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Inside Zhangjiajie and Fenghuang in 6 Daysoffered by supplier M21538 (read about supplier)
Tour Duration: 6 day(s)
Group Size: 4 people
Specialty Categories: National Parks Ecotourism
Season: January - December
Airfare Included: No
Tour Customizable: Yes
Minimum Per Person Price: 665 US Dollar (USD)
Maximum Per Person Price: 665 US Dollar (USD)
Day 1: Zhangjiajie Dinner is included. Late in the afternoon, you will be directly transferred to the airport to catch a flight to Zhangjiajie where the Wulingyuan Park awaits. Upon arrival at the airport, you will be greeted by a local guide who will take you to your hotel in the city of Zhangjiajie.
Day 2: Zhangjiajie Breakfast, Lunch are included. Included the cable car Today, discover the Wulingyuan Park, renowned throughout the world for having inspired the famous Avatar. Start the discovery of the site in beauty with the Tianmen Mountain and its mysterious cave. The rise in cable car will be welcome, especially as this cable car will make you browse 7455 meters away! You will thus have all the time you need to admire the impressive karst peaks of Wulingyuan. The sensation of floating above the clouds will be unique! In the evening, you will be driven to the village of Wulingyuan in under an hour and spend the night on-site.
Day 3: Zhangjiajie Breakfast, Lunch are included. You will take a Eco-car to reach the foot of the mountain of Tianzishan, known for its four natural well poetic names shows: clouds of fog around the summits of the mountain views amazing of the rising sun, night of full moon and snow-capped peaks. The cable car will take you to the top, where you will discover this wonderful land where Karst peaks, forests and waterfalls intermingle majestically. You will pass by the famous site of Yuanjiajie by an impressive suspension bridge and then take a sightseeing train to continue this unforgettable ride.
Day 4: Zhangjiajie-Xiangxi Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner are included. In the morning, you will pass the Huangshizhai village where minorities in the region have pretty kept their traditions. A bit of hiking will take you to the famous Jinbian Stream and its wonderful gorge like a flying eagle. In the afternoon, you will visit Huanglong cave, one of the largest in the world. Before arriving at the Palace of the Dragon, you need to take a small boat sailing on an underground river. After an early dinner, you will be transferred to the train station to take a train to Jishou, less than 2 hours from there. Upon your arrival, your guide will take you directly to the splendid village of Fenghuang where you spend the night.
Day 5: Xiangxi Breakfast, Lunch are included. Take the day to appreciate the charms of the Phoenix Ancient Town. With or without a guide, feel free to wander these traditional streets, which combine the ancient dwellings of the Ming and Qing dynasties with houses on the stilts from the cultures of two ethnic groups: the Tujia and the Miao Minorities. Architecture in wood, grey stone, stream spin peacefully, all topped mountains and mists are the lot of this ancient Fenghuang classified under UNESCO.
Day 6: Xiangxi Breakfast, Lunch are included. After breakfast at the hotel, you will have a free morning to wander in the ancient town of Fenghuang. Take your lunch in this small town, and then will be transferred to the Changsha airport for the flight to next destination.
10% discount for InfoHub customer. Request a free gift certificate.
Airfare is not included in the tour price.
- The entrance fees as stated in the itinerary.
- Professional and private English-speaking guide for airport transfer (train station transfer) and sightseeing.
- Private and well-conditioned vehicle with a professional driver for airport transfer (train station transfer) and sightseeing.
- Meals as stated in the itinerary.
- Accommodations usually with breakfasts as state in the itinerary.
- Service Charge and government taxes.
- Travel Agency Liability Insurance.
- Chinese visa application fee
- International flights fee
- Overload luggage fee
- Tips for guides and drivers
- Personal expenses. (such as room service, laundry, telephone bill...).
Click here to email this vacation offer to a friend.
Joined InfoHub: Feb 2015
M21538 is operated and wholly owned by China Merchants Travel International Inc.(L-ZJ-CJ00037) which has been accredited as one of the top leading tour operators in China by China National Tourism Administration (CNTA). As a stated-owned travel agency, China Merchants Travel International has been in the tourism...

domain: geography


Flight necessitates that the feather rachis is extremely tough and light. Yet, the crucial filamentous hierarchy of the rachis is unknown-study hindered by the tight chemical bonding between the filaments and matrix. We used novel microbial biodegradation to delineate the fibres of the rachidial cortex in situ. It revealed the thickest keratin filaments known to date (factor >10), approximately 6 microm thick, extending predominantly axially but with a small outer circumferential component. Near-periodic thickened nodes of the fibres are staggered with those in adjacent fibres in two- and three-dimensional planes, creating a fibre-matrix texture with high attributes for crack stopping and resistance to transverse cutting. Close association of the fibre layer with the underlying 'spongy' medulloid pith indicates the potential for higher buckling loads and greater elastic recoil. Strikingly, the fibres are similar in dimensions and form to the free filaments of the feather vane and plumulaceous and embryonic down, the syncitial barbules, but, identified for the first time in 140+ years of study in a new location-as a major structural component of the rachis. Early in feather evolution, syncitial barbules were consolidated in a robust central rachis, definitively characterizing the avian lineage of keratin.
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text:
In 2020, the incidence of suicide among those aged 10 to 19 jumped 37.5% from the year before, as Singapore recorded its highest number of deaths by suicide since 2012. A study published in the ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry also revealed that between 2013 and 2018, the number of youths aged 10-24 diagnosed with depression increased four fold – a more rapid increase than other age groups.
Is Generation Z really less resilient than baby boomers, Gen Xers or millennials? How does growing up with social media affect their self-worth and self-image? What makes the teenage brain more susceptible to irrational thoughts and decisions?
CNA Insider reaches out to youths grappling with mental health who share candidly about their struggles with anxiety, depression, self-harm and trauma.
This two-part documentary special explores why mental health problems commonly occur in young people, and why the journey of finding help and healing may not be easy.
(Video produced in partnership with Temasek Foundation, supported by the Institute of Mental Health.)
What’s in this episode:
00:00 Singapore’s growing youth mental health problem
02:22 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
04:05 Is social media to blame for some youths’ low self-worth?
06:53 Parents’ expectations can cause overwhelming stress
10:13 Why the teenage brain makes one susceptible to mental health conditions
11:23 Effects of being bullied in school
12:44 Conflict with sexuality and identity: Minority stress
14:09 Conforming to society’s beauty standard and struggling with an eating disorder
16:24 Sexual harassment and the resulting trauma
18:38 Impact of family violence and abuse
19:36 Youths getting help and tearing down mental health stigma
23:10 Up next: The complicated journey to getting help
WATCH Part 2: Are Young People Getting The Help They Need? A
If you need help:
– Samaritans of Singapore Hotline: 1-767
– Institute of Mental Health Helpline: 6389 2222
– Singapore Association of Mental Health Helpline: 1800 283 7019
– Club HEAL: 6899 3463
– TOUCH Community Services: 6377 0122
To find out more about IMH’s Community Health Assessment Team (CHAT), visit: /
Resource directory on mental health services in Singapore:
Mental health mobile apps:
– CARA Unmask
– Safe Space
Mental health support website: /
You can also find a list of international helplines here: s
If someone you know is at immediate risk, call 24-hour emergency medical services.
For more, SUBSCRIBE to CNA INSIDER!
Follow CNA INSIDER on:

domain: psychology


text:
Wike Dissolves Cabinet, Sacks CoS, SSA Protocol
Governor Nyesom Wike of Rivers State has dissolved the state executive council.
He also sacked his Chief of staff, Emeka Woke and his Senior Special Assistant on Protocol, Harold Koko.
NewsBeatng reports that the dissolution and dismissal was revealed in a special government announcement signed by Governor Wike’s Special Assistant on Media, Kekvin Ebiri, in Port Harcourt on Tuesday morning.
The statement said,” Rivers State Governor, Nyesom Ezenwo Wike, has dissolved the State Executive Council with effect from Tuesday, May 24, 2022.
“The Chief of Staff to the governor and Senior Special Assistant (Protocol), have also been relieved of their office.

domain: law


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ESSENCE’s 2012 Black Women in Music event is set to honor Grammy-nominated artist Kelly Rowland and music industry veteran Sylvia Rhone tonight in Los Angeles.
“Lincoln is pleased to be the exclusive automotive sponsor of the ESSENCE Black Women in Music event for the third year,” says Shawn Lollie, Lincoln manager of Multicultural Marketing. “We are thrilled to continue our relationship with the magazine in honoring these talented women, and participate in events like these that speak to the Lincoln customer.”
During the course of her career, Kelly Rowland has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide — both as a solo artist and one-third of the legendary group Destiny’s Child. She’s currently nominated for a 2012 Grammy for her platinum selling single “Motivation,” featuring Lil Wayne.
Sylvia Rhone’s career spans three decades, and she is touted as one of the music industry’s most influential female executives. Most recently she served as the president of Universal Motown Records, where she oversaw the careers of Kelly Rowland, Nicki Minaj, Erykah Badu and MC Lyte.
“Kelly and Sylvia are two very influential women in the music industry and having Lincoln sponsor an event honoring them is a great fit as we expose the luxury brand to influential buyers,” says Lollie. “This is a great way for modern consumers, like African-American women, to engage with our vehicles in a fun, fresh and glamorous way.”
The 2012 Lincoln MKX premium two-row utility is the official vehicle for Black Women in Music and will chauffeur celebrities onto the red carpet. The exclusive event honoring women tonight in Los Angeles will feature an exclusive performance by Kelly Rowland, Grammy Award-winning rapper Eve and MC Lyte.
Stay tuned for photos, first impressions and more live from the red carpet in Los Angeles.
The 54th Annual Grammy Awards will air Feb. 12 on CBS.

