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Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis of Critical ComponentsView this Special Issue
Gearbox Fault Identification and Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks
Vibration signals of gearbox are sensitive to the existence of the fault. Based on vibration signals, this paper presents an implementation of deep learning algorithm convolutional neural network (CNN) used for fault identification and classification in gearboxes. Different combinations of condition patterns based on some basic fault conditions are considered. 20 test cases with different combinations of condition patterns are used, where each test case includes 12 combinations of different basic condition patterns. Vibration signals are preprocessed using statistical measures from the time domain signal such as standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. In the frequency domain, the spectrum obtained with FFT is divided into multiple bands, and the root mean square (RMS) value is calculated for each one so the energy maintains its shape at the spectrum peaks. The achieved accuracy indicates that the proposed approach is highly reliable and applicable in fault diagnosis of industrial reciprocating machinery. Comparing with peer algorithms, the present method exhibits the best performance in the gearbox fault diagnosis.
Gearboxes play crucial roles in the mechanical transmission systems, are used to transmit power between shafts, and are expected to work 24 hours a day in the production system. Any failures with the gearboxes may introduce unwanted downtime, expensive repair, and even human casualties. Therefore it is essential to detect and diagnose faults in the initial stage [1–4]. As an effective component for the condition-based maintenance, the fault diagnosis has gained much attention for the safe operations of the gearboxes [5, 6].
Machine fault identification can be done with different methodologies such as vibration signature analysis, lubricant signature analysis, noise signature analysis, and temperature monitoring. The gearbox conditions can be reflected by such measurements as vibratory, acoustic, thermal, electrical, and oil-based signals [7–12]. Of the above the diagnostic by vibrations is the most employed for the reason that every machine is considered to have a normal spectrum until there is a fault, where the spectrum changes [13, 14]. The vibration signals have been proven effective to reflect the healthy condition of the rotating machinery. In the vibration-based gearbox fault diagnostics, Wang et al.  proposed the application of local mean decomposition of the vibration signal to diagnose a low-speed helical gearbox. Hong et al.  investigated the vibration measurements for the planetary gearbox fault detection. The vibration characteristics in both the time and the frequency domains were analyzed by Lei et al.  for the diagnostics of the planetary gearboxes.
Various studies exist, of algorithms for detection and diagnostics of faults in gearboxes; among these are support vector machines and artificial neural network. A support vector machines based envelope spectrum was proposed by Guo et al.  to classify three health conditions of the planetary gearboxes. An intelligent diagnosis model based on wavelet support vector machine (SVM) and immune genetic algorithm (IGA) was proposed for the gearbox fault diagnosis . The IGA was developed to determine the optimal parameters for the wavelet SVM with the highest accuracy and generalization ability. Tayarani-Bathaie et al.  suggested a dynamic neural network to diagnose the gas turbine fault. The artificial neural network combining with empirical mode decomposition was applied for automatic bearing fault diagnosis based on vibration signals . Among all the typical classifiers, the support vector classification (SVC) family (i.e., the standard SVC and its variants) attracted much attention due to their extraordinary classification performance. According to the researches, the SVM family received good results in comparison with the peer classifiers.
Recently, deep learning received great success in the classification field. The deep learning gained better classification performance owing to its “deeper” representations for the faulty features. Up to now, different deep learning networks such as deep belief network , deep Boltzmann machines (DBMs) , deep autoencoder , and convolutional neural networks  have been introduced, but few been used for the fault diagnosis cases. Tran et al.  introduced the application of the deep belief networks to diagnose reciprocating compressor valves. Tamilselvan and Wang  employed the deep belief learning based health state classification for iris dataset, wine dataset, Wisconsin breast cancer diagnosis dataset, and Escherichia coli dataset. The limited reports used the deep learning structure for the fault diagnosis, with commonly one modality feature.
This paper presents a study for the application of the convolutional neural network in the identification and classification of the gearboxes fault. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of feed-forward artificial neural network. Its individual neurons are tiled in such a way that they respond to overlapping regions in the visual field . CNN and its variations are widely used models for image and video recognition [29, 30]. In this work, it is used as a classifier for the gearbox faults diagnosis.
The most successful methods of vibration-based fault diagnoses are composed of two main steps: extracting the sensitive features and classifying the condition patterns. In the vibration-based fault diagnosis, the most commonly used features have been generated from the temporal , spectral , wavelet , and other representations of the signals. Different representations can be regarded as different observations on the vibration signals . In this work, statistical measurements such as standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis are computed from the acquired time domain data. In the frequency domain, the spectrum obtained with a FFT is divided into multiple bands. The root mean square value is calculated for each band so the energy maintains its shape at the spectrum peaks. Vectors of the features of the preprocessed signal are formed, which are used as input parameters for the CNN. It is important to point out that the testing is performed under five different rotation frequencies and for each one four different load conditions are applied, which simulates the most likely scenario within an industrial application.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. The CNN model and method of extracting statistical features are introduced in Section 2; Section 3 explains the mechanical conditions for the experiment; Section 4 presents the implementation of classifier based on the CNN model; and Section 5 shows the obtained results and their evaluation. Finally some conclusions are drawn.
In this section, we first present the representations of the convolutional neural network. And then the approach of extracting the sensitive features is introduced, where some classical statistical parameters are calculated from the time and the frequency.
2.1. Deep Learning with Convolutional Neural Network
Convolutional neural network was inspired by the visual system’s structure  and in particular by the models of it proposed by . The first computational models are based on local connectivity between neurons and on hierarchically organized transformations of the image in Fukushima’s neocognitron . LeCun and collaborators, following up on this idea, designed and trained convolutional networks using the error gradient, where state-of-the-art performance was obtained [38, 39] on several pattern recognition tasks. Modern understanding of the physiology of the visual system is consistent with the processing style found in convolutional networks in the literature . To this day, pattern recognition systems based on convolutional neural networks are among the best performing systems . This has been shown clearly for handwritten character recognition , which has served as a machine learning benchmark for many years.
A typical convolutional neural network  is organized in layers of two types: convolutional layers and subsampling layers. Each layer has a topographic structure.
At each location of each layer, there are a number of different neurons. Each has its set of input weights that is associated with neurons in a rectangular patch in the previous layer. The same set of weights, but a different input rectangular patch, is associated with neurons at different locations.
