Comparison of algorithms.
The performance of modern radar systems mostly depends on the radiated waveforms, whose design is the basis of the entire system design. Today’s coherent, solid-state radars (either of the phased array type or of the single-radiator type as air traffic control or marine radars) transmit a set of deterministic signals with relatively large duty cycles, an order of 10%, calling for pulse compression to get the required range resolution. Often, power budget calls for different pulse lengths (e.g., short, medium, and long waveforms with a rectangular envelope) to cover the whole radar range. The first part of the chapter includes the topic of mitigating the effect of unwanted side lobes, inherent to every pulse compression, which is achieved both by a careful and optimal design of the waveform and by a (possibly mismatched) suitable processing. The second part of the chapter deals with the novel noise radar technology, not yet used in commercial radar sets but promising: (1) to prevent radar interception and exploitation by an enemy part and (2) to limit the mutual interferences of nearby radars, as in the marine environment. In this case, the design includes a tailoring of a set of pseudo-random waveforms, generally by recursive processing, to comply with the system requirements.
- radar pulse compression
- noise radar technology
The main concern of radar signal processing is the extraction of useful information (generally referred to as “targets”) from the background and disturbance of various kinds (noise, clutter, and jammer) [1, 2]. A typical processing input to a surveillance (or search) radar is the set of echoes from a point target at the generic reference position, which, for the two-dimension (2D) case, are naturally organized in Range (fast time) and in Azimuth (slow time), see Figure 1. Figure 2 shows a real case of plan position indicator (PPI) acquisition.
The status of electronic technology of early radars of the World War II (WWII) period brought the designers to use simple waveforms, that is, rectangular pulses and sequences of them. Very soon, they understood that a receiver bandwidth matched to the transmitted pulse, that is, roughly equal to the reciprocal of the pulse duration, maximizes the output signal to noise ratio or SNR [3, 4]. The Range resolution, ∆R, is a function of the pulse duration τ, expressed in distance units, that is:
where c = 2.99792 × 108 m ∙ s−1, which is the speed of light. In order to cope with the conflicting requirements of increasing the average power, proportional to the pulse duration, while maintaining a fair Range resolution, Pulse Compression techniques were devised and applied after WWII both in the USA and in the Soviet Union [5, 6]. These techniques use sophisticated waveforms in the place of the simple, rectangular pulse, with matched filtering (with sometimes a wanted mismatching). The early waveforms, still used today, were mostly based either on bi-phase coding, for example, Barker , or on the even most popular frequency modulation (FM or LFM in the linear case), also known as chirp signal [8, 9].
The radar signals synthesis problem was first examined by the ambiguity function (AF), introduced by Woodward in the 1950s . Basically, the AF is a two-variable real function representing the modulus (sometimes the squared modulus) of the matched filter output when at the input there is a delayed and Doppler-shifted replica of the radar waveform. In the following, we assume the widely used correlation processor in radar reception, which is equivalent to the above-discussed matched filter (MF). The AF allows us to quantify the distribution in Range (i.e., delay) and in radial velocity (i.e., Doppler frequency) of the interference level due to point scatterers outside the reference delay-Doppler cell (i.e., the cell in which a target is to be detected and located). In the 1960s and 1970s, there were many attempts to use the AF to design radar waveforms with “good” characteristics, that is, “low enough” sidelobes in Range (and in radial velocity) and “well shaped” mainlobe (i.e., a narrow peak). Such specifications, referred to the envelope of the matched filter output, did not led to significant results in terms of practical waveforms design. Not only because the phase was ignored in them but, mainly, because a waveform designed according to a specific ambiguity function, for example, a “thumbtack” shaped one, might be hardly implementable in a real radar for various reasons, first of all the relevant need to transmit constant-modulus signals to maximize the energy radiated on the target and hence, the detection capability. In fact, dynamic range is another constraint to be carefully considered in addition to eclipsing losses, to coding accuracy, and so on. The interest in the AF has reoccurred in the 1990s and 2000s with the studies of multiple transmitters and multiple receivers’ radar as a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system [13, 14, 15, 16], often named netted, multistatic, or multisite, as well as with studies of integration of telecommunication capabilities in radars . These systems call for waveforms designed and optimized in order to get a low Peak Side-Lobe Ratio (PSLR), good orthogonality properties, and a low degradation in the mainlobe, that is, low SNR loss (typically 1–2 dB, depending on the weighting function used). Considering that a single dB of additional SNR gained is nearly equivalent to a 25% increase in the transmitter power, for cost-effective solutions it is relevant to avoid these losses due to the weighting.
Concerning the waveforms selection and the related matched filter (MF), we can distinguish among: (1) rectangular pulse, (2) deterministic single code (Barker, Frank, Chirp,…), and (3) multiple codes, whose extent may theoretically reach an infinity number of signals (MIMO, noise radar).
In case (1), after a first analog (radio frequency (RF) or intermediate frequency (IF)) filtering before the analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion to limit the useful band and to suppress the thermal noise, an approximation of the rectangular MF is usually implemented using a Bessel filter, followed by sampling and A/D conversion (about two samples for a pulse).
In case (2), after sampling and A/D conversion of the sub-elements of the code (chips), a digital MF to the code is used: if x[n] = x(nT) is the sequence of the samples of x(t) obtained with a sampling period T, then the digital impulse response h[k] of the digital filter is x∗[N − n] where N is an integer equal or greater than the length of the numeric code.
In case (3), it is suitable to carry out directly the correlation between the received signal and the stored replica of the transmitted signal, which could vary each waveform repetition time (WRT) or each group of WRT. The fastest operation is in the frequency domain multiplying the spectrum of the signals (fast Fourier transform [FFT] and “zero padding”) to obtain the aperiodic convolution/correlation. The algorithm is conceptually simple and compatible with the modern processing means also for high sample rates (in the order of hundreds of mega samples/second). It is based on the following steps: (1) computation, by FFT, of the Fourier transform of the received and reference signals, that is, X(f) and H(f), respectively; (2) after “zero padding” multiplication of X(f) by the conjugate H∗(f); and (3) inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) of the previous product.
In the following, we present the main characteristics of both deterministic and random signals and their comparison, including an analysis of the auto and cross-correlation functions and spectral properties, with recommendations for their practical use.
2. Waveform requirements
In the following, we will consider both continuous-time signals with duration T, that is, of the type s(t) for 0 < t < T with mean power , and discrete-time signals of the type sk for 1 ≤ k ≤ N with mean power . We consider the main requirements of a set of M signals with complex envelope si(t) for i = 1, …, M, pulsewidth T, same power, and band B. For each signal (we drop the index i in the following), they are defined by:
and Integrated Side-Lobe Ratio where and mk, are respectively the sidelobe and the mainlobe samples of the autocorrelation of s(t) .
Crest factor C (or peak-to-average ratio, PAR): where N is the number of signal samples. C is the peak amplitude of the waveform divided by the rms value of the waveform.
Mean envelope-to-peak power ratio (, where .
To evaluate the orthogonality between the signals si(t) and sj(t), the normalized cross-correlation is defined as:
where . The normalized cross-correlation is practically limited by the compression ratio BT (product between time duration T and bandwidth B) and, in most cases, the desired value is less (i.e., better) than −30 dB.
In the frequency domain, the spectral band occupancy defines the frequency interval in which most of the spectrum of the waveform is allocated, generally taken as the equivalent noise band width, , where |Hmax| is the maximum amplitude of the frequency response of the filter. Sometimes this item is overlooked, especially when noise-like waveforms are concerned, but it is of paramount importance in most real-world radars.
3. Deterministic waveforms
3.1. Linear frequency modulation (LFM)
Pulse Compression allows the radar designer to play with additional degrees of freedom since the signal duration is decoupled with the Range resolution: instead of expression (1), the following relationship holds:
where B is the signal bandwidth. A straightforward, well-known way to generate a signal of duration T, with a carrier f0, whose spectrum occupies a given band B (large enough to satisfy the resolution requirement, i.e. from to ), is the LFM of that carrier in a given time interval T, that is, with an instantaneous frequency:
The resulting time-domain complex envelope signal s(t) has a unit amplitude and, from Eq. (3), a quadratic instantaneous phase:
According to the stationary phase principle [9, 18], for a large enough number of independent samples or product BT (compression ratio), the group delay of an LFM signal is proportional to the instantaneous frequency. The spectrum of s(t) is mostly contained in the interval from to , and it is quasi rectangular (see Figure 3) with constant amplitude and linear phase in the bandwidth B (and ideally, zero amplitude outside it).
The resulting output of the matched filter (autocorrelation function) has the shape shown in Figure 4. It has a time duration 1/B and a (unacceptable) PSLR of about 13.2 dB below the main peak. To mitigate the masking effect of nearby targets, the sidelobe level of the autocorrelation function of the transmitted pulse has to reach very low values (<−60 dB in some applications such as marine radars) comparable to the two-way antenna sidelobes in Azimuth, calling for a more sophisticated frequency modulation law, the non-linear frequency modulation (NLFM) .
3.2. Non-linear frequency modulation (NLFM)
In the past, accurate NLFM waveforms were difficult to design, produce, and process. However, the progress of technology now offers the possibility to produce and process high BT, sophisticated NLFM waveforms. The advent of high-speed and high dynamic range Digital-to-Analog-Convertors (DACs) and high-speed large-scale field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) facilitates generating high-performance precision digital waveforms. Moreover, FPGAs and fast Analog-to-Digital-Convertors (ADCs) allow the direct sampling fairly wide bandwidth signals, and modern high-speed processors allow more sophisticated filtering and detection algorithms to be employed. Historically, the Millett waveform, that is, with a “cosine squared on a pedestal” weighting, is the oldest NLFM . By means of the well-known spectral windows [9, 18, 19, 20, 21], NLFM waveforms can be easily designed. However, this method, relying on the stationary phase principle, is effective in terms of PSLR values only when BT is large (in practice, greater than a few thousands; see Figure 5, where NLFN is obtained by Hamming weighting) and is less effective when a low BT is required, as it happens in various civil applications like air traffic control (ATC) radar and marine (or navigation) radar.
