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Ferri’s Practical Guide, 9th Edition
Fast Facts for Patient Care (Expert Consult - Online and Print)
|(With Adobe DRM, readable with Adobe Digital Editions for PCs and Macs, and on most mobile devices except Kindle)|
For nearly 25 years, Ferri's concise, pocket-sized resource has served as the go-to reference for practical, clinical information among students, residents, and other medical professionals. Formerly known as Practical Guide to the Care of the Medical Patient, this volume continues to provide a fast, effective, and efficient way to identify the important clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic imaging information you need to get through your internal medicine clerkship or residency.
"...informative and detailed ...useful for those planning an elective or clinical work in the USA...". Reviewed by: Jacob F de Wolff, on behalf of British Journal of Hospital Medicine Date: October 2014Table of Contents
New to This Edition
- Apply the latest knowledge and techniques with this updated and streamlined title, which still stays true to the Ferri name.
- Quickly find important information with content organized into three major sections: Section I, titled "Surviving the Wards," contains information on charting, laboratory evaluation and formulary; Section II provides the differential diagnosis of common signs and symptoms likely to be encountered in the acute care setting; Section III has been completely revised and subdivided into 11 specialty specific diseases and disorders.
- Carry just the sections you need, add personalized materials, and keep everything together and safe with an improved ring binder and design.
- Access the full text and procedural videos online at Expert Consult.
- Benefit from the expert guidance of Dr. Fred Ferri, a leading teacher, clinician, and author.
- Confidently manage patients with the latest clinical information, drug therapies, and lab tests.
"This is a pocket-sized reference book of information that residents would need to have readily at their fingertips."-Vincent F Carr, DO, MSA, FACC, FACP(Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences) Doody Review: 89/100
"For UK medical students and doctors, this handbook is informative and detailed but does often not reflect national guidance and established practice. It is therefore mainly useful for those planning an elective or clinical work in the USA or countries with a similar approach to health care". Reviewed by: Jacob F de Wolff, Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex on behalf of British Journal of Hospital Medicine Date: October 2014
By Fred F. Ferri, MD, FACP, Clinical Professor, Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

domain: health


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*Suggested retail price shown above. Pricing does not include decoration. Please contact your Account Executive for decorated pricing.
Say hello to the ultra-comfy tentree® Stretch Knit Zip Up. Made with an eco-friendly blend of recycled polyester and Creora® Regen recycled spandex certified by the Global Recycled Standard (GRS) – not to mention a super-soft peached finish – it’s as sustainable as it is stylish. Even the zippers are made from recycled content! This comfy zip up also features zippered pockets to keep valuables safe, plus a drawstring hood with a self-fabric lining. Rib knit cuffs and hem help to deliver a better fit.

domain: fashion


Estimated read time: 2-3 minutes
This archived news story is available only for your personal, non-commercial use. Information in the story may be outdated or superseded by additional information. Reading or replaying the story in its archived form does not constitute a republication of the story.
OGDEN, Utah (AP) -- A bank is foreclosing on all but eight of 44 new condominiums in an award-winning development on Historic 25th Street.
Eight of the units had been sold. The other, unsold, units have two years of unpaid property taxes and will be sold at public auction.
First National Bank of Layton, lender on the Union Square project, recently announced the March 3 foreclosure sale.
Proterra Cos. of Salt Lake City, developed the $3.8 million project, consisting of 14 street-level retail units, 14 residential units above and 16 units on land behind the storefronts. The units were completed in July 2003.
In 2002, the project received the Envision Utah Governor's Quality Growth Award for excellence in design.
"This is new to me. I'm not used to having projects that don't work. We've never had one that stalled like this," said Gerry Tully, executive vice president for Proterra.
Union Square Associates LLC, formed by Tully and three other investors, owns the properties.
"We wish there had been better success on that project," said Mayor Matthew Godfrey. "We worked with them. We were partners in making it happen."
Godfrey was not concerned about the effect the foreclosure could have on the future of Historic 25th Street.
"I don't know it will affect it either way," he said. "The units are going to go to someone else and they'll be sold."
Godfrey was optimistic about the city's recovering a $675,000 RDA loan to the developer, although he did not know if all scheduled payments have been made.
He said the loan was tax increment money rather than taxpayer funds.
"It's not the people of Ogden who will be out the money," he said. "The money is generated by developers and given back to developers as an incentive."
In addition to the $675,000 city RDA loan, another $998,000 came from Community Development Block Grant funds and $250,000 from housing funds.
Shannon Krueger, a co-owner of Sell-n-Mail, one of the few retailers in the storefront condos, said, "For us to be successful, we did need these (retail units) to sell. I don't think it will make it more difficult for us to grow, but on the flip side, it might have made it easier for us to grow if this hadn't happened."
Krueger said business has been OK and improving since the store opened in November.
The residential units range in price from $126,500 to $155,000, while the combined retail/residential units on Historic 25th Street have a sale price of $230,500.
After the auction, Proterra and Union Square Associates will drop out of the picture. However, Tully and his wife have purchased one of the residential units.
(Copyright 2005 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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What Documents Do Insurance Companies Want For A Medical Disability Appeal?
If your claim has been denied and you are now appealing that denial your insurance company has likely requested additional information to support the claim. Often they will not even consider your appeal unless you provide them with “fresh evidence”. As part of your original application you and your doctor would have filled out forms and it is also common that your primary physician’s clinical notes and records were provided. On appeal, up-to-date clinical records, the records from any hospital or specialists you have attended and copies of diagnostic tests undertaken should also be submitted. However, a narrative report from your specialist or primary physician is often the best evidence on appeal. That report should contain not just your diagnosis and that physician’s opinion on your disability but also a thorough treatment of your symptoms, how they affect your functionality both in and out of the workplace, the treatment you are undertaking and, if available, your prognosis into the future.
However, appeals are often unsuccessful and can take many months. As such, if your claim has been denied we would encourage you to seek legal advice as soon as possible.
Share is There. Contact us for a free consultation.

