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By David Fertitta
From 2009-2015, Volkswagen has been installing devices in certain vehicles designed to recognize when the vehicle was being tested to make sure it complied with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards. Once the device software detected that the vehicle was being tested, the engine switched to a calibration that met the EPA emissions standards. However, when not in testing, the engine switched to a different calibration that would be used in normal driving. The EPA notice of violation of the Clean Air Act mentions that this reduced the effectiveness of the emission control system and that “emissions of [nitrogen oxides] increased by a factor of 10 to 40 times above the EPA compliant levels” for certain models of Volkswagen’s 2.0-liter diesel engine vehicles that were equipped with these “defeat devices.”
But what do the excess levels of nitrogen oxides mean for your health?
To understand how an increase in nitrogen oxides could affect people’s health, I spoke with Dr. Vince Wilson, a toxicology professor in the LSU Department of Environmental Sciences.
“When they say nitrogen oxides, it’s really nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2),” Wilson said. He explained that these two molecules get involved with chemical reactions in the atmosphere that can lead to problems associated with ozone and smog. An accumulation of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere can also react with water and lead to a buildup of nitric acid, which contributes to acid rain.
Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide is a pulmonary irritant and as its concentration in the atmosphere increases, people may start to get watery eyes, scratchy throats, and other irritations in their upper respiratory tract.
However, nitrogen dioxide can undergo several reactions in the atmosphere, so the more nitrogen oxides that are being put into the air, the worse the air quality is. In the presence of UV light from the sun, nitrogen dioxide can react with oxygen to create ozone in the air we breathe which can cause a host of other health problems.
Wilson also discussed the reactive nature of nitrogen oxides with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon-containing compounds that are often emitted to the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels and vegetation. “These VOCs will react with UV light and various compounds including nitrogen dioxide,” he said, “and you end up with aldehydes which are toxic.”
“For nitric oxide, the concentration is usually low enough that it’s not a problem,” Wilson said, “but it can be toxic at high levels.” He also said the nitric oxide is very reactive in the atmosphere. “This leads to more ozone produced at ambient breathing level instead of the upper atmosphere where we want it,” he said. Ozone at this level contributes to poor air quality and can affect our lungs.
Levels of nitrogen oxides are so critical for air quality measures that nitrogen dioxide is one of the compounds constantly being monitored in our air under the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Ambient Air Monitoring program. “There are 6 stations around East Baton Rouge Parish that monitor for these compounds,” Wilson said. “[For] one of my master’s students, part of her project was collecting all that information and correlating it with health.”
EPA standards exist to regulate emissions of nitrogen oxides, a byproduct of combustion, in order to ensure clean air and a healthy population. While the increase in levels of nitrogen oxide emissions can create enough health problems on their own, the reactive nature of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide can also lead to a host of other environmental problems associated with air quality that can directly affect people’s health and well-being. When Volkswagen installed these defeat devices, they directly bypassed EPA emission standards, which could lead to detrimental issues associated with people’s health.


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domain: gamble


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Bessborough Centre Child and Family Services offer a range of parenting support groups to parents looking to advance their parenting craft or gain support in areas of parenting that pose a challenge.
Circle of Security
Circle of Security® is a parent-reflection program offering the core components of the evidence-based Circle of Security protocol to help foster more secure parent child-relationships. The group helps parents understand their child’s emotional world by learning to read emotional needs, support their child’s ability to successfully manage emotions and enhance the development of their child’s self esteem.
Non Violent Resistance
The NVR Programme is suitable for any parent/carer who feels controlled, intimidated or threatened by their child/teenager. It is also for any parent/carer who feels that they have to adapt their own behaviour because of threats or use of abuse or violence from their child or teenager. This is known as child to parent violence.
Parenting When Separated:
Parenting When Separated is a short parenting course for parents preparing for, going through or who have gone through a separation or divorce. The aim of the programme is to help parents: Solve co-parenting problems in a positive way that focused on the needs of children; Cope with the emotional impact of separation and learn stress management techniques; Help your children to cope with the impact of separation both emotionally and practically; Enhance communication with their children and with their children’s other parent.
Groups will be advertised on the news section of our website when before they are due run. If you would like to put your name on a waiting list for a group, please use this form.

domain: relationship


text:
Audi’s New RS3 Turn Up The Heat!
Audi has just launched their latest RS sedan and hatch, and let’s face it, the mid-size performance segment better watch out!
Local South African Audi fans, and anyone with an ounce of petrol in their veins have every reason to celebrate this Spring, because Audi has just released their brand new RS3 Sportback (that’s Copywriter speak for hatchback) and sedan.
Now usually I have never been an A3 fan, but I will admit that this latest incarnation is outrageously hot. A couple of years ago, Audi began phasing out the friendly look of the A3, and it seems like that practice has come full circle with the new RS3, just check out that front-end! The aggressive switch-back headlights are cut into three sections, each sporting 5 LEDs and the massive blacked-out front grille looks menacing, like it could eat small animals. Even the sides skirts could not escape this touch of aggressive design and now feature a sharp cut-out strip along the lower edge, while the back bumper sports a large meshed centre section and a lower diffuser. Top these off with the “Batman” style wing on the sedan and the double-finned boot spoiler on the Sportback, and you would think that a high-end aftermarket tuner was responsible for the RS3's styling.
The wheels also look like they’ve come from a high-end aftermarket supplier, black Y-spoke 19-inch rims which are available with Pirelli P-Zero “Trofeo R” semi-slick tyres as an option.
On the inside, things are just as hot as on the outside, but Audi has dialled back a little bit on the aggression in favour of comfort. The new dashboard is clean and with the vents sitting atop as opposed to flush while the centre console rises at an angle like that in the new Porsche 911. The only letdown in the interior are the front seats. They look cool with the special stitching on the inside, but I do think Audi should’ve has gone with a racier set of seats.
Seats aside, the interior is also loaded with features like the Bang & Olufsen premium sound system with 3D sound and Audi smartphone interface. My favourite features of the new RS3 interior though are not those which focus on comfort or entertainment, it’s the red-blooded race-inspired displays that come courtesy of Audi’s virtual cockpit. These displays tell you how much g-force you are experiencing as well as your lap, 0 – 100 km/h, 0 – 200 km/h, quarter-mile, and eighth-mile times.
All those race-inspired features would mean nothing if Audi never gave the RS3 the power needed to make knowing your 0-100km/h time worthwhile. Luckily for the world, they’ve equipped the RS3 with a 2.5 litre 5-cylinder turbocharged TFSI engine, which just happens to have won the “International Engine of the Year” award 9 times in a row. Now I don’t know the exact reason why it won the award 9 times, but I suspect is because, in the RS3, it's producing 294kW and 500Nm of torque.
Being an RS model, its only natural that the car is equipped with Audi’s legendary Quattro all-wheel drive system, and thanks to all four wheels working together to put the power onto the tarmac, RS3 drivers get to enjoy a 0-100km/h acceleration time of ONLY 3.8 seconds! Couple that with a top speed pegged at 250km/h, and you've got a pretty scary car on your hands.
Now we come to the really scary part of the RS3, well scary depending on the LSM group that you fall into. If you want an RS3 Sportsback, prices start at R1,215,000 while the sedan retails from R1,245,000.
That price is steep but it’s a blistering hot car, and given just how big the performance scene is right now, these things are going to fly off dealership floors.