domain: artistic


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Kendall Jenner is one of the greatest fashion icons of our time. It’s absolutely amazing how she can keep up with her sisters at such a young age. There’s a reason we all want to know what she wears each day. There’s a reason she has almost 90 million Instagram followers. She is a social media model (who practically invented the term) and one of Victoria's Secret’s angels. She has taken part in fashion weeks in places like Paris, New York, and Milan. She is even a brand ambassador for top designers like Estée Lauder. In 2017, she became the world’s highest-paid model, according to Forbes.
Kendall got her start at the age of 14 modelling for Wilhelmina in 2009. In just a few short years, she became a legend. The reason for this was in part because of her family’s show Keeping Up with the Kardashians. Now, she has broken away from her family and stands on her own two feet. When it comes to her fans, her most defining feature is her clothing. She is known to love oversized shirts, slip dresses, leather, and high-waisted jeans. But did you know that most of the time, there is a way to get her looks? While not every outfit is affordable for a middle-class citizen, there are dozens of outfits that Kendall Jenner wears that you can copy. Whether it’s for New Year’s Eve or a casual date night, Kendall Jenner has got you covered. Here are her twenty best looks that you can adopt without breaking the bank.
20 Channeling The Chic Leather Goddess
This jacked up full-on leather look that Kendall Jenner gave us at the Mango Tribal Spirit party in Barcelona, Spain on January 28, 2016 was to die for. Kendall was chosen to be the model and icon of Mango’s new line. As you can see, she sure did pull it off! Both her skirt and top were from Mango’s Tribal Spirit collection. The skirt was a $50 steal at Mango, and the shirt was $50 as well. As expected, both pieces sold like hotcakes! Both are currently out of stock, but you can buy similar skirts at Gap and 6pm. As for the top, Nordstrom has a nearly identical crop called Gracia for just $30.
This is one of Kendall’s cheapest outfits that you can buy the exact same pieces of clothing she wears. For under $100, this look is yours.
19 Kendall Does Forever 21
Can you believe that Kendall Jenner would wear something from Forever 21? It is one of our very favorite stores due to the selection, price, and high-end style that you can get for so little. This pair of oversized overalls that you could curl up on the couch with is just $30. That’s right, for just $30 you have all you need to make a Kendall Jenner outfit. The rest of the outfit is probably sitting in your closet right now!
The best news of all? It seems every pair of overalls that Kendall has been seen in can be found at Forever 21. Or at least a very similar pair at 2% of the cost. Her denim overall shorts are just $30 at Forever 21. And her distressed overall jeans are just $35. If you’re looking for Kendall look-alike steals, then Forever 21 is your store. Just don’t forget to grab a basic relaxed t-shirt while you’re at it.
18 Game Day
Kendall was spotted in this casual wear at the LA Lakers game where they took on the Memphis Grizzlies in Los Angeles in January of 2017. Oddly enough, nearly identical boots can be bought at Forever 21 for under $30 under Zipped Clear Stiletto Boots. Hers are unavailable online and would cost thousands if you could find them anyway. The Dior Addict shirt can be bought at Etsy or Wehustle for under $15, which is practically the same price as a thrift store, only it’s brand new. You better snag that one fast because they won’t be available for much longer.
If you get some distressed cuff jeans for $30 as well, that makes this outfit under $100 yet again! Need a place for distressed cuff jeans? Believe it or not, Kohl’s has some very high-quality Indigo Rein jeans that are less than $25 when on sale. This is another outfit to catch fast.
17 Kendall’s Foxy Night In
She may have been spotted at 2016’s New Year’s Eve party in this gear, but to us, it looks more like she’s ready for a cozy night in – or a sultry night in bed watching Netflix with her man. A very affordable version of her dress is available at MissGuided for just $17. Their website actually has a “Kendall Jenner” section so you might want to check the whole thing out if you’re into these styles! As for the robe, although places like Walmart and Target have leopard print satin robes for under $20, if you’d like to step it up, there’s an affordable way to do that. Ettuet’s iCollection has a gorgeous satin animal print robe that will get you there for $40.
However, if you decide to go with Target, we won’t judge. It’s not the price that matters when it comes to style. Whatever works for you. Just don’t forget the heels!
16 Rockin’ The Mom Jeans
Kendall probably only wore these jeans (multiple times) to prove that she can pull off anything. Some nice mom jeans and a crop top is one of Kendall Jenner’s favorite looks. It’s proof that you don’t have to wear haute couture fashion to look extra fine. One of her favorite pair of affordable jeans are high-waisted slim Levi’s. Though she has been seen with various Levi’s on, the slim fit seem to be a fave. These range anywhere from $50-$90 and are made to fit your body type and style. Some of her favorites are the 501s, but it seems the ones in this outfit could be 710 or 711.
Now her top can be found at different places depending on your budget. Ideally, the one at Lulu’s in their OBEY WILD CHILD line is what you’ll want at $32. But if you are on a tight budget, we have a secret for you. Zumiez claims to have the exact top for less than $7.
15 Polka Dot Queen
Who would have thought that a mini dress and tennis shoes would be so perfect for each other? The sneakers put the comfort in fabulous. Kendall showed us that they are fabulous, with a pair of $350 Adidas shoes. They are exquisite with the dress, and if you can afford the sneaks, go for them. But most people can’t. Nordstrom has lower budget versions for under $50 in case you’re wondering. But the dress is what’s the real eye catcher here. The exact dress she is wearing is called the ANOUK MINI DRESS from Bec and Bridge. This particular dress is only $230, making it affordable for parties.
However, if you’d like a cheaper one, Dress Lily is selling a carbon copy for just $16. They call it the Polka Dot Mini Spaghetti Strap Dress. It's one that you can sneak in your weekly allowance without anyone noticing.
14 When You Just Want To Chill
Kendall Jenner loves her graphic tees. This one is paired with those Levi’s we talked about earlier. Everyone needs a pair of good Levi’s. But her shirt is a Heron Preston $280 tee. For a tee, that is way out of our budget. If you want a long sleeve graphic tee like hers, Pac Sun (which she endorses) has some great picks, all for under $40. Not your style? Zumiez rocks graphic tees for $30 and there are tons to choose from. The outfit can be rather tomboyish, and if you’re into that, this is perfect for you. Kendall took away that tomboy look by adding one simple accessory.
There are thousands of red leather purses out there, but if you want to make it as fabulous as Kendall, it has to be shiny. These are nearly impossible to find at a decent price, but Steve Madden and Ericdress both have amazing buys that make you look like you spent thousands on your style.
13 Making Hoodies Hot
Kendall Jenner was spotted in this cool outfit at the Malibu Chili Cook-Off with her boyfriend in September of 2017. She tried to hide her face most of the time, but paparazzi snuck in a few shots to show us what she was wearing. White sports shoes like hers can be found at Reebok or Adidas and come in a variety of prices. But her distressed denim shorts can be purchased for $30 at Urban Outfitters and are known as the Urban Renewal Recycled shorts. Trust us, they are the same shorts and you need them! All that aside, the focal point for her outfit is that hoodie. This is known as a boyfriend hoodie (which makes you feel like he lent you a hoodie that you don’t have to give back) and Desert Dreams has a killer one at SilkFred. And yeah, it’s under $50! You can never have too many hoodies.
12 Off The Shoulder And Studded
You won’t believe us when we say that this off-the-shoulder top can be found at H&M (one of Kendall’s favorites) for just $15! It’s likely that this is the exact same top rather than just a knock-off. After all, she does claim to like H&M. She has been seen wearing it many times but perhaps this time she wore it best. A high-waisted version of the skirt can be found at Poshmark for $30. But Lyst also has many black studded skirts to choose from.
Lyst is a great way to find a look you like. The site will connect you to many different stores and redirect you whenever you find the piece you want to take home. You search for keywords, and Lyst will send you to the place to buy the item you choose. So if you’re looking for studded black skirts, then check out Lyst.
11 Casual Meets Business