domain: medical


Well, that’s exactly the situation I found myself in earlier this year. We noticed the dreaded signs of a water heater that has exceeded it’s lifetime. Yep, that’s right, there was leaking water around the base of our hot water heater.
So, the time was right to ask myself questions like; is it a good idea to utilize a tankless water heater? If you are wondering whether to purchase a tankless water heater or not, this article will give you reasons why the item is a worthy investment in my opinion. A tankless water heater which is also known as instantaneous, inline, continuous flow, flash, instant-on, or on-demand water heater is a water heater which heats water instantly as it flows via the device. This kind of water heater does not retain water internally expect that which is appearing in the heat exchange coil.
There are a variety of types of on-demand water heaters with varying features. Therefore, prior to buying a tankless water heater for using at home, it is vital you shop around and compare the various types you will find in the market. Research will help you in not only noting which type is the best for your needs, but also in distinguishing between original and counterfeit on-demand water heaters. Courtesy of researching, you will also secure a unique on-demand water heater which is quality and low-priced from a reputable purveyor. Here are the various benefits you will encounter by using a continuous flow water heater in your home:
Benefits of Using a Tankless Water Heater at Home
1. High Rate of Distribution
Instant-on water heaters have the potential of creating balmy water on demand. Therefore, by having this device in your home, it will be possible for you to tackle different tasks at once when using it. For instance, the device will give you the chance to run your washing machine, dishwasher, and have several showers open, all which will be running at a similar time.
Instant-on water heaters are designed in a manner that they can distribute higher volumes of water and can produce hot water for long time duration without running out.
2. Tankless Systems are Durable
A tankless heater is a kind of device that will with no doubt add value to your property as a result of the numerous merits it offers. This kind of water heater once maintained accordingly can service you for very many years if not decades without facing the need of replacement or repair.
However, in order to secure a tankless system that can withstand the test of time and service you for a longer period, it is vital you buy the device from a trader you are certain is dealing with original and superior quality on-demand water heaters.
3. Instant Water Production
Conventional tank heaters can take about four minutes in order to process hot water, and more than half an hour to fully refill the reserve. This is not the case with tankless systems. A tankless unit produces hot water instantly and therefore eliminates the waiting time for water to heat up associated with conventional tank heaters.
4. Saving Space
Instant-on water heaters are approximately 0.2 the size of a conventional tank unit. These kinds of heaters can be mounted easily on your wall and linked to the water flowing in your home. Based on studies, tankless units are considered to be safer than their counterpart conventional water heaters. It is therefore possible to store your instant-on water heater in places whereby traditional water heaters are not recommended.
5. Availability of Purer Water
As tank heaters get old, the reserves can rust and build contamination in your water. This is an issue that can be sorted out promptly with tankless units. Courtesy of having a tankless unit at home, you are always assured of cleaner water which is safe for drinking and bathing with.
6. Protects Against Disorders
Tank water heaters can encourage the build-up of bacteria when water is left in storage for a very long time period. This can make the users end up being vulnerable to disorders. However, by having a tankless system in your home, it will protect your water from calcifying since the water will always directly go from the pump via the unit to the faucet. This will enable you to get water that is fresh and disease-free anytime the need occurs.
There are many other merits in addition to the aforesaid you will experience by utilizing an electric tankless water heater unit in your home. However, though these kinds of water heaters carry a wide variety of benefits, they are also associated with a few pitfalls. Here are the pitfalls associated with tankless heaters:
Pitfalls of Using a Tankless Water Heater at Home
1. Have a Higher Price
A tankless unit is somewhat more costly than a conventional water heater. However, when tankless systems are compared with the traditional water heaters, the former have by far many benefits and thus a worthy investment despite their cost.
The electrical and plumbing system in older houses might not be compatible with an on-demand water heater. Therefore, if you are living in an older home, you may require having your electrical and plumbing systems updated prior to installing a tankless unit.
Factors to Put into Consideration Prior to Purchasing a Tankless Water Heater
*Which Device do you need at Home, Whole House or Single Use?
Some types of tankless systems are designed to supply water to the whole house while others only to certain sections. In case you want a unit that will be supplying hot water to your entire home, it is appropriate you consider a large-capacity gas model over an electric model since electric tankless units cannot match their output.
*Do you need an Indoor or Outdoor Tankless System?
If you will consider using a gas tankless unit, utilizing an outdoor model will be a better option. This is because the device does not require being vented and hence can save you cash on installation. Also, if you plan to use the unit for supplying water to your spa/tub or for heating your pool, an outdoor system is a good choice.
Though tankless heaters are associated with pros and cons, the merits they provide are numerous and by far than the demerits. It is therefore ideal you consider installing this kind of water heater in your home since it will help you benefit in very many ways.


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The old Oregon Trail. Hearings before the Committee on Roads, House of Representatives, Sixty-eighth Congress, second session on H.J. Res. 232, H.J. Res. 328 and S. 2053. January 23, February 13, 19, and 21, 1925. . . .
Govt. Print. Off.
Hon. E. O. Leatherwood of Utah presents testimony on the Mormon Trail. Includes a reprint from the Historical Record, vol. 9, January 1890, p. 56–175
Fales & Flake 1432
CU, DLC, NjP, UHi, ULA, UPB, USlC
University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah; Utah State University, Logan, Utah; Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; Church Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah

domain: geography


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How to Stop Smoking Cigarettesc
Posted by Jones Watson on October 27th, 2018
It has been proved how smokers' numbers are growing daily. People tend to continue with their smoking habit While it is plainly written on the package itself. People have been conducting so much of awareness campaign to give up smoking but still no fantastic outcome. But there are and this are some helpful steps of the way to give up smoking.
So as to be able to offer up the habit of smoking the cigarette, there may be a number of unique types of desires . Once they start its habit, people get so dependent on smoking the cigarette. Below are a few of the most effective quit smoking tips that have been known to work throughout the globe. Yes, there are many things that are limited to the nation, race, and religion. Gender, age, and many more aspects. When it has to do with the custom of stopping the smoking addiction, the tips can be implemented.
Fourth step: One should resolve a date that is quitting in their mind to remain focus and remind themselves their own goal. Exercise is one thing that they must do to stay busy and remove the thoughts of smoking. Step five: a individual must not indulge in smoking the entire time. They're able to do various items such as taking a walk spending some time together with more and families. Step six: Endeavor to really go without smoking, consider all the smokers who have been smoking for decades and able to quit smoking. Only the good vibes should be felt by Someone. To obtain extra information on quit smoking please look at annaleewellbeing.com/quit-smoking.
Nicotine-based is often improper to quit smoking so for the most useful result a person is going for non-nicotine based quitting. It would be helpful when someone doesn't take something different to quit smoking. They ought to prevent the company of tremendously involve with exercise and good things and smokers.


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Key Stage 3 Outline Scheme of WorkResource
The resource ‘Plants and KS3 Science’ provides teachers with ideas and resources where ‘plants’ provide contexts for learning in some KS3 topics or parts of topics. And this doesn’t just mean the biology topics. Plants can provide interesting and sometimes unusual or unexpected contexts for learning chemistry and physics.
These contexts include innovative applications of science, scientific research and development, media coverage of science, and working with science and careers in science.
Plants and KS3 Science offers ways in which plant-based activities might be used to:
• spark curiosity and interest and to engage students in topics (‘starter activity’)
• provide a scenario or setting for activities that makes up the main part of a lesson (‘main activity’).
In Plants and KS3 Science each Programme of Study (PoS) topic has:
• an introduction
• relevant SAPS resources (freely available on the SAPS website)
• links to Working scientifically, Biology, Chemistry and Physics in the 2013 Programme of Study
• a commentary
Plants change constantly during their life cycle. Many can be propagated, nurtured, observed and measured in a school laboratory or outside (fieldwork). They can provide a stimulating context and a point of reference when discussing many key scientific ideas. Science is a practical subject and plants offer many opportunities to practice and demonstrate the skills and knowledge associated with working scientifically.
On top of all that they can brighten and add interest to any school laboratory and show that a properly managed laboratory need not be a dangerous place!
Living organisms and inanimate materials make up Earth’s four spheres: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Applying scientific skills and knowledge, together with an understanding the interaction between these spheres, enables us to tackle challenges that face our world, such as providing food, clean water, health care, food, energy sources and safe living environments.
Plants are an ideal context to explore scientists’ ideas of energy, matter and change. For example,
• absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by green plants during photosynthesis
• release oxygen, produced during photosynthesis, into the atmosphere
• uptake of liquid water by plants and the loss of water vapour during transpiration
• solubility of nutrients are in soil water and their uptake by plants
• making molecules from atoms: small molecules, e.g. O2, H2O and CO2; larger molecules, e.g. C6H12O6; giant molecules, e.g. DNA
• shapes and structures of molecules represented using molecular modelling kits
• diffusion of substances in and between plant cells
• materials cycles.