domain: design


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THE first ever Sutton Coldfield Relay For Life is taking place this weekend at Wyndley Leisure Centre.
More than 150 men, women and children will be running their hearts out to raise cash for Cancer Research UK.
The event is one of 96 taking place across the UK in an effort to raise awareness of cancer and boost funds for research projects.
Residents are being urged to get along to support the event and spend the afternoon enjoying the atmosphere and live entertainment.
Jacqui Bull, Team Recruitment committee member, said: “The Cancer Research UK Relay For Life brings together the whole community in one location for 24 hours to celebrate the lives of those who have survived cancer, remember those who have passed away and honour the courage of their loved ones.
“It is a unique event with a celebratory atmosphere and everyone who joins in takes away something special.”
Unlike other fundraising events, participants are not sponsored to take part.
Instead teams of eight to 15 people are encouraged to raise as much money as possible before the event through a range of fundraising activities.
“Relay For Life is where all the teams come together to celebrate their fundraising achievements. It’s a day of hope and remembrance and a time when they can see that their efforts have really helped to make a difference.”
During the weekend team members take it in turns to walk or run round the Wyndley track while everyone else enjoys a wide range of fun activities on offer.
And at 9pm on Saturday the atmosphere mellows as the Candle of Hope ceremony begins.
Jacqui added: “The Candle of Hope ceremony is what makes Relay For Life special. It’s very emotional but it’s an important reminder of why the community has come together. It’s not just about honouring survivors, but realising that together we will beat cancer.”
The event starts at noon on Saturday, finishing at noon on Sunday.
* To find out more about Relay For Life in Sutton Coldfield, contact Jacqui Bull on 07920 041288.

domain: sociology


I often share the knowledge that I gain on cities, their growth, and their experience in academic conferences, symposia, and public presentations. Below are a few examples of presentations that I have given on topics such as urban retail, front yards, and the history of downtown Detroit. Contact me if you'd like me to speak to your audience!
PHYSICAL RETAIL TRENDS
LEARNING FROM THE PAST
Urban retail symposium - University of Chicago - 2018
This presentation focuses on my study of changing retail patterns in cities across Europe and North America over the past century. By understanding how and why retail location has shifted, we might improve the success of retail’s future re-urbanization.
THE DOWNTOWN THAT NEVER WAS
THE RISE, FALL AND REINVENTION OF DOWNTOWN DETROIT
Focus on Detroit - University of Michigan - 2015
This presentation discusses the turbulent history of downtown Detroit, leading to today's landscape of contrasts. It combines narrative history with morphological mapping to demonstrate the erosion and nascent rebirth of the heart of the Motor City.
LIFE IN THE FRONT YARD
THE RECIPROCAL INTERFACE BETWEEN RESIDENTS AND THE CITY
UX+Design Symposium - Tufts - 2023
This presentation reviews how front yards can encourage or discourage public activity and sense of place. It highlights the importance of creating urban spaces for socialization to support community trust and well-being.
AUTHOR'S FORUM ON URBANISM
On the Park Bench - CNU - 2022
This presentation discusses my 2019 book "Dream City" with leading Detroit urbanists Mark Nickita and Dorian Moore. Downtown is in the midst of an astonishing rebirth, in contrast to nearby urban fabric—and yet Downtown provides a hopeful path for Detroit in the coming decade. How can we learn from downtown?


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- Physical DifficultyThis is the average user-submitted rating on the physical difficulty of this route. In general, green is beginner, blue is intermediate, black is advanced/most difficult and double-black is expert-only. It is recommended that users build up to black and double-black routes.
- Technical DifficultyThis is the average user-submitted rating on the technical difficulty of this route. In general, green is beginner, blue is intermediate, black is advanced/most difficult and double-black is expert-only. It is recommended that users build up to black and double-black routes.
Hiking up to the Aiguille Percée in Tignes takes you to one of the best geological curiosities in Vanoise National Park - the eye of the needle. The hike begins in Tignes, but you are quickly above the modern ski village. Although this hike is quite a climb, the final view is stunning, a great day hike.
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Route Description for Aiguille Percée
Tignes is one of the best ski areas in the Alps, with great snow and stunning mountain terrain. While it is busy in winter, it is very quiet in summer. Tignes is a great place to take a holiday, with wonderful hiking right from your chalet.
Start the hike to Aiguille Percée at the base of the Palafour ski lift, near the Office de Toursime. Take the path that goes under the Palafour lift to your left. Continuing straight along this route, crossing over a larger trail and veering right at the next trail intersection, onto a more established trail.
Continue along this larger path, then at the intersection with another trail continue to the right for about 350 m as it zig-zags above the larger path you were just on. Stay focused on the path you are on and don’t be distracted by the trails reserved for the mountain biking (VTT) nearby.
The next intersection is with the larger trail you have been walking above. Take the trail to the right, signed for Aiguille Percée. This trail takes you near the top of the Palafour ski lift.
Just before arriving at the Palafour ski lift you will see two big boards on the slope. One of them shows the direction, take the trail on the left. You can already see the Aiguille Percée, so just follow the path until the top! Be careful, don’t try and climb the Aiguille Percée! About 10 m before the Aiguille, the path leads you to the Panoramic table. From here you can see the entire Tignes valley, as well as the Grande Motte and the Grande Casse. This is an incredible viewpoint and a wonderful geologic formation.
To go back down, you can either completely retrace your steps to the bottom, or take an alternate route back for a bit of variety.
Either way, go back to the top of the Palfour ski lift and the two signs that are there. Before you get to the signs, there is a sign sending you left towards “Tigne le lac par le lac du Chardonnet”. This is the path you want, follow it.
The path will take you out to the east, past a cute lake, and almost to the Chaudannes ski lift. The path than swings back around and heads down towards Tignes, going across pastures until coming back towards the Palafour ski lift and the Tignes ski resort.
Insider Hints for Aiguille Percée
- During the summer, you can take the Palafour ski lift for free and start the hike from the top of the ski lift. This can make the hike much shorter, but is great for people who don’t want a full-day walk.
- Watch out for the mountain bikers in Tignes, and on the hike!
- Tignes is a nice base for a family holiday in summer, with golf, tennis, water activities, mountain biking and hiking. It’s low season, so most shops are closed, but that means accommodation costs are very low!
Getting to the Aiguille Percée Trailhead
Make your way to Tignes Le Lac. Park your car in either the main Parking du Lavachet or on Promenade du Tovière. Once parked head for the ski lift called Palafour.
Aiguille Percée Elevation Graph
Weather ForecastCheck Area Weather
Aiguille Percée Reviews
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domain: travel


Tag: International Women in Engineering Day
Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) is marking International Women in Engineering Day on 23 June 2020 with an interactive online event to offer an insight into engineering careers in the rail industry.
While aiming to attract more women to consider the sector, the event is open to anyone considering a role in engineering. Attendees will hear from colleagues from the rail operator, as well as key partners from the wider engineering industry.Read More
Our Facebook Page has news and important information as it happens.


text:
The World Is Testing Trump
Trump, of course, has by no means been a slave to consistency on the subject of international coverage (or domestic coverage, for that matter). When Barack Obama was president, it was straightforward sufficient to be against whatever Obama was for in true Marathon knee-jerk trend. Hey, it worked for many Republicans, so it wasn’t like Trump came up with the thought himself or anything. Trump flourished amongst his base by denouncing something Obama did and making sweeping promises of what he’d do, with precisely nothing to again them up. He supposedly had a secret plan for coping with the Islamic State. He was going to bomb them into submission, regardless of the a petroleum engineer salary collateral harm. He might just go in and take all of the Iraqi oil, as spoils of war. He was going to keep the Russians out of the Crimea (!). He was going to scrap the “worst deal ever” with Iran. Russians wouldn’t dare provoke American warships, and neither would Iranian naval boats. North Korea would not dare move their nuclear program ahead. China would change their trade policy in the direction of the United States, and would moreover keep North Korea in check, just because Trump instructed them to take action. By a petroleum engineer salary sheer force of personality, Trump was going to stare a petroleum engineer salary down the world’s leaders and make them blink, as a result of he would threaten to unleash the awesomeness of American military upon any country who dared defy him.