Pairing a blazer with jeans is always a good look when you want to be taken seriously, yet not uptight. Kendall Jenner does it better than anyone. But how can you do it? Azbro has an amazing $25 Casual One Button Slim Fit Blazer! But if you prefer a more mature look, Boohoo has a $30 Blythe Ruched Sleeve Blazer that is about as spiffy as you are going to get. Underneath it, you’re going to want to wear a black mesh top. INC International Concepts has a $30 one at Macy’s that will do the job just fine.
The jeans she wears are probably Levi’s 501 jeans, or at least something very similar to them. If you want Kendall’s wardrobe, you need some 501 jeans; that’s a simple fact. She loves them! Those and Re/Done jeans (which are expensive) are all she seems to wear. But not everyone can afford the Re/Done jeans.
10 That’s How You Wear A Casual Dress
This outfit is pretty boss. The exact shoes she is wearing are Adidas Originals Superstar 80s Metal Toe, which are $130. This is not horrible for Adidas, especially since they are silver-toed! If you can afford them, then buy them as they will be worth the money invested. But what really matters here is that dress. Revolve has the NBD Don’t Turn Back Dress for just over $100. Now $230 for this outfit might seem outlandish to some, but it really isn’t that bad, considering so many of Kendall's outfits cost thousands of dollars. However, if you need this look but don’t have $100 to spend on the dress, Lulu’s has an awesome option for $30 called the Tupelo Honey Olive Green Dress.
If you want to pull it all together with some shades, you won’t be able to get Kendall’s Retrosuperfuture pair (as they cost thousands of dollars and are out of stock), but Forever 21 has some amazing $10 knock-offs that would fool anyone!
9 Rocking Yellow
These pants are actually a $300 Kylie and Kendall original. For those who didn’t know, the sisters have their own clothing line and site. Surprisingly, their stuff isn’t all that bad when it comes to price. But if you still think it’s too much, both Nordstrom and Revolve have paper bag pants for under $100. If you want the cheapest and most doppelgänger of the paper bag pants, you’ll want to check Nasty Gal. They have a pair of high-waisted paper bag pants in the same mustard color for just $24. If you want to add the corset underneath, ASOS and Express both have black corset tops for under $40.
Yes, for less than $75, you’ll have people asking, “Is that the outfit I saw Kendall Jenner in not too long ago? How did you afford something so posh?” Now if that doesn’t make you smile, then we don’t know what will.
8 Slip Dresses Done Right
This look is hard to beat. The incredibly thigh-high cacky boots can be found at none other than Overstock for $40, under CAPE ROBBIN DD18. Who would have thought something so perfect could be found at Overstock? To be fair, they aren’t identical. Kendall’s version are sold out and far too expensive for our liking, so this alternative is a godsend. She amped up her neutral slip dress by wearing a white t-shirt underneath. Though Boohoo has a blush slip dress that is less than $15, the best place to find an affordable slip dress is Revolve. Their X Revolve Raven Slip Dress is only $63. Everything else in this outfit is doable, so that is hardly a splurge!
You get the boots and slip dress, and you likely already have the tee in your closet. That makes this outfit anywhere from $50 to $100, depending on what you can afford.
7 Ready For A Concert
The exact Led Zeppelin shirt that Kendall is wearing is no longer available anywhere but eBay. It’s called Houses of the Holy and was only available for a limited time. However, both Hot Topic and Teepublic have some amazing choices as far as Zeppelin tees go. The vintage tee paired with black cutoff shorts is a coupling unlike any other. It can be worn anywhere, but works best when going to a concert or just a night out on the town. Blackheart’s line at Hot Topic always has your favorite black cutoffs! The $83 A Gold E Jaden High Rise Cut Off Shorts at Revolve are also an option. Those are the exact same ones that Kendall wore, but aren’t $20 like Blackheart’s. The Givenchy boots that Kendall wore are way out of our price range, though. Romwe has adorable replacements, as does H&M and Forever 21. Just look for black ankle boots!
6 An Original Outfit
This one is actually a Kendall and Kylie original called the OVERSIZED GROMMET TEE. It is available in black or white and can be found for only $70 on their site. There’s really hardly a need for a replacement at that price. It is totally worth it since there are so many ways you can wear it and it is easy to care for.
The sneakers, on the other hand, aren’t as cheap. They are the girls’ Reign Sneakers that are $145. But with a tee like this, you can wear it with boots, regular sneakers, or even heels. There are no shoes that would not go with it. If you’re looking for more variety, this tee would go great with leggings of your choosing or denim shorts. You can even try it with a colorful cami underneath that would show through the grommets! In that case, boots would probably be the best bet.
5 Takin’ A Picture Of You
This Kendall look may be the easiest one of all to pull off. It looks good on women of all shapes and sizes and is incredibly affordable. It’s perfect for grocery day, a hangout at home day, or a go out with friends day! Her tee is a $30 Coke Magic 4th Chamber Tee that can be purchased at Coke Magic’s site. Yep, it’s the exact same number as the one she sported. Her jeans are $50 501 white men’s jeans that can be purchased at the Levi’s site. It is an interesting change up on your style to wear men’s jeans. It really does work.
The boots are the most expensive piece of the ensemble, but at select stores you can find them for under $100. Steve Madden has an amazing pair of white leather ankle boots that would more than suffice. In fact, Steve Madden has a lot of Kendall Jenner-inspired clothes that you need ASAP.
4 Distressed, Fringed, And Leather
A Fringe Faux Leather Jacket can be found at Forever 21 that is eerily similar to Kendall’s here. If we didn’t know better, we’d say she bought the jacket at Forever 21. It’s less than $30 and about as perfect as leather jackets get. The tee can be purchased at Make Me Chic for under $12, or you can do it yourself with nothing but a cheese grater and a pair of scissors on a $3 men’s tee. That’s a DIY that we should all try our hand at. While Kendall’s leather pants are in the thousands, you can buy leather leggings at H&M for $8. Or if you prefer full-on leather pants, Nordstrom has some under Good American that are less than $180 most of the time. But we suggest trying the $20 outfit version first. What’s there to lose? It's only twenty bucks!
3 The World’s Most Adorable Dress
Now this look is one that we can’t stop drooling over. Have you ever seen such an adorable little outfit? For the shoes, you can use the same Steve Madden shoes from the Coke Magic outfit earlier. White leather will do. But to get the dress, if you want the exact one, you’ll have to forfeit $380 at Opening Ceremony for their Daisy Broderie Lace-Up Corset Dress. If you can afford that, good for you. But if not, Guess has a lace-up dress at Macy’s that won’t hurt your wallet. But we prefer the Vavavoom Kani White Corset Bodycon Dress that is under $20. Though if you can afford it, Dolls Kill’s Brocade Corset Dress at $58 is well worth it.
Last Call has an Evelyn K Faux-Fur Chain-Strap Clutch Bag for just $20 that beats out the $2000 sheepskin one that Kendall uses. It adds a bit of fur and a bit of posh to this cute look.
2 Western Gal Goes To Beverly Hills
Now is the time to pull out those Levi’s once more for Kendall Jenner’s country look. The girl wore the line-dancer’s dream outfit at the opening ceremony of What Goes Around Comes Around in Beverly Hills. While you can buy similar shirts at Coach, the experts at Shepler’s and Cavender’s have a wider variety that won’t break the bank. In this case, the experts actually have it available for cheaper. Our favorites include Cowgirl Legend Women's White with Turquoise Embroidery Western Snap Shirt for $45 at Cavender’s or the denim Shyanne Women's Embroidered Chambray Shirt at Shepler’s for $50. It depends on which look you prefer.
As for extra-pointed black boots, ASOS has some awesome eclectic pairs that are very reasonably priced. However, CiCi Hot’s Wild Rose ones are just $12 and are practically a steal. Who can say no to $12 boots? We sure can’t.
1 The Perfect Match
Surprisingly enough, these jeans are one of Kendall’s favorites, known as Blank NYC Nightchild Skinny Jeans that are a reasonable $78. Who knew that she was so in love with cheap jeans? Although those aren’t too bad, H&M has a similar pair for under $40. Now that’s what gets our blood pumping.
The tee she is wearing is an UNRAVEL Basic Distressed Tee from Forward by Elyse Walker. It is a slightly overpriced $153. If you can’t deal with that, Living Chic has some nice Distressed Cut Out Tees for just $36. Now, by far the most affordable over-the-knee boots are from H&M, which can be found for under $20. It’s your choice as far as color and style go.
And let’s not forget the finishing touch: a sweet Burger King ice cream shake. Yep, they can be found for less than $3! That’s a value we just can’t refuse.