domain: chemistry


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PointsBet Online Sportsbook Promo Code and Review
PointsBet is an online sportsbook that is legal and licensed in the state of New Jersey. Having launched just in time for the Super Bowl, PointsBet is able to take real money online sports betting through a partnership with Meadowlands Racetrack.
PointsBet NJ Online Sportsbook Promo Code
PointsBet NJ Promo Code
|Deposit Bonus||Two Risk-Free Bets Up To $200|
|AC Partner||Meadowlands Racetrack|
|Launched||February 27, 2019|
PointsBet is really trying to carve their way into the very crowded NJ online sportsbook landscape by offering a huge selection of sports betting bonuses and promotions to get you started and keep you going. And the best part is, you don’t even need to use a PointsBet promo code to get the PointsBet bonuses and promotions. Let’s just jump right in.
- Use Promo Code GRINDERS
- Name Your Own Bets
- Innovative PointsBetting
- Daily Promotions
Two Risk-Free Bets up to $200
PointsBet will refund your first bet up to $100 on your first PointsBetting wager (more on this later) and your first fixed price wager for a total of $200 in risk-free bets. Unlike other sites where the refund has to be wagered all in big second bet, you can choose to break your refund bet into 2-4 smaller bets. For instance, if you wager $100 on your first bet, and lose, you can choose to break the second chance bet into two $50 bets, three $33.33 bets or four $25 bets.
Place a 4+ leg parlay and if one leg fails, you get a full refund up to $100 paid out in bonus bets. Each leg must be minimum odds of -500 and total parlay odds of +100 or greater.
If your team is winning by two goals at any point in the match during any EPL match or NHL game, you automatically win instantly up to your first $500 bet. If your MLB moneyline bet is up by 3 runs, get paid instantly!
NFL No Juice Spreadlines
Place a spreadline bet on select NFL games and enjoy no juice. All bets will be +100 with a max bet of $200.
Name a Bet
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- Boosted odds on certain games/ props nightly
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- Place a $50+ spreadline bet on select NCAAM basketball game and get $3 bonus for every 3 pointer
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There really is no comparison in the New Jersey market to PointsBets available betting options. Choose from the traditional moneyline bets, pointspreads, single games, parlays, in game betting and totals. They offer one of the most diverse prop betting menus as well, from individual player props to head to head matchups between players, to individual quarter, half and period bets. One popular omission from the betting options is teaser bets.
When it comes to individual player props, no one can match PointsBets options. You can choose from points, yards, combined points with rebounds or assists. The sky is the limit. Another exciting feature is if you don’t see a bet offered, you can simply tweet @PointsBetUSA and they will add it to the list of options. For any NBA game, you can see anywhere from 200-250 betting options. This includes standard betting and a PointsBet exclusive, PointsBetting.
What is PointsBetting?
While it may seem scary and complicated at first, it really is just an spread bet on steroids. PointsBetting takes a traditional wager like a spread, total or prop bet and adds an exciting twist where the potential winnings (or losses) aren’t fixed, but vary by the outcome at the end of a game. The more correct you are in your betting predictions, the higher the winnings (or losses). The stakes are multiplied by how close the final outcome is to the original bet.
An Example of PointsBetting
Let’s take a look at an example. If the Sixers are favored by 5 points, and you place a $1 PointsBet wager, and the Sixers win by 11 points, your bet is now multiplied by 6 since they won by 6 more points than you predicted. This is also true if the Sixers lost by 2, leaving the bettor having to fork over $7 since they lost by 7 points under your betting prediction. The multiplier is set differently depending on the sport, since a 10 pt win is a lot easier in sports like basketball than in soccer or hockey. There is also a set cap for how much a player can win or lose depending on the betting market.
Make no mistake about it, PointsBetting can be a wild ride, so proceed with caution. You can also set your own multiplier caps or stop losses. So if a bettor chooses to set the cap at 5x, the most they can win or lose on a $1 bet is $5 no matter what the final score is.
Deposits and Withdrawals
PointsBet is relatively new to the New Jersey market, and as we have seen with new online sportsbooks, it sometimes takes a while to offer a wide array of banking options. PointsBet offers most of the standard methods, but we hope to see PayPal and a live option be added in the near future.
- Online Banking: Set up online bill pay with your bank. Select your bank from a list of available banks and instantly deposit using your online bill pay.
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- Credit/Debit:Use your Visa or Mastercard to fund your account instantly. Note: Some banks still block online gaming transactions or charge a fee, so contact your bank if you are unsure.
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- Online Banking:Simple and safe withdrawal method that doesn’t require credit card or ACH details.
Geolocation technology uses your phone’s GPS, IP address, and available Wi-Fi networks to verify that you are physically located in New Jersey. If PointsBet is having trouble verifying your location, check to be sure that you are allowing the app to find your location and that your Wi-Fi is turned on. When using the desktop, be sure to have and VPN turned off and be connected to Wi-Fi.
Deposits and withdrawals can be made from outside of New Jersey, but to place a bet, you must be physically located in the state. You do not, however, have to be New Jersey resident to participate.
PointsBet Company Information
PointsBet is an Australian based company that launched in 2017. They are the first company in Australia to offer spread betting. They have since expanded throughout the world and most recently brought their exciting cutting edge sportsbook to New Jersey via a deal with Meadowlands Racetrack. They pride themselves on being an industry innovator and promise an “edge of your seat” experience.
Frequently Asked Questions
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Scroll to the bottom of the homepage and click on help for their FAQ page. If you do not find your answer there, you can email them at email@example.com or use their 24/7 live chat feature.
Who can place a bet on PointsBet?
Anyone who is 21 years of age or older and physically located in the state of New Jersey.
What can I do if I have a gambling problem or just need a break?
There are several options for “Responsible Gaming” including self-exclusion, limiting deposits, time limits or temporary self-suspension. You can also seek help by calling 1-800-GAMBLER.
I am new to sportsbetting, does PointsBet have any resources to help explain all the complicated lingo?
You can find all the information you need to get started with PointsBet on the PointsBet website.

domain: gamble


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Keeping an eye on the competition business plan competition analysis example offer your mobile food business an edge. A framework for examlpe analysis, considering the competitors objectives, assumptions. A Competitor Analysis Template allows you to carry out a detailed analysis of. For example, have you overlooked an problem solving involving area of trapezoid business objective?
No matter how new your business, you do have competition—so dont suggest that your. For sxample, lenders want to see how you will handle industry regulations.
This chapter explains all the industry & market competition analysis through different business planning methods. Feb 2011. Since every business has competitors, every business plan needs.
Start writing your master thesis
Business plan competition analysis example analysis begins with a list of your companys competitors. The Competition Analysis can be a difficult and intimidating section of the business plan. Example of Customer Business plan competition analysis example for a Marketing Plan by Chloe Thorn, Yahoo!
For example, if your company sold watch straps and watches, you would. Refer to the Sample Graphic Templates in Section IX for ideas for. This business plan is the property of [Company/Project Name] and is.
Example: The main competitors in the industry are all small to medium sized players. Feb 2018. Competitor analysis provides valuable insights into how to run your business, case study reading disability win!.
For example, if the bounce rate is high (say, 80-90%) it shows. In that case, competitive analysis guesses which big competitors will enter the market.
York college homework
For example, if your competitors are focusing on tweeting at lunchtime, when Twitter. A good competitive analysis is a scouting report of the actual market terrain that your company. Competitive Analysis. Business plan competition analysis example of Features.
Catalogs and marketing materials from your competition are useful. The industry analysis is the section of your business plan in which you.
Competitive Analysis: includes an honest and complete analysis of the business competition and demonstrates an understanding of the business relative. Industry Analysis Competitive Analysis Competitor Analysis. For example, do they have a larger marketing budget or do they hold more. The following business plan competition analysis example provides some examples. But if we want to be the biggest in the the lost generation essay topics design business, then.
Compare and contrast essay on community college vs. university
Hopefully, you already have a general idea of your main competitors. For example, the illustration here of competition among autos:. Next, head to the SEO Competitor Analysis Template, select the. Looking for some examples of market analysis? Example Swot Analysis table made in Business plan competition analysis example Results 1 - 10. Feb 2016. Conducting a market analysis can help you create a business plan that keeps.
Conducting a competitive analysis is an occupational therapy new grad cover letter part of any savvy business strategy. What Follows is a sample of Competition analysis segment of a typical Interior design business plan.
If you plan to set up an accounting firm, you will compete with other. The guide provides real life examples, templates, and tools in action. You can learn business plan competition analysis example your customers, competitors, and industry. PART 3 - COMPETITION. did not provide training in financial statement analysis.

domain: economics


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You might still have some burning questions so I will try to answer them here.
How long can I access the course?
Your in for life. So yes you can totally access this course as long as you wish.
Do I need a lot of fancy materials?
No - deffinitly not. As a minimium you you will need a big and a small brush, some watercolor paper, paint and sketching paper, pencils and eraser. It's also great if you have mistsprays but it's not neccesary.
Is this class going to be on Skillshare?
Nope. I have a lot of classes on Skillshare but this one will be exclusively on my School here.

domain: artistic


The Schools-Based Vaccination System (SBVS), developed by Hutt Valley District Health Board, was specifically designed to aid New Zealand’s nationwide Meningococcal B immunisation campaign.
It aimed to enable the effective management, delivery and recording of information for group vaccination campaigns in schools.
The application was used for managing the vaccination of school-children throughout the country. Every child required three inoculations, eight to 12 weeks apart, as part of the programme.
The SBVS application supported the whole vaccination process. For example, consent forms were sent to all families, and the information contained in the forms was then entered into the SBVS. School rolls were also imported into the system, to assist with data entry and maintaining data quality, and this data was then made available to national health systems. Any immediate adverse reactions to the vaccination were also reported the Ministry of Health within 72 hours of inoculation.
SBVS’s major benefit is immunisation of all 5-19 year olds in schools. It allows public health nurses to easily trace those who have not been vaccinated, ensuring no student falls through the cracks.
Another major benefit is that the system is built and paid for just the once, but can be used over and over again. It can also link to the National Health system and the National Immunisation Register.
The budget for the SBVS project was tight and the project team was under pressure to deliver the solution as quickly as possible so the campaign could be launched. The project was delivered on time and within budget.
Nineteen district health boards around the country used SBVS to manage information relating to the immunisation of 990,000 students.


