contract with Houston represents a $9.1 million [average annual value], and that would have put us well over the [payroll tax] threshold with multiple moves still to be made."
In a Houston news conference, Kent, who spends the off-season on his ranch near Austin, Texas, refused to say if he had other suitors.
The Giants had offered salary arbitration, but once they signed Edgardo Alfonzo to a four-year, $26-million contract -- on top of signing free agents Marquis Grissom and Ray Durham -- their budget was basically blown and Kent's departure was far from a surprise.
Still, parting was difficult, even though club officials often seemed fed up with Kent's tenuous relationship with Bonds and were angered by his spring motorcycle accident and subsequent failure to tell the truth about it.
"To say we'll miss him is an understatement," Assistant General Manager Ned Colletti said by phone. "He was a true Giant. He played every day, he played hard and his numbers speak for themselves. It's unfortunate that it largely came down to a matter of timing."
Under pressure from Alfonzo's agent Sunday at the winter meetings and unable to reach an agreement with Kent, the Giants were fearful of losing both players, Colletti said, and opted for the sure thing in Alfonzo. Colletti would not reveal what the Giants offered Kent. However, a source familiar with their talks said that while the average value was slightly less than the Houston offer, it spanned three years with a vesting option for a fourth year and a mutual option for a fifth.
Kent said Wednesday that the talks with the Giants "didn't go as smoothly as they did with other clubs" and he simply couldn't make a decision on what may be his last contract under the deadline pressure the Giants were applying.
"This is a chance to win, be home and be wanted," he said of his signing with the Astros. "The World Series ended in bitterness [with the loss to the Angels]. This was the best fit and best opportunity to satisfy that bitterness."
Often critical of the difficulty of hitting in Pacific Bell Park, he lauded Minute Maid Park and said, "My style has evolved into that of a run producer. On this team, I could hit anywhere between second and eighth and be a run producer."
Meantime, the Giants' roster has experienced an upheaval.
In addition to the departures of Kent and Manager Dusty Baker, third baseman David Bell left as a free agent, Russ Ortiz was traded and Reggie Sanders, Kenny Lofton, Tom Goodwin and Shawon Dunston were not offered salary arbitration, ending their tenure.
The Giants have a budget of $75 million and have 16 players signed for $73 million, meaning the turnover may continue.

domain: sports


text: The aim of the present study was to search for milk clotting substitute from different parts (flowers, seeds, stem, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits) of Moringa oleifera. The samples were blended and extracted using different types of extracting solutions. The most reliable, quick and efficient enzyme extracting solution was found to be 5% NaCl in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, which was used throughout the study. The milk clotting activity was only observed in the seeds extract while the other parts were either deficient or has very low milk clotting activity. Thus, the moringa seeds were used as source of milk clotting enzyme. The extracted proteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate at concentration of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 %. Highest milk clotting activity was observed in the 20 % fraction. This fraction was assumed to contain the clotting enzymes and characterized for its heating stability (30 – 90°C) and optimum temperature (30 – 90°C). The results demonstrated that moringa seeds milk clotting enzyme is stable up to 50°C with an optimum milk clotting activity of 70°C. The high ratio of milk-clotting to proteolytic activity of the partially purified enzyme indicates the potential of this enzyme as suitable rennet substitute in dairy industry. However, further study is needed to completely purify and characterize this promising milk clotting enzyme from moringa seeds.

domain: literature


Refractory spraying material construction method
Spray repair construction was first developed for converters, and then gradually applied to blast furnace bodies, torpedo tankers, electric furnaces, ladles, vacuum degassing devices, etc.
Spray repair method can be divided into dry method, semi-dry method and wet method according to the material transportation method.
The dry method is a method of transporting dry powder without moisture and adding moisture to the nozzle portion. The semi-dry method is a method of conveying a powder containing a part of water and adding residual water to a nozzle portion. The wet method is a method of transporting a slurry in which moisture is added. One of the purposes of developing semi-dry spraying is to avoid the complicated and complicated pre-mixing operation of the wet method. Because the advantages of using the wet method are relatively obvious, the current technical interest has turned to the wet spray repair method.
Spraying and filling construction equipment and operation
The key of spray repair technology is to have a set of spray devices that can operate normally. Different materials are used to spray different materials, and their performance and parameters are also different. In order to stably feed the low-moisture, high-viscosity and low-cement shotcrete, squeeze or screw pumps and air pressure spray sprayers should be used, and the pressure cannot be too low.
The following points should be grasped in the wet spray repair operation:
(1) Guarantee stable pressure feeding performance. The particle size composition of low cement shotcrete is closely related to the pressure feeding characteristics. With the increase of the added water, the disadvantage of clogging in the tube will occur during the pressure feeding process. Therefore, in order to achieve stable pressure feeding performance, it is necessary to adjust the optimal particle size composition range of the low cement shotcrete.
(2) Adjustment of hardening speed. The type and amount of the accelerator that imparts hardening properties have a great influence on the strength of the construction body. In actual construction, when the vertical construction surface is thicker, it is necessary to increase the strength of the construction body quickly; when the surface of the construction body after spraying needs to be processed, it is better to increase the strength slowly. Therefore, according to the construction conditions, it is necessary to select an appropriate coagulant and its addition amount.
(3) Formation of compact construction body. There is an optimal range of injection air volume for achieving compaction of the construction body, but the density is independent of the injection pressure.