domain: fashion


Digital rock analysis systems and methods with multiphase flow REV determination
The pore structure of rocks and other materials can be determined through microscopy and subject to digital simulation to determine the properties of multiphase fluid flows through the material. To conserve computational resources, the simulations are preferably performed on a representative elementary volume (REV). The determination of a multiphase REV can be determined, in some method embodiments, by deriving a porosity-related parameter from a pore-matrix model of the material; determining a multiphase distribution within the material's pores; partitioning the pore-matrix model into multiple phase-matrix models; and deriving the porosity-related parameter from each phase-matrix model. The parameter's dependence on phase and saturation can then be determined and analyzed to select an appropriate REV size.
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Microscopy offers scientists and engineers a way to gain a better understanding of the materials with which they work. Under high magnification, it becomes evident that many materials (including rock and bone) have a porous microstructure that permits fluid flows. Such fluid flows are often of great interest, e.g., in subterranean hydrocarbon reservoirs. The possibility of characterizing materials in terms of porosity, permeability, and saturation is well known, but such characterizations inevitably fail at a scale where the material is too anisotropic and/or heterogeneous to be characterized as a homogeneous medium.
Naturally, it is of interest to know the size at which a sample of the material becomes representative of the whole. The smallest volume over which a given measurement can be made that yields a value representative of larger volumes is termed a representative elementary volume (“REV”). Note that the REV depends on the selected measurement.
A number of references purport to determine the REV, but suffer from one or more shortcomings including subjectivity, error, over-estimation, overly-generous search regions, overly-restrictive subvolume positioning, inability to cope with sample heterogeneity, and inapplicability of the selected measurement to the intended use of the REV (e.g., multiphase fluid flow simulation).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Accordingly, there are disclosed herein digital rock analysis systems and methods with multiphase flow representative elementary volume (“REV”) determination. In the drawings:
It should be understood, however, that the specific embodiments given in the drawings and detailed description below do not limit the disclosure. On the contrary, they provide the foundation for one of ordinary skill to discern the alternative forms, equivalents, and other modifications that are encompassed in the scope of the appended claims.
For high resolution imaging, the observation chamber 102 is typically evacuated of air and other gases. A beam of electrons or ions can be rastered across the sample's surface to obtain a high resolution image. Moreover, the ion beam energy can be increased to mill away thin layers of the sample, thereby enabling sample images to be taken at multiple depths. When stacked, these images offer a three-dimensional image of the sample to be acquired. As an illustrative example of the possibilities, some systems enable such imaging of a 40×40×40 micrometer cube at a 10 nanometer resolution.
The system described above is only one example of the technologies available for imaging a sample. Regardless of how the images are acquired, the following disclosure applies so long as the resolution is sufficient to reveal the porosity structure of the sample.
Typically, a user would employ a personal workstation 202 (such as a desktop or laptop computer) to interact with the larger system 200. Software in the memory of the personal workstation 202 causes its one or more processors to interact with the user via a user interface, enabling the user to, e.g., craft and execute software for processing the images acquired by the scanning microscope. For tasks having small computational demands, the software may be executed on the personal workstation 202, whereas computationally demanding tasks may be preferentially run on the high performance computing platform 206.
One way to characterize the porosity structure of a sample is to determine an overall parameter value, e.g., porosity. The image is processed to categorize each voxel as representing a pore or a portion of the matrix, thereby obtaining a pore-matrix model in which each voxel is represented by a single bit. The total porosity of the sample can then be determined with a straightforward counting procedure. However, the resulting number reveals little about the structure, heterogeneity and isotropy of the sample. Accordingly, a more sophisticated measure may be preferred.
If this operation is repeated for different subvolume length scales, different histograms will be obtained, so that a statistical function of the length scale can be obtained. The moments of the distribution (mean, variance, kurtosis and skewness) can be evaluated to check at which length scale the distribution stabilizes (i.e., the statistic converges). The REV can be defined in terms of the length scale value where convergence is reached. Often when convergence is reached, the distribution moments approach those of a Gaussian distribution (and the histogram looks Gaussian).
As explained in U.S. Provisional Application 61/618,265 titled “An efficient method for selecting representative elementary volume in digital representations of porous media” and filed Mar. 30, 2012 by inventors Giuseppe De Prisco and Jonas Toelke (and continuing applications thereof), either or both of these measures can be employed to determine whether reduced-size portions of the original data volume adequately represent the whole for porosity- and permeability-related analyses.
A potential difficulty arises, however, in analyses concerning multiple fluid phases effectively occupying different parts of the pore space. To understand why this is so, please consider
The partitioning is a function of the manner (injection, drainage, invasion), history, and degree of simulated fluid movement. In one illustrative implementation, spheres of gradually decreasing diameter, that here represent a perfect non-wetting fluid having negligible viscous coupling with other phases, are used to invade the pore space from one or more edges of the data model. The gradually decreasing diameter enables the invading fluid to reach more of the pore space, depending on the size and connectivity. In other implementations, connectivity may not be required, and fluid invasion permitted anywhere the requisite spheres will fit, the sphere diameters gradually increasing to yield less and less of the pore space to be occupied by the non-wetting fluid.
At each step (i.e., each sphere diameter), the corresponding phase-matrix models are determined and subject to separate analyses. For example, each pore-matrix model may be subject to a separate determination of porosity, permeability, surface-to-volume ratio, histogram of standard deviation of porosity, histogram of standard deviation of surface-to-volume ratio, and/or characteristic dimension of an REV. For example, an absolute permeability kp,sabs can be computed from each phase-matrix model, where p is the phase (e.g., wetting or non-wetting) and s is the saturation of that phase as measured at the current invasion step in the original pore-matrix model. See, e.g., Papatzacos “Cellular Automation Model for Fluid Flow in Porous Media”, Complex Systems 3 (1989) 383-405. From the computed absolute permeability values, we can obtain a (quasi static) relative permeability kp,srel=kp,sabs/kabs, where the denominator is the absolute permeability kabs of the original pore-matrix model. This calculation assumes a strong uniform wettability and negligible viscous coupling between the two phases, i.e., it represents the quasi-static relative permeability.
The carbonate rock sample that was used to determine the histograms in
As the nonwetting phase saturation falls from near 1 to about 0.5 (shown in the figure as wetting saturation near 0 and 0.5, respectively), the histogram of standard deviation of porosity broadens and moves upward, indicating greatly increased heterogeneity. In other words, the network of porosity that the non-wetting fluid is forming for lower non-wetting saturation invades only parts of the pore space, and that leads to the heterogeneous distribution. The histogram of standard deviation of surface to volume ratio and porosity shows a growing peak at the right side of the graph for the non-wetting phase curve, probably indicating the presence of large heterogeneities.
As the wetting phase saturation falls from near 1 to about 0.5, the histogram of standard deviation of porosity for the wetting phase remain a consistent match to the original distribution. This observation suggests that as soon as the wetting phase is flowing, it can access almost any part of the pore space. The histogram of standard deviation for surface-to-volume ratio acquires additional peaks, revealing the increased heterogeneity from the reduced amount of wetting phase.
To perform a multiphase REV analysis, the histograms at multiple saturations and different length scales should be compared to the corresponding histograms of the original data volume to determine at which length scale there is the same rate of convergence of the moments of the distributions. The smallest data volume for which the histograms show an adequate match may be considered a representative elementary volume for multi-phase analyses. In other words, the length scale at which moments of the distribution for different saturations converge at the same rate corresponds to the multiphase REV.
Where the histograms are consistent across a wide saturation range (e.g., the wetting phase in this carbonate rock example), one can be reasonably confident that at the specific length scale the spreading of wetting and non-wetting phase is not dependent on the saturation level. Starting at that length scale, the convergence of the moments of the distribution can be compared for each saturation level at larger length scales to identify the multiphase REV size
In general, different fractional flows may require different simulation volumes: for small fractional flow of the non-wetting phase the REV dimension may increase. This is not expected for the wetting phase that, instead, invades the pore space in a more homogeneous way as soon as it starts to flow.
In block 708, the system adds a second phase or increases the saturation of the second phase. As previously discussed, this can be done via a simulated injection, simulated drainage, or other simulated invasion process. In block 710, the system partitions the full pore-matrix model into phase-matrix models to segregate the pore space occupied by the different phases. In block 712, the phase-matrix models are subject to the same analyses as the full pore-matrix model, e.g., porosity, surface-to-volume ratio, permeability, histograms of standard deviation of subvolume porosity and surface-to-volume ratio as a function of subvolume length scale, and REV size.
In block 714, the system determines whether additional saturations need to be evaluated, and if so, blocks 708-714 are repeated. Once each desired saturation point has been evaluated, the system shows the statistics as a function of phase and saturation in block 716 to enable the user to determine an appropriate REV for multiphase calculations.
Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. For example, the foregoing disclosure describes illustrative statistics for determining an REV size, but other suitable statistics exist and can be employed. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
1. A digital rock analysis method that comprises:
- deriving from a pore-matrix model at least one pore structure parameter;
- determining a distribution of multiple phases within pores of the pore-matrix model;
- based on said distribution, partitioning the pore-matrix model into multiple phase-matrix models;
- deriving said at least one pore structure parameter from each of the phase-matrix models; and
- producing a representation of the at least one pore structure parameter's dependence on said distribution.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pore structure parameter comprises:
- a distribution of standard deviation of subvolume porosity and a distribution of standard deviation of subvolume pore surface-to-volume ratio.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising adjusting a subvolume length scale until moments of said distributions of standard deviation converge to indicate a representative elementary volume (REV) size.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising converting one or more images of a sample into said pore-matrix model.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising acquiring said one or more images with a scanning microscope.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said multiple phases comprise a wetting fluid and a non-wetting fluid.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining a distribution comprises simulating invasion by a non-wetting fluid phase.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the representation is a graph showing a dependence of a distribution of standard deviation of subvolume porosity on saturation.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying said representation to a user.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing said representation for a full pore-matrix model to said representation for a portion of the pore-matrix model to find a multiphase representative elementary volume (REV).
11. A digital rock analysis system that comprises:
- a memory having software; and
- one or more processors coupled to the memory to execute the software, the software causing the one or more processors to: derive from a pore-matrix model at least one pore structure parameter; determine a distribution of multiple phases within pores of the pore matrix model; based on said distribution, partition the pore-matrix model into multiple phase-matrix models; derive from each phase-matrix model said at least one pore structure parameter; and produce a representation of the at least one pore structure parameter's dependence on said distribution.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the at least one pore structure parameter comprises: a distribution of standard deviation of subvolume porosity and a distribution of standard deviation of subvolume pore surface-to-volume ratio.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the software further causes the one or more processors to adjust a subvolume length scale until moments of said distributions of standard deviation converge to indicate a multiphase representative elementary volume (REV) size.
14. The system of claim 11, wherein the software further causes the one or more processors to convert one or more images of a sample into said pore-matrix model.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the software further causes the one or more processors to acquire said one or more images with a scanning microscope.
16. The system of claim 11, wherein said multiple phases comprise a wetting fluid and a non-wetting fluid.
17. The system of claim 11, wherein as part of said determining a distribution the software causes the one or more processors to simulate invasion by a non-wetting fluid phase.
18. The system of claim 11, wherein the representation is a graph showing a dependence of a distribution of standard deviation of subvolume porosity on saturation.
19. The system of claim 11, wherein the software further causes the one or more processors to display said representation to a user.
20. The system of claim 11, wherein the software further causes the one or more processors to compare said representation for a full pore-matrix model to said representation for a portion of the pore-matrix model to find a multiphase representative elementary volume (REV).
U.S. Patent Documents
|20100135536||June 3, 2010||Dvorkin et al.|
|20100198638||August 5, 2010||Deffenbaugh et al.|
|20110004447||January 6, 2011||Hurley et al.|
|20120239361||September 20, 2012||Vargas-Guzman|
|20140058676||February 27, 2014||De Prisco et al.|
Foreign Patent Documents
- Hilpert, Markus, et al.,“Pore-Morphology-Based Simulation of Drainage in Totally Wetting Porous Media”, Advances in Water Resources 24, (2001), p. 243-255, Elsevier Science Ltd.
- PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability, dated Sep. 24, 2014, Appl No. PCT/2013/044773, “Digital Rock Analysis Systems and Methods with Multiphase Flow REV Determination,” Filed Jun. 7, 2013, 17 pgs.
- PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, dated Nov. 26, 2013, Appl No. PCT/US13/44773, “Digital Rock Analysis Systems and Methods with Multiphase Flow REV Determination,” filed Jun. 7, 2013, 27 pgs.
- Adalsteinsson, David et al., “Accurate and Efficient Implementation of Pore-Morphology-based Drainage Modeling in Two-dimensional Porous Media”, Transport in Porous Media (2006) 65: 337-358, © Springer 2006, DOI 10.1007/s11242-005-6091-6.
- Hazlett, R. D. , “Simulation of Capillary-Dominated Displacements in Microtomographic Images of Reservoir Rocks”, Transport in Porous Media 20:21-35, 1995, 15 pgs., KluwerAcademic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
- Liu, Jie et al., “Application of Percolation Theory to Microtomography of Structured Media: Percolation Threshold, Critical Exponents, and Upscaling”, Physical Review E 83, 016106 (2011), 13 pgs., American Physical Society, 1539-3755/2011/83(1)/016106(13).
- Liu, Jie et al., “Improved Estimates of Percolation and Anisotropic Permeability From 3-D X-ray Microtomography Using Stochastic Analyses and Visualization”, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (G3), May 29, 2009, 13 pgs., vol. 10, No. 5, American Geophysical Union (AGU) and the Geochemical Society, An Electronic Journal of the Earth Sciences.
- Papatzacos, Paul , “Cellular Automaton Model for Fluid Flow in Porous Media”, Complex Systems 3 (1989), pp. 383-405, Complex Systems Publication, Inc.
International Classification: G01V 1/40 (20060101); G01N 23/225 (20060101); G06T 7/00 (20060101); G01N 33/24 (20060101); G06T 7/40 (20060101);