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ARIZARD-L ArchivesArchiver > ARIZARD > 2001-06 > 0992560338
From: Glenda Ramsey <>
Subject: [ARIZARD-L] Hailey
Date: Thu, 14 Jun 2001 18:12:18 -0500
References: <firstname.lastname@example.org> <008c01c0f521$35f44260$97ac8ed1@VeraReeves>
My records show that Adam Mordicah and Florence Cochran Hailey
are buried at Mt. Nebo Cemetery north of Violet Hill.
He was a son of William Newton and Elizabeth Fannie Joslin Hailey.
Vera Reeves wrote:
> 1880 New Hope Township Izard County census
> HALEY Adam M 27 **** Farmer TN TN TN
> 336/336 Florence F 26 wife TN TN TN
> Louisa F 9 daughter AR TN
> William F 7 son AR
> TN TN
> Martha F 2 daughter AR TN
> This may be the Adam and Florence Hailey in the Union Cemetery in Fulton
> ==== ARIZARD Mailing List ====
> Jean M.Cuevas, Listowner Arizard-L <><
> Remember, new subscribers are added to the list almost everyday. Post your lines often!

domain: history


عنوان مقاله [English]
Geothermal energy is one of the major sources of new and environmentally friendly energieswhich, if used correctly and based on environmental parameters, plays an important role in the energy balance of the country and the goals of sustainable development.However, detecting and exploring sources of this energy using modern and low cost methods –as a replacement for land surveying methods-can help planners and authorities working in the field of energy. In this regard, thermal remote sensing with a vast coverage of the earth’s surface, and the possibilityof calculating land surface temperature using satellite imagery plays an important role as a new economic tool.Mapping land surface temperature is a key point in achieving geothermal anomalies and different algorithms play an important role in land surface temperature estimation. Therefore, identifying potential sources of geothermal energyusingremotely sensed thermal data is a challenging and yet interesting subject.
Materials and Methods
The present study takes advantage of images received from OLI and TIRS sensors (Landsat 8) to estimate land surface temperature, analyze thermal anomalies, and identify areas with potential geothermal resources in Meshkinshahr.The images were retrieved fromUSGSin Geo TIFF format.Envi 5.3, eCognition 9.1, MATLAB and ArcMap 10.4.1 were used to prepare, process and analyze the images.Moreover, meteorological data received fromMeshkinshahr station was collected from the General Department and Meteorological Center of Ardabil Provincewith the aim of identifying the optimal algorithm for calculation ofland surface temperature. Data wascollected for a one-day period (31/08/2017), i.e. the same day Landsat 8 passed over the areaunder study.
Results and Discussion
The present study sought to identify areas with potential geothermal resources using thermal remote sensing and a combination of surface temperature and thermal anomaly models. In order to calculate thermal anomaly, an observational thermal image is required, which is in fact the same land surface temperature calculated using Split Window and Mono Window algorithmsfor the image received from the satellite thermal band at the moment of collecting images. It should be noted that the land surface temperature calculated with these algorithms was evaluated using statistical data recorded in the temperature monitoring station. Results indicated higher accuracy of Split Window algorithm (3 ° C difference). Since, temperature obtained from this algorithm was more consistent with the actual temperature, its results were used as the observational thermal image.A thermal model was also defined to model factors responsible for heat variation from one pixel to another one. These two images were calculated and subtracted to reach the thermal anomaly image.In order to identify thermal anomalies caused by undergroundfactors heating the earthsurface, other factors responsible for increasing/decreasinglandsurfacetemperature should be normalized in the image. Thus, the effect of parameters such as solar energy, environmental degradation and evaporation on land surface temperature obtained from split window algorithm was investigated and finally, areas with heat anomalies and evidences indicating the presence of geothermal resources around themwere selected as areas with potential geothermal resources.Results indicate that inthe area surroundingSabalanmountains,two regions with 5.5 and 10.05 hectares in the northern and northeastern parts of Moyelvillage, a1.4 hectares area in the southwestern part of Qutursouli Spa, and the southern part of the Qinrjah Spa with an area of 1.1 hectare had potentialgeothermal resources and a high potential for exploration of geothermal resources.
The presence of hot springs, a geothermal power plant and other evidences shows that Ardabil Province and especially Meshkinshahr city has the potential for geothermal energy production as one of the major sources of new and environmentally friendly energies.However, no effective studies have been performed to identify these resources using modern and low-cost methods including thermal remote sensing.Therefore, the present study for the first time took advantage ofGIS and remote sensingto identify areas appropriate for geothermal energy extraction inMeshkinshahr city and concluded that remote sensing studies on Landsat 8 satellite images have a high efficiency for identifying areas with potential geothermal resources. Thus, areas identified in the present study have a strong spatial correlation with the geothermal evidences founded in the region.


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Rest and Recharge initiative for Reflex employees promotes mental health and protects customer service levels
Reflex Vehicle Hire has introduced a new welfare scheme to improve employee wellbeing and maintain the highest levels of customer service
Reflex Vehicle Hire has introduced a new Rest and Recharge initiative for staff as part of its wide-ranging commitment to promoting mental health awareness and protecting employee wellbeing.
Employees are given an early Friday finish on a rotating basis, so they have a longer weekend to focus on their health in reward for their hard work providing industry-leading service levels to customers.
The launch of the initiative is part of the Reflex partnership with Mind, the mental health charity, and aims to remove any stigma related to talking about the importance of mental health.
Rest and Recharge is just one of a series of projects being championed by Reflex Mental Health Ambassador Charlie Atkins.
“Reflex is an employer that puts our staff and customers’ wellbeing at the heart of what we do, with safety and duty of care at the core of our business values.
Every team member is dedicated to providing industry-leading levels of customer service and this can only be achieved if they are provided with the right levels of support in the workplace.”
Reflex Vehicle Hire already has an internal network of trained mental health champions who are available to provide support and advice to team members through a confidential scheme, while ongoing projects include team bonding and training programmes.
The mental health programme also extends to customer welfare, particularly drivers who are using Reflex vehicles.
The Welfare of Reflex Drivers programme (WORD) focuses on helping our clients to talk more openly with their drivers about health and wellbeing.
Our work includes distributing special information packs containing guidance for drivers, while vehicles have stickers that provide details of a telephone helpline and website that drivers can use if they need help and support.
The Coronavirus crisis has had a major impact on people’s mental health, particularly on frontline workers, including those in essential transport roles.
Research shows that around one billion people globally have a mental health issue; depression is the most common, with around 5% of adults in the world suffering at any one time.
The lost productivity resulting from depression and anxiety, two of the most common conditions, costs the global economy £700 billion each year.
Simple initiatives can have a major impact, such as removing the stigma surrounding mental health so it is easier to discuss problems.
By supporting team members, Reflex has been able to build an award-winning service, securing dozens of accolades over the past few years, including a coveted Fleet News Award naming us Fleet Supplier of the Year.
Our most recent trophy came from the Leicestershire Live Business Awards, which named Reflex Vehicle Hire as the best business for customer service excellence.
For further information about Reflex Vehicle Hire, WORD, or our vehicle range, contact one of our expert team members to discuss your fleet needs.
Find out more
Find out how Reflex Vehicle Hire can help your company.
Call 0330 460 9913 or visit our contact us page.