I started off with one 240GB SSD having both my Windows and Linux partitions, and wanted to upgrade my PC to have 2 SSDs, one with Windows and one with Linux. I run Windows Server 2008r2, which is basically Windows 7 once you’ve set it up appropriately, and Arch Linux. Both are installed as UEFI systems, and thus my SSD has a GPT partition table. I decided I wanted to move the Windows partition, since I’ve found my Windows partitions to run out of space first and the new SSD is bigger than the old one.
Usually I’d use Windows Server Backup tool for moving Windows to a new disk (it actually works well), but I have a second spinning disk with some less important programs and the pagefiles, so Windows Server Backup wouldn’t let me do a bare metal backup without backing that up as well. I think it therefore also wouldn’t let me restore that backup without supplying two target disks for blowing away and reformatting, which seemed like too much hassle. Because of this, I thought I should clone my old SSD to the new SSD, delete the Linux partitions (/boot and /) from the new disk and the delete the Windows partitions (system reserved & C:) from the old one, leaving me in my desired end state.
I used CloneZilla to clone the disk, and that actually works quite nicely. I missed the memo that said I should use the alternative stable release for GPT disks, so what follows may be a result from that. After cloning the disk I tried booting the partitions individually, with only 1 disk plugged in at a time, and that worked fine. However, when both disks were plugged in, only one of them would boot, trying to boot from the second disk resulted in me getting thrown back to the UEFI boot menu.
Diagnosing the problem from Windows’ disk manager, I noticed that it refused to use the disk because of a disk signature collision, as explained in this article. This was because the GPT disk and partition GUIDs had been cloned. I did not however trust Windows to fix the GUIDs in a way that Linux would remain bootable, since I figured I should edit /etc/fstab and maybe bootloader entries at the same time. It turns out that you can re-generate the GUIDs using gdisk:
I just want to point out that you’ve now got two physical disks with duplicated GUIDs. […] A globally unique identifier (GUID) should be just that — unique. If two disks or two partitions share the same GUID value, then problems can ensue. (GUIDs used as partition type codes are an exception to this rule, though.) AFAIK, Linux doesn’t currently care about this, but it might in the future, and I can make no promises about how Windows or an EFI implementation might react to non-unique GUIDs.
If you want to use both of these disks in the same computer, you can use the ‘g’ and ‘c’ options on gdisk’s experts’ menu to change one disk’s GUID and the partition GUIDs on one disk, respectively. (You’d need to use ‘c’ once for each partition.) Alternatively, you can use sgdisk’s -G/–randomize-guids option to do it all at once.
source: srs5694′ forum post on the Arch Linux forums, emphasis mine.
In addition to that, I also went and updated my /etc/fstab entries to use PARTUUIDs (i.e. GPT GUIDs) rather than UUIDs to reference the partitions; I did this because I now had two EFI partitions as well, and even after randomising the GUIDs those still had the same Linux UUIDs, and I didn’t dare to touch those.
Next, I cleaned up the EFI partitions such that the Linux and Windows bootloaders were on the SSDs they belonged on. Then I discovered that the gummiboot (these days called systemd-boot) bootloader would now no longer discover the Windows bootloader, so I had to switch to rEFInd, which allows me to boot into Windows despite its EFI files being on a different disk.
After all this, I went ahead and expanded the partitions, and all was well. While I spent a significant amount of time investigating the Windows mechanisms for fixing their bootloader, I’m very glad I didn’t have to do any of that.
So, to summarise, here’s a rough recipe for “splitting” one dual-boot GPT-formatted SSD into two:
- Make backups!!
- Use Clonezilla (alternate version probably, read the memo) to 1:1 clone the old SSD to the new one
- Ensure both disks boot separately
- Delete unwanted partitions from each of the disks, ensuring you’re left with the partitions you want on the disks you want
- re-generate GUIDs for Linux using gdisk, update /etc/fstab and bootloader as appropriate
- Ensure you use a bootloader like rEFInd that supports booting OSes from another disk’s EFI partition.
- Re-size and/or move partitions around to fill available space