domain: politics


text:
It seems that every time gasoline prices spike toward $4 per gallon, The Morning Call prints another article highlighting an individual filling up an expensive, poor-fuel-economy SUV, with the person ultimately complaining about high gas prices. For some reason people still seem to have a major cognitive disconnect between their personal consumption habits and the market price for gasoline. Ironically, the individuals who are hurt most by rising fuel prices seem to be the same people who are subsequently responsible for the higher prices. Simply put, higher demand for fuel leads to higher prices at the pump.
The choices that people make regarding the fuel efficiency of their personal vehicles have a direct impact on the total demand for gasoline. Anyone whose lifestyle is severely impacted by high gas prices should obviously not drive an expensive, gas-guzzling vehicle. There are enough fuel-efficient vehicles on the market to allow everyone to make better decisions. If $4 gasoline forces you financially to drastically cut back on driving, then perhaps it's time to trade in your gas guzzler or re-examine public transportation. We've seen this story as recently as 2008, but apparently some people still haven't learned their lesson.

domain: economics


Description of File: A young cop needs to show his true potential to catch a gangster and to win his love.
Film Name : Kaaki Sattai (2015) UNCT Hindi Dubbed Full Movies
Release Date Of Film: 27 Feb 2015
Source OF Movie: HDRip
Language: Hindi + Tamil
Genre of Picture: Action
Starcast Of Film: Siva Karthikeyan, Prabhu, Sri Divya, Vijay Raaz
Duration: 156 min


text:
Here's a wee test/demonstration piece I have lying around to physically explain different techniques. It's a portion of an abandoned painting that has been used to explain glazing colour over monotonal underpainting, impasto, opaque into transparent velatura/glazes, dry brush and many other fiddlesome little things. I'm starting to become quite fond of it now.
Here's the basic underpainting of a moth hidden away in the big red Painting. It's tiny! Needs to be more grey and brown in colour. Possibly a slight shadow.
I'm then going to use a extremely lightly saturated glaze of viridian green around the whole painting to almost imperceptably deaden the red and lead the eye to the area around the moth.
Then a frame

domain: painting


text:
Rural banking in Africa
Many people in the vast rural areas of Africa lack access to financial services, and most commercial banks are not interested in moving into these areas due to their low income levels, lack of scale economies, and poor infrastructure. Also, few banks actually understand the most common economic activity in rural areas: agriculture. Consequently, the absence of financial institutions in rural Africa has often enticed governments to step in, particularly with state-dominated banks focused on agriculture. Many of these initiatives have failed, however, because they were too bureaucratic, too policy oriented, too concentrated on risk to only one segment of the population, or too weak in customer focus. In addition, clients considered these government-sponsored institutions to be instruments that provided grants; hence, the banks suffered from poor loan-recovery rates. While microfinance institutions have made some inroads into rural Africa with the financial backing of international nongovernmental organizations and other sponsors, their sustainability is questionable. They tend to lack banking licenses and therefore have a very limited product range, and they cannot afford modern technology-based distribution systems.
|Date of creation:||2010|
|Contact details of provider:|| Postal: 1201 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005-3915|
Web page: http://www.ifpri.org/
More information through EDIRC
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domain: finance