domain: psychology


text:
One lucky entrant will win a diamond engagement ring from Diamonds Direct valued at $10,000. The winner will also receive two (2) tickets to the LSU vs. UAB football game on Nov. 19, 2022, with recognition on the Tiger Stadium video board during the game.
The contest is open from Oct. 14, 2022, until Nov. 11, 2022.
A winner will be chosen at random. No purchase necessary, must be 18-years or older to win. Winner must be able to attend the game and arrange their own travel, if necessary. The prize is non-transferable and for the Nov. 19, 2022, LSU Football home game only.

domain: entertainment


Corralitos – Pájaro Valley
- Basin Name
- Corralitos – Pájaro Valley
- Basin Number
- SGMA Basin Priority
- Critically Overdrafted
- Hydrologic Region Name
- Central Coast
- Monterey, Santa Cruz
Located in California’s Central Coast hydrologic region, the Corralitos – Pájaro Valley is 75,055 acres in size. This High priority basin is home to an estimated 90,289 people (2010 value), which have been at a rate of 11.02.
Corralitos – Pájaro Valley is a(n) basin with approximately 2027 wells, of which approximately 89 are water supply wells. Groundwater accounts for approximately 99.71 percent of the basin’s water supply.
2016: Major Basin boundary modification approved
Bulletin 118 update – Various portions of the original Pajaro Valley Basin were moved to three adjacent subbasins/basins—180/400 Foot Aquifer subbasin (3-004.01), Langley Area Subbasin (3-004.09), and the newly-formed Santa Cruz Mid-County (3-001) basin. A portion of the former Santa Cruz Purisima Formation basin (3-021) was added to this basin. The Pajaro Valley Basin was also reclassified as a subbasin.
2018: Draft Basin Prioritization comments –
- Groundwater levels and salt intrusion: CRITICAL OVERDRAFT 2016 Source: DWR 1) CASGEM/WDL/GWIDS: No data or data insufficent to determine GWL status. Source: DWR 2) Seawater intrusion in the Pajaro Basin, a result of groundwater overdraft, was first ocumented in 1953 (Bulletin 5, SWRCB). Since then, the problem has become more severe. The Pajaro Valley groundwater basin is in severe overdraft, causing groundwater elevations to drop below sea level as shown in Figure ES-1 and leading to seawater intrusion. Seawater intrusion has caused chloride contamination of groundwater wells up to three miles inland, as shown in Figure ES-2. Source: Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency Basin Management Plan Update
The current seawater intrusion rate in the Pajaro Valley is estimated to be 100 to 250 feet per year, and its effects already extend several miles inland (PVWMA, 2014A). …In April 2014, the Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency Board of Directors adopted a Basin Management Plan update. The plan proposes six projects and an aggressive conservation program that will reduce groundwater over pumping by 90% and essentially halt seawater intrusion into the Pajaro Valley Aquifer (PVWMA, 2014B). Source: CentralCoastGWReport-Aug2014.pdf 2) Today, the need to abate groundwater overdraft and prevent further seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer drives the PVWMAs conjunctive use and groundwater management program. Beginning in the early 1990s, the PVWMA started establishing a water supply system that today combines surface, groundwater, and recycled water to sustain valley farms and work to recharge declining groundwater aquifers. The Agency still has much to do, and in its ongoing basin management planning efforts, is working alongside university researchers, as well as with local stakeholder groups to develop the most cost-effective and efficient programs and projects. Source: PajaroValleyGWM.pdf
2018 Final Basin Prioritization: Basin status remains unchanged at high priority.


text:
Can occupational health doctor overrule a GP?
If the occupational health doctor wishes to challenge the GP's opinion that the patient is unfit to work on the basis of the nature of the work to be done, then that is his opinion.
If the company wishes to stop the patient's pay if that patient refuses to continue working, it is putting itself in a vulnerable position in employment law and the patient could challenge this in the courts.
The company is taking a calculated risk if it plans on going ahead with its insistence that the patient returns to work immediately. An entrenched position on the part of the employer could well end up in the law courts.
In this case, an additional factor was that lives could have been put at risk as a result of the patient not being fully fit (he was a machine-hand).
The employer's position in this regard would be difficult to defend.


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It was also in the 1950s that the Shell unwittingly became the launching pad for a uniquely American form of music:
rock and roll. Elvis Presley made his first major concert appearance in Memphis at the Overton Park Band Shell on July 30, 1954 as the opening act for Slim Whitman marked the "coming out party" for rock music at the Shell. Less than two weeks later, on August 10, 1954, Elvis Presley performed two show at the Overton Park Band Shell. One year later, on August 5, 1955, Elvis Presley
was the headline act at Overton Park. Opening for Elvis Presley, and making their first concert appearance were Johnny Cash and The Tennessee Two. By
this time Elvis' popularity was well established; he was pushed farther into fame with every hysterical scream from the crowd. Following his performances, Elvis Presley's work at the Shell fueled public recognition, and his career skyrocketed, igniting national enthusiasm - and disdain - for this new music phenomenon. Whether viewed as a gift of a curse, rock and roll was
here to stay.
The Shell played host to other rock and roll pioneers - many were artists for Memphis' Sun Record label: Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Warren Smith, Roy Orbison, Eddie Bond, and Jerry Lee Lewis. Then showcase rambles joined hometown favourites from the rhythm and blues sector. Booker
T. and the MGs, Rufus Thomas, Furry Lewis, and Isaac Hayes helped give Memphis a musical signature from the legendary Shell stage.
But by the late 1960s, many in the community considered it a "white elephant", and, in 1965, it became the target
of the Memphis Little Theater, which wanted to replace the Shell with an indoor theater. A reprieve came when the Memphis Park Commission decided to find another site for the popular Music Under The Stars before destroying the structure. The grim reaper came around again in 1966 when the Park Commission placed the Shell's destiny in the hands of the Memphis Arts Council, which
had plans for a $2 million performing arts complex in Overton Park. Once more, the Shell faced extinction. This time, conductor Noel Gilbert became the
saviour who defied the bell's toll, gathering enough protest signature to force the Park Commission to reconsider.
Ironically, rock and roll posed the next threat to the Shell's survival. Although the performances that audiences had enjoyed continued in their diverse variety through the early
1970s, rock and roll had undergone significant changes resulting in younger audiences. Rock's voice had become more influential than ever, issuing a clarion
call to young people. Nationally, this incurred the wrath of more hidebound elders, who were appalled and irritated at the social and more changes assaulting their social equilibrium. Long hair, drugs use, and the rebellious, freestyle attitudes of the "hippie generation" arrived in Memphis, flaunting openly and unabashedly in Overton Park. A collision between
youth and the establishment was inevitable.
Local Newspapers covered the Shell in
depth, focusing on the peculiarities of the patrons. Run-ins with the police were common, and headlines trumpeted these confrontations. Noise level complaints from area residents
and clashes with security brought out a virtual army of police. Concert promoters and the Park Commission shared the steep cost of these security measures.
Then the Park Commission suddenly changed the ground rules. Where rental of the Shell had been an affordable $300 an additional $2,000
deposit was now required. Adding insult to injury, the entire cost for the additional security would be borne solely by the promoters instead of being shared. Outraged, promoters struck back vocally, and antagonism coloured the relationships.
Though loud and crude, these rock concerts remain
some of the best-attended events in Shell history. Over 50 concerts were scheduled in 1971, drawing 8,000 to 9,000 spectators listening to popular groups that included
the Allman Brothers, the James Gang, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, ZZ Top, Jimi Hendrix, and Poco.
last gasp at the Shell in this era occurred after a 1975 Seals and Crotts concert, which drew 21,000 people. For an arena designed to seat only 4,000, this scene of potential disaster was remarkably incidentfree. Regardless, the Shell afterwards settled into a formula of showcasing free events by local artists. Notably absent were regular rock and roll performances.
September 1982 saw this outdoor facility dedicated with a new name: Raoul Wallenberg/Overton Park Shell. Wallenberg,
Sweden's ambassador to Austria during World War II, was credited with saving over 100,000 Jews from Nazi concentration camps, and a plaque was erected in his honour. In light
of this celebration and the lack of any other controversies, Shell supporters became cautiously optimistic for a secure, if somewhat subdued, future. But a new threat now came from its next door neighbor, the Memphis Brooks Museum of Art. Their expansion plans called for a parking lot and the Shell's demise. It was April, 1984, and the old amphitheater was drawing its last breath.
With demolition already underway, John Vincent Hanrahan, an environmentalist who grew up attending Shell events,
begged for permission to intervene before the historic arena completely disappeared. This time, Hanrahan was the Shell's saviour, arriving at more realistic cost estimates to repair the Shell by relying heavily on volunteer labor and donated materials.
Only in 1985 was the Shell dark and empty as bureaucratic indecision
left its continuity in limbo. Finally, then-mayor Dick Hackett committed to the Shell's refurbishing if a private group would coordinate an ongoing arts
program for it. Hope glimmered briefly, then was snuffed out again when Hanrahan was killed in an on-the-job accident. Yet when Hanrahan's brother, Michael,
brought a wreath to the Shell stage the day after his brother's funeral, family members and friends gathered and began sprucing up the dilapidated setting. That day marked the inception of today's Save Our Shell (SOS).
Volunteer labor, donated materials, community support, and SOS' first
president, David Leonard, ensured the Shell's half-century celebration on September 13, 1986 - 50 years to the day after its premiere. The phoenixlike Shell
was reborn in an atmosphere welcoming home old friends, as a capacity crowd of over 4,000 watched hundreds of multicolored balloons drift upwards, signalling the start of the evening's entertainment.
Since that night in 1986, the all volunteer SOS has preserved the Shell from extinction by tirelessly scheduling
hundreds of events and continuous upgrading. Today, the Overton Park Band Shell is still stands today, and even though the stage and rows of wooden seats have a new coat of white paint, the feeling of the place vintage 1954 remains. Stand on the stage and look out into the rows of seats; it is not difficult to imagine a nineteen-year old Elvis Presley standing on the same stage,
or to imagine what he felt when he began to sing. The stage that first showcased rock and roll and gave extensive exposure to blues recording artists
has contributed to fulfilling Overton's vision "to make Memphis the musical center of the Mid-South".
The Shell has been preserved from
demolition by a "Save the Shell" committee "Sedroc", located at 1725 B Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38104 by secretary Joel Hurley. We are fortunate to have this priceless
bit of place history today.
In 2007, the Park Shell was renamed Levitt Shell at Overton Park and a large-scale renovation funded by the Levitt Foundation took place. The renovation was conducted by Memphis firm Askew Nixon Ferguson Architects with state-of-the-art audio and visual design. With the completion of
the renovations on September 8, 2008, free concerts are now once again held in the Shell. The Shell offers concerts on Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and
Sunday nights during its spring and fall seasons.
© 2013 Levitt Shell.