The requirement for further reducing the sidelobe level of the autocorrelation function has been satisfied either by “tailoring” the NLFM law or by the use of some sidelobe suppression filter in reception. The latter is used at the expense of losses in the SNR, with the additional disadvantage of high complexity and high sensitivity to Doppler frequency that can only be compensated by a bank of filters with another increase of complexity and cost. The former requires a careful design. Let us remember that a waveform with duration T and bandwidth B has 2BT degrees of freedom that is completely described by 2BT values. Hence, it is clear that for relatively low (tens or hundreds) values of the compression ratio BT, the design is more difficult; see also the NLFM curves of Figure 5, with a significant performance degradation for BT < 500.
A new design method to cope with the low compression ratio problem has been presented in [22, 23], leading to a kind of Hybrid-NLFM (HNLFM), whose amplitude, however, is not constant during the duration T of the signal, thus creating implementation problems with the widely used saturated (C-class) power amplifiers. This family of waveforms is enhanced and analyzed in the following.
3.3. Hybrid non-linear frequency modulation (HNLFM)2
Let us consider a narrowband signal x(t) = a(t) cos[2πf0t + ϕ(t)] with power spectrum centered at f0 and both amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM). Its complex envelope is s(t) = a(t)ejϕ(t) where a(t) and ϕ(t) denote, respectively, the AM and PM. The Stationary Phase Principle establishes that the amplitude spectrum |S(ωt)|2 of the signal s(t) at the instantaneous angular frequency ωt = 2πft can be approximated as:
where ϕ′′(t) is the second derivative of ϕ(t). Hence, the energy spectral density at the frequency ωt = ϕ′(t) is larger when the rate of change of ωt is smaller, that is, around the stationary phase point. From Eq. (5), the amplitude modulation function a(t) can be derived for a given spectrum shape (often assumed Gaussian or rectangular from −B/2 to −B/2) and for a given instantaneous frequency law ϕ′(t):
However, the applicability of the stationary phase approximation depends on the compression ratio BT. For any compression ratio, a suited frequency modulation function (in radians) can be obtained as a weighted sum of the non-linear tangent FM term and the LFM one, hence the name Hybrid-NLFM, [22, 23]:
where α ∈ (0, 1) is the weight, B the sweep frequency interval, γ the non-linear tangent FM rate, and with T denoting the pulse-width. If s(t) is a signal with a Gaussian spectrum , we may use the optimized values of α and γ, that is, those values that reach the optimum PSLR, maximizing the transmission efficiency . Figure 6 shows the resulting normalized amplitude weighting whose loss (with respect to a rectangular pulse) results as low as 0.58 dB only. Figure 7 shows a zoom around a(t) = 1 of Figure 6 evidentiating its amplitude ripples of the order of 10−3. In Figure 8, the corresponding frequency modulation is shown. Figure 9 shows the PSLR of the matched filter output for this optimized type of waveform (solid line circles). A dramatic improvement with respect to the Millet waveform is clearly seen.
As usual, with BT decreasing, the approximation due to the principle of the stationary phase becomes worse causing an increase in the PSLR. However, with BT = 64, the PSLR (−51 dB) is still compatible with many applications and for BT = 256 the PSL is −75 dB, suited to most applications. These excellent results (solid line circles in Figure 9) are possible if and only if the amplitude weighting is strictly the one shown in Figure 7 (continuous line) and the frequency modulation is the one of Figure 8. In practice, it may be hard to practically implement these requirements on a(t), with ripples of the order of 1 over 1000. It is preferable that the amplitude of the transmitted signal should be kept constant (with the power amplifier working in saturation at least in the central part of the pulse). However, this choice leads to increasing the PSLR by 25–30 dB. An improvement can be obtained using a sub-optimum waveform where the ripples shown in Figure 7 are removed imposing a constant value (unit value), see the dashed line in Figure 7. The corresponding PSLR results in only 10–20 dB greater than the optimized signal when BT ≥ 256 (diamonds in Figure 9).
To evaluate the effect due to the radial velocity vr, supposing vr = 250 m/s (900 km/h, i.e., 500 knots, reasonable limit reached by a civil aircraft) and a compression ratio of 256, in the L or S band, the effect due to Doppler on the output from the matched filter is very limited, particularly on the PSLR. Finally, to evaluate the effect of the analog-to-digital conversion, we considered as an input to the waveform generator a digital sequence coded with n bits. In reception, the coefficients of the matched filter are coded with the same number of bits. Varying n (8, 10, 12), as one could expect, a PSLR better than −60 dB calls for a 10 bit quantization, while with 12 bits it is possible to stay very close to the theoretical limit. Using commercial components, the matched filter coefficients are typically quantized at 16 bits, while for the data (I/Q after ADC), 12 bits seem appropriate. So, the quantization should not increase the sidelobes by a significant amount. The good performance of the HNLFM to get very low sidelobes of the compressed pulse, and also for low BT, is strictly dependent on the ability of the signal generation and amplification chain, including the RF power amplifier, to faithfully reproduce the amplitude modulation of Figures 6 and 7, calling for highly linear A-class amplifiers. Moreover, the available bandwidth is not fully exploited because of the particular frequency law of Eq. (7), which is the main law responsible for the low sidelobe level.
4. Orthogonal waveforms
In MIMO applications , M different waveforms (codes) are typically required, where M is the number of the transmit elements. In reception, the orthogonal property of the M transmitted waveforms permits their separation. Neglecting the polarization aspects, orthogonality may be imposed in the time domain, in frequency domain, or in signal space. In most radar applications, obtaining the orthogonality in the signal space is the best choice to avoid potential performance degradation due to the loss of coherence of the target response . Good candidates to design deterministic signals that satisfy the orthogonality requirements are the well-known “up” and “down” chirp (LFM and NLFM) , but in this case, only one pair of signals can be defined. To obtain M pairs (with M > 1) of signals, the Costas codes represent a possible solution . Alltop sequences  and OFDM signals  also can be considered. The main limitation of the OFDM approach is due to the non-constant envelope of the signals, that is, MEPPR <1, meaning that the transmitter does not work at its maximum power.
Another class of waveforms is the non-deterministic signals (random signal or noisy waveforms). Among these, the class of random phase signals (with constant amplitude , see paragraph 5.1) has two main advantages as compared to the signals introduced before. The former is the possibility to generate a large enough number of orthogonal signals, which is of great importance in MIMO radar systems. The latter is about the detectability; in fact, they are random signals so they place limitations on the detection, the identification, and the eventual spoofing of the signal, an element of great importance in many military applications which require low detectability of the radar system. Finally, the crest factor reaches unity. The random signals, such as the noise waveforms, will be described in Section 5.
4.1. Comparison among orthogonal waveforms
4.2. Up and down LFM and NLFM
For up and down LFM the amplitude of the cross-correlation has been evaluated in :
where F(∙) is the Fresnel Integral in a complex form: . For the up and down NLFM, the evaluation of the cross-correlation leads to very complicated expressions and its values are better derived by simulation. Figure 10 reports the normalized cross-correlation versus the compression ratio BT for LFM and NLFM, the latter obtained supposing a Hamming weighting. The performance limitation due to the compression ratio is clearly shown.
4.3. Costas codes
The complex envelope of a Costas signal of length T = Mtb (M integer) is:
where tb is the chip time and fm = amΔf, where m = 1, 2, …, M is the carrier frequency of the chip m, a = [a1, a2, …, aM] is the sequence of distinct integers between 1 and M defining the particular code (hopping sequence) and rectb(t) is equal to 1 for 0 ≤ t < tb and 0 elsewhere. The bandwidth is B = M ∙ Δf and the resulting compression ratio is M2. The typical PSLR is the same as a linear discrete chirp with the same number of elements M.
A modified Costas signal has been introduced to decrease the sidelobes of the AF at zero Doppler as reported in Ref. . Figure 12 shows the normalized cross-correlation for a pair of Costas codes compared with up and down LFM and NLFM with the same BT, that is, 1600.
5. Random waveforms: Noise radar technology
Noise radar technology (NRT) [15, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35] makes use of pseudo-random waveforms that are realizations of a Gaussian band-limited random process or transformations of it. These “pure noise” realizations, once generated and stored, are not strictly random anymore as they act as deterministic signals with known PSLR, Range resolution and ambiguity function. The number of different possible realizations to be used is theoretically unlimited (modern pseudo-random numbers generator can reach a period of 21492 , as implemented in the MATLAB generator: practically infinity), so that each radar can operate with its own signal, possibly different from the others. For a pure noise waveform, the PLSR value does not strongly depend on the amplitude modulation but, rather, on the time-bandwidth product BT. The bandwidth being limited by the application context (e.g., about 50 and 200 MHz as a maximum, for a marine radar), BT may be increased at will by selecting a continuous wave (CW) architecture instead of the pulsed one, keeping unchanged the compression processing (computation of the correlation or of the ambiguity function) at the receiver side. The power can be significantly lowered with respect to an equal-performance pulse radar architecture. Considering a typical maximum Range of 150 km (80 NM) with a Range resolution of 150 m, a comparison between pulsed HNLFM and CW noise radar can be done while keeping the transmitted energy constant. For this purpose, let us consider the sub-optimal HNLFM (see Figures 6 and 7) since the power loss with respect to the optimal amplitude modulation is only 0.58 dB. In a CW architecture, the maximum delay due to Range is generally set as one-fourth of the wave repetition time (WRT), which corresponds to the signal time duration if we neglect the data processing time between consecutive sweeps. Then imposing , for Rmax = 150 km, it is required that WRT = 4000 μs. Knowing the time duration of the noise signal (WRTnoise) and the HNLFM pulse width (THNLFM), the relationship between the needed peak powers can be evaluated as: where Pnoise and PHNLFM are, respectively, the peak power of CW noise and pulsed radar. With WRTnoise = 4000 μs and THNLFM = 128 μs, it results as: Pnoise = 0.032 ∙ PHNLFM. Then, the required power for a CW noise radar is about 15 dB lower than the peak power required for a pulsed radar, keeping unchanged the maximum Range. Lowering the transmitted power means less solid-state modules and a straightforward RF power production/generation design.
5.1. Unimodular noisy signals