Figure 1 presents the architecture of typical convolutional neural networks, in which the early analysis consists of alternating convolution and subsampling operations, while the last stage of the architecture consists of a generic multilayer network: the last few layers (closest to the outputs) will be fully connected 1-dimensional layers. CNNs work on the 2-dimensional data, so called maps, directly, unlike normal neural networks which would concatenate these into vectors. Typically convolutional layers are interspersed with subsampling layers to reduce computation time and to gradually build up further spatial and configural invariance. A small subsampling factor is desirable in order to maintain specificity at the same time.
Convolutional layers move forward with deriving the back propagation updates in a network, which compose feature maps by convolving kernels over feature maps in layers below them. At a convolution layer, the previous layer’s feature maps are convolved with learnable kernels and put through the activation function to form the output feature map. Each output map may combine convolutions with multiple input maps. In general, it is calculated as follows :where represents a selection of input feature maps; is the th layer in a network, is a matrix of ; here, is the size of convolutional kernels; is a nonlinearity active function, typically hyperbolic tangent or sigmoid function. Each output map is given an additive bias; for a particular output map, the input maps will be convolved with distinct kernels . That is to say, if output map and map both sum over input map , then the kernels applied to map are different for output maps and .
A subsampling layer produces downsampled versions of the input maps. If there are input maps, then, there will be exactly output maps, although the output maps will be smaller. More formally ,where represents a subsampling function. Typically this function will sum over each distinct -by- block in the input feature map so that the output feature map is times smaller along both spatial dimensions. Each output map is given its own multiplicative bias and an additive bias .
To discriminate between classes a fully connected output layer with neurons is added. The output layer takes as input the concatenated feature maps of the layer below it, denoting the feature vector, ,where is a bias vector and is a weight matrix.
, , , and of the model are learnable parameters. Learning is done using gradient descent which can be implemented efficiently using a convolutional implementation of the backpropagation algorithm as shown in . It should be clear that because kernels are applied over entire input maps, there are many more connections in the model than weights; that is, the weights are shared. This makes learning deep models easier, as compared to normal feedforward-backpropagation neural nets, as there are fewer parameters, and the error gradients goes to zero slower because each weight has greater influence on the final output.
2.2. Statistical Features of the Gearbox Vibration Signals
The gearbox condition can be reflected by the information included in different features in frequency and time domain. From the set of signals obtained from the measurements of the vibrations at different speeds and loads, the features in frequency and time domain are obtained. From the group of graphs the values that can be used as input parameters for the CNN are selected. Sixty percent of the samples set are used for the training of the CNN, and forty percent are used for testing.
2.2.1. Time Data Statistical Features
Usually, statistical parameters are good indices for extracting the condition information. In this research, statistical measurements such as standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis for each node are used. Standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis are computed from the acquired time domain data; the formulas used for this are shown in Table 1, where is the expected value of . Correction bias is used for the evaluation of skewness and kurtosis. The standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis evaluated on each of the vibration signals are used for training and testing of the CNN. The evaluation of these is done using standard MATLAB functions.
2.2.2. Fast Fourier Transform Banded RMS Value
Figure 2 shows the vibration signal spectrum obtained during the test under the following condition patterns: gear with face wear 0.4 [mm], gear with face wear 0.5 [mm], bear with 2 pits on inner ring, and bear with 2 pits on outer ring for 5 different rotation speeds, and load at 375 W. Figure 3 shows frequency spectrum under five combinations of different condition patterns. The time domain signal was multiplied by a Hanning window to obtain the FFT spectrum, in which a shift in the frequency and an increment in the amplitude in function of the speed increment are noticeable during the test. The different spectrum graphs showed that the amplitude of each component increases in a proportional manner to the load variation. Also in the spectra some accentuations and attenuations were observed on certain spectral component, which suggests dependency of the fault features with respect to the amount of load applied.
With the objective of reducing the amount of input data to the CNN the spectrum was split in multiple bands, because with this number of bands the root mean square (RMS) values keep track of the energy in the spectrum peaks , where the RMS value is evaluated with (4), and is the number of samples of each frequency band. Consider
Vectors of the features of the preprocessed signal are formed as input parameters for the CNN as follows: RMS values, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, rotation frequency, and applied load measurements. In this work, the frequency range is 0 to 22050 Hz and the size of the data vector in the frequency is 18000 samples. The spectrum is divided into frequency bands, .
3. Experimental Setup
To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we carried out the experiments on a gearbox fault experimental platform. Figure 4 indicates the internal configuration of the gearbox and positions for accelerometers. There are 3 shafts and 4 gears composing a two-stage transmission of the gearbox. An input gear (, modulus = 2, and Φ of pressure = 20) was installed on the input shaft. Two intermediate gears ( = = 53) were installed on an intermediate shaft for the transmission between the input gear and the output gear ( = 80, installed on the output shaft). The faulty components used in the experiments included gears , , , and and bearings , , , and as labeled in Figure 4(a). Test’s conditions are described in the Table 2. The vibration signal is obtained from the measurements of a vertically allocated accelerometer in the gearbox case. Tables 3 and 4 present the description of each fault condition of each component of the gearbox used in the experiment. We call them basic condition pattern. In our experiment, a test case includes several basic condition patterns, which is a combination of multiple component faults. For example, the test case A shown in Table 5 includes the following information of faults: Gear : gear with pitting on teeth. Gear : gear with face wear 0.5 [mm]. Bear : bearing with 4 pits on outer ring. Bear : bearing with 2 pits on outer ring. Gears and and bears and : normal.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed method for gearbox fault diagnosis, first, we constructed 12 condition patterns as listed in Table 5. Each pattern with 4 different load conditions and 5 different input speeds was applied during the experiments. For each pattern, load and speed condition, we repeated the tests for 5 times. In each time of the test, the vibratory signals were collected with 24 durations each of which covered 0.4096 sec.
4. Implemented Classifier Based on CNN and Statistical Features