text:
A short biography of Downes can be found at http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/index_...
vicenzo • Link
"John Downes -- Barrister of the Inner Temple and MP for Arundel, Sussex. During the King's trial, he was moved by the King's words and rose to protest, "Have we hearts of stone?" for which he was furiously rebuked by Cromwell, though he later served on the Council of State. He was arrested at the Restoration and condemned to death, then reprieved because of his defence that Cromwell had intimidated him into signing the death warrant against his better judgement. Spent the rest of his life a prisoner in the Tower".... lifted from
John Downes, member of the Long Parliament. He joined the Parliamentary army, and was made a colonel of militia. One of the king's judges who signed the death warrant. Elected to the Council of State, November 25th, 1651, and again, May 14th, 1659. At the Restoration he published "A True and Humble Representation touching the Death of the late King as far as he maybe concerned therein." Arrested at Hampstead, June 18th, 1660; condemned, but reprieved, and kept prisoner in Newgate. He was in the Tower in November, 1666.
DOWNES, JOHN (fl. 1666), regicide; sat for Arundel in the Long parliament, 1642; prevailed upon, partly against his will, to sign Charles I's death-warrant; member of the council of state, 1651 and 1659; commissioner for the revenue, 1659; arrested (1660) for his share in the execution of Charles I, and kept a close prisoner in Newgate.
---Dictionary of National Biography: Index and Epitome. S. Lee, 1906.
Chart showing the number of references in each month of the diary’s entries.