Syndicate plans to lobby EU to prolong use of HBCD as flame retardant / Decision expected by year's end / Ban already enforced in Switzerland / German association members plan to follow in mid-2014
Several European EPS producers have come together to lobby the EU to prolong the use of HBCD as a flame retardant in EPS insulation material. ...
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|Numéro de publication||US6474544 B2|
|Type de publication||Octroi|
|Numéro de demande||US 09/045,590|
|Date de publication||5 nov. 2002|
|Date de dépôt||23 mars 1998|
|Date de priorité||23 mars 1998|
|État de paiement des frais||Payé|
|Autre référence de publication||US20020055908|
|Numéro de publication||045590, 09045590, US 6474544 B2, US 6474544B2, US-B2-6474544, US6474544 B2, US6474544B2|
|Inventeurs||Rinaldo Di Giorgio, Theodore Goldstein, Diana Neiman, Michael Bender|
|Cessionnaire d'origine||Sun Microsystems, Inc.|
|Exporter la citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citations de brevets (31), Citations hors brevets (27), Référencé par (15), Classifications (16), Événements juridiques (6)|
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet|
The present application is related to U.S. patent application of Jonathan Bredin, Ser. No. 09/003,704, filed on Jan. 7, 1998, and entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Processing Smartcard Transactions,” which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to an apparatus or database for use in processing transactions relating to smart products.
Smartcards are credit card-type cards with a microprocessor that works in conjunction with a smartcard reader. The microprocessor processes transactions involved in purchases of products or services, and these transactions use a “purse” or stored data, in the card, identifying a value of the card. A smartcard typically includes data encryption capabilities for secured transactions. In general, when a user inserts a smartcard into a reader, a user interface or screen displays to the user a value present in the smartcard and allows the user to conduct a transaction involving the smartcard. A user may, for example, use the smartcard to purchase a particular product, at which time the smartcard reader verifies the transaction and reduces the purse by a corresponding amount.
Smartcard transactions typically require the use of two smartcards. When a user purchases a product, for example, the value of the user's smartcard is reduced and the value of the seller or merchant's smartcard is increased by a corresponding amount. In addition, value may be transferred from one smartcard directly to another, which provides the advantage of avoiding or reducing the cost of processing transactions in comparison to conventional credit card transactions.
A known protocol for processing smartcard transactions is referred to as Mondex authentication by Mondex International Limited. Mondex authentication requires the use of two smartcards to process a transaction. The Mondex authentication, for example, does not permit value to be transferred from a smartcard to an entity other than another smartcard. Rather, value must be transferred from one smartcard to another.
Certain entities, such as authorized banks, are permitted to convert a digital representation of a currency value on a smartcard into hard currency or the representation of currency in a user's bank account. However, only a certain limited number of these institutions exist and smartcard transactions otherwise must ordinarily use at least two smartcards, as the digital value of currency must always reside on a smartcard.
The requirement of at least two smartcards for a transaction places certain limits on smartcard transactions. If many smartcard users attempt to transfer currency to or from their smartcards at the same time, a system may have difficulty processing such a large volume of requests as it requires another smartcard for each transaction. In addition, many smartcards have a relatively low limit in terms of currency value, which places limits on smartcard transactions involving high currency values.
Accordingly, a need exists for an apparatus and method for improved processing of smartcard and related transactions.
Apparatus and methods consistent with the present invention process electronic transactions using a collection of electronically accessible smart products such as smartcards and devices with similar functionality.
An apparatus consistent with the present invention electronically receives a request for a smart product transaction. The apparatus selects a particular smart product among a plurality of electronically accessible smart products, and it processes the transaction using the selected smart product.
A method consistent with the present invention includes electronically receiving a request for a smart product transaction. A particular smart product is selected among a plurality of electronically accessible smart products, and the transaction is processed using the selected smart product.
A database consistent with the present invention may be used to process smart product transactions. The database includes a plurality of vectors, each of the vectors identifying an address for accessing a particular smart product within a group of electronically accessible smart products, and identifying a value of the particular smart product. The database also includes a plurality of types of currencies, each of the types of currencies being associated with at least one of the vectors.
The accompanying drawings are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification and, together with the description, explain the advantages and principles of the invention. In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary network including structure for processing smart product transactions consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of an exemplary database for use in processing smart product transactions consistent with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a purchase routine for processing smart product transactions;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an automatic teller (ATM) routine for processing smart product transactions;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a process for authenticating smart product transactions; and
FIG. 6 is an example of a user interface for use in conducting smart product transactions.
An apparatus and method consistent with the present invention provides an electronic vault for use in processing associated with smart products. The term “smart product” encompasses smartcards, other devices having smartcard-like processing capability, and combinations of the smartcards and the other devices. Examples of those other devices include portable devices having the ability to securely store a representation of funds for purchases of products or services, or to securely store personal information. For example, a product known as the “Java™ ring,” developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc., is a wearable ring having embedded therein a processor, memory, and contacts for providing smartcard-like processing capability. Other such devices may include watches or other wearable physical entities including embedded microprocessors with associated memory and contacts for providing smartcard-like processing capability. Accordingly, an apparatus consistent with the present invention is not limited to smartcards and may be used with other physical embodiments having smartcard-like processing capability. Java and Java-based trademarks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
The vault includes a plurality of electronically accessible smart products electronically connected to a vault manager machine. The vault manager machine provides software processing through a network to other smart products accessible through the network. The plurality of smart products in the vault, in conjunction with a database to manage the vault, provides a collection of digital values of currency for use in processing smart product transactions. This type of vault is particularly useful for smart products having a low limit in terms of their currency values and for a high volume of smart product transactions. It also may provide the advantage of avoiding transaction costs associated with, for example, conventional credit card transactions.
The vault may be used to electronically process smart product transactions, which may include any transaction involving use of a smart product. Those transactions include, for example, transfer of funds and purchase of a product or service. When a user desires to transfer funds onto a smart products, the user inserts the smart product into a reader, which is connected through a network to a vault manager machine. The vault manager machine selects a particular smart product, or a plurality, in the vault and, using a value in the purse of the selected smart product or plurality, it performs the requested transfer of finds. The vault may be used, for example, by a bank authorized to convert digital values of currency on smart products into hard currency or other representations of the currency such as a user's bank account.
Merchants may use a local vault and corresponding vault manager machine for use in processing smart product transactions involving purchases of their products or services. The local vault and corresponding manager provide a local mechanism for the merchant to perform the smart product transactions, as those transactions typically require two smart products. The merchant may transfer the funds from their local vault to a vault within a bank, which may transfer the merchant's value of currency on their smart products into, for example, a bank account for the merchant. The use of a smart product vault in connection with the vault manager machine thus provides an apparatus for efficiently conducting smart product transactions.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a network 100 for use in processing smart product transactions. It includes a vault manager machine 101 having a plurality of software modules implemented, for example, using a Solaris® or Windows NT platform, or any type of computer processor, and code written in a suitable programming language. Vault manager machine 101 manages a smart product vault 108, explained below, and it includes an interface 102 for processing smart product transactions between vault 108 and other smart products. Interface 102 includes, for example, a purchase module 103, an ATM module 104, and an authentication module 105, all of which may be implemented using software. Interface 102 is connected to a network 112, which may represent an Internet protocol or telephone network. Interface 102 is also connected with a memory 124, which may be implemented with a computer memory for storing information and may alternatively be located outside of vault manager machine 101 and interfaced with it via an electrical connection. Memory 124 may be used to store a database for use in managing vault 108.
Interface 102 is coupled to vault 108 through a card scheduler 121. The boxes within vault 108 represent physical smart products and the corresponding readers, and the numbers within those boxes represent the row and column number of a particular smart product in the vault. In particular, they represent smart products inserted into readers in, for example, a physical rack, each of the readers electronically coupled to vault manager machine 101. Each smart product through its corresponding reader is thus electronically accessible to vault manager machine 101, meaning that vault manager machine 101 may access individual smart products in the vault 108 (through the readers) using electronic signals. Vault manager machine 101 uses the processing of card scheduler 121 to select a particular smart product, or a plurality, for processing a transaction. Card scheduler 121 includes two software modules, a currency manager 122 and a card pool manager 123, the functions of which may alternatively be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software.
Vault manager machine 101 also includes hardware or software, or a combination, for providing an electronic connection between modules 103-105 and the physical smart products within vault 108. That functionality or logic may reside within card scheduler 121. For example, upon receiving a particular address, card scheduler 121 establishes an electronic connection with the particular smart product, and corresponding reader, at that address in vault 108. The functions of card scheduler 121, including currency manager 122 and card pool manager 123, may reside within vault 108, vault manager machine 101, or a combination of both.
Vault manager machine 101 also typically includes a bank policy module 106 for providing certain rules relating to smart product transactions, and a merchant accounting module 107 for recording and tracking merchants accounts, similar to a bank balance, associated with the vault. Merchant accounting module 107 is typically connected to a merchant accounting system 119 for providing accounting-type services for merchants. Examples of commercial embodiments of merchant accounting systems are known in the art and include products sold by Mercantec, Inc. Interface 102 may also be coupled via a merchant server 117 to other merchant processors 118 for processing smart product transactions occurring through readers which may be connected to other merchant processors 118.
A local processor 111 may interface a smart product reader 110 with network 112. Local processor 111 provides the processing and functions for interfacing reader 110 with network 112, and reader 110 may be connected to a display device 120 for displaying information to a user. Reader 110 reads information from and writes information to a smart product 109. Such readers are known in the art, and examples of embodiments for readers include an ATM, kiosk, personal computer, and electronic wallet.
Network 112 may also interface vault manager machine 101 with a local merchant processor 113 connected to a local vault manager machine 114 and local vault 115. Local vault manager machine 114 and local vault 115 may have the same processing capabilities and database structure as, for example, vault manager machine 101 and vault 108. Local vault manager machine 114 and local vault 115 are optional in that a merchant does not necessarily require a local vault at its facility for conducting smart product transactions with vault manager machine 101.
Local merchant processor 113 provides the functions and processing capability for interfacing the local vault manager machine 114 with network 112. In addition, local processor 111 may be connected directly, as shown by connection 116, with local merchant processor 113, or may be so connected through network 112. Therefore, reader 110 may be located physically proximate local merchant processor for providing purchases using a smart product at the merchant's facility, or alternatively reader 110 may be remote from the merchant's facility and interfaced with the merchant processor through network 112 for providing remote purchase of products or services from the merchant.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a database 200 for use in processing smart product transactions in conjunction with a smart product vault. Database 200 may be stored in memory 124 and thus accessible to modules of vault manager 101. Database 200 includes software structures logically related to a representation of a vault 204, corresponding to vault 108 and vault 115 shown in FIG. 1. Vault 204 is shown in FIG. 2 to illustrate its relationship with database 200. As shown, vault 204 has an array representing smart products. Other configurations are possible. For example, vault 204 (and vaults 108 and 115) may include a column of smart products, a row of smart products, or some other physical configuration, provided that each smart product, through its corresponding reader, may be individually addressable.
As shown in FIG. 2, database 200 includes a smart product identification (ID) list 201, including an array of addresses for the location of smart products within vault 204. As shown, it includes an address 205 for a smart product 1, an address 206 for a smart product 2, and additional addresses for additional smart products in the vault. The numbers are typically listed in sequential order with the corresponding addresses but may be listed in other orders.
Database 200 also includes a plurality of currencies shown, for example, in a table 202. Table 202 includes an array of various currencies, such as a currency 208 for Australian dollars, a currency 209 for Yen, a currency 210 for U.S. dollars, a currency 211 for Great Britain pounds, and additional currencies such as a currency 212 for a currency N. Currencies may also be user defined. Therefore, a merchant may define its own currency and offer units of such currency to be stored on smart products of its customers for use in purchasing its products or services. Creating user-defined currency provides the advantage of permitting a change in the merchant's prices of its products or services by simply changing the value of its currency.
Database 200 also includes vectors. In particular, each of the currencies in table 202 points to a vector array 203 of smart products. For example, currency 208 for Australian dollars points to vectors 213, 214, and 215. Each currency may include one or more vectors in array 203, depending upon the number of smart products existing in vault 204 and storing a value of that currency. Each vector, such as vector 213, represents a physical smart product in vault 204 and typically includes a representation of an amount of currency on the corresponding smart product, a card number representing a location or address of the smart product, and how many times the smart product has been used. The vectors may be modified to include additional information for processing or statistical purposes, such as how often a particular smart product fails.
ID list 201 and vector array 203 are logically related to the smart products in vault 204. Using ID list 201 and vector array 203 means that the smart products in vault 204 are addressable either by a number, or by currency. providing such software database structures thus increases processing speed and capability, and it provides for an efficient method of accessing smart products within the vault. Thus, database 200 typically includes both ID list 201 and hash table 202 along with corresponding vector array 203. Alternatively, database 200 may include only one of those structures.
Moreover, certain smart products in the vault may be assigned to a particular customer for servicing only that customer, which helps to ensure a certain level of service for that customer. Alternatively, a pool of smart products may be assigned to a particular customer or a plurality of customers.
FIGS. 3-5 are flow charts illustrating processing for smart product transactions in conjunction with system 100 of FIG. 1 and database 200 of FIG. 2. This processing provides for certain advantages, particularly in comparison with single card-to-card transactions. Because of the plurality of smart products available in the vault, if a smart product is unavailable due to, for example, a lock-up or what is referred to as a “tear,” other smart products are available to conduct the transaction. A “tear” occurs when a smart product is removed from its reader before the transaction is complete. When the smart product causing the tear is reinserted into a reader, the tear is usually automatically corrected. However, a smart product may lock-up if it experiences too many tears. Unlocking the smart product typically requires use of a special reset card, issued by smart product providers. Those providers typically do not want to issue reset cards to individual users, and thus using a reset card in the vault provides a convenient way to unlock smart products.
If a transaction involves an amount greater than that available on any particular smart product in the vault, a plurality of smart products may be used for the transaction. Thus, transactions may be load balanced across many smart products.
Also, the vault provides for processing of concurrent users. Instead of processing transactions sequentially, which can be a time-consuming process, a system may simultaneously use different smart products in the vault for concurrently processing transactions involving different users.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a process 300 for performing a purchase routine for purchase module 103. process 300 provides the capability for a smart product user to purchase a product or service interacting with vault 108, and process 300 may be performed repeatedly and concurrently for different users using different smart products in vault 108. In process 300, the user is presented with a tag, for example, a hypertext markup language (HTML) tag, including a price for a particular product or service (step 301). This HTML tag may be presented on, for example, display device 120. The user “clicks” on the tag to select the identified product or service (step 302), which may constitute a purchase request. The user may enter a purchase request in other ways; for example, the user may select the tag using any type of cursor-control device or the user may enter the request using a keyboard. In addition, the request may constitute any type of indication of a purchase request.
In response to the user's selection, module 103 downloads a computational entity, such as an applet written in the Java programming language, to process the user's purchase request (step 303). The entity communicates with the database via card scheduler 121 to select a smart product, or a plurality, in vault 108 (step 304), which may involve determining if particular smart products in the vault are assigned for servicing that user (step 310) in the event that a pool of smart products are reserved for that user. Based on the type of currency involved in the transaction, card scheduler 121 may access the corresponding currency in table 202 to select, using vector array 203, a smart product in the vault having that type of currency. Java applets and HTML tags are known in the art and are explained, for example, in the following document, which is incorporated herein by reference: Jamie Jaworski, “Java 1.1 Developer's Guide, Second Edition,”pp. 330-342, 750-754, Sams.net publishing, 1997.
In selecting a smart product, card scheduler 121 uses the functions of currency manager 122 and card pool manager 123. In particular, card pool manager 123 selects a pool of smart products in vault 108, and currency manager 122 selects a particular smart product, or a plurality, within that pool. Card pool manager 123 and currency manager 122 may make these selections based on particular criteria related to the transaction such as, as shown in step 310, load balancing, use patterns, or transaction failure patterns. It may use one or more of the criteria shown in step 310 based, for example, on particular system requirements.
Load balancing involves scheduling use of the smart products in a vault to avoid undue wear by spreading the transactions (“the load”) over different smart products. Currency is typically spread among many smart products to avoid a large amount on any one particular smart product to reduce the effects of a failure of that smart product. The amount of currency on each smart product in a vault may depend on the types of transactions. A history of small transactions may require only small amounts on the smart products in a vault while a history of large transactions typically requires large amounts. Card pool manager 123 and currency manager 122 may use heuristic techniques based on historical use patterns to determine optimum amounts for each smart product in a vault.
Card pool manager 123 and currency manager 122 may also make the selection based upon other factors. In particular, they may use heuristic techniques based on historical use patterns to manage latency of the Internet, intentional attacks aimed at “locking up” a vault, and prime time attacks. The Internet latency means that at particular times the Internet may process communications faster than at other times, and card pool manager 123 and currency manager 122 may make selections based on the time of the transaction and knowing, from past use, if they expect an Internet communication to be fast or slow at that time.
Managing intentional attacks means that card pool manager 123 and currency manager 122 can repair smart product “tears,” explained above. An intentional attack may mean that a large group of users intentionally cause failures by removing their smart products before completion of the transactions. These actions may be aimed at causing an entire vault to “lock up” and hence be unavailable for use. Currency manager 122 and card pool manager 123 may use heuristic techniques to detect and manage such intentional attacks. For example, they may detect a large amount of tears from a particular geographic region, or they may detect a particular pattern of tears such as a certain number of tears per second. In order to repair tears, currency manager 122 and card pool manager 123 ensure that the failed smart products in a vault as a result of a tear are available or “on-line” so that the tear may be repaired when the corresponding user's smart product is reinserted into a reader or otherwise available to complete the transaction.
Managing prime time attacks means that currency manager 122 and card pool manager 123 make selections based on particular use patterns. They may use heuristic techniques to determine based on historical use the times involving high or low numbers of transactions. For example, they may determine that a large number of transactions occur in the early evening and make selections based upon that information to account for the high volume and to ensure that sufficient smart products are available in a vault. These techniques for smart product selection may make use of the information in vector array 203 concerning the values of currency and other information for each corresponding smart product in the vault. Also, these heuristic techniques may use queuing theory or stochastic modeling for determining the selection. Queuing theory is explained in, for example, the following text, which is incorporated herein by reference: “Encyclopedia of Computer Science, Third Edition,” pp. 1141-44, Van Nostrand Reinhold (edited by Anthony Ralston and Edwin D. Reilly), 1993.
After selection of a smart product in vault 108, purchase module 103 instructs the user to insert a smart product (step 305). This instruction may occur on display device 120. Module 103 then performs authentication (step 306), explained below, and as a result of the authentication, it determines if the smart product is valid (step 307). If it is not valid, an error message may be provided (step 308), such as on display device 120. 0therwise, module 103 may perform order fulfillment (step 309), which involves deducting the price from a digital value of currency on the user's smart product, increasing a value of currency on the corresponding smart product selected in vault 108, and providing the user with access to the purchased product or service.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a process 400 for performing an ATM routine for ATM module 104, and process 400 may be performed repeatedly and concurrently for different users using different smart products in vault 108. The ATM routine is similar to the purchase routine with the exception that the ATM routine involves transfer of funds to or from a user's smart product, rather than purchase of a product or service. As shown in FIG. 4, ATM module 104 presents a tag, for example, an HTML tag, with a transfer option (step 401). This HTML tag may be presented on, for example, display device 120. The user “clicks” on the tag to select the transfer option (step 402), which may constitute a transfer of funds request. The user may enter a transfer of funds request in other ways; for example, the user may select the tag using any type of cursor-control device or the user may enter the request using a keyboard. In addition, the request may constitute any type of indication of a transfer of funds request.
In response to the user's selection, ATM module 104 downloads a computational entity, for example an applet written in the Java programming language, to process the transfer request (step 403). The entity communicates with the database via card scheduler 121 to select a smart product, or a plurality, in vault 108 (step 404), which may involve determining if particular smart products in the vault are assigned for servicing that user (step 410) in the event that a pool of smart products are reserved for that user. Based on the type of currency involved in the transaction, card scheduler 121 may access the corresponding currency in table 202 to select, using vector array 203, a smart product in the vault having that type of currency. Also, in selecting a smart product, as explained above, card scheduler 121 uses the functions of currency manager 122 and card pool manager 123 and may make these selections based on particular criteria related to the transaction such as, as shown in step 410, load balancing, use patterns, or transaction failure patterns. It may use one or more of the criteria shown in step 410.
After selection of a smart product in vault 108, ATM module 104 instructs the user to insert a smart product (step 405). This instruction may occur on display device 120. Authentication of the smart product is performed (step 406), explained below, and in response, ATM module 104 determines if the smart product is valid (step 407). If it is not valid, ATM module 104 may provide an error message (step 408), such as on display device 120. Otherwise, ATM module 104 performs the transfer of funds to or from the user's smart product (step 409). The transfer involves deducting or increasing a digital value of currency on the user's smart product by the amount requested, and performing a corresponding increase or decrease in the digital currency value of the smart product selected in the vault.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a process 500 for performing authentication for authentication module 105, and process 500 may be performed repeatedly and concurrently for different users. process 500 may use the known Mondex protocol or other protocols for authenticating smart product transactions. Module 105 receives an authentication request (step 501). In response, module 105 sends a challenge string to the reader for the user's smart product. Module 105 then receives back the challenge string plus a personal identification number (PIN) code (step 503).
Module 105 sends the challenge string plus pIN code to an authentication card or device in the vault (step 504). The authentication card or device constitutes a particular smart product for verifying a user's smart product. The authentication card or device typically includes a protocol, such as Mondex protocol, for performing verification of the challenge string and pIN code. The authentication card or device performs the authentication routine and returns to module 105 a valid or invalid response (step 505). Module 105 receives that response from the authentication card or device and uses it for validating the user's smart product (step 506). Other authentication protocols may be used, such as any challenge/response protocol using a shared secret value or any certificate-based authentication scheme.
The processes shown in FIGS. 3-5 for modules 103, 104, and 105 may be concurrently executed. For example, as module 103 executes a purchase request from one smart product user, ATM module 104 may execute a transfer request from another user. In addition, the steps for the processes shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 need not be executed sequentially in the stated order. Rather, the steps may be executed in a different order, or certain steps may be executed concurrently, to achieve the same function of processing the requested transaction.
FIG. 6 is an example of a user interface for processing smart product transactions. Display 600 is typically presented on display device 120. In a display 600 users may view an indication of a dollar or other currency amount for adjusting the purse of their smart products in window 611. The user may perform functions by manipulating the appropriate key, such as requesting a deposit (601), a withdrawal (602), a transfer of funds (603), or statements concerning transactions (604). The user may confirm the requested transaction by selected OK icon 612, and a window 614 may be used to indicate entry of a PIN code for use in authenticating transactions or verifying a smart product user.
Display 600 may include various icons for permitting a user to access programs or information. A user may use icon 605 for accessing an address book. Icon 606 may be used to access an ATM funds transfer program, such as ATM module 104. Icon 607 may be used to access preferences, which may include the user's preferences relating to use of a smart product. Icon 608 may be used to access a user's particular profile. Icon 609 may be used to access transactions such as a deposit, withdrawal, or transfer of funds. Icon 610 may be used to access a value transfer function. Icons in a window 613 may display various types of smart products that may be read.
Machines implementing the steps shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5, may include computer processors for performing the functions. They may include modules or programs configured to cause the processors to perform the above functions. They may also include computer program products stored in a memory. The computer program products may include a computer-readable medium or media having computer-readable code embodied therein for causing the machines to perform functions described above. The media may include a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave and representing sequences of instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to securely address a peripheral device at an absolute address by performing the method described in this specification. The media may also include data structures for use in performing the method described in this specification.
While the present invention has been described in connection with an exemplary embodiment, it will be understood that many modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations thereof. For example, various types of smart products, various authentication protocols, and various hardware embodiments for the processing may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. This invention should be limited only by the claims and equivalents thereof.
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|US20080040273 *||9 oct. 2007||14 févr. 2008||Savage John G||Digital data interchange devices and networks|
|US20080061128 *||7 sept. 2007||13 mars 2008||Diebold, Incorporated||Cash dispensing automated banking machine maintenance system and method|
|US20080158150 *||31 oct. 2007||3 juil. 2008||Ncr Corporation||Driving multiple display interfaces with a single operator application|
|US20080223919 *||21 avr. 2008||18 sept. 2008||Diebold, Incorporated||Automated banking machine system and method|
|Classification aux États-Unis||235/379, 235/375, 235/385, 235/382|
|Classification internationale||G06Q20/06, G06Q20/10, G06Q30/06, G07F7/08|
|Classification coopérative||G06Q30/06, G06Q20/10, G06Q20/105, G06Q20/06|
|Classification européenne||G06Q30/06, G06Q20/06, G06Q20/10, G06Q20/105|
|26 sept. 2001||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SUN MICROSYSTEMS, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GOLDSTEIN, THEODORE;DIGIORGIO, RINALDO;BENDER, MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:012203/0327;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980902 TO 20010831
|13 mai 2003||CC||Certificate of correction|
|7 avr. 2006||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|29 avr. 2010||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|9 avr. 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12
|31 août 2016||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ORACLE AMERICA, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNORS:ORACLE USA, INC.;SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC.;ORACLE AMERICA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:039888/0635
Effective date: 20100212