In this section, the implementation of classifier based on CNN will be introduced. Figure 5 shows the block diagram of the process followed in the processing of the signal. The CNN-based classifier includes parameters as follows:(1)The size of input feature map, , depends on the feature representation of the preprocessed signal.(2)The number of alternating convolution and subsampling layers that decides the architecture of CNN is as follows. Two schemes are investigated: one is two convolutional layers and two subsampling layers; another is one convolutional layer and one subsampling layer.(3)The number of output feature maps of convolution layer, , expresses th convolution layer. is as the number of output feature maps of .(4)The scale of subsampling layer, , which means the size of output feature map of subsampling layer, is 1/ of that of the input feature map. expresses that of th subsampling layer; and is as the scale of layer .(5)For each input map convolve with corresponding kernel and add to output map; the convolutional kernel is usually a matrix of , where is called convolutional kernel size.
To confirm the optimal architecture of CNN-based classifier for gearbox fault diagnosis, some parameter tunings are performed. Table 6 presents 11 schemes with different parameters of the CNN-based classifier. They are applied to a test case with the 12 patterns indicated in Table 5, using data with 12000 sample signals, where sixty percent of the samples set are used for the training of the CNN, and forty percent are used for testing. The classification rate and computation time (Intel Core i7-4710MQ CPU @2.50 GHz 2.50 GHz, Memory 8.00 GB) of each epoch training are recorded in Table 6. From Table 6, we can assume that the cases of 16 × 16 input feature map are superior to those of 28 × 28. The cases with one convolutional layer and one subsampling layer are superior to those of two convolutional layers and two subsampling layers. #7~#11 cases have very good classification accuracy. #9~#11 cases have less computation times. So we select a configuration for the proposed CNN-based classifier as follows: one convolutional layer and one subsampling layer, , , , and . The suggested architecture of the CNN-based classifier for gearbox fault diagnosis is described in Figure 6.
5. Experiment Evaluations
The training is done in first instance with the 12 patterns indicated in Table 5. The used data have 12000 sample signals, where sixty percent of the samples set are used for the training of the CNN, and forty percent are used for testing. For further tuning parameters, we consider the #9~#11 cases in Table 6 with different number of iteration epochs: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300, respectively. Table 7 indicates the classification rate for the first instance. As shown in Table 7, each parameters pair has excellent performance for the gearbox faults classification. The least classification rate is 89.46% of the pair of and epochs = 50; the best one is 98.35% of the pair of and epochs = 200. In the following experiment, and epochs are set to 8, 200, respectively.
Confusion matrix is an effective tool and is a visualization tool of the performance of a classification algorithm. Each column of the confusion matrix represents the instances in a predicted class (output class), while each row represents the instances in an actual class (target class). Figure 7 presents the confusion matrix using CNN model for 12 patterns indicated in Table 5. As shown in Figure 7, the global percentage of true positive classification of the 12 condition patterns of faults is 98.4% and the total error is 1.6%. The smallest percentage of true positive classifications is obtained for type 3; this is because this kind of conditions patterns with 6 basic faults. This is evident by observing the confusion matrix in which 30 times of type 4 are classified as type 3, noticing that mostly there is confusion between type 4 and type 3, in which they have 4 same basic faults. The percentages of true positive classification of Type 1, Type 6, and Type 12 are all 100%. Confusion matrix in Figure 7 shows that the presenting CNN model has very high percentage of true positive classification.
To further validate the robustness of the present CNN model, a fault condition pattern library was constructed, which has 58 kinds of combinations based on the basis patterns described in Tables 3 and 4. 20 test cases are used to test the robustness of the present CNN method; each test case has 12 kinds of combinations that are randomly selected from the pattern library. The experiment results of 20 test cases using the CNN are shown in Table 8. With regard to the CNN method, its smallest classification rate is 91.4% of 1st test case, and the largest one reaches 98.9% of 10th test case. The mean, standard deviation, and median of classification rate using CNN are 96.8%, 2.57%, and 97.7%, respectively.
In addition, the CNN method was compared with “shallow” learning algorithms SVM. As for the SVM, one of the most important representatives in the “shallow” learning community, good classification results can be found for the gearbox fault diagnosis, which is similar with some existing researches (e.g., ). The algorithm SVM is applied using the LibSVM . The parameters for SVM are chosen as and core (kernel) given by a radial basis function where . These parameters were found through a search, aiming at the best model for the SVM. Figure 8 shows the confusion matrix using SVM method for 12 patterns indicated in Table 5. The experiment results of 20 test cases using the SVM method are shown in Table 8. Its global percentage of true positive classification of the 12 condition patterns of faults is only 69.0% and the total error is 31.0%. The smallest percentage of true positive classifications is 30% of type 3. The mean, standard deviation, and median of classification rate using SVM for the 20 test cases are 67.8%, 6.49%, and 66.8%, respectively. Comparing with the deep learning CNN method, the SVM method exhibits inferior performance for the gearbox fault diagnosis.
In this paper, a deep learning technique based CNN for the vibration measurements has been proposed to diagnose the fault patterns of the gearbox. The present CNN method identifies and classifies faults in gearbox by using the vibration signals measured with an accelerometer. Feature representations are selected as the input parameters of the CNN with a vector formed by RMS values, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, rotation frequency, and applied load. For evaluating the proposed CNN method, the gearbox fault diagnosis experiments were carried out using different techniques. The results show that the present method has the outstanding performance of the gearbox fault diagnosis, comparing with peer methods. This type of classifiers could make a contribution to maintenance routines for industrial systems, towards lowering costs and guarantying a continuous production system, and, with the appropriate equipment, online diagnostics could be performed.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This work is supported by Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC (nos. cstc2012jjA40041 and cstc2012jjA40059), Science Research Fund of Chongqing Technology and Business University (no. 2011-56-05), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51375517), and the Project of Chongqing Innovation Team in University (KJTD201313).
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text:
Victoria Jaggard, physical sciences news editor
Is the ISS set to get its own phantom?
Reports are swirling that diva of London's West End Sarah Brightman, whose angelic voice lofted her to stardom in the original stage cast of Phantom of the Opera, is to begin training to become the next space tourist to visit the International Space Station.
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Restarting rides for paying customers could be part of the impetus behind news that NASA is now mulling a longer tour of duty for astronauts on the space station: a full year at a stretch, beginning as soon as 2015.
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With the shuttles now retired, astronauts from the US, Russia, Japan, Canada and Europe all have to vie for a ticket to ride the three-person Soyuz, leaving no room for extras. If some crews stay up past the six-month expiration date, though, tourist season would once again be open.
Ostensibly, keeping crew members on the station for a full year could help answer some burning questions about the health effects of long-duration space flight. Although we can get robots to Mars in a matter of months, most human missions are expected to take about 400 to 500 days, round trip.
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That - rather than the prospect of putting sopranos into space - may be what affects decisions during a US election year. The Obama administration is already stressing its support for a space exploration programme that will send humans to an asteroid and then on to Mars.

