HPLC vs. GC: What's the Difference?
HPLC separates compounds in liquid phase using high pressure, while GC separates volatile compounds in gas phase using temperature.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) are both analytical techniques used to separate, identify, and quantify components within a mixture. HPLC operates in the liquid phase, where the sample is dissolved in a solvent and passed through a column under high pressure. GC, on the other hand, separates compounds based on their volatility and boiling points. Samples are vaporized and carried by an inert gas through a column. The components separate based on their interaction with the column's stationary phase and their boiling points.
HPLC uses liquid mobile phases and operates under high pressure to facilitate the separation of components, GC uses a gas as the mobile phase and separates compounds based on their volatility and interaction with a heated column. HPLC can analyze a broader range of compounds, including large, non-volatile molecules like proteins and polymers, whereas GC is more suited for small, volatile molecules.
Both HPLC and GC are equipped with a variety of detectors that can be selected based on the specific analysis requirements. HPLC detectors might include UV-visible, fluorescence, or mass spectrometric detectors, while GC commonly uses flame ionization or mass spectrometric detectors. The choice of detector is crucial for achieving the sensitivity and specificity needed for the analysis.
HPLC and GC are essential tools in analytical chemistry, each with its unique advantages and limitations. HPLC is preferred for complex mixtures of both volatile and non-volatile compounds, offering high resolution and versatility. GC is ideal for analyzing small, volatile compounds, providing fast analysis times and high sensitivity for certain applications.
Phase of Analysis
Solubility, molecular size, and interactions
Volatility and boiling point
Volatile and non-volatile, large and small molecules
Primarily volatile, small molecules
Inert gas (e.g., helium, nitrogen)
High pressure to push solvent through column
Low pressure, temperature controlled
Pharmaceuticals, proteins, polymers
Petrochemicals, environmental monitoring, forensic science
UV-visible, fluorescence, mass spectrometry
Flame ionization, mass spectrometry
Room temperature to moderate heating
High-temperature control for vaporization
Moderate to long
Short to moderate
Minimal for soluble compounds
Often requires derivatization for non-volatile compounds
HPLC and GC Definitions
It is versatile with various detectors for different analytes.
The UV detector in our HPLC setup efficiently detected the presence of the target compound.
A technique for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
The lab used GC to analyze the chemical composition of the fragrance.
HPLC is essential in pharmaceutical and biochemical research.
The new drug's composition was confirmed using HPLC techniques.
A qualification in secondary education in some countries.
She received her GC in mathematics with high marks.
HPLC can analyze both volatile and non-volatile compounds.
Our lab used HPLC to quantify the protein concentration in the sample.
A club used to hit the ball in the game of golf.
He bought a new set of GCs to improve his game.
HPLC is a chromatography technique for separating compounds in a liquid phase.
The HPLC system identified several impurities in the pharmaceutical sample.
A large cell found in some tumors and inflammatory conditions.
The biopsy revealed the presence of GCs, indicating a possible giant cell tumor.
It uses high pressure to push solvents through a column.
HPLC analysis requires precise pressure settings for optimal separation.
The operations center that manages spacecraft during flight.
The astronaut communicated with GC for guidance on the mission.
(internet) group chat
1,000,000,000 periods per second
What is HPLC?
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a liquid mixture.
How does GC work?
GC works by vaporizing the sample and passing it through a long column with a stationary phase, separating the components based on their boiling points and affinity to the stationary phase.
How does HPLC work?
HPLC works by passing a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material, separating the components based on their interactions with the adsorbent.
What are the detectors used in GC?
Common detectors in GC include flame ionization detectors (FID), thermal conductivity detectors (TCD), and mass spectrometers.
What is the difference between HPLC and GC?
The main difference is the phase of the mobile phase: HPLC uses a liquid, while GC uses a gas.
What is the stationary phase in GC?
The stationary phase in GC is a thin film of liquid or polymer coated on the inside of the column or on solid support particles.
What is GC?
Gas Chromatography (GC) is a method used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
What are the main applications of HPLC?
HPLC is widely used in pharmaceuticals, environmental testing, food analysis, and biochemical research.
What is gradient elution in HPLC?
Gradient elution is a technique in HPLC where the composition of the mobile phase is gradually changed during the separation process to improve resolution.
What is the role of the carrier gas in GC?
The carrier gas in GC transports the vaporized sample through the column and plays a role in the separation efficiency and detection sensitivity.
Can GC analyze liquids?
Yes, GC can analyze liquids, but the samples must be volatile or made volatile through derivatization.
What is a GC-MS?
GC-MS is a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, used for identifying and quantifying compounds in a sample.
What are some common solvents used in HPLC?
Common solvents used in HPLC include water, methanol, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran.
What are the main applications of GC?
GC is commonly used in petrochemical analysis, environmental monitoring, forensic science, and food testing.
What are the detectors used in HPLC?
Common detectors in HPLC include UV-Vis detectors, fluorescence detectors, and mass spectrometers.
What is the stationary phase in HPLC?
The stationary phase in HPLC is usually a solid material, such as silica gel or polymer beads, packed in a column.
What is reverse-phase HPLC?
Reverse-phase HPLC is a type of HPLC where the stationary phase is nonpolar, and the mobile phase is polar, which is opposite to normal-phase HPLC.
What is the role of the solvent in HPLC?
The solvent in HPLC acts as the mobile phase, carrying the sample through the column and affecting the separation based on the polarity and solubility of the components.
Can HPLC analyze gases?
No, HPLC is not suitable for analyzing gases; it is designed for liquid samples.
What is temperature programming in GC?
Temperature programming in GC is a technique where the temperature of the column is gradually increased during the analysis to separate components with different boiling points.
Written byJanet White
Janet White has been an esteemed writer and blogger for Difference Wiki. Holding a Master's degree in Science and Medical Journalism from the prestigious Boston University, she has consistently demonstrated her expertise and passion for her field. When she's not immersed in her work, Janet relishes her time exercising, delving into a good book, and cherishing moments with friends and family.
Edited byAimie Carlson
Aimie Carlson, holding a master's degree in English literature, is a fervent English language enthusiast. She lends her writing talents to Difference Wiki, a prominent website that specializes in comparisons, offering readers insightful analyses that both captivate and inform.