text:
transcript edited to help reading.
There are very few moments in life when you can meet another one as zero. At the state of zero if you meet each other, in that zero there is no grievance, no complaints, nothing. Silence.
Before Adam and Eve there was a silence, physically, and there is a silence when one goes through everything, realises everything, suffered everything, enjoyed everything. There is no attachment, no detachment, no desire, no non-desire, about mind, emotion, heart, feelings.
At that silence one realises that he is the spark of the Supreme and finds that spark in different degrees, in different forms and qualities of existence. Through that spark the soul embraces the Supreme Soul where he embraces the Supreme Cause and thereby finds himself as that spark and qualities in everything and finds the entire existence within own self.
That is the state of his final silence. That is the state of trance. In that trance he remains as the Creator and creations, as well as another personality that does its work automatically — going to the toilet etc, that is another person — but he is always there.
That is the state to where I like to pull humanity, to establish themselves there. For that, a little adjustment of ego, emotions, limitations, ignorance. Just a little bit. The more it adjusts, the more that consciousness of the third eye opens. When it opens it is tuned with the Holy Spirit and Father. It is so easy.
Christ wanted to help them but Christ realised that it is the environment that is troubling. So if they can love the environment and feel oneness, then they can go a little bit further.
Thakur tried by, ‘Reorient yourself, help others to reorient and embrace the supreme good, do good to others and remain good’.
The entire thing is the preparation, and then after preparation, realisation comes. To reorient yourself means to see yourself at the background of your mind, at the background of your wishes, at the background of your emotion, at the back of your ego. Then you see yourself, how you are thinking, how you are talking, how you are behaving, how you are acting. To see this is called self introspection. Immediately someone from within you will say that this is not right, this is wrong, that is right, this is nice. (Talks to baby).
Then you try to adjust the next time, if that circumstance comes. Circumstances do not come the same. Every second of circumstances is different. The circumstances of sitting are also not the same. In not a single pinpoint of space or time are circumstances the same. You will find some fraction of change.
So in every circumstance when you can remain balanced, peaceful, loving, and that autosuggestion is coming. After introspection, then dictation from within, then autosuggestion. And with that autosuggestion, charging own self comes. Then charging own self, what are the merits, demerits, failure, success, causes, everything, begins to come. Through that comes adjustment.
After adjustment comes becoming. ‘O, I have become now this’. After the adjustment and preparedness, then?
Supreme Awareness comes. After Supreme Awareness, then a long silence and trance in your identity, in your Father. Then comes a flow of energy and love which works through you to awaken others, help others, until you leave this body and go. This is the very simple thing.
There are some souls who are born free, but because they had a little desire before death, they go through home, food, sex, money, this and that a little, for the time being. Then when that goes, they immediately awaken. That part is alright. Then they become this (indicates enlightened state with his hands).
Many men and women suddenly get enlightenment, even when they are in family life, without undergoing too much meditation, adjustment, sitting and meeting. It is a thin layer of their karma they pass through and become glorious.

domain: philosophy


text:
In this lesson on mixed numbers, Mr. Hansen covers three ways to convert mixed numbers to improper fractions. He starts by drawing a visual representation of the mixed number, converting all values to the denominator of the fractional part, and then adding the numerators. Additionally, he shows a quick shortcut for converting mixed numbers to improper fractions by multiplying the whole number by the denominator and adding the numerator, keeping the original denominator. Overall, the lesson provides a thorough review of mixed number conversions, from visual representations to quick shortcuts.
How and why you can convert mixed numbers to improper fractions.
Courtesy of Mr. Hansen of www.mrhansen.net.

domain: mathematics


text:
Amazing Paradise City (New Zealand)
by Eduardo Rivera Jaramillo
(Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan)
I must confess that I have never been to New Zealand, but I'd love to be there because I know it is a land of striking beauty, a town of legendary warmth, full of amazing discoveries and pleasures of their comfortable travel.
With great facilities to move from side to side, its two main islands, North Island and South Island, offer travelers an adventure in which the distances are short, driving by car is easy, and public transport is wonderfully efficient.
In New Zealand there is a fascinating culture, a playground filled with adventure, and a paradise untouched, regarded as "one of the favorite places in the world."
When I investigated more about New Zealand, my reaction was not about how far it is, but rather why I had waited so long to visit that country.
With ancient rainforests and large-scale nature, filled with lakes and rivers, it has the largest virgin forest area of a city. New Zealand is an excellent place to visit!
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to UEC New Zealand forum.


text:
The best and 펀치게임 most realistic of all free poker sites is the WSOP Poker. There are usually about 5 daily freerolls of $50, $100, $100, 마그마게임 $10 , and 딸기게임 $150. With these being completely free to enter the $400+ daily is much better than the token $5 or 마그마게임 $10 given out by many sites. For 인싸포커 those stepping up to real-money play Full Flush Poker offers a private $1,000 first depositor 딸기게임 freeroll.
The game usually involves from 2 to 10 players. Depending on the poker type, the game consists of several rounds. Each of them starts with forced bets and giving additional cards. After that, each player has the opportunity to bet or stop playing further.

domain: entertainment