domain: astronomy


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He is currently the President of his own consulting businesses –

domain: health


text: Cape Town – A plane was forced to divert when a drunk passenger threw her prosthetic leg at crew members and made unreasonable demands. Daily Mail reports that the 48-year-old woman was on board a Thomson’s flight from Tunisia to Edinburgh when she flew into a fit of rage after her demands for ‘cigarettes and a parachute’ were refused by an air steward. She proceeded to remove her prosthesis and then hurled it across the cabin. Members of the cabin crew managed to restrain her, while the pilot diverted to Gatwick in London for an emergency landing. The woman was escorted from the flight by police and arrested on charges of using threatening behaviour. While all of this happened, relieved passengers broke out into a spontaneous rendition of the Hokey Cokey.Wow. We're really not sure which part of this story is the weirdest.

domain: aerospace


The Ferrari 612 Scaglietti is an exotic two-door coupe sports car that seats four. Production began in 2004 and model years spanned 2005 through 2011 when it was replaced by the Ferrari FF for the 2012 model year. The 612 Scaglietti replaced the Ferrari 456 M, but much of the design is based on the 1954 Ferrari 375 MM, particularly the headlights and the side scallops.
The 612 Scaglietti is larger than most of the Ferrari sports cars produced, seating four comfortably. Like all Ferraris the 612 Scaglietti is best known for its extremely powerful engine, sporty handling, and stunning design. At the time it was released, Ferrari boasted that the 612 would rank first in the world for top speed and acceleration of any street vehicle. It was Ferrari’s second vehicle to have an all-aluminum frame; so while larger than its predecessor, it remained extremely light.
Body Styles: coupe
Engines: 5.7-liter V-12
Transmissions: six-speed manual with overdrive, six-speed auto-shift with overdrive and auto-manual
Models: Ferrari 612 Scaglietti coupe, Ferrari 612 Scaglietti F1 coupe
2005 is the first model year for the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti. Replacing the Ferrari 456 M, it is all new. It is the first Ferrari with a Stability and Traction control system.
The 612 is only Ferrari’s second all-aluminum car, built to be extra light but more durable than traditional materials. It is the first Ferrari to use a Stability and Traction Control system and active damping. The design comes from the Pininfarina organization, which has designed a number of Ferrari models over the years including the 375 MM Ferrari in which the concave-scalloped body sides are based. The 612 has a nearly-seamless body with a teardrop profile, long hood, and prominent cockpit farther back than most vehicles for improved balance. The engine is behind the front axle while the gearbox, differential, fuel tank, and battery are moved toward the back for a weight balance of 46 percent in the front and 54 percent in the back. The overhangs are short and the stance is wide, though it is a long vehicle, for an athletic appearance. The 612 sits low, with a mouth-type grille in the front and the Ferrari logo in the center of this. Rounded headlights appear molded, continuing its extremely smooth and aerodynamic profile. Furthermore, it is available in a range of colors and finishes.
The 2005 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti’s interior is roomier than most cars in the Ferrari lineup as it fits four comfortably but maintains a cockpit-type feel. It uses high-quality leather upholstery and aluminum trim throughout. A couple of standard features include dual-zone climate control and a quality Bose audio setup. It has an 8.5-cubic foot trunk and can fit up to six pieces of luggage designed specifically for the 612. Drivers also have the option of having the interior personalized by Carrozzeria Scaglietti.
Performance & Handling
The 2005 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti has a massive 5.7-liter, V-12 engine, which can produce 532-hp at 7250 rpm and 434 lb-ft of torque at 5250 rpm. A responsive and fast six-speed manual transmission comes with the standard coupe, and the F1 model gets a semi-automatic six-speed with paddle shifters behind the steering wheel. It has a maximum speed of 196 mph and zero-to-60-mph time of 4.2 seconds. The Stability and Traction Control make it more responsive and give the driver more control.
Like the entire Ferrari lineup, the 612 is extraordinarily fast with exhilarating acceleration and super sporty handling. Though a few cars have more horsepower for the model year, the 612 accelerates as fast as any competitor, if not faster.
The 2005 Ferrari Scaglietti 612 has vented-disc anti-lock brakes standard and dual-stage front airbags. Side-impact airbags are not available.
EPA Fuel Economy
Ferrari 612 Scaglietti F1: 9/16 mpg city/highway
Ferrari 612 Scaglietti Base: 10/15 mpg city/highway
- Body style
You Won't Like
A highly sought-after and rare exotic sports car.
If You Like This Vehicle
- Aston Martin DB9
- BMW 645
- Bentley Continental GT


text:
Tyne and Wear HER(2875): Sunderland, South Dock Drops - Details
Sunderland, South Dock Drops
Lifting and Winding Structure
South Dock Drops are at the northern terminus of the North Eastern Railway, Durham and Sunderland Branch (HER ref. 2895) within the Sunderland South Dock (HER ref. 2874).
<< HER 2875 >> 1st edition Ordnance Survey Map, c.1855, 6 inch scale, Durham, 8

domain: geography


Ireland has won the 2013 AFL Europe Championship by kicking a goal with the last kick of the game to beat Great Britain by a point. In a tight contest throughout the last quarter, Great Britain seemed to have it won before Mark Leavy kicked a snap goal to put Ireland in front, seconds before […]
This author has yet to write their bio.Meanwhile lets just say that we are proud afleurope contributed a whooping 717 entries.
Entries by afleurope
Denmark has won the battle of the Scandinavian countries by beating Sweden 48 – 32 to claim 3rd place in the 2013 AFL Europe Championships. In what was an entertaining battle between two of the most skilful midfields in Europe with Sweden’s talented trio of Johan Lantz, Eric Salin and Emil Aberg getting on top […]
Croatia vs Germany Croatia have beaten Germany 59-29 to finish 5th in the 2013 AFL Europe Championship. The loss leaves a gallant Germany without a victory for the tournament which saw them suffer a large number of injuries to their team which they were never able to recover from. It was a successful first tournament […]
Image: Current EastlakeFC Ruckman Chad Gibson with Hall of Fame Member Alex Jesaulenko In terms of depth of history, Australia doesn’t come close to European countries. Where Australian’s talk in hundreds of years, European’s talk in thousands. Despite Australia’s brief history, their population is extremely proud of what it has achieved and their sporting culture […]
Kieran Harte Germany vs Denmark Denmark have finally broken through for their first win of the tournament by easily accounting for Germany in the opening match of round 3 in the 2013 AFL Europe Championship. Having been narrowly beaten in their first two games, the classy Danes were leaving nothing to chance in this encounter […]
For this second day of the AFL Europe Championship, all the teams had something to prove. Day 1 produced very tight results, the successful teams wanting to keep their positions at the top of the tables. AFL Europe Media – Kieran Harte Swedish Elks vs Croatia Knights Sweden has kept their tournament hopes alive after […]
Saturday the 3rd of August witnessed the start of the AFL Europe Championship in Dublin. Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden, Croatia and Germany started their fight for the title on a day with early sunshine which quickly turned into heavy rain. Congratulations to all the teams that competed as the day was played in great […]
Match Report: Grand Final Saturday 27th July 2013 Southampton Titans 6.1 (37) | 10.2 (62) | 15.4 (94) | 18.9 (117) Bournemouth Demons 2.0 (12) | 6.3 (39) | 7.7 (49) | 8.8 (56) Southampton Titans capped off their undefeated run last weekend by winning the AFL England South Grand Final by 61 points over the Bournemouth Demons on […]
Some call it the luck of the Irish, others say they were born to play but whatever your opinion, Irish footballers are becoming a solid fixture within the AFL for good reason. As well as being naturally adept to the game, the Irish have proven to be fierce competitors. The likes of the late and […]
Have questions about AFL? Please contact us using our details below, our team are happy to help guide you in the right direction.


DV MARK MULTIAMP
|Model:||DV MARK MULTIAMP|
|Manufacturer article number:||DVH130020|
150+150W@8ohm, 250W+250W@4ohm, 500W@8ohm (bridge mode), analog power, 3-channels preamp with a wide array of virtual amps, speaker cabs and microphones; studio effects; tuner.
The MULTIAMP is one of the most powerful all-in-one preamp/effects processor/power amps ever produced! It features everything a guitar player needs: three fully programmable channels (clean/crunch/lead), and a vast array of virtual amps, speaker cabs and microphones, studio effects, powerful stereo power amp and tuner.
It is a great feat of technology, and a very user-friendly creative tool.
Thanks to its cabinet and microphone emulation plus amp simulator and effects, it offers incredible flexibility.
Still managed to create a user-friendly interface which makes it very easy to use, and you can store all your favourite presets for stage and/or studio.
|Input||1 jack mono|
|Outputs||2 jack mono (left/mono,right) / 2 XLR male (left/mono,right)|
|Channels||three (clean, crunch, lead)|
|Controls||gain - presence - level - master|
|EQ Controls||bass - mid - high|
|Power Amp (solid state)||150+150W@8ohm / 250W+250W@4ohm / 500W@8ohm (in bridge mode)|
|MIDI connections||in - through|
|Other features||Virtual amps, Speaker cabs and microphones, Effects, external memory (SD card*), * SD Card FAT 32 format, max 8Gb|
|Dimensions||2U standard rack - depth 12.76”/324 mm|
|Weight||9.48 lbs / 4.3 kg|