Theoretically a unimodular noisy signal shows a complex envelope with constant amplitude and with a phase ϕ(t) being a zero-mean Gaussian process with root mean square (RMS) σ and density spectrum within the band b. In , it has been shown that the normalized autocorrelation function of these signals can be written in a closed-form expression as:
where ρ(τ) is the correlation coefficient of ϕ(t). R(τ) depends on the bandwidth b, on the pulse length T and on the phase fluctuation σ. The bandwidth b is related to the width of the main peak, that is, it determines the Range resolution. An increase of T, and consequently of the compression ratio, causes a reduction of the Range sidelobe level, whereas the mainlobe width remains fixed, being independent of T. Finally, σ has two different effects. The former is on the sidelobe level: an increase of σ causes a decrease of the sidelobe level and an improvement of the PSLR. The latter concerns the resolution. In fact, σ establishes a connection between the bandwidth of the modulated signal and the bandwidth of the modulating signal ϕ(t). In more detail, when σ increases, the final bandwidth increases too. As a consequence, a large value of σ gives an improved resolution. In , a simple relation between the RMS bandwidth of the phase modulated signal (Brms) and the RMS bandwidth of the phase modulating noise (brms) has been found as Brms = σ ∙ brms. For the sidelobe suppression, the expression of the autocorrelation function Eq. (10) would show a continuous improvement of the sidelobe suppression as σ increases. Unfortunately, this is not true: the periodic nature of the phase ϕ(t) with a folding in the [−π, +π] interval has been neglected in , and in reality, the model can be used only for values of σ much smaller than π.
Considering realistic and correct simulations aimed at a potential application, the best approach generates the signal through a white Gaussian process with its in-phase and quadrature components (I, Q) that are band limited as desired. The procedure to generate M independent pure noise unimodular band-limited signals is shown in Figure 13. The (I, Q) samples, that have to be filtered by the frequency window H(f), are where N is the number of generated samples and xi is the ith complex (I, Q) sample.
After the frequency domain windowing, the signal amplitude is saturated to the maximum value through a Zero-Memory-Non-Linear (ZMNL) transformation, while the phase is kept unchanged. Since the (I, Q) samples come from a random process, at each run the algorithm provides different realizations having the same average performances in terms of PSLR and cross-correlation level, while the Range resolution only depends on the used H(f). Unimodular band-limited (with a rectangular window) pure noise shows a Range resolution similar to the LFM with the same band, and the secondary lobes are slightly fluctuating (the PSLR is comparable to the LFM). For the far lobes, the PSLR is empirically related to the BT by:
with k of the order of 10–13 dB, which corresponds to −23 dB for BT = 4000.
The cross-correlation level between two independently generated pure noise signals is of the same level as the autocorrelation sidelobes, excluding the central zone. This fact calls for sidelobe-suppression methods. Sidelobe suppression of both the autocorrelation and cross-correlation function of a set of M waveforms (with M > 1 and of the order of a few units or a few tens) is a relevant problem in a MIMO radar, whose receivers have to discriminate, after each matched filter, the mth signal among the others. So, M “orthogonal” waveforms are required  for MIMO radar and for space-time coding or “colored” transmission .
5.2. Range sidelobe suppression algorithms
Many approaches have been used in the past years to cope with the Range sidelobe problem, starting from the time (or frequency) weighting of the received signal. Algorithms are available to generate signals with suitable autocorrelation characteristics without the need for sidelobe suppression in reception. However, using the generation algorithms, significant complexity is demanded to the generation side in terms of computational burden to achieve a “useful” waveform. In any case, this issue can be trivially overcome by offline methods, generating a large enough set of noisy waveforms ready to be transmitted and stored in mass memory.
A first method to reduce the sidelobes of the unimodular noisy signals uses an iterative procedure based on alternative projections in the frequency and in time domain . Using this approach, if the compression ratio is greater than 5000 the mean PSLR reaches −30 dB, however it remains limited to −36 dB for BT = 30,000. Regarding the cross-correlation of a pair of noise signals, it is comparable with the ones of the LFM and NLFM.
A second approach, starting from a random process realization (Figure 13), runs in order to minimize a certain objective function with defined constraints. In this case, the objective function is the PSLR and the constraints are the limited bandwidth and the unity amplitude needed to fully exploit the amplifier. Often, due to convergence considerations, the ISLR is minimized instead of the PSLR because the former is an integrated value over all the sidelobes region while the latter is only a local value that can rapidly change point by point.
A powerful sidelobe suppression algorithm family, Cyclic Algorithm New (CAN), described in  provides several interesting ways to approach the suppression problem. To suit to particular needs, the Radarlab group in Tor Vergata University developed a new algorithm to generate noisy waveforms having a limited bandwidth and a unimodular amplitude, with the possibility to tune the suppressed zone length depending on the particular application .
The main idea is to minimize the difference between the obtained and the desired autocorrelation functions through a process that runs cyclically until a stop criterion is satisfied, for example, the difference between two consecutive steps is less than a given threshold. The constraints to be satisfied within this minimization lead to different algorithms belonging to the wide CAN family. These constraints can be the unit amplitude, the number of suppressed sidelobes, as well as the mainlobe width (i.e., the required bandwidth) or others.
For this purpose, the CAN family also provides a MIMO version for the algorithms in which the quantity to be minimized is the difference between the obtained and the desired covariance matrix. The main drawback of the CAN algorithms is their inability to manage the bandwidth increase, as the mainlobe of the signal generated by using the CAN algorithm is very narrow. In fact, these algorithms converge to a deep sidelobe suppression at the expense of a full-Nyquist occupied bandwidth, which unfortunately is not suitable for applications in which spectrum regulations must be met. Only one CAN algorithm (named SCAN, Stopband-CAN) is able to manage the spectrum constraint. If the SCAN is applied to generate noise unimodular signals with BT = 4096 and B = 1 MHz, the related aperiodic autocorrelation is shown in Figure 14.
Keeping BT unchanged, the SCAN algorithm improves the PSLR by about 20 dB with respect to the unimodular noise from which the algorithm starts. The mainlobe is kept wide since the SCAN spectrum is well shaped within the required 1 MHz bandwidth. The drawback of the SCAN algorithm is that the sidelobes close to the mainlobe are still quite high. To overcome the issue, our group has developed the Band Limited Algorithm for Sidelobes Attenuation (BLASA) algorithm  whose typical result is shown in Figure 15. It comes from the CAN idea and provides very low sidelobes even in the area close to the mainlobe. It is called Single Input, Single Output (SISO) because a single waveform is generated at each run. The BLASA SISO spectrum is still well shaped within the allowed 1 MHz bandwidth, providing a Range resolution of 150 m.
Being a SISO algorithm, BLASA does not lower the cross-correlation level between two independently generated waveforms. Hence, their cross-correlation is at the same level as the initial unimodular pure noise.
As in the CAN family, even for the BLASA SISO, a MIMO version exists  which is able to jointly generate a number M of waveforms at each run, that is, M signals belonging to the same set. The BLASA MIMO is developed to manage the suppression of both auto and cross-correlation functions, still keeping the bandwidth limited. Due to the limited number of samples that BLASA MIMO can manipulate, the joint suppression region in cross and auto-correlations cannot be as long as the whole length of the pulse. The length of the suppressed zone depends on the number M of waveforms in the generated set: the lower M, the longer the suppressed length. Moreover, the suppressed zone length depends on the amplitude constraint: it increases if amplitude modulation is allowed while it decreases if the unimodular constraint is applied. Hereafter, only the unimodular case will be considered. The limited length of the suppressed zone represents a valid tool to mitigate the clutter effect, especially near the mainlobe, that is, the target’s closest Range cells. Because of the narrow −3 dB bandwidth, the mainlobe is four times wider than the expected 150 m, which corresponds to a 1 MHz bandwidth. Nevertheless, this behavior is deterministic and can be overcome by choosing properly the signals’ occupied bandwidth. The big advantage of the BLASA MIMO pseudorandom signals with respect to the deterministic HNLFM is the possibility to average coherently the Range sidelobes in the Azimuth. In fact, if the transmitted waveform changes each Waveform Repetition Time within the dwell time, the averaged compressed pulse presents a sidelobe level reduced by the quantity: ΔSL = 10 · log10(L) where ΔSL is the lowering in the sidelobe level with respect to the not-averaged case and L is the number of coherently integrated returns.
Summing up all the considered waveforms, Table 1 shows their comparison. Each algorithm is checked to verify whether it allows a MIMO version, the level of the sidelobes, the frequency occupancy, and its capability to be coherently integrated.
|Algorithm||MIMO version||Sidelobe level and suppression interval||Amplitude modulation|
|HNLFM||No||−67 dB at BT = 4096||400%||Pseudo trapezoidal AM|
|Unimodular Noise||No||−23 dB at BT = 4096||100%||Unimodular|
|SCAN||No||−45 dB at BT = 4096|
|BLASA SISO||No||−50 dB at BT = 4096||100%||Unimodular|
|BLASA MIMO||Yes||−30 dB at BT = 256|
(within 12%), unimodular
amplitude with M = 2
The column “MIMO version” refers to the capability of jointly generated M waveforms with a cross-correlation level comparable to the auto-correlation level. The frequency occupancy gives the information of how much the mainlobe is enlarged by the algorithm.
Waveform design is a critical component in the design of an effective and efficient radar system. Various types of radar signals have been proposed and analyzed for over half a century, resulting in extensive literature on the subject matter. This chapter, after an overview of the various proposed waveforms, examined in more detail two particular classes of radar signals, that is a deterministic and a random one. The former is based on non-linear frequency modulation of the radar pulse, which, with a suited amplitude modulation added, can reach extremely low-Range sidelobes in the absence of Doppler shift. The latter class is used in the novel noise radar technology, still at research stage, where a suited tailoring of the noisy waveforms grants a fairly low sidelobe level. Pro and cons of both approaches are also discussed.
- Y. Shirman received the IEEE Pioneer Award in 2009 “For the independent discovery of matched filtering, adaptive filtering, and high-resolution pulse compression for an entire generation of Russian and Ukrainian radars” .
- Part of the results on HNLFM have been funded by Selex-ES (now, Leonardo Company) under the research contract COLB/CTR/2013/20/A.