text:
Shuttle Endeavour is scheduled for launch on Sunday, February 7 at 4:39 a.m. EST, delivering the Tranquility module and cupola observation port to the International Space Station.
(so really really late Saturday night if you are staying up.)
Space Shuttle STS-130 mission countdown update: Scheduled to launch on Sunday at 4:39 a.m. EST, coverage will start on station “Mission Control” Saturday night. 5-Feb-10
This is a wonderful way to augment your Space Viewing pleasure. Live Mission Control over the perfect music.
Official Shuttle Patch for this mission is available at theNASA STORE.

domain: astronomy


text:
Water Park, 8" x 8"
Excluding Sales Tax
This painting is acrylic and torn paper on primed, cradled birch panel, 7/8" deep, and the sides are white. It is wired and ready for hanging without a frame.
All artwork is created and shipped from the Annapolis Arts District, Annapolis, MD.

domain: painting


text:
Agriculture does not exist without sun. It will be? In fact, a correct solar incidence determines the quality of a crop. But, despite being the main source of light, it is not the only one. With the development of new technologies, artificial lighting has been attracting the attention of researchers, companies and producers. “We study the needs of the plants and provide light in the ideal quantity and with the right spectrum to grow,” said Mateus Delalibera, co-founder of Pink Farms. Among the reasons that make it an increasingly relevant tool are the possibility of extending the photoperiod, that is, increasing the length of the day and making it the only source of light supplementation for various cultures. In other words, the use of LED lamps results in increased productivity and savings in inputs for producers, in addition to making food as healthy as or more and in traditional cultivation for consumers. The professor in the plant production department at the Luiz de Queiroz School of Agriculture (Esalq) Simone da Costa Mello explains that studies in the country started in 2014 when Philips wanted to explore the impact of technology on the production of tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers in agricultural greenhouses. “We used artificial lighting in the canopy of minitomates feet and obtained a 15% higher productivity in fruit production,” said Simone. For lighting to collaborate in the supplementation process, however, it is necessary to carry out detailed studies to understand what is the composition of colors, intensity and duration suitable for the chosen crop. “Each color represents a wavelength and plants respond differently to spectral compositions,” he said. Knowing the genetic material to reveal the most efficient way to use it is the safest ways to ensure the result.
With the first successful tests, companies began to emerge focused on the development of solutions for planting in greenhouses and urban farms, as is the case with Signify, which has in its portfolio brands such as Philips Lighting. Dedicated to the topic since 2007, the company has intensified its research in recent years, obtaining numbers that prove the efficiency of LED light in vegetables. “In lettuce, the annual yield can be up to three times higher compared to production in the open field,” said Ramiro Robles, commercial manager of agriculture in Latin America at Signify. It is worth noting that in addition to the correct use of the technique, the success of the crop also depends on other factors. “The increase in productivity depends on the type of crop, variety and local circumstances, such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, water and nutrition,” said Robles.
COMPOSITIONS In this cultivation model, the color of the bundles is critical. While the human eye is more sensitive to green and yellow, plants are red and blue, which are the wavelengths most absorbed by chlorophylls A and B. It is not for another reason that Pink Farms, considered the largest vertical farm America, uses these lamps to its advantage. Located in São Paulo, the company’s 750 m² warehouse is dedicated to vegetables in the aeroponic system – kept suspended in the air supported by the root colon – and hydroponic. To increase production and increase quality, the property uses 20% blue light and 80% red light, indexes that are adjusted if necessary. “The composition works very well. We have the capacity to produce around 4 tons per month ”, said Geraldo Maia, a founding partner of the company, who points out that the lighting stays on for 18 to 20 hours a day. In addition to high productivity, the controlled environment allows savings of 95% in water consumption and a reduction of 60% in the use of fertilizers, in addition to zero use of pesticides and 100% use of everything that is produced.
Even though the combination of red and blue is the most used, other alternatives can generate good results. Fazenda Cubo uses white light to produce some types of hydroponic vegetables in a space of 70 m², with a monthly volume of up to 900 kg. In its production, it uses tones that also vary between orange, yellow and green, which are received by other photoreceptors. “We maintain a peak in blue and red, which are highly absorbent, but plants also take advantage of other wavelengths that are important for their good development,” said Paulo Bressiani, the company’s founder. Contact with different tones can make the flavor and even the aroma of some plants stand out. “We were able to deliver a quality product, fresh, tasty and free from pesticides,” said Bressiani. In addition to the possibility of artificial lighting being used as the only source in the case of indoor crops, it can also be used in open environments.
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“Each culture in each place in Brazil has its own specificities, so we need to know the best spectrum of light for each region” Gustavo Grossi, agronomist and partner at Grupo Fienile
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“Each color represents a wavelength and the plants respond differently to spectral compositions” Simone de Costa Mello, professor in the plant production department at Esalq / USP
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“We maintain a peak in blue and red that are highly absorbent, but the plants also take advantage of other wavelengths that are important” Paulo Bressiani, founder of Fazenda Cubo and environmental engineer
The Fienile Group, formed by producers and researchers with experience in agricultural crops, has been developing for over five years a project aimed at creating the first central pivot with artificial lighting to increase the photoperiod. Two years ago, the first property received the technology for testing. Located in the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Parnaíba region, the initiative is installed in an irrigated area of 100 hectares, where 14 crops are worked, among them sugar cane, cotton, wheat, corn, soybeans as well as flowers, tubers and vegetables . The plants receive irrigation from lighting and water at night and in cloudy periods. The innovation named Irriluce, still in the pilot phase, has already registered an average production increase of 66%, with variations according to the culture. “We need another summer to validate. So when we have the result of three summers and three winters, we will have more certain conclusions ”, said Gustavo Grossi, agronomist and partner of the group. In addition to the red and blue lights, they also study the application of yellow and green. “Each culture, in every place in Brazil, has its specificities, so we need to know which is the best light spectrum for each region”, he said.
COST BENEFIT For technology to gain scale, the path goes through efforts in research and development, in addition to reducing the necessary investment. “The value of electricity, for example, makes production more expensive, but with the popularization of LED in agriculture, the trend is to decrease,” said Simone. Like all disruptive technology, challenges exist. The secret is to put the pros and cons in the balance, because in addition to improving the harvest and the savings generated, there are also aspects of sustainability that need to be considered. “We managed to reduce the use of pesticides by 35% and the application of water depths per hectare / year in open air by 18%, in addition to using smaller amounts of water resources,” said Grossi. Just like any innovation that arrives in the field, the use of artificial lights is not a miracle solution, but an additional tool for the Brazilian producer who is looking for solutions that are good for the consumer and for the business.
+ Pickups account for 12% of 2019 recalls, survey finds
+ 5 tips for conserving (or buying) a pickup truck
+ The 10 best-selling pickup trucks in Brazil in January