text:
Living with Buildings is a curious study of the structures which house and care for humanity. Each section takes on a different aspect of health, hospitalisation and healing in a dialogue between the changing needs of urban planning and developments in architecture.
Novelist Jack London, Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius, and a range of artists including Rachel Whiteread, Camille Pissaro and Ilona Sagar present criticism around housing solutions, alongside increased understanding of how environments affect our mental and physical wellbeing collectively.
Highlights include Andreas Gursky’s panoramic image Paris, Montparnasse 1993 – a seemingly endless tower of windows, depicting crowded yet isolated living. Elsewhere, Erno Goldfinger’s designs for the Balfron Tower (1965) are a compelling testament to utopian possibility paired with dystopian reality. The ground floor’s chapter contains a moving representation of Maggie’s Centres for cancer sufferers, whilst occupying the first-floor gallery is a full-scale model of a mobile health clinic offering a flexible, robust and private programme for medical staff working in remote, less-populated and developed areas of the world.
The exhibition is a testament to the innovations of humanity across science and architecture. Destruction makes way for rejuvenation, a concept that can be seen amongst all the pieces on display, whilst the wider designs adhere to the changing needs of mass populations in today’s world.
Wellcome Collection poignantly asks the question: “We’re surrounded by buildings all the time, but how do they affect our physical and mental health?” In an age of disorder, anxiety, disconnection and social upheaval, this is a necessary and thought-provoking show. Read Iain Sinclair’s book of the same name for further illumination on the topic.
The exhibition runs at Wellcome Collection, London, until 3 March. Find out more here.
1. Living with Buildings: Health and Architecture, Wellcome Collection, 04 October 2018 – 03 March 2019. Paimio Sanitorium designed by Alvar Aalto, Finland. Photo credit: Wellcome Collection.

domain: design


text: The worship service begins with a Land Acknowledgement of the Ohlone People from the U.S. department of Arts and Culture. A variety of prophetic words are read: from “I’m Still Here: Black Dignity in a World Made for Whiteness” by Austin Channing Brown read by Stephanie Easton; from Amos 5:15-24 read by Akash Amalarsan; from “Sister Outsider” by Audre Lorde read by Nina Mundi; from Isaiah 58:6-12 read by The Rev. Irene Pak Lee; from “No Future Without Forgiveness” by Desmond Tutu read by Ronni Pahl; from “A Black Theology of Liberation” by James Cone read by Marion Lee. Following a recording of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the Rev. Sammie Evans preaches to the Stone Church of Willow Glen from Matthew 25:34-40 and the “International Association for the Advancement of Creative Maladjustment”. Stone Church Chancel Choir sings “How Long?” by Pepper Choplin and “Sound Over All Waters” by Paul Halley directed by Nancy Kromm. Pam Hood, Interim Organist accompanying.

domain: christianity


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text:
Justice Scalia - Should We Abandon The Intellect?
In a recent Denver Post article Justice Scalia Tells Catholics To Brave The Scorn Of Worldly People, the Supreme Court Judge conveys to the Catholics in attendance to have "the courage to have your wisdom regarded as stupidity" by society's sophisticates. Justice Scalia then explains: "My point is not that reason and intellect need to be laid aside," Scalia said. "A faith without a rational basis should be laid aside as false. ... What is irrational is to reject a priori the possibility of miracles in general and the resurrection of Jesus Christ in particular."
What Would Jesus Say To Justice Scalia? As an esteemed and brilliant jurist, Justice Scalia should perceive the enigma of the scriptures from a purely Constitutional perspective -- and at the age of 75, he would then have the potential to become the most important and enlightened jurist ever to grace the Court.
I personally know that the Church Father Origen knew the truth, because if we continue to move back in time a few more hundred years before the secular take-over of the Church -- to the area of first century Jerusalem when I lived as Jacob who they call James, the Brother of Yeshua who they call Jesus (see Brother Of Yeshua), the soul who later lived as Origen lived in the first century as my companion and scribe whose name at that time was Yo'el [Joel] (see Scribe Of Ya'kov). But sadly, Justice Scalia will probably reject the wisdom and insight in my words, because of what I call The Spiritual Castration Of The Church. And while I have attempted on a number of occasions to set these important religious issues before Justice Scalia and the Supreme Court (see The Cross And The Seat Belt), the lower courts keep dismissing my religious objections to the seat belt laws, because they simply do not want the religious issues set before the highest court in the land. Since I can't bypass their dismissals, neither can I set the record straight on the issues of original intent of the Constitution and its foundation in the Gospel (see American Spirituality).
As a renowned constructionist who has long recognized the need to protect the Constitution from the secular progressive ideologues who have attempted to diminish the God-Given Unalienable Rights of the people with a quasi-form of socialism, Justice Scalia should be well suited to assist in the restoration of the First Principles of the Church which he was addressing. In the same way that the rights of the people are embodied in the preservation of the Constitution, the true salvation of the people and their divine inheritance is embodied in the original teachings of Jesus and the Gospels.
It was of course Nikita Khrushchev who predicted an eventual victory over the Constitutional foundation of the United States when he stated: "We can't expect the American People to jump from Capitalism to Communism, but we can assist their elected leaders in giving them small doses of Socialism, until they awaken one day to find that they have Communism" -- and with the entitlement mindset that is prevalent today, we can see the vision of Khrushchev becoming manifest. As a constructionist on the Supreme Court, Judge Scalia has worked tirelessly to inhibit the secular progressive onslaught to undermine the work of the Founding Constitutional Framers (see American Spirituality) who many were themselves the original first century followers of Jesus and TheWay.
In the same way that Justice Scalia observes the forces at work that has been attempting to undermine the Constitution -- and as a constructionist, has been a force on the bench that has protected the God-Given Rights of the people -- if Justice Scalia would begin to apply this same wisdom to his Church and Religion (see Government Take-Over Of The Church), his name could be added to the list of True Spiritual Patriots. Which means that the question that has been set before Justice Scalia today, is whether he will side with the forces of secular corruption, or be faithful to the Original Christian First Principles?
In the article An Inconvenient Truth, it is demonstrated that both the authors of the scriptures as well as the original spiritual Christians, were all condemned and hunted down by the secular authorities of Rome and their puppet priests, as heretics -- and they were thereafter condemned to death for refusing to embrace the religion of the series of emperors who ruled over the Church. So, in order to preserve the essential truths that could only be revealed to true spiritual seekers, the most important esoteric teachings were concealed within the body of the allegorical scriptures (see In The House With The Lord).
As a man of intellect, Judge Scalia should be intelligent enough to perceive and understand that this world is the expression of God's Laws (see American Spirituality) -- and that when man prevails and overcomes, it is because he has satisfied and prevailed over what the Constitutional Framers portrayed as the Laws of Nature and Nature's God. Which means that when the historical man Jesus experienced what is allegorically portrayed in the analogy of the Resurrection, what was indicated was the perfection of mind and spirit within the life of the man Jesus -- which is why the Church Father Origen stated that the physical resurrection was “preached in the Churches… for the simpleminded and for the ears of the common crowd who are led on to live better lives by their belief”(see The Secret Doctrine). The man known as the Apostle Paul openly stated that the most important spiritual teachings and concepts could only be presented to the congregation of believers in the form of allegory (see The Mystery Of The Gospel). And in many respects, the authors of the scriptures relied upon the intelligent discernment of the reader to question the many absurdities presented in the written text, in order to induce them to seek the deeper spiritual meaning that could not be literally written. And as both a man of intellect and a jurist on the highest court in the land, Judge Scalia should be aware of the need to apply man's Gift of Reason in the interpretation of the scriptures. When confronted with a violation of the Natural Laws, the authors of the scriptures relied upon the intellect of the reader to induce them to seek out the deeper meaning of what can only be portrayed as the absurdities of the written word that Paul portrayed as the "letter that killeth ...Jewish Folklore".
Quoting from The Language Of The Soul in the article The Key Of Knowledge: In the words of Moses Maimonedes, one of the most respected of Jewish theologians, historian, and Talmudist, where he writes about the nature of scripture: “Every time that you find in our books a tale the reality of which seems impossible, a story which is repugnant to both reason and common sense, then be sure that the tale contains a profound allegory veiling a deeply mysterious truth; and the greater the absurdity of the letter, the deeper the wisdom of the spirit”. The objective of Judaism is to become transformed into Spiritual Israel. In the exact same manner as the enlightened Jewish Rabbi's, the early Christian Church Father Origen writes: “It is sufficient however, to represent in the style of a historic narrative what is intended to convey a secret meaning in the garb of history, that those who have the capacity may work out for themselves all that relates to the subject.” And with regard to what would otherwise be historical symbols and events that would appear to us as the knowledge of superficial episodes of the past, Origen writes: “I believe that every man must hold these things for images, under which the hidden sense lies concealed” (Origen - Huet., Prigeniana, 167 Franck, p. 142). Students of Hebrew Mysticism will perceive that what the third-century Christian Church Father Origen wrote was no different than what is contained in the Zohar, where it states: “The narratives of the doctrine are its cloak. The simple look only on the garment, that is upon the narrative of the doctrine; more they know not. The instructed, however, see not merely the cloak, but what the cloak covers”. The Jewish mystic who spends his life seeking the inner meaning of the written word that the natural mind of man is incapable of seeing, has warned: "Thus the tales related in the Torah are simply her outer garments, and woe to the man who regards that outer garb as the Torah itself, for such a man will be deprived of portion in the next world..." (the Zohar quoted in No Jew Has Read The Torah). Peter said what appears to be historical never happened. Paul called the literal text an allegory. These same truths are again conveyed to us in the words of the Church Historian Eusebius: “Many were led astray by reading the allegorical contents of the scriptures literally in the method of the Pharisees and Sadducees.”. What these symbols truly mean is perhaps best expressed by G.R.S. Mead in his celebrated work, Fragments of a Faith Forgotten, where he explained that, once properly understood, the true meaning of what is “…projected onto the screen…” of the scriptures, “…was in reality a picture of their [man’s] own minds”.
Thus, in answer to Justice Scalia, Jesus would convey to him: In order to find the true meaning of the scriptures, reason and intellect must be fully engaged in the process of seeking the deeper meaning of the written (allegorical) text.
Through the hand of Jacob, the Brother of Jesus.