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Handbook of Affinity Chromatography - CRC Press Book
The Handbook of Affinity Chromatography reflects upon important factors to consider in the development of affinity methods, such as the choice of support material, immobilization methods, and application or elution conditions. It reviews common affinity methods and explores the latest preparative, analytical, and biophysical applications, including the use of affinity chromatography with other separation techniques and analytical systems. This basis seamlessly supports the discussion of recent developments in techniques including the use of affinity ligands in capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, microanalytical systems, and optical biosensors.
- Affinity Chromatography: A Historical Perspective | Springer Nature Experiments.
- How to Do Everything with Your Digital Camera.
- Purification & Chromatography.
- The Late Great U.S.A.: The Coming Merger With Mexico and Canada!
- Dictionary of Food Science and Nutrition;
New chapters feature expanded discussions on molecularly imprinted polymers and biomimetic ligands, chromatographic immunoassays, affinity-based immunoassays, affinity-based chiral stationary phases, and affinity ligands in multidimensional systems. Engaging the collaboration of 48 scientists and students from 23 laboratories and organizations to present the latest information on affinity methods, the Handbook of Affinity Chromatography illustrates a wide range of applications and theory for scientists, students, and laboratory workers throughout the fields of chemistry and biology.
An alternative approach that can be used with systems that have weak-to-moderate strength interactions is to use small affinity columns and fast flow rates, which can allow this type of study to be conducted without the need for a displacing agent 59 , In addition, a step change in a factor such as the mobile phase pH can sometimes be used to promote rapid release of the solute, as might be used to compare elution conditions for an affinity column 17 , The peak decay method has been used in HPAC with small affinity columns to determine the dissociation rates of AGP for amitriptyline, lidocaine, and nortriptyline This method has also been used with affinity monolith columns to determine the dissociation rate constants for HSA with a number of drugs 67 , A pH step change has been employed with the peak decay method to characterize the dissociation rate of thyroxine from antibodies and aptamers that can bind to this hormone The split-peak method is a technique that can be used with affinity columns to look at systems with strong binding and relatively slow rates of dissociation 7 , 8 , In this technique conditions are used in which only part of an injected solute has sufficient time to bind to the affinity column.
The result is a situation in which the injection of even a pure sample of the solute results in 2 peaks, one of which is highly retained and the second of which elutes as a nonretained fraction. The change in the relative size of these peaks is then examined as the injection flow rate is varied and used to determine the association rate constant or mass transfer rate for the solute in the column 7 , 8 , The split-peak method has been used in several studies to examine the binding of immunoglobulins to small affinity columns that contain protein A or protein G 59 , This method has been used to optimize a clinical assay based on HPAC for the rapid measurement of IgG-class antibodies in serum by using protein A columns Forms of this method have also been employed to examine the binding of HSA to immobilized anti-HSA antibodies and to characterize the rate of binding by thyroxine with antibodies or aptamers 59 , Ultrafast affinity extraction is a newer method that can examine both the rate and degree of binding for a biological interaction 59 , 71 — This method looks at an interaction in solution through the use of a small affinity column that can rapidly capture the nonbound form of a solute in an injected mixture of this solute and a soluble binding agent.
The relative size of the captured fraction is used to determine the rate or extent of the biological interaction. The immobilized agent used to capture the free form of the solute may be an antibody 72 , 74 , 75 or a more general binding agent such as HSA i. Conditions are used so that the time the sample spends in the column is small or comparable to the time needed for dissociation of the solute from its soluble binding agent.
This often involves the use of affinity microcolumns and flow rates that produce sample residence times in the column that span from the low millisecond range up to a few seconds Ultrafast affinity extraction has been used for systems that range from weak-to-strong binding 59 , 72 , For instance, this method has been used with columns that contained immobilized antibodies for determining the free fraction of warfarin in mixtures of this drug with HSA 74 and, in combination with flow-based displacement immunoassays, the free fractions of thyroxine and phenytoin in clinical samples 72 , This method has been used with columns containing HSA to measure the equilibrium constants for a soluble form of this protein with R- or S- warfarin, S- ibuprofen, and imipramine Ultrafast affinity extraction has also been used in a 2-column system and with a chiral stationary phase to measure the free fractions and binding constants of R - and S - warfarin in drug-protein mixtures and serum Fig.
This particular example uses an affinity microcolumn containing immobilized HSA for ultrafast affinity extraction. Reproduced from Zheng et al. This review discussed a variety of ways in which affinity chromatography has been used to examine biological interactions of interest in clinical or pharmaceutical analysis. Particular attention was given to more recent work and techniques that have involved the use of HPAC. The general principles behind techniques such as zonal elution and frontal analysis were described, showing how these approaches can be used to examine the strength of a biological interaction, the number and types of sites that are involved in these processes, and the effects of one solute on another during these interactions.
Several means for examining the kinetics of a biological interaction by HPAC and affinity chromatography were also considered. Systems that have been examined by these methods have ranged from the binding of drugs and hormones to proteins or receptors to the analysis of antibody-antigen, enzyme-inhibitor, and sugar-lectin interactions 6 — 10 , 12 , There are many features of these methods that have made them attractive for such work.
For instance, as shown in this review, these techniques can be used with many binding agents or formats and can be coupled with numerous detection methods, spanning from absorbance measurements to MS 8 — 10 , This is often possible using approaches with label-free detection, although these methods can also be combined with suitable tags for the study of trace analytes 8 , 72 , The speed and precision of these methods, especially when used in HPAC, are other valuable features. The ability to often reuse the same immobilized binding agent i.
Many of the recent developments in this field will probably continue and further expand the capabilities of these methods. For instance, it is expected that columns based on monoliths and supports for ultraperformance liquid chromatography will continue to be adapted for use in HPAC and affinity chromatography 6 , 10 , 20 — This should allow even more rapid assays to be created with these methods and will provide greater ease in coupling affinity columns with MS or other analytical techniques 5 , 12 , 19 , 38 — Further work in the miniaturization of affinity columns and systems is also anticipated 5 , 10 , 23 , This work has already led to the possibility of carrying out binding studies on relatively exotic binding agents e.
These efforts, in turn, have resulted in the proposed use of HPAC as a tool in personalized medicine Another trend that is expected to continue is the creation of new formats for affinity-based binding assays. A specific example that was described is ultrafast affinity extraction, which can provide a direct measure of the strength or rate of biological interactions in solution and which can even examine these processes directly in clinical samples 59 , 72 — The combination of these recent tools and formats with those that are already available should result in even more future applications for affinity chromatography and HPAC in the characterization of biological interactions for clinical studies or pharmaceutical analysis.
Author Contributions: All authors confirmed they have contributed to the intellectual content of this paper and have met the following 3 requirements: a significant contributions to the conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; b drafting or revising the article for intellectual content; and c final approval of the published article.
Chromatographic Science: Handbook of Affinity Chromatography Vol. 63 (1993, Hardcover)
Authors' Disclosures or Potential Conflicts of Interest: Upon manuscript submission, all authors completed the author disclosure form. Research Funding: D. Skip to main content. Review Article Review. David S. DOI: View this table: View inline View popup. Table 1. Comparison of data obtained by frontal analysis for examining the binding of R -propranolol and S -propranolol with an HPAC column containing immobilized LDL left and a general model showing the types of interactions each of these enantiomers had with LDL right.
Site-Specific Binding and Competition Studies Another use of zonal elution in HPAC and affinity chromatography has been in characterizing the competition that one compound may have with another for a given binding agent. Screening Drug Candidates A related application of HPAC and affinity chromatography has been as a tool for screening drug candidates and potential binding partners for biological targets.
- FDA regulatory affairs : a guide for prescription drugs, medical devices, and biologics!
- Engendering origins: critical feminist readings in Plato and Aristotle.
- Purification of IgG Using Affinity Chromatography on Antigen-Ligand Columns.
Characterization of Binding Sites The use of affinity chromatography and HPAC in competition studies is one way in which the interaction sites of a particular drug or solute can be identified and studied on a protein or other type of binding agent 8 , Kinetic Methods Yet another way affinity chromatography and HPAC can be used is to provide data on the kinetics of a biological interaction. Scheme for the simultaneous isolation of a free drug fraction and separation of the various chiral forms of a drug in this fraction by using ultrafast affinity extraction and an HPLC chiral stationary phase.
Conclusion and Future Directions This review discussed a variety of ways in which affinity chromatography has been used to examine biological interactions of interest in clinical or pharmaceutical analysis. Consultant or Advisory Role: None declared. Stock Ownership: None declared. Honoraria: D.
Affinity Chromatography: A Historical Perspective
Hage, Eastern Analytical Symposium and Abbvie. Expert Testimony: None declared. Patents: None declared. Other Remuneration: D. Hage, Elsevier. References 1. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. St Louis MO : Saunders ; Clarke W , editor. Contemporary practice in clinical chemistry. Williams MA , Daviter T , editors. Protein-ligand interactions, methods and applications. New York : Springer ; Biophysical chemistry, part 2: techniques for the study of biological structure and function, part 2.
San Francisco : Freeman ; Emerging technologies for fragment screening.
Fragment-based drug discovery: lessons and outlook. Hage DS , editor. Handbook of affinity chromatography , 2nd Ed. Chaiken IM. Analytical affinity chromatography. Quantitative affinity chromatography: practical aspects. In: Hage DS , editor.
Quantitative affinity chromatography: recent theoretical developments. Analysis of biomolecular interactions using affinity microcolumns: a review.
Analysis of multi-site drug-protein interactions by high-performance affinity chromatography: binding of glimepiride to normal or glycated human serum albumin. J Chromatogr A ; : — Schriemer DS.
Biosensor alternative: frontal affinity chromatography. Anal Chem ; 76 : A — 8A. Entrapment of alpha 1 -acid glycoprotein in high-performance affinity columns for drug-protein binding studies. J Chromatogr B ; : — Identification and analysis of stereoselective drug interactions with low density lipoprotein by high-performance affinity chromatography. Anal Biochem Chem ; : — Analysis of drug interactions with high-density lipoprotein by high-performance affinity chromatography.
Anal Biochem ; : — Analysis of drug interactions with very low density lipoprotein by high-performance affinity chromatography. On-column entrapment of alpha 1 -acid glycoprotein for studies of drug-protein binding by high-performance affinity chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem ; : — Chromatographic analysis of drug interactions in the serum proteome.