domain: agronomy


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The Tuia 250 commemorations in the Hauraki- Coromandel area focused on the Mercury Bay area - understandably, as the Endeavour spent several days at that location. I conducted a brief study during 2018, focused on the western side of the Coromandel Peninsula, and this led to an article in The Treasury Journal. Although the Endeavour spent only two nights anchored in the Firth of Thames, the day-trip Cook and a small party undertook up the Waihou River in two small ship's boats, did have strong historical significance. While about 12-14 nautical miles (nm) up-river, the party went ashore and measured a large kahikatea tree. This effectively represented the birth of NZ's timber industry, as it resulted in ship's visits to collect kahikatea, and, later, kauri, to provide masts and spars for Royal Navy ships (see, for example at The Sailor's Grave).
My article led to public lectures, conducted in Thames and Paeroa, during November 2019 - almost exactly 250 years after the Firth of Thames visit took place. These included a section on navigation and survey methods used by Cook and crew, which seemed to be of interest to most attendees. I was encouraged to write it up as a separate article, which I have now done.
To distinguish, navigation is basically the methods used by a prospective traveler to get from A to B. Survey is recording the details of the journey between A and B, so that other prospective travelers can make the same journey without the uncertainty of the original journey. That recording is traditionally in the form of a chart (term used in nautical and aeronautical circles) or map (used in Army and most civilian circles). (I regard these terms as synonyms, and use them interchangeably.)
When conducting research on Cook's journeys and navigation and survey methods, some interesting, and sometimes puzzling, issues arose; mainly, but not limited to, the plethora of physical units used, pre-decimalisation.
An interesting concept which caused some initial confusion was that of the ‘Ship’s day’ – a 24-hour period commencing at midday (but using same times – e.g. ‘3 pm’). There were differences between days/dates in Journals, most notably those of Cook and Banks, the reason for which later transpired to be the nautical tradition of commencing the 'day' at midday.
Distance - a variety of metrics were used. Miles was used extensively in Cook's and Banks' Journals, but a question arose as to whether these were statute miles (1760 yards) or nautical miles (2025 yards; 1.85 km) - approximately a 15% difference between the two units. Another distance metric used was league, being three miles (statute or nautical) - originating from the distance a body of Roman troops could march in one hour. Close examination of Journals, and constructions on maps showed that nautical miles was the metric used, as opposed to statute, even by civilians such as Banks. A useful result is that 1 nautical mile (nm) represents 1 minute of arc (ie 1/60th of a degree) at the Earth’s equator.
Angles/bearings were measured in degrees, minutes (1/60th of a degree) and seconds (1/60th of a minute), as is still in vogue today. Measured bearings were magnetic (i.e. measured with a magnetic compass) but were marked on charts as true bearings. For this to be possible, the magnetic variation (aka magnetic declination) needed to be known.
This was very important for charting purposes, and apparently early navigators spent a significant amount of time calculating it, as there had been no-one in the area previously to work it out for them. True north is the direction of the sun at midday, and magnetic north is the direction that the compass needle pointed. A problem that was not well known by mariners in Cook's time was that magnetic north (i.e. the direction their compass needle pointed) was affected by large quantities of iron in the ship, so that the orientation of the ship was a factor when trying to calculate magnetic variation!
Magnetic variation has changed over time, and is different in different localities across the Earth's surface. A useful tool which predicts historic magnetic variation across the Earth's surface is at The NOAA website: Historical Magnetic Declination. The tool was developed by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It predicts that the magnetic variation in northern NZ was 12o East in 1769. At least one of Cook's charts (that of the 'River Thames', now Coromandel, area) shows the magnetic variation as 9o East. The reason for the discrepancy (from the NOAA tool's prediction) is not apparent - it could have been the iron-on-the-ship problem, or possibly the NOAA mathematical model has limitations. It is fair to say that Cook's 'true north' shown on his charts, aligns with true north on Google Earth, when the charts are imported as overlays.
Speed was measured in knots: 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour.
Depth was measured in fathoms: 1 fathom = 6 feet (2 yards; 1.83 metres).
Latitude and Longitude The practice of representing geo-locations by latitude and longitude were developed by ancient Greek philosophers in the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC and originated shortly after the model of a near-spherical earth was adopted.
In Cook's time, measuring latitude was a relatively easy problem - as long as the sky was clear enough to enable a sun sight at noon. To measure latitude, observers used an instrument called an octant (1/8th part of circle) or sometimes known as reflecting quadrant. (Cook used the term ‘quadrant’.) This was a general-purpose instrument for measuring angles – it had a 45o arc, but could measure angles up to 90o due to its reflecting mirror optics.
An observer would sight the sun at midday and measure its angle above the horizon. Adjustments would be made to allow for time of season and convert to latitude (the sun is higher above the horizon in summer, lower in winter).
This instrument was later superseded by the sextant (1/6 part of circle), which could measure angles up to 120o; sometimes necessary for celestial navigation, or measuring horizontal angles as part of a survey.
Post -1770, longitude is easily calculated by measuring the difference between local time and GMT – the difference represents 15o of longitude per hour and part thereof. However, at the time of Cook’s 1769 voyage there were no clocks that could keep accurate GMT over periods of weeks or months at sea.
Prior to the advent of suitable clocks, mariners calculated longitude by measuring the angle between the moon and certain stars, and used look-up tables:
Briefly, this involved observing the moon's angular distance from the sun, or from a suitable star; at the moment of observation, Greenwich time was obtained from tables which predicted the moon's motion and position in relation to other celestial bodies; then comparison with the local time gave the observer his longitude.
Using the tables that Maskelyne published, it would have taken between three and four hours to perform the necessary calculations. The improved tables in the Nautical Almanac, which was first published in 1767, gave the angular distances between the moon and each of a number of suitably placed bright stars and the sun, for every 3rd hour of Greenwich time for the whole year and reduced the computing time to perhaps under half-an-hour. (K.J. Snowden (1983)
The method produced results of varying accuracy and errors of half a degree were reasonably common. Although half a degree (30 minutes) difference in longitude may seem insignificant, it actually represents approx 50 km on the ground (as one minute of arc represents one nautical mile).
By Cook's second voyage, one accurate clock had actually been developed in England, which Cook ‘acquired’ for the voyage:
The first model [clock] finished by Kendall was an accurate copy of John Harrison's H4, cost £450, and is known today as K1. It was engraved in 1769, and was presented to the Board of Longitude on 13 January 1770, at which point he was given a bonus of £50. The original H4, the first successful chronometer, had an astronomical price of £400 in 1750, which was approximately 30% of the value of a ship.
James Cook and astronomer William Wales tested the clock on Cook's second South Seas journey aboard Resolution, 1772–75 and were full of praise after initial scepticism. "Kendall's watch has exceeded the expectations of its most zealous advocate," Cook reported in 1775 to the Admiralty. Cook also described it in his log as "our trusty friend the Watch" and "our never-failing guide the Watch". - Wikipedia.
Most of Cook's survey work around the NZ coast was conducted during his first voyage, which utilised the less-accurate celestial method of calculating longitude. The results, however, were still remarkably good, as will be described in a later section.
This activity was also known as ‘swinging the lead’ and came into use as a derogatory term for someone pretending to work, working very slowly, or claiming to be ill when they are not. In Cook's day, seamen would check the depth of water by dropping a lead weight, attached to a thin marked rope, to the bottom of a waterway. Some lazy sailors would take as long as possible about it. They would 'swing the lead' to and fro several times instead of just dropping it straight into the water.
There are extensive depth markings on Cook’s charts (including in rivers and inland waterways), indicating that depth-sounding was used extensively in navigation and surveying, especially in shallow waters. Cook's Journal entries imply that depth sounding was conducted to a depth of 150 fathoms (900 feet), presumably the maximum length of the line used.
Bearings were measured with a magnetic compass, although sometimes an octant/sextant was used to give greater accuracy (because of the more detailed scale). As discussed previously, units were degrees/minutes/seconds. Magnetic variation (the angle between true north and magnetic north) was of critical importance.
To measure distance while under way, crews actually measured speed then multiplied by time, on any given course.
A chip log, also called common log, ship log, or just log, is a navigation tool mariners used to estimate the speed of a vessel through water. The word knot, meaning one nautical mile per hour, derives from this measurement method.
All nautical instruments that measure the speed of a ship through water are known as logs. This nomenclature dates back to the days of sail, when sailors tossed a log attached to a rope knotted at regular intervals off the stern of a ship. Sailors counted the number of knots that passed through their hands in a given time to determine the ship's speed. (Wikipedia)
The time interval was usually 30 seconds, determined using an ‘hour glass’-type timer. The interval between knots on the rope was about 50 ft.