domain: philosophy


text:
Marjory Burns highlights the Scottish Government’s initiative to develop a strategy for missing people in Scotland.
Over 30,000 people go missing in Scotland every year. The need for a strategy on missing persons is clear and is a major step forward for those who go missing and their families. Let me pull out a few key elements of the draft strategy:
Return Home Interviews (RHIs) for adults and children who return from being missing is an important focus within the draft. Missing People believes these are crucial to finding out why people went missing, what happened while they were away and to ensuring that they are able to access the support they need to stop them from going missing again. They are offered to children but at present are rarely provided for adults.
An RHI would have helped Rhona, who has gone missing many times over many years. She is now 25, living in a hostel, and has not gone missing for some time.
She explained: “It turned into this big cycle of I’d be home, then I’d be gone…a lot of it is to do with mental illness…I felt like everything was closing down on me and the only escape was to run… I’ve lived in squats that would make your skin crawl. I’ve lived on the streets among rats and everything…I ended up in hospital a few times and I tried to say what was wrong, but they didn’t want to know, [Now I have] started to go to counselling, …because it is helping me work it out and understand it better.”
Every missing incident can put the missing person at risk of harm so introducing RHIs for adults would be a great step forward for Scotland.
The emphasis on organisations working together is important. For example, given that 80% of adults who go missing have a mental health issue (whether diagnosed or undiagnosed), the NHS and charities in the mental health field are critically important both for prevention and for support.
Educating children and young people about the risks of running away is another crucial recommendation in the strategy. We need to inform them of the dangers if they are thinking of going missing. We know that just one in 20 children seeks professional help when they are missing, partly because there is a lack of knowledge about support services available. Missing People works hard to publicise our 24 hour RunawayHelpline on 116 000 which provides non-judgemental, confidential support.
Helpfully, the strategy proposes that local authorities review provision of emergency accommodation. The review is needed as evidence shows that 1 in 6 young runaways end up sleeping rough or staying with strangers. We think the review should include looking at gaps in provision, and recommendations for a way forward.
This is just a flavour of the objectives and commitments in the draft strategy. It will enable key partners – The Scottish Government, Police Scotland, local authorities, the NHS and charities like Missing People – to work closely together to safeguard missing persons and support their families. To play your part and for further information, contact firstname.lastname@example.org.

domain: sociology


Published in Google Books
Ad Hoc Networks
5th International ICST Conference, ADHOCNETS 2013, Barcelona, Spain, October 2013, Revised Selected Papers
5th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks
Ad hoc networks, which cover a variety of network paradigms for specific purposes, such as mobile ad hoc networks, sensor networks, vehicular networks, underwater networks, underground networks, personal area networks, and home networks, promise a broad range of applications in civilian, commercial, and military areas. The aim of the annual International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks (AdHocNets) is to provide a forum that brings together researchers from academia as well as practitioners from industry to meet and exchange ideas and recent research work on all aspects of ad hoc networks. Following the success of AdHocNets’09, AdHocNets’10, AdHocNets’11, and AdHocNets’12, the fifth edition of the event, AdHocNets’13, will be held in the famous city of Barcelona, Spain, on Oct. 16-18, 2013. The conference will consist of keynote talks, technical sessions, and associated workshops. The technical sessions will present original and fundamental research advances while the workshops will focus on development and application issues in this hot field.


text:
Joining children and parents since 2001.
Have You Seen This?
The future is filled with so many possibilities. We have a wonderful life together and the only things ... more
Have you seen this?
...we're rolling out the new digital platform for adoption.
The unanswered adoption questions.
As soon as we met in college, we knew that we had a strong bond and were meant to be together. After ... more
Preparing yourself to answer questions about adoption.
My experience adopting an older child with special needs from China.
An adoptive mother writes in her journal about adopting her daughter from China.
We are John, Anne, and Quinn from North Carolina. We admire the strength and courage you have to ... more
Becoming a family through international adoption.
An adoptive mother contemplates what it means to be a "real" mother.
Thank you for taking time to learn more about us. We consider ourselves to be a loving, fun, and secure ... more

domain: relationship


Last Known Status: Active
Latest Unmoral News
Below is our complete Unmoral news coverage, including columns and articles pertaining to the band. Some articles listed may be indirectly related, such as side projects of the band members, etc.
Vendlus Records has posted a new Unmoral song, "I Am An Island," from the Toteninsel Tribute that is currently wrapping up for a 2009 release. You can check it out on the label's MySpace page. More info will be revealed in the near future on this release.
Vendlus Records also posted new tracks from their upcoming and current releases Execration and Valborg.