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There are times when you feel hungry and you have absolutely no idea how you are going to help yourself out. But you do not have to suffer because of it; there is no need for you to do so. Actually, you can skip the suffering all you want with this quiz that is here for you to help you out. The what do I want to eat quiz is surely going to be the answer to most of your questions and after you take it, you will have a better idea on what you should it. Although, you have to take note that you might want to consult a proper dietitian as well in order to make sure that you do not overeat. Here are some of the things that you might need to answer in the quiz just to give you a better idea about it.
One of the things that will be asked of you is about how hungry you are or your hunger level. Are you really hungry and you feeling like you need something to boost you up? Or maybe you just want to eat something light for your meal. Maybe you feel like just grabbing a snack off the shelf or from a near convenience store? Or do you feel like you can eat a full course meal and still come off hungry? This is an important question because determining your hunger level will help in figuring out what you should be eating as well so you might want to make the most out of this at the same time.
Last food intake
Another thing that you should know or recall would be what the last thing you ate was. This can vary from a snack, maybe a big meal or something that you are not really proud of. By this point in time, you know what healthy foods are from the unhealthy ones. You should not be ashamed if you eat something unhealthy, but instead you should really make the most out of this and just answer honestly so that you get the best decision in this. You should just say what you ate last so that you are properly able to get things right and figure out what to eat. If you are confused what you want to eat? You can click here to make the right decision on where to eat.
What are you doing?
You will also be asked in regards to what you are doing at the moment. It’s either you are visiting someone, a relative, a cousin, an aunt and all that, or maybe you are at the café or at a restaurant ready to order but can’t decide just yet. Maybe you are chilling at home and you just want to eat something and you feel like doing so at the same time. Or maybe, it is lunchtime already and you want to be at the office and just get most of the work done but suddenly felt a bit hungry.