The main problem with this method was that it measured speed relative to the water, not to the land. It didn’t work well in a river or estuary, for example, with current and tidal flows, which had to be estimated, or else disregarded. On the open sea, however, it was fairly accurate; probably to within about one or two knots.
In the late 18th century, there were two main survey methods in use: triangulation, which was mainly for use on land or for coastal regions where land was readily accessible from a ship; and a running survey, which was conducted entirely from the ship, with no observations taken from land at all. The triangulation method was used by Cook early in his career, and is well described by the following:
Cook's early training and experience was in close association with military engineers, ... during the operations of the Louisburg, Quebec and Newfoundland campaigns, and it was they who taught him how to construct his marine surveys on a network of shore triangulation. These methods which he used for charting Newfoundland and where he worked from measured bases on land, are quite different to his charting of the Pacific where it was necessary to employ other techniques which I will mention later.
For the Newfoundland survey he took with him a very good outfit of instruments including a brass telescopic octant made by John Bird. He also took a theodolite, drawing instruments and some small station flags. The inclusion of the theodolite indicated that the survey would not be by a running traverse from the ship, but by the observation of angles from shore stations. The title of the chart of the coast from Point Ferolle to Cape Auguille, commences with the words "an exact trigonometrical survey". ...
Cook described in his journal his operations during the 1764 season and it gives us a good indication of his methods. He commenced his surveying in the north on July 14th. He went into the Bay Sacre, measured a base line and fixed some flags on the different islands. He completed the survey of the bay and the islands in six days. He then carried out a similar survey of Pistolet Bay, to the west, and by the end of the month he had completed the survey as far as Cape Norman, the latitude of which was fixed by meridional observation [sun sights at midday]. ... (K.J. Snowden (1983).
The methods used by Cook in the South Pacific, however, were mainly those of a running survey. This is a rough survey made by a vessel while coasting. Bearings to landmarks are taken at intervals as the vessel sails offshore, and are used to fix features on the coast and further inland. Intervening coastal detail is sketched in. The method was used by Cook, and subsequently by navigators who sailed under—or were influenced by—him, including Vancouver, Bligh and Flinders (Wikipedia).
Because Cook seldom had the time or the opportunity to go ashore to fix positions [in the South Pacific] by regular triangulation, the framework of his surveys was, of necessity, the astronomically determined positions of the ship and of coastal features. The scale of his charts had to be derived from the computed distances between fixes, to which the ship's dead reckoning, from compass and log, was adjusted.
Little time was wasted during the voyages. On the 1st voyage, he charted the coasts of New Zealand - some 2400 miles, in six months, and a further 2000 miles of the east coast of Australia in four months. Despite the speed with which the surveys were completed, their accuracy was quite remarkable. If we compare his chart of New Zealand with the modern chart, it shows that the errors in Longitude rarely exceed half a degree, except in the north of the South Island. (K.J. Snowden (1983).
This track would have been mainly plotted by dead reckoning (i.e. measuring the direction of travel by magnetic compass, measuring the ship's speed through the water, and the time spent on each leg multiplied by the speed, gives the distance traveled during that leg. Latitude and longitude measurements were made whenever possible, and these were used to update the dead reckoning course. Bearings would also be taken to prominent features ashore, and these would be included on the working survey plot, which was compiled as the ship progressed. Note the compass rose and notation ‘Var.n – 9oE’ – the NOAA computer model predicted 12oE. Note also depth soundings; at least one per directional leg. The ship was presumably beating into strong westerly winds; hence the zig-zag course.
The 4.5 nm error noted in Fig 11 would have been due to the problem measuring longitude during the Endeavour voyage. Also apparent is a problem measuring distance on inland waterways - the Whitianga harbour and Mangrove River estuary is drawn about 2 or 3 times its actual size. This is probably due to difficulties noted previously about measuring distances with the chips log when there is a current and/or tidal surge. (A similar problem was apparent in the Waihou River - see previous article.) Often, distances would be estimated, in such circumstances.
It was not until the second voyage, in HMS Resolution, was well under way that Cook realised the significance of the longitudinal errors of the Endeavour voyage, and the improvement afforded by Kendall's clock.
Referring to Cook’s second voyage on HMS Resolution (at Ship Cove, Marlborough Sounds, November 1774), Hough comments:
‘Before they set sail, Wales [astronomer], with Kendall’s watch at hand, re-designated their longitude. Cook had previously been 40’ [40 minutes of arc] too far east. As a man who was conscientious and proud of his surveying skills, he experienced much chagrin … that his charts would have to be redrawn.’
- Richard Hough (1994) Captain James Cook.
Forty minutes of arc represents 40 nautical miles, (i.e. about 60 km), but the error wouldn’t be 40’ east consistently, so the charts from the Endeavour voyage couldn’t be redrawn, unless he re-circumnavigated NZ and did all the longitude readings again.
Beaglehole (1955) notes the following Cook entry for 10th November 1774, in the Journal of the Resolution and Adventure:
... Mr Wales having from time to time communicated to me the observations he had made in this Sound, for determining the Longitude, the mean results of which gives 174o 25' 07 1/2" East for the bottom of Ship Cove where the observations were made the Latitude of which is 41o 5' 56 1/2" South. In my Chart constructed in my former Voyage this place is laid down in 184o 54' 30" w equal to 175o 5' 30" East, the error of the Chart is therefore 0o 40' and nearly equal to what was found at Duskey Bay; by which it appears that the whole of Tavai Poenammoo, is laid down 40' too far East in the said Chart, as well as in the Journal of the Voyage; but the error in Eahei-no-mauwe is not more than half a degree or 30' because the distance between Queen Charlottes Sound and Cape Palliser has been found to be greater by 10' of Longitude than it is laid down in the Chart.
I mention these errors not from a supposition that they will much effect neither Navigation or Geography, but because I have no doubt of their existence, for from the multitude of observations which Mr Wales took the situation of few parts of the world are better ascertained than Queen Charlottes Sound. Indeed I might with equal truth say the same of all the other places where we have made any stay at. For Mr Wales, whose abilities is equal to his assiduity, lost no one observation that could possibly be obtained.1 Even the situation of such Islands as we past without touching at are by means of Mr Kendalls Watch determined with almost equal accuracy.
The preceding two sentences are a red ink revision of the following, which almost conveys the impression that Cook thought Wales was going a little too far in accuracy; but that as he had done so, his efforts must be mentioned. 'As Mr Wales had made so many observations in the Sound for determining the Longitude, I thought 1t was proper to say what the results were, otherwise I should hardly have mentioned these errors; from a supposition that few will think them of such consequence as to effect Navigation or Geography ...
The author has imported Cook's chart of the entire coastline of NZ into GE, and geo-referenced it as an overlay (Fig 13).
Looking from a large scale (Tasman Sea) perspective, the coastline, as charted by Cook, has a very close correlation to the actual coastline (highlighted in yellow). By zooming and inspection, the author has determined that the largest errors occurred around the Cook Strait area; i.e. central NZ.
The maximum error noted was 42 nm (42 degrees of arc) at Cape Farewell. However, Cook was philosophical, in that it was a 'best efforts' running survey, conducted in a relatively short timeframe. As noted by Snowdon:
It is obvious however that Cook was dissatisfied with the methods he was forced to adopt, and he would have preferred to have spent much more time in each area, to have landed more frequently, and thus to have produced charts with more detail and greater accuracy. Whilst making a sketch survey of an island in the New Hebrides in August 1774, he noted in his journal "The word survey is not to be understood here in its literal sense". Another entry referred to his chart of New Zealand in these terms: 'The coast as it is laid down from Cape Saunders to Cape South, and even to Cape West is no doubt in many places very erroneous as we hardly ever were able to keep near the shore and were sometimes blown off altogether'. (Snowdon, 1983)
In spite of the sailing difficulties (particularly, weather), short timeframe, deficiencies of measurement methods used at the time, and operating in a potentially hostile environment, the resulting charts are considered to be of remarkably high quality. They were used for many decades by mariners around the NZ coast, and Tessa Duder notes that one small section was only superseded by RNZN hydrographers in the 1980s. Snowdon's summary is considered appropriate:
In closing I can do no better than remind you of some of the words inscribed on Cook's monument at Chalfont-St-Giles in Buckinghamshire.
'To the memory of Captain James Cook, the ablest and most renowned navigator this or any other country has produced'. (Snowdon, 1983)
Author's Note: This article is based on two public lectures I gave, in Thames and Paeroa, during November 2019; to commemorate the visit by HMS Endeavour to the Firth of Thames and Waihou River, 19-21 November 1769. A section of the talks included navigation and surveying methods of the time, and the accuracy of Cook's charts. At the time of the lectures, I was unaware of Tessa Duder's excellent book: First Map: How James Cook Charted New Zealand Aotearoa, and any similarities between this article and the book are purely coincidental (apart from one citation, near the end of the article).