text:
An Official Teaching Of the Catholic Church In America regarding COVID-19 vaccinations, vaccination passports and the importance of individual conscience:
Most of you know by now that I’ve been an outspoken critic of the Gestapo like tactics and blatantly misleading information that we’ve been pummeled with over the past 20 months. Therefore, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that I’m also against any and all mandates, including VAXing and so-called VAX Passports.
As the presiding Bishop of the Catholic Church in America, I emphasize my support for those with conscientious objections to any vaccines.
In the particular case of the various COVID-19 vaccines, I am of the strong conviction that neither the government nor businesses have the right to impose medical interventions on an individual or group of persons. regarding the current pandemic controversy there are an abundance of moral considerations for our church to urge respect for each person’s convictions and personal choices.
I understand that many individuals have well-founded beliefs that have lead them to discern they should not get vaccinated, and I support those conscientious objections.
We must always remain vigilant when any bureaucracy seeks to impose uniform and sweeping requirements on a group of people in areas of personal conscience. Forcing people to take experimental drugs is actually a human rights violations according to the Nuremberg trials following WWII. A loss of respect for each person’s God-given dignity often begin with government mandates that fail to respect the freedom of conscience.”
Sadly, vaccine mandates have begun to be announced at many places of employment across the nation in both business and government agencies. I strongly suggest that those entities reconsider their mandated policies.
It is a long-standing position of the Catholic Church that a person may refuse a medical intervention, including a vaccination, if his or her conscience leads them to that decision. It is my opinion that vaccinations are not morally obligatory and so must be voluntary. There is also a moral duty to reject vaccines and other medical products created using human cells lines derived from abortion, except in “case-specific conditions” where there are no other alternatives available and “the intent is to preserve life.”
A person’s assessment of whether the benefits of a medical intervention outweigh the undesirable side-effects are to be respected unless they contradict authoritative Catholic moral teachings, a person morally must obey his or her conscience.
The First Amendment of the US Constitution is clear, in my mind, that concerns about religious accommodation for moral and ethical objections MUST be taken into consideration. If a Catholic comes to an informed judgment that he or she should not receive a vaccine, then the Catholic Church in America requires that the person follow this judgment of conscience and refuse the vaccine.


text:
EdX offers free online courses and classes. Find the latest MOOC from the world’s best universities including MIT, Harvard, Berkeley, UT and others. Topics include business, computer science, finance, history, literature, math, science, statistics and more.
No jobs found. Subscribe below to get notified when we find something for you.

domain: mathematics


Download YOLO Season 6 Episode 10 // Farmhouse Productions has finally released the 10th episode of YOLO Season 6 and guess what, Cyril and Emily are falling in love all over again. You wouldn’t like to miss this episode, would you?
Synopsis of YOLO Season 6 Episode 10
Cyril has been posted to teach at a Junior High School in the Northern Region. His buddies, George, Drogba, and Psycho on a fun trip join him. Things turn awry when a student girl professes her love for Cyril when Emily who is missing him pays a surprise visit.
The YOLO squad joins forces to deal with adolescent reproductive health and other social issues families young people and their families.
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Watch YOLO Season 6 Episode 10
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Download YOLO Season 6 Episode 10
Click on the button below to Download YOLO Season 6 Episode 10 full video.
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Cast of YOLO Season 6 Episode 10
Below is the list of all the key cast of the YOLO Season 6 Episode 10. Check them out, you might find your favorite:
- Adjetey Anang as Pusher
- Queenstar Anaafi as Emily
- Aaron Adatsi as Cyril
- Jackie Appiah as Enyonam
- Kelvin Bruun as Mark Anthony
- Joseph Delove-August as Odenkyem
- JB Peasah as Drogba
- Nana Ama Amapofo Ababio as Ariana
- Maltiti Mumuni Zubaida as Amina
- Majid Michel as Shaker
- and Akosua Asare Brewu as Tilly.
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text:
Some things never change. Those things don’t exist in New York.
I walk down Columbus Avenue with the dog pulling against the leash, racing past drunks and couples and the old man who lives downstairs. We blow through the intersection, the dog frantic now, practically sprinting forward and forward and forward through the city. We get to the pet store, and she tries to go in. It’s one in the morning, I tell her. It’s not open. She wags her tail, an act of naïveté or defiance.
(Three years ago I ran down Avenue A drunk and bewildered and reaching out for everything and anything and waiting for someone to watch me fall. By the time I hit 8th Street, he was there, of course. I was running to him in some sped-up tragicomedic scene playing out in the movie of my head.)
The wind picks up and the dog’s ears blow back slightly. She whines and paws at the pet store. I gently tug at her, and then use a bit more force to try and yank her away.
The kids at the bar smile. They are outside, waving around cigarettes and hunting down cabs. One of them approaches the dog, already on his knees. She ignores him, desperate to go inside the pet store. The guy could be my age, but from the crowd at the bar, I assume he’s younger. His jeans are tight and torn. He pets the dog’s head and scrambles away, his cigarette stuck against his bottom lip, his tail between his legs. The dog looks away.
We begin the slow walk home, across the avenue, to our apartment. She will eventually lie down on the corner of my bed, her head pressed up against my ankles, the same happy-sad expression on her soft, sleeping face.