domain: chemistry


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Day one of our Ring Road in a Week adventure consisted of swimming in a hot river, hiking to the “most beautiful place in Iceland” and standing beneath (and behind) some pretty impressive waterfalls. Keep reading to find out more …
We arrived in Keflavik International Airport (30 minutes away from Reykjavik – the capital) at 6:30am to a misty drizzle. After clearing customs, we walked a couple of blocks to our car rental agency, Blue Iceland. We picked up our brand new, automatic** Kia Sportage and started off on our Ring Road adventure.
** FYI – many rental cars in Iceland are manual.
Technically, we drove 20 minutes from the airport to the Ring Road (Route 1) … but who’s keeping track. 🙂 Once we arrived at the Ring Road, we turned east. At Hveragerði, we turned off and purchased a pre-paid gas card from an N1 gas station. Then, we just had a short drive to our first stop, Reykjadalur Hot Springs.
To get to the Reykjadalur trail head, continue on the main road out of Hveragerði until you come to a dead end with a gravel parking lot. There is a little cafe (not open until 1 pm) and some restrooms (which come in handy if you need to change clothes.) 🙂
Before our trip, I attempted to research the Reykjadalur hike. However, I didn’t find much information other than that the hike was considered “short.” Not thinking much of it, we just decided to check it out, regardless, and started off climbing up the steep hillside into the fog.
The fog was pretty dense, which made it difficult to see the valley that our trail was surely circumnavigating. After about 30 minutes in the fog and with little sense of direction other than the trail beneath us, we started to think that this “short hike” was actually much longer. 🙂 Luckily not long after our brief moment of doubt, we met some fellow hot spring-goers who reassured us that we were almost there.
Sure enough, 45 minutes into our hike we stumbled upon this network of well-constructed walkways and little changing stations running on either side of the hot spring river.
With the consistent mist and 45°F temps, we practically ripped off our clothes and dove in. 😉 I have to say, it wasn’t as “hot” as I would have expected it to be, but the river was still a nice way to shake some of the chill and relax.
That is, until we left …
We didn’t know that there were going to be changing stations. So, neither of us brought a change of clothes on our hike. We begrudgingly put our dry clothes on over our damp swimsuits (we did bring towels!) and quickly booked it out of the area to try and stay warm. Just our luck, it started to pour – and continued to pour almost the entire way back. 🙂 Let’s just say our return route (which was luckily almost all downhill) took way less time.
Over the last ridge, we thankfully descended out of the pouring rain and dense fog. As we descended, we enjoyed finally seeing and walking amongst the various steam vents seeping out of the hillside.
Once we arrived back at our car, we quickly dried off and changed before jumping into our Sportage and cranking the seat warmers (#spoiled). Even though this mini-adventure had taken longer than anticipated, we were still on “schedule”, so we plugged in our GPS and headed toward our next destination = Stöng.
The trip to Stöng required a significant detour off of the Ring Road (Route 1) on Route 32 through the beautiful Þjórsárdalur Valley. Even with forewarning, the turn off to Stöng was easily missed. In fact, we managed to pass by without realizing it and drove 15 minutes out of the way.
Note: Although the Ring Road (Route 1) is very well marked, once you branch off onto some of the lesser traveled roads, signage and road quality can be a little unpredictable. Also, GPS is helpful, but only if you have a specific address or coordinates. I often found our paper map to be a more useful and reliable method of navigation.
After turning around and “retracing our steps”, we managed to spot the tiny yellow sign pointing towards Stöng and turned onto a bumpy, gravel road. Five minutes later, we arrived at a small parking lot with informational signs and a couple of paths heading towards Stöng.
Stöng we learned was an old viking farm thought to have been buried by an eruption of nearby Mount Hekla in 1104 AD. S0, super old. 🙂
We popped inside and took a peek at the well-preserved ruins, considering they’re 900+ years old, before heading outside and hiking beyond the farm.
When researching for this trip, I stumbled upon some information about a valley named Gjáin. Apparently it has been deemed the “most beautiful place in Iceland.” Naturally, we had to take a gander. 🙂
Beyond the Stong settlement a path took us up a hill and over a tundra-like prairie before dipping down into the Gjáin valley. At first, we saw some neat rock formations and a pretty waterfall and we were thinking well that’s pretty cool, but hardly “most beautiful place in Iceland”-worthy.
Until we got a little closer …
These pictures can’t even do this place justice! Once we climbed further down into the valley, there were waterfalls literally everywhere we looked. And, with the foliage just starting to turn colors, the view. Was. Amazing!
This may be my favorite photo from our trip … maybe 🙂
From Gjáin, we continued on to the less traveled east side of the Þjórsárdalur Valley (Route 26)** to rejoin Ring Road (Route 1) and make our way towards our next stop, Seljalandfoss. Note: We took the 1 h 45 min route above.
** The first 15 km or so of Route 26 coming from Route 32 is unpaved and a little bumpy.
I really liked Seljalandfoss because there was a path that took us around and behind the waterfall! The path was slippery and full of tour groups,but overall a neat experience!
Near Seljalandfoss, in fact just down the path from the main attraction, there is a hidden waterfall named Gljufurarfoss.
To fully experience Gljufurarfoss,** you have to scale a steep(!) and slippery rock-face to look down into this unique waterfall.
** The waterfall is just peeking out at the top left of the picture above.
The view from the top was amazing! That is, until we looked back down the way we had came. At that moment, I kicked myself for letting Al talk me into climbing up to the top. Although pretty adventurous, I’m not a fan of heights, especially uncontained heights. From the top, it looked and felt like we were going to tumble straight to the bottom. I definitely had several brief “oh shit” moments on the way down, but we made it!
From Gljufurarfoss, we continued on to our final sight of the day, Skogafoss.
Although you could only catch glimpses from the road, once we parked our car we could hear the “roar” of this truly impressive waterfall.
This picture does not do Iceland justice. We walked up as close as we dared to snap some pics. And, I was humbled by the sheer volume of water that was continuously gushing over.
Note: We did also hike up to the top of Skogafoss. (See the windy set of stairs two pictures above.) Honestly, we felt a little underwhelmed by the view of the falls from above. Personally, we enjoyed the view from below much more!
The sun was starting to set when we finished at Skogafoss. So, our timing was perfect because we just had a short drive to our hotel in Vik.
By the time we arrived at Hotel Edda Vik, we were ready for a warm meal. Our first of the day! Luckily, we had many delicious options available right at our hotel at the Berg Restaurant. I ordered the Icelandic Lamb Soup (left) and Al ordered a delicious Duck Breast with Cherries (right). Both were tasty and satisfying! The perfect way to end Day 1.
Day 1 Details
Travel: Keflavik to Stong to Vik
Eat: Berg Restaurant
Sleep: Hotel Edda Vík

domain: travel


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domain: topicality


How to Use Xhorse XDRT20 Frequency Tester V2?
Discover how to effectively utilize the Xhorse XDRT20 Frequency Tester V2. This article provides step-by-step instructions and insights on using the frequency tester to analyze and test remote control signals.
Xhorse XDRT20 Frequency Tester V2
is a professional and cost-effective tool (less than $40) to test frequency for 315Mhz/433Mhz/868Mhz/902Mhz and other major frequency bands. It supports IMMO signal, door handle signal detection and infrared signal detection. Easy to carry and use.
Xhorse Frequency Tester V2 Panel Instruction:
It’s equipped with these buttons incl. power button, PWR, 868 (868MHz), 305-320 (test 315MHz), 430-436 (test 433MHz), 902 (902 MHz), IMMO, IR, Infrared signal receiver and battery cover.
Check the meaning of each button in the following image.
How to use Xhorse XDRT20 Frequency Tester?
After the device is turned on, if the 868 or 902 signal lights are flashing or on all the time, it means that there is local frequency interference. Please block the 868 and 902 frequency measurement functions according to the following figure.
Detailed operation process:
Open the box and take out the Xhorse remote tester.
It comes with a customized lanyard with Xhorse logo on it. The lanyard can be tied on the tester V2 which is very convenient.
Remove the cover in the back of the tester, and you can see the battery compartment, it requires two AAA batteries to power up.
After installing the batteries, the PWR light will be on. The device will automatically shut down after about 30 seconds idling to ensure you get the best battery life.
- Test door handle/ IMMO signal:
Put the Xhorse Tester V2 near the door handle or the ignition coil, the IMMO light will be flashing and you’ll hear the beep sound.
When you place a remote close to the Remote Tester, it’ll just stop flashing.
The device now can detect common frequencies.
- Test 315Mhz/433Mhz/868Mhz/902Mhz frequency:
Put a remote close to Tester V2, and press on the remote, the corresponding frequency indicator will flash soon.
The IR light will turn on when it receives the infrared signal.
The Xhorse frequency tester V2 comes with a magnetic design which is more convenient to use, and compact body makes it easy to carry out.