domain: history


QUALCOMM ATHEROS AR9485WB-EG DRIVER INFO:
|File Size:||3.8 MB|
|Supported systems:||Windows 10, 8.1, 8, 7, 2008, Vista, 2003, XP, Other|
|Price:||Free* (*Free Registration Required)|
QUALCOMM ATHEROS AR9485WB-EG DRIVER (qualcomm_atheros_9868.zip)
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The Air Quality Bricklet can measure
The IAQ index is a measurement for the quality of air. To calculate the IAQ index the Bricklet detects ethane, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), ethanol, acetone and carbon monoxide (often called VOC, volatile organic components) by adsorption. These gas measurements are combined with the measurements of air pressure, humidity and temperature to calculate the final IAQ index.
The IAQ index has a range of 0-500:
Typical applications for this Bricklet are the monitoring of air quality, environmental statistics, home automation and similar.
|Current Consumption||100mW (20mA at 5V)|
|IAQ Index Resolution||1|
|Air Pressure Resolution||0.0018hPa|
|IAQ Index Accuracy||±15 and ±15% of reading|
|Air Pressure Accuracy||±0.12hPa (700-900hPa at 25-40°C), ±0.6hPa (full scale)|
|Humidity Accuracy||±3%RH (20-80%RH at 25°C)|
|Temperature Accuracy||±0.5°C (at 25°C), ±1.0°C (0-65°C)*|
|Measurement Frequency||0.3 measurements per second|
|Dimensions (W x D x H)||25 x 20 x 5mm (0.98 x 0.79 x 0.19")|
* This is the temperature at the exact position of the sensor. If the Bricklet is used inside of an enclosure, the air around the Bricklet may heat up more than the ambient air. The Bricklet does have API to calibrate this kind of offset.
Calibration of the temperature value is recommended, since the temperature value is used to compensate the IAQ index and humidity values.
The Bricklet is building a database of measurements and uses this data to do an automatic background calibration and calculate an accurate IAQ index over time. It will take a few days until the IAQ index has a high reliability.
The IAQ accuracy is reflects the current state of the background calibration process.
The effective duration of the calibration process depends on the stimuli observed by the sensor. An IAQ accuracy going back and fourth between 2 and 3 is expected, the Bricklet is recalibrating itself.
The Bricklet saves the current database of values and calculated coefficients every 12 hours in its internal flash memory. If the Bricklet loses power it will not take as long to receive reliable data again.
Starting with firmware version 2.0.3 the automatic background calibration considers 28 days of data. We recommend that you run the Bricklet for 28 full days before you consider the data as completely reliable. It is possible to reduce the calibration window to 4 days with the API.
To test a Air Quality Bricklet you need to have Brick Daemon and Brick Viewer installed. Brick Daemon acts as a proxy between the USB interface of the Bricks and the API bindings. Brick Viewer connects to Brick Daemon. It helps to figure out basic information about the connected Bricks and Bricklets and allows to test them.
Connect the Air Quality Bricklet to a Brick with a Bricklet Cable.
If you connect the Brick to the PC over USB, you should see a new tab named "Air Quality Bricklet" in the Brick Viewer after a moment. Select this tab. If everything went as expected you can now see the values for IAQ index, air pressure, humidity and temperature.
After this test you can go on with writing your own application. See the Programming Interface section for the API of the Air Quality Bricklet and examples in different programming languages.
A laser-cut case for the Air Quality Bricklet is available.
The assembly is easiest if you follow the following steps:
Below you can see an exploded assembly drawing of the Air Quality Bricklet case:
Hint: There is a protective film on both sides of the plates, you have to remove it before assembly.
See Programming Interface for a detailed description.
|C/C++ for Microcontrollers||API||Examples||Installation|
|Visual Basic .NET||API||Examples||Installation|


text:
The Indonesian government focuses on encouraging the realization of investment in the industrial sector both from domestic and foreign investors. This strategic step aims to deepen the structure of manufacturing in the country so that it can strengthen the supply chain and competitiveness. Head of Data and Information Center of the Ministry of Industry, Janu Suryanto said in Jakarta, Thursday (4/6) that the Ministry would continue to oversee investment in the industrial sector in a bid to spur production capacity and to meet the needs of the domestic and foreign market. Although in the midst of heavy pressure from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, Janu emphasized that the government remains determined to create a conducive business climate in Indonesia.
According to the Ministry of Industry Data and Information Center, in addition to still targeting investments from the industrial sector that produces imported substitute products, the government will also be more aggressive in attracting investments that can create jobs or labor-intensive sectors. According to Janu, industrial activity has so far been proven to have a broad impact on the national economy through an increase in the value added of raw materials, foreign exchange earnings from exports, and employment. He also revealed that Indonesia is still the main destination country for investment, especially for the manufacturing industry sector. This potential is supported by the availability of a large market and abundant raw materials.
In fact, Indonesia is considered to have the advantage to be used as a manufacturing hub in the ASEAN region. Another attraction for investors is because Indonesia has stated its readiness to implement industry 4.0 through the implementation of the Making Indonesia 4.0 road map. The Ministry of Industry noted that during the period 2015-2019, the total value of foreign investment from the manufacturing industry sector amounted to US$61.5 billion dollars. Over the past five years, the sector which has contributed the most to foreign investment has been the base metal industry which has poured funds up to US$12.8 billion dollars. Then, this was followed by the chemical industry and chemical goods as much as US$9 billion dollars, and the food and beverage industry was US$8 billion dollars. Meanwhile, the sector with the highest domestic investment in the same period in a row was the food and beverage industry amounting to 158.3 trillion rupiah.

domain: statistics


text:
Can you get the old Ballantine ale anywhere? In Florida I was finding it in Publics?
It came in quarts was green in color and probably is the best ale ever!
- Harriet HLv 49 years agoFavorite Answer
I'm not even sure that "the old style ballentyne" is even made anymore.
It used to be made in Newark, and that plant has closed down. the brand is now owned by Falstaff, there is no distribution for the product in Florida.
The beer was made with cascade hops, and if you like cascade hops, you'll like Sierra Nevada or Acme beer.
The following is from wiki-" Peter Ballantine was born in Scotland on November 16, 1791 and came to seek his fortune in America in 1820. He found work at a brewery in Albany, NY and being clever and thrifty opened his own brewery there in 1833. He took his wife and three children to Newark, NJ in 1840 to be closer to the growing New York City beer market. In the beginning he leased a brewery founded by Gen. John N. Cumming but around 1850 built his own ale brewery nearby. By 1877, P. Ballantine & Sons was the fourth largest brewery in the USA and the only one brewing ales exclusively in the top 20. The famous Ballantine three ring symbol ("Purity, Body, Flavor") was inspired by the wet rings left on a table as Peter Ballantine consumed his beer and was first used by the brewery in 1879. By the 1880s, Ballantine Brewing plants covered 12 acres and were the sixth largest brewer in America. In January of 1883 at the age of 91, Peter Ballantine passed away. The running of the brewery was passed to John H. Ballantine, and later Robert F. Ballantine.
After the death of Robert’s last son, the company was headed up by non-family members. By 1895, Ballantine was the 5th largest brewer in the country. The original ale brewery was eventually closed and all activities moved to the lager brewery site in 1912. Ballantine's management was forward thinking and saw the coming of Prohibition. In order to allow the company to survive, they produced malt syrup and diversified into insurance and real estate. Many of the family members left to join John Ballantine at the Neptune Meter Co. Following the lifting of the Volstead Act, German brewing equipment salesman Carl Badenhausen and his brother Otto approached Ballantine to purchase the brewery. The management of Ballantine did not want to return to brewing as so many in-house skills had been lost during Prohibition. The brothers purchased the brewery and imported a brewmaster, Archibald MacKenchnie, from Scotland. Ballantine beers and ales quickly returned to their original popularity in the greater New York City area.
Ballantine had a close association with local sports. They sponsored the New York Yankees in the 1940s and 50s. N.Y. Yankee announcer Mel Allen's called every Yankee home run a "Ballantine Blast" on his radio and later television coverageSource(s): beer brewer and aha national's winner