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The Donald Trump era could heavily impact Bitcoin in the current financial year. The proposal got extended till the end of March, leaving the matter to the Biden administration, which could make a decision later this year that could significantly affect the cryptocurrency price if it implements.
The Anti-Money Laundering Enforcement Post Trump Era
During the Trump era, the U.S. Financial Enforcement Crimes Network (FinCEN) released a new proposal that placed identification requirements and mounted restrictions on transactions involving self-hosted crypto wallets.
Usually, such a kind of proposed regulation involves months of feedback and revisions. However, FinCEN’s published the rule on Dec. 18 and only allowed for a 15 day comment period that too during Christmas and New Year’s Eve.
The proposed regulation on self-hosted crypto wallets drew thousands of negative comments arguing that the process was rushed and that the feedback period should be extended.
The move pushed the final decision to the Biden administration and Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen. Even though there is no timetable for the final decision, the decision could be made by the end of the year.
FinCEN’s proposed crypto wallet regulation requires that banks and money services businesses, like cryptocurrency exchanges, report to the Treasury when a customer moves over $10,000 worth of virtual currency into a wallet not hosted at an exchange.
The proposal even requires banks and exchanges to record their customers who sent over $3,000 worth of virtual currencies to someone else’s unhosted wallet.
Impact on Bitcoin Prices if Proposed Crypto Regulation Gets Implemented
The Biden administration plans to keep a close eye on Bitcoin’s rise in the market. In his confirmation hearing, Biden’s pick and SEC chair nominee Gary Gensler said that the SEC would ensure cryptocurrency markets are free of fraud and manipulation under his regime.
Even if the Biden administration implements the proposed regulation, cryptocurrency services could become more costly, or the use of such crypto-assets could disappear entirely.
The price of Bitcoin could fall in the long run as people will be hesitant towards crypto assets.
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Are you looking for the Telescope Filter For Light Pollution? Based on expert reviews, we ranked them. We’ve listed our top-ranked picks, including the top-selling Telescope Filter For Light Pollution.Having trouble finding a great Telescope Filter For Light Pollution?
This problem is well understood by us because we have gone through the entire Telescope Filter For Light Pollution research process ourselves, which is why we have put together a comprehensive list of the Telescope Filter For Light Pollution available in the market now.
Disclaimer: As An Amazon Associate I Earn From Qualifying Purchases.
The Best Telescope Filter For Light Pollution Comparisons Chart
Review of The 10 Best Telescope Filter For Light Pollution
- UHC filters or light pollution reduction filters are designed to selectively reduce the transmission of certain wavelengths of light;especially those produced by artificial light
- Sky background is darker;and contrast of emission nebulae are noticeably improved;the perfect filter for viewing nebula from light polluted skies;or for boosting the contrast of nebula from dark sky sites
- Due to its ability to produce exceptionally sharp and clear images;this UHC filter is considered one of the most popular astronomy accessories;it can be used not only for celestial observations but also for astrophotography
- 1.25'' barrel diameter simply attach to eyepiece cased in a sturdy transparent case;standard filter thread for 1.25" eyepieces and other accessories
- Optical glass lens;aluminum frame;significantly reduces light pollution;great for city and suburban observation
- Improve the visibility of deep sky objects by blocking out the mercury vapor, sodium vapor, and other such emission lines from man-made or natural sources which contribute to light pollution
- Improves contrast on reddish planetary detail. Works well in telescopes of all apertures
- The filter will fit all standard sized 1.25" eyepieces and accessories. Can be threaded on both sides for stacking with other filters if necessary
- Comes with sturdy plastic case-proect the eyepiece from dust and moisture
- Mounted in a nicely anodized housing.
- Our 1-1/4" Light Pollution Reduction (LPR) Filters are designed to selectively reduce the transmission of certain wavelengths of light, specifically those produced by artificial light
- 1.25" moon and skyglow filter is a multi band pass filter transmitting a high percentage of light in the visual spectrum;the filter enhances contrast when observing brighter objects including the moon and planets
- Telescope eyepiece cutting light pollution;the filter has a mild effect of darkening the background of the night sky so that the fainter objects are more clearly seen contrasted against the blackness of space
- The filter effectively filters out selective wavelengths of low pressure sodium and other man made sources typically used in street lighting;although it is not a nebula filter;it enhances the views of deep sky objects by increasing the contrast of these objects against the background sky
- Premium quality metal rim and thread with blue glass lens;the filter will fit all standard sized 1.25" eyepieces and accessories;it is mounted in a nicely anodized housing and is threaded on both sides for stacking with other filters if necessary
- Standard filter thread for any 1.25” telescope eyepiece and other accessory;comes with a plastic box to keep it safe and clean when not in use;It's a great birthday christmas gift
- Electron beam gun evaporation with Ion-assisted deposition coating technology for durability and resistance to scratching;as well as stability on CWL (central wavelength) no deviation affected by temperature change
- Planetary rotation system offers precision and homogeneity of coatings ensuring high value on transmission of pass band and Optical density of off-band
- 90% transmission of main nebula emission lines;such as Ha 656nm;OIII 496nm;500nm;SII672nm and H-beta 486nm
- 0.1% transmission of off-band;specifically the major emission lines of artificial light pollution;such as Na 589nm;Hg 435nmand 578nm
- Suitable for color CCD cameras and unmodified DSLR Urban optical filter can effectively suppress urban harmful light and improve the contrast of shooting target
- This WEOOEN light pollution filter is a must-have telescope accessory for any astronomy enthusiast. It helps to selectively block the specific wavelengths of light associated with urban sky glow, and enhances the contrast of deep-sky objects. Enable you to see more features of the moon and planets with clarity.
- This telescope filter is threaded on both sides, can be screwed to most 1.25 inch eyepieces and other accessories that come with threads, like fit for Celestron, Orion, Skywatcher, Meade, William and more. Also, you can stack it with other filters to get a lot of fun
- Durable Metal Frame for long time use, and optical glass lens offers crisp viewing rather than plastic lens.
- We provide 1-Year warranty and lifetime maintenance for all of our WEOOEN brand products. If you meet any issues about the product, welcome to share and discuss with us. Our astronomy enthusiasts support team will offer a satisfied solution within 24h.
- Packaged with a plastic box to protect your astronomy filter from dust and moisture, also it is easy to carry and storage
- Dramatically Reduces Light Pollution Impact
- Rejects Mercury and Sodium Light While Increasing Contract
- Excellent for Reflection Nebulae and Galaxies
- Use with Monochrome or One-Shot Color Cameras
- 7pcs filters set include most popular color planetary and moon telescope eyepiece filters;moon filter;CPL filter;5 color filters with 23A bright red;21 orange;12 yellow;56 bright green;82A bright blue
- CPL filter is mainly used for elimination of polarized;and enhances the contrast of the moon and planets in photographic images
- 5 color filters are an essential tool of the lunar and planetary;with red;green;blue;orange and yellow highlight features on Mars;Jupiter;and Saturn
- High quality aluminum alloy frame and optical glass with standard 1.25” filter threads suitable for 1.25” eyepieces and other accessories
- Moon and skyglow filter;Cuts down glare and brings out much more surface detail and gives you better contrast; It is a multi-band pass filter transmitting a high percentage of light in the visual spectrum; Effectively filters out selective wavelengths of low-pressure sodium and other man-made sources typically used in street lighting
- Filter #1 = 2 piece Variable Polarizer
- Filter #2 = Lipo Light Reduction Filter
- All Optical Glass
- Fits any telescope with a 2" eyepiece, including Celestron, Orion, Meade etc.
- Includes 3 Pocket Storage Wallet
- Reduces Light Pollution for Crystal Clear Night Skies
- Blocks out skyglow without changing the entire color spectrum
- Optical Glass Filter
- Fits any telescope with a 2" eyepiece, including Celestron, Orion, Meade etc
- Includes Plastic Storage Case
Things to Consider When Choosing The Best Telescope Filter For Light Pollution
The Right Brand
When deciding to purchase your most-required product, you always should think about the brand and its market reputation carefully. When you find reliable and reputed brands for your desired item your buying procedure will just become easier.
We recommend you to compare several brands and the user experiences of these brands to get a clear perception of the brands. This should help you understand how users perceive the brands as well as how much the brands value their clients.
Regardless of the goods you want to buy, the price is an important factor to consider. It will have a significant impact on your purchasing decision and will have a significant impact on the item’s features and performance. You should evaluate the price of the product to that of other manufacturers as well as the expected features. The idea is to get the best value for your investment. Also keep in mind that more pricey does not always imply higher performance. Thus, you should fix your budget and stick to it to get the best match.
Warranty & After-sales Service
Finally, think about the brand’s after-sales service and repair options. Is the manufacturer known for providing good customer service? Has the brand been consistently rated well by customers? Thinking about these factors will give you a better idea of what the customer’s experience is like and how the brand treats its customers. You should also consider the product’s warranty. Most manufacturers offer a 6-month to 24-month warranty for any defects in design and construction.
So, you have decided to go shopping for the Best Telescope Filter For Light Pollution? Well, you are in the right place. Our team of experts analyzed 50251 reviews of Packaged Gumbo Mix and came up with a detailed list. There are so many options, some of which seem to be perfect for you while others disappoint. We have compiled some tips and tricks to help make the process easier and more successful. There are also other factors such as cost, reliability, and warranty that need to be taken into account. We will discuss those things. This buying guide will help you find the perfect Telescope Filter For Light Pollution for your needs. Cheers!