|Publication number||US3737704 A|
|Publication date||Jun 5, 1973|
|Filing date||Oct 27, 1971|
|Priority date||Oct 27, 1971|
|Also published as||DE2252711A1, DE2252711B2, DE7239485U|
|Publication number||US 3737704 A, US 3737704A, US-A-3737704, US3737704 A, US3737704A|
|Inventors||M Coleman, L Grenon|
|Original Assignee||Motorola Inc|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (11), Classifications (15)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
United States Patent [191 Grenon et al.
[111 3,737,704 45 June 5, 1973  SCANNABLE LIGHT EMITTING DIODE ARRAY AND METHOD  Inventors: Lawrence A. Grenon, Phoenix; Michael G. Coleman, Tempe, both of Ariz.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS Blum et al., IBM Tech. Disc. Bul. Vol. 13, No 9 Feb.
Lynch et al., IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev. Vol. ED-l4, No. 10, oct. 1967, 705-709 Primary ExaminerJohn Kominski Attorney-Vincent Rauner and Henry Olsen  ABSTRACT There is disclosed a monolithic light display comprising a matrix of light emitting diodes in an integral structure which is scannable to produce an alpha nu meric character display. Groups of the light emitting diodes are electrically isolated from other groups of diodes by a supporting carrier and an isolation channel with the cathode of the diodes connected in a series of groups by address or row lines and anodes connected in an orthagonal plurality of groups by bit or column lines. A conductive bus in the isolation channel forms the connection for either the row or column lines. A strobing format logic address system is provided for lighting the individual diodes to emission for producing an alpha numeric character.
There is also disclosed a method of manufacturing the foregoing which comprises placing an epitaxial layer of a first conductivity type semiconductor material upon a substrate of semiconductor material having an intrinsic or semi insulating conductivity. Then channels are etched through the epitaxial layer to the semi insulating semiconductor substrate, thereby forming the epitaxial material into a plurality of parallel ribs or ridges. After coating the entire surface of the channels and the ridges with a dielectric layer, a conductive material is deposited over the substrate to fill the channels with the conductive material which may be either a metal or polycrystalline silicon doped to have sufficient conductivity. The surface of the substrate is then lapped to remove the conductive material and the dielectric material from the ridges to expose the first semiconductor material, and following diffusion of a dopant to convert the first semiconductor material to a second conductivity type material thereby forming a PN junction in each of the ridges in spaced locations therealong, suitable metallization is placed on the substrate to connect the first conductivity material to the conductive material in the channels to form column lines and metallization is placed on top a dielectric layer to connect the other conductivity material in a plurality of row lines.
6 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures SCANNABLE LIGHT EMITTING DIODE ARRAY AND METHOD.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to alpha numeric displays and more particularly to a monolithic light emitting diode display. More particularly, the invention is related to a light emitting diode display which is scannably addressable.
Visual readout devices such as alpha numeric displays are available on several formats utilizing various light emitting devices such as incandescent lamps, gaseous discharge lamps, electroluminescent displays and more recently light emitting diode arrays. Such devices are utilized for may purposes, such as computer readouts, process control instrumentation, aircraft and automotive instrument panels and various other indicators such as clocks and gauges. Since most, if not all of the aforementioned uses, rely on semiconductor electronics, it is highly desirable that the alpha numeric display be compatible with the voltages and currents normally utilized in such semiconductor circuits and be compatible with its speed of operation. The major objection to the presently most widely used visual readout, the gas discharge lamp of the cathode glow variety, is the high voltage required for initiating the glow discharge. Such readouts require the use of interface semiconductors having high reverse voltage breakdown characteristics. Obviously, the light emitting diode array format, being itself a semiconductor device, is highly desirable for a visual readout since it is inherently compatible with the electronics of the semiconductor circuits.
Some attempts have been made to provide alpha numeric displays utilizing light emitting diodes in either discrete, hybrid or individually addressable diode bit arrays. In these formats, light emitting diode arrays have not been widely acceptable as they are costly, unreliable and relatively inconvenient to adapt to standard systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a primary object of this invention to provide a monolithic light emitting diode alpha numeric display device and method of making the same.
A further object of the invention is to provide a monolithic light emitting diode alpha numeric display which is relatively economic and compatible with standard systems.
In accordance with the aforementioned objects, there is provided a monolithic light display comprising a matrix of light emitting diodes in an integral structure, said light emitting diodes being arranged in columns and rows. An isolation channel and a supporting carrier isolates the rows of diodes, which rows have a common electrode. If the resistance of the common electrode is too high for electrical connection merely at the ends, a conductive bus in the isolation channel may form access for connection for either the row or column lines to permit a strobing format, logic address system to effect light emission of the individual diodes to produce an alpha numeric character. There is further provided a method of manufacturing the foregoing monolithic light display structure.
THE DRAWINGS Further objects and advantages of the invention will be obvious to one skilled in the art from the following complete description thereof and from the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a monolithic light emitting diode array in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention depicted somewhat schematically;
FIG. 2-5 are cross sectional views depicting schematically in enlarged scale successive stages in the manufacture of the light emitting diodes array; and
FIG. 6 is a top plan view of a portion of the array on this enlarged scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION While the following preferred embodiment of the invention is disclosed with particular reference to a monolithic array of gallium arsenide phosphide light emitting diodes, it will be appreciated that any optimum light emitting diode material such as gallium arsenide or gallium phosphide may be used. The carrier substrate for the array may be of any suitable material sufficiently matching the crystal structure of the gallium arsenide phosphide to permit monocrystalline epitaxial growth thereon, the particular selection of material being based on several criteria. It will be further appreciated in accordance with the invention, that the substrate may be a composite of semiconductors, metals or insulating materials. For example, one of the current limiting values for a light emitting diode and hence light output, will be based upon the heat or power dissipation characteristic of the substrate. For maximum dissipation of heat from the light emitting diode, a laminated carrier with a metal conductor backing carrier having good power and heat dissipating characteristics would be desirable so that the light emitting diodes could be operated up to a maximum intensity. However, monocrystalline growth of the epitaxial layer may be accomplished most easily when the carrier is of the same monocrystalline material as the epitaxial layer,
but having a semi insulating electrical conductivity.
Thus, for dissipating heat from the body it may be desirable after completion of manufacture of the array to reduce the thickness of the backing carrier before mounting on a suitable header or housing which will provide for heat dissipation.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention as shown in FIG. 1, the light emitting diode array comprises a plurality of light emitting diodes 20' arranged in a monolithic support structure 21 in an orthagonal matrix of rows and columns. As shown, the matrix comprises five light emitting diodes in each row and seven light emitting diodes in each column for a total of 35 light emitting diodes 20 comprising the array. Contacts Bl-B7 are provided making contact with the anodes of each of the rows of light emitting diodes and contacts C1-C5 are provided for contacting the cathodes of the light emitting diodes in each column. Thus, a suitable strobing or scanning type logic matrix can individually address the light emitting diodes to cause each to emit light in a suitable alpha numeric pattern indicated by the aura around various of the light emitting diodes being depicted as indicating the numeral 5. Each column is addressed during a particular clock pulse of the logic matrix, and suitable of the light emitting diodes will be switched to emit light by addressing the desired anode through the row contacts. The crossing conductive paths comprising the column contact C1-C5 and the row contacts BlB7 will be explained hereinafter in greater detail.
The successive steps in the manufacturing of the light emitting diode array is depicted in FIG. 2-5 which method has as its primary purpose the obtaining of an orthagonal matrix of light emitting diodes utilizing a minimum number of processing steps. As shown in FIG. 2, a substrate 21 of monocrystalline semiconductor material, preferably semi insulating or P- conductivity gallium arsenide, is first covered with a layer of suitable semiconductor material by an epitaxial process to form monocrystalline semiconductor material covering the substrate 21. This epitaxial layer is preferably of gallium arsenide phosphide. A masking layer 23 of any suitable material such as silicon dioxide, is deposited upon the epitaxial layer 22 and by the use of suitable photolithographic techniques, windows 24 opened therein. The masking layer 23, with the windows 24, then serves as an etch mask for opening the channels 25 in the epitaxial layer. As depicted, it was noted that the channels are etched sufficiently deep to pass entirely through the epitaxial N-conductivity layer into the substrate 21, thus dividing the N-conductivity layer 22 into a plurality of parallel ridges.
The etched surface of the structure is then covered with a suitable dielectric layer 26 (FIG. 3) over which is deposited a suitable layer 27 of preferably conductive material. The layer 27 may be of any suitable dielectric or conductive material sufficient to fill the isolation channel 25, but in accordance with the preferred embodiment, the material is a conductor such as doped polycrystalline silicon or a metal to form a conductive bus for column address purposes. This conductive bus is only necessary if the resistance of the N-conductivity layer is too high to permit access at the ends of the ridges. The surface of the substrate is then lapped to the lapline L-L to remove layers 27, 26 and 23 from the ridges of N-conductivity material. A portion of the N- conductivity material 22 may be also removed to further control the thickness of the layer of epitaxial material.
Following the lapping of the surface, a new masking layer 29 is deposited on the surface, and by suitable photolithographic techniques, windows 30 opened therein todefine diffusion areas in the ridges of N- conductivity material. Following a suitable deposition and diffusion step, the P-regions 31 are formed in the ridges 22, defining a PN junction 32. The junctions are spaced along the ridges, thereby defining rows of light emitting diodes 20 electrically isolated from each other by the isolation channels 25, and by either a PN junction with the support or the supports semi insulating conductivity, and columns of light emitting diodes 20 arranged in sequence in the ridges 22. Following re- 7 connect portions of the cathodes of the light emitting diodes 20 to the conductive bus 28. It is to be noted that the cross section depicted in FIG. 5 is taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 6 so as to depict both the anode and the cathode contact.
A plan view of the final structure in enlarged form is depicted in FIG. 6 wherein it is to be'noted that the contacts 34 extend in rows to define the row address bus while being narrowed at 340 to decrease the amount oflight reflected from the light emitting diode junction. It is to be further noted that the resultant structure, all of the photo diodes 21 in a particular column are of a common cathode connected since the P- diffusions are arranged within a single ridge for each column. Thus, if the conductivity of the N-conductivity ridge 22 is sufficiently high, the contacts 35 and conductive bus 28 may not be necessary to define the column address system and contact made only to a portion of the ridge.
It is thus seen there is disclosed a monolithic XY addressable light emitting diode array which may be manufactured with a minimum number of processing steps so as to be economically manufactured in a reliable, reproducible manner. While a five by seven array has been disclosed particularly, any suitable sized matrix may be used.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been given by way of a specific disclosure thereof, it is obvious that suitable changes and modifications can be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
l. A monolithic light display comprising a matrix of light emitting diodes in a supporting substrate, said light emitting diodes being arranged in columns and rows, means for isolating said diodes from the supporting substrate including an isolation channel between only each column of light emitting diodes and conductive means extending in one direction for addressing one of the electrodes of said light emitting diodes, and conductive means extending in a direction perpendicular thereto for addressing the other electrode of said light emitting diodes.
2. A monolithic light display as recited in claim 1 wherein said light emitting diodes are of a material selected from the group consisting of gallium arsenide,
gallium phosphide, and gallium arsenide phosphide.
3. A monolithic light display as recited in claim 1 wherein a portion of said aforementioned conductive means is within said isolation channel.
4. A monolithic light display as recited in claim 3 wherein said conductive means in said isolation channel is of doped polycrystalline silicon.
5. A monolithic light display as recited in claim 1 wherein said substrate is semi insulating.
6. A monolithic light display as recited in claim 1 wherein said substrate is P-conductivity semiconductor.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3270235 *||Dec 21, 1961||Aug 30, 1966||Rca Corp||Multi-layer semiconductor electroluminescent output device|
|US3341857 *||Oct 26, 1964||Sep 12, 1967||Fairchild Camera Instr Co||Semiconductor light source|
|1||*||Blum et al., IBM Tech. Disc. Bul. Vol. 13, No. 9 Feb. 1971|
|2||*||Lynch et al., IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev. Vol. ED 14, No. 10, Oct. 1967, 705 709|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3942065 *||Nov 11, 1974||Mar 2, 1976||Motorola, Inc.||Monolithic, milticolor, light emitting diode display device|
|US3947840 *||Aug 16, 1974||Mar 30, 1976||Monsanto Company||Integrated semiconductor light-emitting display array|
|US4019196 *||Oct 24, 1975||Apr 19, 1977||Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.||Indicating element and method of manufacturing same|
|US4039890 *||Oct 16, 1975||Aug 2, 1977||Monsanto Company||Integrated semiconductor light-emitting display array|
|US4485377 *||Aug 4, 1982||Nov 27, 1984||Veb Werk Fur Fernsehelektronik Im Veb Kombinat Mikroelektronik||LED Displays with high information content|
|US4924276 *||Aug 17, 1988||May 8, 1990||Telefunken Electronic Gmbh||Optoelectronic component|
|US4972094 *||Jan 20, 1988||Nov 20, 1990||Marks Alvin M||Lighting devices with quantum electric/light power converters|
|US7651559||Jan 26, 2010||Franklin Industrial Minerals||Mineral composition|
|US20060280907 *||Nov 4, 2005||Dec 14, 2006||Whitaker Robert H||Novel mineral composition|
|USRE30556 *||Jan 26, 1979||Mar 24, 1981||Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.||Indicating element and method of manufacturing same|
|DE3727488A1 *||Aug 18, 1987||Mar 2, 1989||Telefunken Electronic Gmbh||Optoelektronisches bauelement|
|U.S. Classification||313/500, 345/82, 257/92, 438/430, 315/169.1, 438/34, 257/93|
|International Classification||G09F9/33, H01L27/00, G06F3/147, H01L27/15|
|Cooperative Classification||H01L27/156, H01L27/00|
|European Classification||H01L27/00, H01L27/15B2|