domain: psychology


text: Blogging from the beach, how exciting! Jumping in the car after school and heading to the south coast. Arriving in time to explore. Tracking Gulls And exploring the rock pools in the petrified forest at low tide. Yep a petrified forest. Ace! Continue reading 30 Days Wild Day Five – An after school road trip to the coast.


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Campaign launched to save WW2 'stretcher fences'
A campaign has been launched to protect metal fences made from World War Two stretchers, once used to carry thousands of wounded civilians during the Blitz.
The fences can be found on estates in Peckham, Brixton, Deptford, Oval and in east London.
17 Aug 2017
- From the section London

domain: history


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Italian parsley is a leafy herb that grows small in stature, around one foot tall and about the same around. The multi-branched Italian parsley has bright green stems that are tender when young and grow woody as the plant matures. The leaves are triangular, flat, and deeply toothed, divided into three sections with multiple leaves growing along the tops of the stems. The flat-leafed variety is hardier than the curly variety and it has a stronger aroma and flavor that is slightly less bitter. The flavor is often described as fresh and green, with hints of citrus, clove and nutmeg and an earthy taste.
Sold by the Bunch
Amiable Organics is a family-owned and operated farm, run by husband and wife duo, Josh and Angie Mans. Their journey into the world of organic farming began in 2016 when Josh first dabbled with gardening while working for Galimax Trading. He quickly fell in love with it, and the gardening bug has never left him since.

domain: agronomy


Related to this article..33mSv/y measured at over 26 schools in Fukushima and it’s concealed
4/22/2012, it was 0.43 μSv/h at 1m height from the ground. (in front of the gate of Fukushima Daisan elementary school.)
It was 10.12 μSv/h above the sand near rain drain. 20.12 μSv/h on mud in rain drain.
62km from Fukushima plants.