FRANCE: PSA Peugeot Citroen reveals EMP2 platform [updated with image and global plants]
The first vehicle to be launched on EMP2 will be the replacement for the Citroën C4 Picasso/Grand Picasso, due later this year
According to the company, EMP2 will use a variety of components including high-strength steel, aluminium and composites, the combination of which are claimed to mean an average weight loss of 70kg. The new architecture has been developed for C- and D-segment models.
PSA says the architecture will eventually underpin sedans, hatchbacks, wagons, SUVs, coupes and crossovers.
An infographic on PSA's media website shows the following as build locations for EMP2 vehicles:
- Vigo in Spain (Citroen C4 Picasso, 2013 launch)
- Mulhouse, Rennes and Sochaux in France (Peugeot 308, 2013 launch)
- Kaluga in Russia;
- Buenos Aires in Argentina;
- Wuhan in China (unnamed model in 2014).
More information on this new platform, and other future vehicle architectures, is available by searching PLDB, just-auto's future vehicles database (sub required).
Author: Glenn Brooks
The analysts writing this report forecast the Global Automotive Camera Module market to reach US$1,554.72 million by 2016....
This report is based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the Americas and the APAC and EMEA regions; it also covers the Global Advanced Driver Assistanc...
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- Briefing: Emerging markets in trouble (3)
- VEHICLE ANALYSIS: Citroën DS4
- Briefing: Emerging markets in trouble (2)
- COMMENT: Foreign OEMs chose appeasement in China
- [12:45BST update]: Nissan's Palmer named Aston CEO
- PARIS DEBUTS: Infiniti Q70 2.2d
- Volvo finally takes covers off redesigned XC90
- CHENGDU SHOW: World premieres
- Kia to build new plant for American markets
- New Engines Aiming for 60% Thermal Efficiency Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Rising to the Post-HEV Challenge
- Jaguar Land Rover: Providing remarkable growth throughout the economic downturn
- Global Charging Equipment for EV Market 2014-2018
- OLED Display Forecasts 2014-2024: The Rise of Plastic and Flexible Displays
- Tesla: The Californian start-up that made head way on the automotive giants


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Life can be a challenging journey, filled with triumphs and setbacks. It's easy to become weighed down by our past mistakes and regrets, leading to feelings of guilt and self-doubt.
Learning to embrace self-forgiveness is an essential step toward personal growth and healing. This article offers a compassionate guide to fostering self-forgiveness, empowering you to move forward with resilience and grace.
The Importance of Self-Forgiveness:
Self-forgiveness is vital for our mental and emotional well-being. Holding onto past mistakes and regrets can hinder our growth and prevent us from enjoying the present. By learning to forgive ourselves, we can release the burden of guilt and self-blame, opening up the pathway to healing and self-improvement.
Practical Strategies for Fostering Self-Forgiveness:
- Acknowledge Your Feelings: The first step toward self-forgiveness is recognising and acknowledging your emotions. Give yourself permission to feel sadness, anger, or guilt about past events. By validating these emotions, you can begin to process and release them.
- Accept Responsibility: While it's essential to acknowledge your feelings, it's equally important to take responsibility for your actions. Recognise the role you played in past situations and own up to any mistakes you may have made. This accountability will help pave the way for self-forgiveness.
- Practice Compassion: Treat yourself with the same kindness and understanding you would extend to a loved one. Remember that everyone makes mistakes and that you deserve compassion and forgiveness just as much as anyone else.
- Reflect on Your Growth: Take time to consider how your past experiences have shaped you. By recognising the lessons you've learned and the personal growth you've achieved, you can better understand the value of self-forgiveness.
- Seek Support: Surround yourself with people who offer understanding, empathy, and encouragement. Share your experiences and feelings with trusted friends or a mental health professional to help process your emotions and work toward self-forgiveness .
- Set Realistic Expectations: Understand that self-forgiveness is an ongoing process, and it may take time to fully heal from past experiences. Be patient with yourself and allow for setbacks as you continue on your journey toward self-forgiveness.
Embracing self-forgiveness is a transformative process that allows for healing, growth, and a renewed sense of self-worth.
By incorporating these practical strategies into your daily life, you can develop the resilience and self-compassion needed to overcome past mistakes and create a brighter future.
Remember, you deserve forgiveness, and learning to forgive yourself is a crucial step toward living a more fulfilled and empowered life.
Liao, K. Y., & Weng, C. (2018). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 271-286.
Webb, M., & Jeter, A. (2015).

domain: health


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Substance Abuse Rehab Centers in Prentiss, MS
Jefferson Davis Community Hospital Psych Unit is an alcohol and drug rehab found at 1102 Rose Street in Prentiss, Mississippi.
The program utilizes main treatment approaches of Individual Addiction Treatment Therapy, Group Addiction Treatment, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. The center offers services in these settings: Outpatient Drug Addiction Recovery.
Finally, Jefferson Davis Community Hospital Psych Unit accepts the following types of payment: Cash Payment, Insurance Through Medicare, Private Insurance for Addiction Treatment.
We can help you find the right treatment facility that best fits your overall needs and financial requirements.


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Cast: Paul Wesley, Ian Somerhalder, Kat Graham, Candice King, Zach Roerig
Release Date: 2016-10-21
The TV show The Vampire Diaries season 8 was created based on a story written by Lisa Jane Smith. Writer perfectly commended the work done the filming group. The eighth season was a gift for the fans. With the release of the season there has appeared an opportunity to travel back to the world of favorite characters in the same Mystic Falls, a town that is so adored by the vampire clans once again and the place is imbued with mystical atmosphere. Over time, most of the werewolves were killed because of their loss of superpower. In the sixth season, Damon is killed too. Elena grieves for him, but still knows a way how to talk to him. Also, there is still hope for a love triangle as Elena believes that Damon will come to life, as he’s a vampire. Viewers will see a lot of new and interesting, new mysteries and new stories.
Vampire Diaries season 8 download full tv show episodes
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domain: artistic


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The Detroit Chapter of the National Association of Black Journalists issued this statement on Saturday:
The Detroit Chapter of the National Association of Black Journalists does not necessarily dispute the accuracy of the narrow scope of what was reported in NBC's "Dateline" piece, but is concerned about the balance of its content.
"Any journalist working in this city knows about the many challenges facing Detroit, said chapter President Vickie Thomas, who is the city beat and morning drive reporter for WWJ/CBS Radio. "We report on these issues everyday with fairness and balance. When we falter in that regard, our feet are held to the fire as the producers of "Dateline" should be held accountable for a piece that aired nationwide. We believe it was sensational, stereotypical, hit-and-run TV."
Thomas says the chapter's major concern is the unbalanced nature of the report, which relied heavily on the sensational and bypassed the true extent to which dedicated people, besides politicians, are working hard every day to bring the city and its public schools system back from the brink of devastation.
A DC-NABJ member, Luther Keith, a former award-winning columnist and news executive at The Detroit News, took Chris Hansen and the 'Dateline' crew on a four-hour tour of the city to see the good, the bad and the ugly. If you blinked, you missed Keith. The information included in that segment of the piece focused solely on the ugly. Keith's organization, Arise Detroit, was not even mentioned. That organization pulls people, block clubs, organizations and elected officials together to tackle some of the city's greatest challenges. Keith was the first executive director of Wayne State University's Journalism Institute for Minorities, which is now the Institute for Media Diversity.
Watching the piece, viewers would never know that middle- and upper-class residents live in Detroit. There are many exclusive communities in the city, communities whose residents choose to stay in the Detroit.
They include the Boston-Edison district, the location of Motown Records founder Berry Gordy's former mansion, whose current occupants have been featured in the news.
They include Indian Village and the predominantly black Palmer Woods, exclusive enclaves of mansions built by automotive barons.
Why did Chris Hansen not talk to some of these residents to balance his story? The Dateline piece focused exclusively on all the vacant land, abandoned homes and residents living in decaying neighborhoods.
Moreover, Thomas, the DC-NABJ president, pondered why 'Dateline' chose to include the resident who hunts, eats and sells raccoons without offering any real balance and displaying a lack of sensitivity for the historical use of the word "coon."
"To imply that things are so bad in Detroit that black people are resorting to hunting wild game in the streets, is purely sensational journalism." Thomas said, "Especially, when you consider the fact that 'Dateline' passed over Tech Town, a facility that's bursting at the seams as it empowers residents to start their own businesses in a city with one of the highest unemployment rates in the nation.
Dateline "also overlooked key business and civic organizations such as New Detroit, The Booker T. Washington Business Association, The Detroit Regional Chamber, The Detroit Black Expo, The Detroit Urban League and many others that are working to make the city better."
Not one of Detroit's religious leaders, like Bishop Edgar Vann, Bishop Charles Ellis, Rev. Dr. Charles Adams or Rev. Marvin Winans (whose church also operates a charter school) was included. Not one member of the Detroit City Council was featured in the piece. Thomas poised the question, "Without including any of these people and institutions, can a one-hour special on a city really be fair and balanced?"
The title of the Dateline piece is "America Now: City of Heartbreak and Hope." Thomas said, "We believe the majority of the focus centered on the heartbreak and left the hope on the cutting room floor of the editing booth."
We believe Dateline should return to Detroit to present "the other side of the city," Thomas said.
DC-NABJ will not have a representative at the meeting in New York on Monday but we will send correspondence to NBC stating our concerns about the piece. The chapter will also host a community forum on the issue.
Read the rest of Richard Prince's column here.