text:
What makes a perfect summer day? Maybe it’s rising with the sun for a private yoga class in a rooftop garden. Maybe it’s sleeping in, then slapping on a pair of shades and flip-flops and ordering a frosty frozen drink overlooking the bay. It could be renting a kayak to explore tidal inlets; then again, it could be catching a ride to the beach, where complimentary beach chairs and umbrellas await you. In the evening, you might dream of a casual meal with friends al fresco, watching the sun dip below the skyline. Or perhaps it’s a lavish multi-course meal in an elegant dining room, paired with fine wines, that helps you unwind. In any case, we can all agree that a perfect summer days ends between high thread-count sheets as the shore breeze ripples the curtains, dreaming about all of the fun things we’ll do tomorrow.
Quit dreaming (no matter what your dream) and start planning: you’ll find all this and more at The Reeds at Shelter Haven, our summer crush in Stone Harbor. This gorgeous hotel and quaint beach town is the setting you’ve been imagining when you’re stuck at your desk on a Monday afternoon. Take one look at their spacious guest rooms, generous amenities, and premium location, and tell us you’re not tempted to drop it all and go write the great American novel at the shore this summer, a chilled glass of crisp rose in hand.
Oh, wait: that’s our idea of a perfect summer day.
In This ProTip:
The Reeds at Shelter Haven (9601 Third Avenue, Stone Harbor, NJ; 609-368-0100)


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Bangalore: India is set to fly it’s first ever mission to another planet with the Mars mission slated for launch on November 5. The spacecraft named the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) will take about nine months to move from the Earth’s orbit to the orbit of Mars and is estimated to reach the Martian orbit in September 2014. It’s Indian Space Research Organisation’s first quest to find signs of life on Mars and learn some lessons possibly.
“Life on Earth has a connection with Mars, so what we are trying to find is traces of life that existed on the planet at some point. But first and foremost what we are trying to do is to reach there. Eighty five per cent of the effort is that. Then conducting meaningful experiments, ” said ISRO Chairman Dr K Radhakrishnan. Eight five per cent of the effort is just to reach Mars because that in itself is a complex process. ISRO scientists said while their tracking centre at Byalalu on the outskirts of Bangalore can track other satellites and spacecraft on real time and send commands for any maneuvering, any experiments, communication with MOM cannot happen instantly.
It takes 20 minutes to send a signal one way, so a 40-minute time-lag has to be taken into account while attempting any experiments. This is one of the reasons the spacecraft needs to function with maximum autonomy. That is, in case of a crisis in navigating towards Mars or around Mars, the spacecraft has technology built into it to trouble-shoot until signals can be sent from the ISRO tracking centre. “So, for several interventions that otherwise we would have been doing from the ground, they are done now by the spacecraft itself. That means you have a more effective, a smart satellite technology and this technology is going to be used in tomorrow’s communication and remote sensing satellites too. So what we have developed for this mission will trickle down to other missions next,” explains Dr Radhakrishnan. The excitement, filled with anxiety, will thus last all of 15 months from the launch – nine months until the mission reaches Mars and for six months that it will orbit around Mars to conduct experiments.
“The anxiety is there. It is like a baby conceived or having written your exam, waiting for the results. We have all done our homework and are waiting for the nail-biting happiness of nine months later,” Programme Director Dr M Annadurai said. The project, costing Rs 450 crore, was built over the last 18 months. The mission carries on board five instruments to conduct experiments. Two of them will give 360-degree panoramic pictures of the Martian surface and assess minerals on it. A third instrument tries to find out what kind of atmosphere once existed on Mars. A fourth tries to map just how much or how little water is actually there on the planet. The most important instrument however is one that attempts to check for the presence of methane – this, scientists feel – will indicate just what kind of life existed on Mars, if at all. “Mars and Earth are something similar. And while Mars being a possible habitat later is one thing – why Earth has a lot of life here is another. Mars also could have been in a similar condition thousands of years ago but today lost its atmosphere and its capability to have life. So what happened? If we are able to see that – that analysis can help us back on Earth itself. If we are going in that direction – of extinction – that scientific answer will be able to pre-empt us to avoid such disaster,” said Dr Annadurai.
While they look for life lessons on how we can save the Earth, ISRO is also trying to see if they can discover something that Mars missions by other space agencies like Russian and American ones haven’t discovered so far. “Chandrayaan has shown that even if it was 69th mission to explore the moon it found something important that previous missions have not seen – discovery of water molecules on the surface of the moon. It’s something that later missions have confirmed. Possibly this mission too can, using our bio-science instruments get us new discoveries. We are waiting for it,” said Dr Annadurai.
Across the world, only five other space agencies have been able to send up missions to Mars – and about half of the 45-odd mission sent up have failed to even reach Mars. So India’s first step to another planet is exciting not just because it’s a first, but because it’s one that will keep the scientist community on edge for all of nine months, until the spacecraft actually reaches its spot around Mars. A quest for a possible human habitat on Mars too has always been there. “If u look at space faring nations, they have been putting a target that by about 2030/ 2040, we need a human habitat on Mars. It’s a very complex process, a challenging process. It’s a dream. There is fantasy, dream, reality,” said Dr Radhakrishnan. When the Mars rocket takes off next week, it will carry with it not just a spacecraft, but the dreams of thousands of curious scientists looking for answers to some basic questions on our existence.

domain: astronomy