New York, According to a new market research report published by Global Insight Services “Mobile and Wireless Backhaul Market is expected to reach US$ XX bn by 2031”. Report includes in-depth segmentation and market size data by categories, product types, applications, and geographies. Report also includes comprehensive analysis of key issues, trends and drivers, restraints and challenges, competitive landscape, as well as recent events such as M&A activities in the market.
Mobile and wireless backhaul is the process of connecting base stations in a wireless network to the core network. Backhaul is typically accomplished using fiber optic cable, microwave links, or a combination of both.
The purpose of backhaul is to provide high-speed connectivity between the base station and the core network, which enables base stations to communicate with each other and with the network’s other components. Backhaul is a critical component of any wireless network, and its performance can have a significant impact on the overall performance of the network.
Download a Free PDF Sample Copy of Report – https://www.globalinsightservices.com/request-sample/GIS20747/
The Mobile and Wireless Backhaul Market includes players such as Ericsson, NEC Corporation, Huawei, Dragon Wave Corporation, Bridge Wave Communications, Aviat Networks Corporation, Ceragon Networks Ltd, Nokia Networks, Fujitsu and Cisco System Inc.
The key trends in mobile and wireless backhaul technology are increasing capacity, higher speeds, and lower costs.
As mobile data usage continues to grow, mobile and wireless backhaul networks need to keep pace by increasing capacity. One way to do this is by using higher frequency bands, which can carry more data than lower frequency bands. Another way to increase capacity is by using more advanced modulation techniques, such as OFDM.
As mobile data usage grows, so does the demand for higher speeds. Mobile and wireless backhaul networks need to be able to support higher speeds in order to keep up with demand. One way to increase speeds is by using higher frequency bands, which can carry more data than lower frequency bands. Another way to increase speeds is by using more advanced modulation techniques, such as OFDM.
The key drivers of the mobile and wireless backhaul market are the increasing demand for data services, the need for higher capacity networks, and the need for higher speeds. The increasing demand for data services is driven by the increasing use of smartphones and tablets, as well as the need for higher speeds and capacity for data-intensive applications such as video streaming and gaming. The need for higher capacity networks is driven by the increasing number of devices and users on mobile networks, as well as the increasing demand for data services. The need for higher speeds is driven by the increasing use of data-intensive applications, as well as the need for higher capacity networks.
Get Customized report as per your requirements – https://www.globalinsightservices.com/request-customization/GIS20747/
The global Mobile and Wireless Backhaul Market is segmented based on deployment, network topology, technology, services, and region. Based on deployment, the market is bifurcated into wired (fiber) and wireless. Based on technology, it is divided into TDM, ATM, and Ethernet. Based on network topology, it is categorized into ring, hub and spoke, and daisy chain. Region-wise, it is studied across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and rest of the World.
Reasons to buy Mobile and Wireless Backhaul Market Report:
- Develop comprehensive understanding of market landscape – industry structure, value-chain, key players, trends, drivers, and challenges
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About Global Insight Services:
Global Insight Services (GIS) is a leading multi-industry market research firm headquartered in Delaware, US. We are committed to providing our clients with highest quality data, analysis, and tools to meet all their market research needs. With GIS, you can be assured of the quality of the deliverables, robust & transparent research methodology, and superior service.
Global Insight Services LLC
16192, Coastal Highway, Lewes DE 19958


Etfor is a sustainable textile company specializing in circular manufacturing knitwear for Men, Women, and Children. Founded in 1988 by a family-run business, we undertake all the stages of production from design, cutting, manufacturing, finishing, and packaging.
We are a certified company by Oeko-Tex and SMETA, and we hold certifications in GOTS, OCS, GRS, RCS, BCI, Fairtrade, and Standard 100 Class I.
We have an area of approximately 9000m2, through our Solar power system we produce around 38% of the energy used in production. The cutting waste is recycled, lights are LED, and solid waste is separated. We bring self-awareness in training towards saving water, energy and reducing waste.
The company has cutting-edge technology, fast fulfillment capacity in terms of quantities and delivery deadlines. Thanks to its product quality, experience, and knowledge, Etfor is a leading reference in the European textile industry.


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Los Angeles, March 31: Rapper Kanye West has threatened to fire Kim Kardashian West’s personal trainer who declared that there’s no way his wife can lose 15 pounds.
The reality TV queen said on Sunday night’s episode of “Keeping Up with the Kardashians” as she breathlessly revealed to sister Khloe that her volatile husband had threatened to fire her personal trainer, reports radaronline.com.
Kim told Khloe: “Do you want to die? Kanye literally went crazy on the trainer today. She was like, ‘So what are your goals, tell me everything.’ And I was like, ‘I need to get down to 120′.
“She’s like, ‘There’s no way. I can’t even imagine you 15 pounds lighter’.”
At which point, Kanye intervened.
“Kanye’s like, ‘Wait a minute. You are the trainer and you’re telling me you can’t imagine her 15 pounds lighter?
“We need to get another trainer then because if I tell you she needs to lose weight in between her toe, you would have figured out a f*cking toe weight’,” Kim says to her sister, who laughed about Kanye’s apparent bullying attitude.