domain: news


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Synopsys Twitter Stats
@synopsys - Tracking Synopsys Twitter profile since May 4, 2009
World leader in EDA. Our technology is used to design almost every chip on earth. We’re here. Let’s talk. Also follow @SynopsysJobs
San Jose, CA, USA
@synopsys has posted 3 tweets in the last 30 days, which translates to an average of 0.1 tweets per day.
Synopsys Twitter Followers
@synopsys has 10,555 followers on Twitter.
This account is #586,290 in the worldwide rank of the most popular Twitter users.
Synopsys Following on Twitter
@synopsys is following 2,703 Twitter accounts.
Last month this account stopped following 2 users.
Synopsys Predictions & Milestones
@synopsys will hit 11,043 followers in the next 3 months, and 12,534 in one year.
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We track these Twitter stats since May 4, 2009 . You can see how many followers Synopsys lost or gained and what the prediction is for tomorrow or the next 15 days, together with all kinds of other stats like rank compared to all Twitter users, tweets etc.

domain: statistics


text:
I am posting this thread for all of you just to find out if, by any chance, you or anyone else that you know may have been able to record the former Saturday morning NBC series “Skate” (“SK8”) on a VHS tape when it aired three seasons ago. I am also in the process of looking for someone who recorded all of the show’s commercials, along with the ending credits at the end of every episode. “Skate” was a teen-oriented skateboarding series that was a part of NBC’s “TNBC” lineup during the 2001-2002 television season. The show only lasted one season, with a total of 13 episodes filmed. The main cast included Christopher Jorgens, Adrienne Carter, Jorgito Vargas, Jr., and Blair Wingo.
If you did record this show, especially if you recorded all of the TV commercials during every episode and the ending credits at the end of every episode, or if you happen to know someone else who was able to record this show (in particular anyone else who recorded all of the commercials and the ending credits), please send an e-mail back to me immediately. Be sure to include the total number of "Skate" episodes that you or your acquaintance recorded. My e-mail address is [email]email@example.com[/email]. My ultimate goal is to set up a tape-trade with anyone who recorded this show, especially if the person recorded any of the show's commercials. If you did not record any episodes of this show, please try to give me some additional online websites so I can continue to post this message for other people to see. Thank you.
(Note: If you recorded the Nickelodeon TV show “SK8-TV” in which debuted in 1990, please take note that it is not the show that I am looking for! I am only looking for the NBC show titled “SK8”, which was on the “Peacock” network between October of 2001 and September of 2002. Many people in the past have gotten those two shows confused with each other.)
— Seth K. Morganhower

domain: entertainment


The old cast iron watermain was the city's principal transmission feed to the distribution system. The project was completed successfully using pneumatic pipe bursting technology.
The 300mm diameter cast iron water main was replaced by a nominal 450mm inside diameter water main - a combination of open cut and pipe bursting due to slope stability issues and the proximity of a 200mm asbestos cement main running parallel.
The water main was the City's principal transmission feed to the distribution system.
The pipe bursting section was up a steep (>20%) Trans Canada Highway embankment with shallow cover (0.6m to 1.0m). The 300mm diameter cast iron pipe was upsized to 500mm diameter HDPE pipe to meet nominal inside diameter requirements of the new main.


text:
Well, to put it simply, it’s a recently discovered primal drive that ALL MEN are
powerfully influenced by without even knowing it.
Every man you know agonizes over this primal drive more than anything even his sex drive.
In fact, this drive is so hard-wired into a man’s mind that it subconscious
controls everything he does.
From the time he wakes up to the moment his head hits the pillow at night
It’s the first step-by-step program that allows you to skip all the games,
frustration, and heartache and connect DIRECTLY to a man’s heart in a
way that captures his love and attention forever.
Inside, I reveal the most powerful words, phrases, and signals that I’ve
discovered and show you exactly how to use them, in your own authentic
way, to spark the romance you crave, as soon as tonight.
After learning and practising these signals, you’ll notice an immediate difference in how men react to you.
You’ll have the effortless ability to attract men and create an amazing connection almost instantly.

domain: psychology


text:
Kayaking, walking, boating, biking, — whether you love the sound of a paddle hitting Lake Michigan’s waters, the whir of your bike spokes on a city trail, or the full-throttle roar of a speedboat skimming the lakefront, there’s a whole lot of outdoor adventure waiting for you to Chicago.
Here are some of Chicago’s top outdoor activities.
Chicago’s iconic Lakefront Trail, which stretches 18.5 miles along Lake Michigan, is lined with beautiful parks, boat harbors, and sandy beaches. It also offers easy access to a variety of top cultural institutions, like Lincoln Park Zoo and Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum. Plus, the trail is dotted with a variety of scenic waterfront dining options.
Join a guided tour with Bobby’s Bike Hike and cycle the path, which spans the north and south sides of the city. Or grab a Divvy bike as part of the city’s bikeshare program from one of the many Divvy stations across the city, and explore the lakefront at your own speed.
Get your fitness fix on The 606, an elevated biking, walking, running, rollerblading, and skateboarding-friendly path on Chicago’s west side.
The unique path transformed an abandoned railway line into one of the city’s most popular and beautiful outdoor attractions. The paved trail, which rises around 18 feet above street level, is lined with lush greenery, public art, observation areas, and intimate parks.
The trail extends 2.7-miles through four of Chicago’s hippest neighborhoods: Wicker Park, Bucktown, Logan Square, and Humboldt Park. The path is popular with walkers, running, bikers, and families. You can rent your own set of wheels from a nearby Divvy bikeshare station or explore the trail by foot.
The award-winning Chicago Riverwalk is a gorgeous place to enjoy the outdoors in the heart of downtown.
Head to Urban Kayaks to rent a kayak and glide along downtown’s skyscraper river canyon. You can also take one of their guided tours to learn more about the riverfront architecture. Or hop on one of the many boat tours that depart from the Riverwalk.
The Riverwalk’s 1.25-mile pedestrian stretch consists of a series of coves, where you’ll find bars and restaurants, the McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum, public art (including Art on theMART, the world’s largest video-projection art installation), walking, biking, fishing, and bird watching.
Want to hit the waves? Head to North Avenue Beach or Montrose Avenue Beach to rent a kayak at Kayak Chicago. Guides lead you on any number of tours, from city skyline viewings and sunset paddles to Navy Pier fireworks viewings. Or head to Jet Ski Chicago at North Avenue Beach, where you can rent a powerful WaveRunner.
You can also try your hand at stand-up paddleboarding. Chicago Water Sport Rentals at picturesque 31st Street Harbor will have you out on the water in no time, no matter your experience level. You can even sign up for one-hour paddleboard yoga classes that begin with stretching on land before heading out onto the blue waters of Lake Michigan. Chicago Water Sport Rentals also offers jet skis and kayaks.
Grant Park is a natural oasis in the heart of downtown Chicago. Lush gardens bloom with color, creating a beautiful backdrop for the park’s main attraction, Buckingham Fountain, one of the largest fountains in the world. There’s a 20-minute show every hour throughout the day, when the fountain’s center jet shooting 150 feet into the air. Come dusk from spring through fall, the fountain’s water display is choreographed to lights and music.
One easy way to cover a lot of ground in the park is with a tour from Absolutely Chicago Segway Tours. If ollies and flips are more your style, let loose at the Grant Park Skate Park. This lakefront course features concrete ramps, grinding rails, quarter pipes, two stair sets, and a gap jump. There are also wheel-friendly courses for BMX bikes, rollerblades, and scooters.
High-speed cruises and boat tours
Adrenaline junkies will love Seadog Cruises’ 30-minute Lakefront Speedboat Tour, which departs from Navy Pier, cranking up the music and racing to Museum Campus and The Magnificent Mile. For a higher-octane version, complete with sharp twists and turns and 360-degree spins, take Seadog’s 30-minute Extreme Thrill Ride (be ready to get wet).
For a slower pace, try a leisurely architecture tour from Mercury Sightseeing Cruises, Shoreline Sightseeing, or Wendella Tours & Cruises. You can get a picture-perfect view of the city skyline on the lake, or cruise through a skyscraper canyon on the Chicago River.
Ping Tom Memorial Park
If you love venturing off the beaten path, pay a visit to Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown. This 17-acre oasis, complete with pagoda-style pavilion, Chinese landscape design, and impressive river views, is located in the heart of one of the oldest Chinese communities in the country. Make your way to REI Boat House, which offers kayak rentals and classes, as well as a public dock for non-motorized boats. You can also take a Chicago Water Taxi all the way from downtown to Ping Tom Memorial Park.
Maggie Daley Park
Imagine rock climbing with Lake Michigan and the city skyline as your backdrop. That’s exactly what you’ll find at Maggie Daley Park, part of Millennium Park and Grant Park Campus.
Play a round of miniature golf, enjoy a picnic in the grass, then head over to Maggie Daley Park’s whimsical Skating Ribbon. In the summer, you can travel the winding path with rollerblades or a scooter. In the winter, the ribbon is transformed into a magical ice skating loop.
Maggie Daley Park also feature a soaring Climbing Wall that reach up to 40 feet. The outdoor climbing park is divided into beginner and advanced spaces, with three types of climbing offered: bouldering, lead-harnessed, and top rope.


text:
Male’, Maldives – Chief Inspector of Police, Rifaan Ahmed and Inspector of Police, Ahmed Sofwath Rauf informed on Friday that about 300 Police officers have been trained to investigate cases involving children.
Speaking during a local program “RaajjeMiadhu” on Friday night to learn more about the work of Family and Child Protection wing in Investigating cases involving children, Chief Inspector and Inspector of Police stated that they pay special attention to cases that involve children and that they have specially educated juvenile officers created to investigate the cases involving children in the Maldives.
Noting that the association has held sensitization programs in different areas of the country, the authorities informed that about 300 Police officers, including front line officers and investigation officers, have been trained to investigate cases involving children.
In addition to this, they revealed that the Police term has further broadened with the new laws that were established regarding the safety of children.
Both officers noted that the association is working on further educating the Police officers on the new laws.
Elaborating into this, they revealed that the association held refresher programs, educated Police with the help of foreign associations and also held discussions with related associations and committees. Along with this, they informed that they are also working on further strengthening the Child Data Base and that the work of Project Guardian has also begun.
Chief Inspector and Inspector of Police noted that as soon as a case involving a child is reported, the association acts on ensuring the safety of that child along with providing counciling for the child if necessary.
The officers advised all parents to maintain a close relationship with the children and stated that parents must closely monitor the actions of their children.


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Baoji Sino-Swiss Titanium Co,. Ltd.is located in Baoji City,which is known as the “Titanium valley of china”,and the new material and high-teach industry base.Our company specializes in the melting,processing and sales of titanium and other rare metals.Our products are sold both in domestic and overseas markets.We have 80 employees in total,including 3 doctors
,6 post graduates,20 technical personnel with university degrees and 40 professional technicians.We have been engaged in the research and production of rare metals since 2000,and we expertise in parts processing,rolling ,stamping and surface treatment of titanium and other rare metals products.
The leading products of our company include titanium screws,titanium standard parts,titanium targets,titanium flamge,titanium precission parts as well as other titanium parts and stainless steel parts,we can also produce required products according to the GB,American standard,BSW and UUC.We can also supply titanium bars,wire,plate,elbow,titanium package copper rod,titanium copper composite plate,titanium equipment,etc..Our products are widely used in petroleum chemical,electrolytic plating,aerospace,machinery ships,marine engineering,sports equipment,titanium crafts,electricity,pharmaceutical and many other fields.
We have CNC lathes sawing machine,planning machine,punching machine,boring machine,milling machine,CNC machining center and other equipment.After years of accumulation and development,we focus on the quality of our products,and the synchronic update of equipment of technology.
In terms of technology,we strictly implement the national standards,international standards and industry standards,while focusing on the training and bring-in of technology and talents.We have been adding new machines all the time to meet various needs of domestic and overseas customers.Now we’ve got the complete machining processes which can meet the machine requirements of different users.The material we use to produce titanium standard parts and titianium parts are:Grade 5,Grade 7,Grade 9,Grade 12 and Grade 23.We can produce various grades of titanium/rare metal plae according to given drawings or samples,which will meet the GB,HG,JB,ASTM,ASME,JIS,etc.
Our company now is trying to bring in the ISO9001:2000 quality control system.(according to the ISO standards,)we have established the entire operating procedure system,which covers every step from raw material procurement,production processes,testing,products delivery to the after-sales service.Strictly producing according to the system,we can not only ensure the quality of products but also win the recognition of customers.
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We firmly stick to the philosophy of “honest and trustworthy,self-improvement,quality ensuring and striving for excellece”,We aim to satisfy our customers with high quality products and get mutual development.
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The U.S. State Department has recently approved a potential sale of AIM-120C-7 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAMs) to Indonesia, according to a news release by the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA).
DSCA is the lead agency within the U.S. Department of Defense responsible for arms sales, training and maintaining military-to-military contacts with allied nations. The sale, which also includes equipment, training, and logistics support, still needs to be approved by the U.S. Congress this month in order for it to proceed.
In detail, the sale includes 36 AIM-120C-7 AMRAAMs and one missile guidance section. “Also included in this possible sale are; control section support equipment, spare parts, services, logistics, technical contractor engineering and technical support, loading adaptors, technical publications, familiarization training, test equipment, and other related elements,” DSCA explains.
The total estimated value of the sale is around $95 million. In May 2015, the State Department approved the sale of AIM-9X-2 Sidewinder missiles to Indonesia for an estimated price of $47 million. In December 2015, the Indonesian parliament signed off on a $38 million budget for the initial purchase of a number of air-launched missiles for the Indonesian Air Force (Tentara Nasional Indonesia – Angkatan Udara, or TNI-AU).
DSCA notes that the prime contractor for the AIM-120C-7 will be selected by competition. The beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile is produced by the U.S. defense contractor Raytheon. “There are no known offset agreements proposed in connection with this potential sale,” according to the news release. “The proposed sale improves Indonesia’s capability to deter regional threats and strengthen its homeland defense. Indonesia is able to absorb this additional equipment and support into its armed forces,” it adds.
Indonesia is in the middle of a major push to modernize its air force. The aircraft of the TNI-AU have experienced severe maintenance problems and the military branch in general has had consistent problems with aviation safety. Next to new missiles, the TNI-AU is also slated to purchase 10 Russian Sukhoi Su-35S multirole fighter jets. The final agreement between Indonesia and Russia is expected to be signed this April.
The first two S-35S aircraft will not be delivered before 2018, according to a source interviewed by the Russian Izvestia newspaper. “Today, a full transition of the enterprise to the production of modern Su-35 is on the agenda. However, this will not affect the queue. The plant is due to produce 50 aircraft for Russia’s Aerospace Forces within five years, and 24 for China. Indonesians could expect to receive two jets in 2018 in a best-case scenario,” the source said.
At the moment, TNI-AU operates 12 F-16A/Bs aircraft, six (some sources say 12) F-5E/F fighter jets, five Russian-made Su-27s and 11 Su-30s, along with 15 Hawk 209 sub-sonic trainer aircraft. By Franz-Stefan Gady


M2 red dot sight replica [Aim-O]
The replica of the M2 collimator sight has a smooth adjustment of the aiming point position (by means of two knobs). In addition, the shooter has the ability to adjust the brightness of the aiming mark in a range of five degrees.
The flip-up type covers allow to protect the glasses during transport and allow to use a special technique of aiming with the flap closed, which makes it much easier to use the collimator in bright rooms or in strong daylight while maintaining clarity and sharpness of the image.
It comes with a low mount allowing to mount the collimator on any replica equipped with a 22mm RIS rail.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)


Android tablet that also manages to run Ubuntu 12.04 at the same time. The specs are rather impressive and it's powered by Samsung's quad-core Exynos processor so read on for more details on this unique slate.
Tegra 4 processor earlier in the week and now we have some big processor news coming from Samsung. Simply put, they have officially announced the Exynos 5 Octa chip. Samsung has said that this chip is the world’s first mobile application processor to implement the ARM big.LITTLE processing technology from the Cortex A15 processor.
Samsung is pushing a bug fix update out to their Galaxy S III in the UK. Back in December a potentially huge issue was discovered in many of Samsung's smartphones and popular devices like the Galaxy S III, Note II, and many others. The issue was found inside the Exynos 4 processor kernel basically giving developers, hackers, and potentially malware jerks full access to the device with ease.
few exploits found in the kernel for Samsung's Exynos processors that power many popular smartphones. The Android Community and developers at XDA found a few holes and exploits in Samsung's kernel that were both good, and bad. The important thing here being that this was a huge security concern for all users. Today Samsung's replied to ease our minds.
XDA Developers that have been digging around in some of Samsung's Exynos kernels. It looks like a pretty big exploit has been found in the kernel for many of Samsung's Exynos powered devices. There's both good and bad news with this exploit so head down below for more details on this new found glory.
Nexus 10 tablet is the only production mobile processor currently based on the Cortex-A15. The chip is extremely fast, powerful, and efficient, and now we're hearing their upcoming quad-core powerhouse will be the same. Samsung's own Kernel Git page has confirmed their upcoming Exynos 5440 quad-core, although we had our suspicions already. A processor we're all hoping will be powering their upcoming Galaxy S4 smartphone.
ODROID-U and ODROID-U2 developer boards. As you can see below, the boards can fit in the palm of your hand, and they start at just $69, which isn't bad at all.
Samsung Galaxy Note II has officially arrived ladies and gentlemen, and after the surprise success of the first Galaxy Note, we're expecting Samsung to knock it out of the park with this latest iteration. Chris Davies has written up his full review of the device over at SlashGear, leaving no stone unturned in the process. You'll have to head over there to check out the entire rundown of pros and cons, but we'll also be covering some of the biggest talking points here. Let's jump into it, shall we?
rumors of a Galaxy Tab with "Retina" level resolution for the display was talked about, and never heard of again. Recently multiple reports have come out confirming the tablet again, and it might of even hit the FCC.
Galaxy S III. Samsung's being very vocal about this new chipset, so lets take a look.