domain: celebrity


Glass Bottle Wide Mouth at Thomas Scientific. Borosil® Reagent Wide Mouth Bottles are perfect for storing media, solvents, and other materials. Bottles comes with PP Screw cap (GL80). A colorless PP pouring ring aloows for drip free emptying, easy-to-read graduations and capacities, marking spots for labeling. Mechanically.
Screw Thread Reagent Bottle Liquid Chromatography MBL
Reagent Bottle With Screw Cap and Pouring Ring - 2000 ml
Packaging: 2000 ml. UOM: Nos. Delivery date: Within 15 Days. ₹ 1,065.00. Qty: AddThis. Reagent Bottle with Screw Cap and Pouring Ring complies with IS 1388 (Part I), EN ISO 4796 - 1. It is designed with plastic pouring ring for drip-free operation. These bottles are mechanically strong and chemical resistant.
Reagent Bottle,High Performance Liquid Chromatography Vials
high performance liquid chromatography vials,gas chromatography,autosampler vials,peek ferrules,syringe filter-Quzhou Lab Trading Co., Ltd. GL 45 Thread Safety ...
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Screw thread vials and caps provide low evaporation, reusability, less hand injury during manipulation than crimp seals and require no special tools. All screw threads vials and caps are differentiated by their thread finish as defined by the Glass Packaging Institute, GPI. For screw thread vials, a two part number is assigned.
Reagent Bottles, PP - BrandTech Scientific Inc.
Tech Info & Warnings. Description. Reagent bottles made of polypropylene, which provides good chemical resistance and is autoclavable at 121°C. Available with standard opening or wide mouth, with stoppers or screw caps, and in a variety of volumes to fit most applications. Product No. & Specs. Reagent Bottles, PP, with NS Stoppers, PP. Volume. mL.
50ml-2000ml gl45 media bottle, glass reagent bottle -Aijiren
Aijiren™ reagent bottles, also called media bottles, are manufactured from high quality, borosilicate 3.3 glass, round Bottle with GL45 Screw Cap. With their superior chemical resistance, these bottles are ideal for storage of reagents, culture media, biological fluids and a variety of other aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.
Amber Reagent Bottle for Sale - Chromatography Vials, Caps
Brand Name : Aijiren. Product Name : Amber Reagent Bottle. Material : High Borosilicate Glass. Color: Brown. Application: Laboratory or Teaching. Specification : 50ml 100ml 250ml 500ml 1000ml. Part 2. Specification Display. Borosilicate Glass Graduated Amber Reagent Bottle autoclavable with Screw Cap GL45 100ml,250ml,500ml,1000ml,5000ml,10L,20L
HPLC 1000ml GL45 square bottles manufacturer-Analytical
DWK218052959. Laboratory bottle, plastic-coated glass bottle, neck Joints: threaded (GL45), capacity 150 mL, with screw cap to drain contents, WITH SCREW-CAP AND POURING RING (PP) Expand. Hide. Buy HPLC GL45 square bottles factory-Analytical Testing Vials. GL45 Reagent Bottle 1000ml – hplcvials.com Aijiren™ reagent bottles, also called
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Pyrex® Graduated reagent bottle with SVL PBT screwcap
Versatile liquid storage solution. These graduated reagent bottles are suitable for the storage of a wide range of liquids and are supplied with a black SVL PBT screwcap allowing them to be heated to 180°C. Complies with ISO 4796-1. Ideal for storage of reagents, analytical standards and culture media etc. Manufactured from Pyrex ® borosilicate glass.
Reagent bottle with screw cap - Nanjing Ronghua Scientific
Tel: 86-13813814408; Tel: 86-15305182589; Email: firstname.lastname@example.org; Add: Room 1018, Longtai International Building, 198 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing,China
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Chemical screw top 1000ml media bottle China-Aijiren HPLC Vials Certified media reagent bottle 500ml GL80 screw cap China . SKS Science Products Glass Laboratory Bottles, Lab 45 Stock #+ Size Description Cs Case Pk Prc Price /Cs Qty W219937 250 ml Glass Media/Reagent Bottles w/ Screw Caps 12/cs $155.76 219939 500 ml Glass Media/Reagent Bottles w/ Screw Caps 12/cs $160.68 219940 1000 ml Glass
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Released On 25th Nov 2020
Offers and discounts kindly provided by our wellbeing experts for Cityparents members.
These offers provide additional support for your mental and physical wellbeing as you balance your professional careers with busy home lives. They include discounts on existing products and services or the creation of bespoke services in support of the sessions for Cityparents.
Sara Campin, Self-Care for Parents Expert and Founder of the Nourish App
Sara Campin is a passionate advocate of all things that nourish the mind. After struggling with her own wellbeing as a working mother and personally experiencing the impact that simple self-care practices can have, she founded Nourish, an app designed to help achieve both our personal and professional ambitions and find greater harmony and balance in our busy lives.
Sara is currently offering 20% off a one-time, unlimited membership to the Premium version of the Nourish app (usually £45). The Nourish app provides bite-sized mental health and wellbeing tools to support busy parents including:
- 200+ multi-disciplinary self-care videos, audios and quick-reads at your finger tips
- Accessible, tailored content that you can enjoy in as little as 2 to 20 minutes
- Created by a team of experts in psychology, yoga, mindfulness, nutrition, sleep and more
- Save your favourites to create your personal self-care toolkit
To claim this offer visit Nourish and use the code CITYPARENTS.
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Nick Elston believes that in life and in business we all want to be heard and understood, both personally and professionally. A leading global speaker who has spent years inspiring, engaging, empowering & motivating audiences.
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For more information please contact firstname.lastname@example.org and be sure to mention you are a Cityparents member!


Arbish Sports Industries manufacturing of specialized textile company of Sports Wears, Leisure Wears and all types of Athletic Balls. For Textile We are fully handle Knitting, Dyeing, Finishing, Cutting, Stitching, Packing, Embroidery, Sublimation digital Printing, Washing and Special Performance Finishes are all dealt with in house according to our customer needs.
For Sports we have available our own Production for Balls Lamination, Cutting, Printing, Bladders, whether it’s Thermo bonded, Machine stitched, a Hybrid approach or Hand stitched, Sorting, Washing & Packing in house according to our customer needs.
It is located in Pakistan’s industrial city SIALKOT which is known all over the world for its quality Sports apparel, equipment’s and accessories. We believe our success is due to highly focused concentration on quality and in time deliveries.
Thank you very much for your attention.


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// UK high streets endure worst September in 8 years, according to the latest BDO High Street Sales Tracker
// In-store sales dropped 3.1% after an already poor base of 2.7% decline last year
// Overall high street footfall was also down, starting with a 2.5% drop and culminating in a 5.8% decline
New figures have shown that UK high streets suffered its worst September in eight years as spending buckled under the pressure of Brexit uncertainty, falling footfall and store closures.
According to BDO’s latest High Street Sales Tracker, in-store sales dropped 3.1 per cent on a year ago after an already poor base of 2.7 per cent this time last year, making it the poorest September since 2011.
Weaker discretionary spending resulted in the lifestyle category enduring a 5.4 per cent drop, its worst performance since the height of the recession in November 2008.
September also saw the end of a stronger run for fashion as sales fell by two per cent, making it the first negative growth in three months for the category.
- Heatwave prompts dire August high street sales
- September consumer confidence grows ahead of Brexit deadline
- Shop prices fall at lowest level since May 2018
Overall high street footfall was down September, starting with a decline of 2.5 per cent and culminating in a drop of 5.8 per cent as wet weather kept people at home.
Shopping centres fared worse, with footfall dropping eight per cent in the last week of the month.
Online retail was not immune, either.
Consumers’ reluctance to spend led to online retail sales growth being well below the annual average, reaching 12.4 per cent.
“As the Brexit date looms, the financial uncertainty facing consumers is reflected in the lack of discretionary spend and the lowest lifestyle sales since 2008,” BDO head of retail Sophie Michael said.
“This, combined with the collapse of a big household name like Thomas Cook, seems to have unnerved the shopper even further.
“Cash-strapped retailers are in dire straits. It has been a disastrous year for the high street and, as consumers continue to tighten their belts, they are entering the crucial ‘golden’ trading quarter on very unsteady ground.”

domain: statistics


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This weekend I went to the Boston Opera House and It’s such a beautiful interior ! I couldn;t resist to make a watercolor of it. The colors are so rich.
I did this is a Stillman and Birn sketchbook as usual. I recently got more art supplies and wanted to try my new brushes this is the Escoda Versatil #12. To be synthetic it’s a pretty good brush!
For the darks I used the pentel brush and I drew this not with my usual Lamy but a nib and holder.
I haven’t sketch in a while. I feel rusty but I think this came out acceptable 🙂
I Used Stillman & Birn Beta Series paper and for the sketch the Lamy Safari and Pentel Brush. I am experimenting with a new palette, not quite happy yet but it’s getting better 🙂
Quick 10-15 min studies from actual paintings.
Lamy Pen and Stillman and Birn notebook
The talented Frida.
Watercolor on 120lb paper and yellow touches with pentel brush
At our Sketching group we were drawing each other and I decided to draw my artist friend and fellow sketcher Cat A.
This was done on bristol vellum, sketch done with a copic multiliner .5 and shading with walnut ink and a pentel brush (the yellow touches)
ALL THAT JAZZ! 🙂


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Cx-098. Jjcf0048. 27*10.2*9.2 cm. Circular. Wholesale vegetable spiralizer. Potato ricer press. Masher detail2: Ktg032. Cake smooth. Sugarcane crushers. Fruit vegetable tool. Fda,lfgb,ce / eu,ciq,sgs,eec. Cutting dies. Dinosaur family. Plastic type:
Garnish vegetable. Stainless steel handle with hook, helpful for kitchen organization.. Cook supplies. Wholesale reflowing. For people: Cutter wire tool. Wholesale kichen. Size : Dropshipping,wholesale,csv file,etc. Wholesale fruit&vegetable squeezer. Potato slicer french fry vegetable fruit cutter. Salad cutter cut fruit. Pd2-00444. Anacondrai crusher.
Accessories snack. Wholesale peanuts. Stainless steel drive. Thickness of upper steel plate: Wholesale 11patterns squeeze. Accessories cute kitchen. Visable. Stainless steel+abs. Wh264. Cute angel.
Device press. Fruit juice. Spiral pasta. Carrots garlic. Gsgj010. Kitchen accessories : Luosb. Material: Biscuits, fruit, pasta, vegetables, etc.. Fruit juicer. French frying. Sort of. Place of origin: Graters. High quality, food safety, easy to use and clean. Potato masher. Length 25cm. Size: Zm336900.

domain: food