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Think of Exploding Kittens as a kitten-powered version of the classic Russian roulette. You need 2-5 players, though if you grab yourself another deck you can play with up to 9 of you.
While there are no guns or chances of getting killed for real, you’ll be instead risking the life of these kittens. (alright, no kittens are really harmed with this game!)
Exploding Kittens – Game Overview
Exploding Kittens was created by Matthew Inman, Elan Lee, Matthew Inman, and Shane Small. The developers managed to raise millions via Kickstarter, and while they’ve made other games (such as Throw Throw Burrito), this one stands out.
The game is loads of fun, with several easy twists that make things even more exciting. There’s an element of luck to it, but you also need to be calculative to win.

domain: hobby


The so-called Surface Duo was one of five products announced, with the others being the Surface Laptop 3, Surface Pro 7, Surface Pro X and Surface Neo.
The Surface Pro products are two-in-ones, while the Neo is a dual-screen tablet.
The Duo is scheduled to be released by the holiday season in 2020. It has two separate screens unlike other devices of the same size like the Galaxy Fold.
The Surface Neo will run a version of Windows 10 known as 10X.
The new range of Surface laptops will include a 15-inch version powered by the AMD Ryzen processor.
New earbuds, with the Surface branding were also unveiled at the launch by chief product officer Panos Panay.


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Special Correspondent, Bhopal, The suicide of a senior journal Kalpesh Yagnik from the second floor of his office’s building and the disclosure which has emerged from this incident is that why the media giants who claim to be the directors of the society are trapping in the trap of seductresses? Not only deceased Kalpesh but some more names can be listed.
The court has increase the police remand of the accused Saloni Arora till 12th August. It is very obvious from the call recording of Kalpesh and Saloni which have been recovered that how rigorously, Saloni was demanding rupees 5 crores from Kalpesh to keep her mouth shut.
And in reply, how Kalpesh who usually a thunderbolt, groaning in his shaking voice?Now the question arises that what weakness did she have of a big journal that Kalpesh could not be able to speak in front of her and finally he was compelled to suicide? What was there, which has damaged his prestige and making difficult to be alive?
In one recording she was saying that I keep that much of material in this age of 43 years that anyone can give me bungalow, car and bank balance. By saying this, Saloni has exposed her elf. But one question which is waving in the air among the public is how the media giant Kalpesh Yagnik, who illuminates the society with his knowledge got trapped in the trap of seductress? Why and how he was misled that he had to finish his life.
Kalpesh is not only one example, many media giants from Madhya Pradesh to New Delhi are in the grip of seductresses. FIR has been filed against some of them and cases are going on in the court against some of them.
Kalpesh scandal has shaken and forced public to think that if these types of persons are trapping in the scandals then what the remaining society will do? A senior journal Tarun Tejpal who had disclosed the bribe scandal of than BJP Chairman Bangaru Laxman is also stuck in case after the complaint of a young girl in Goa. Tejpal is believed to be one of the sharpest journals of the country.
It is also worth noting that in the decade of 80s, a senior journal of Madhya Pradesh, Yatindre Bhatnagar had been trapped in scandal of spying and after that he had to depart from Madhya Pradesh to settle in the US.
Here also the same question arises why that the director of the society and national interest, Bhatnagar can be trapped in the case of spying for another country? Some observers also believe in these references of Kalpesh and other scandals that the political parties are promoting these types of scandals on social and on other mediums to divert the minds of the public from the real issues.

domain: law


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August Fuhrmann’s Kaiserpanorama
In 1787, the artist Robert Barker invented the panoramic painting technique, which liberated the public to visual experiences of faraway places and fantastic events, only to be heightened with the invention of photography in the 1860s. Eventually, by the end of the 1800s, the painted panoramas were being replaced by the Kaiserpanorama, a type of stereoscopic device for the public display of stereo photographs.
(Figure 1: Plan and cross section of the Kaiserpanorama, from Fuhrmann’s 1890 application for a British patent of the kaiserpanorama.(1))
The Kaiserpanorama was created by the physicist August Fuhrmann (1844–1925) and patented by Fuhrmann in 1890. Fuhrmann has described his inventions:
“But modern man finds his natural endowments insufficient on many fronts…Since our eyes can take in a momentary impression but not hold it fast, we have invented the photographic plate. And for viewing photographs we now have an artificial retina to place before our eyes that increases their power: the stereoscope.” (2)
(Figure 2 The Kaiserpanorama (3))
The Kaiserpanorama apparatus can seat about 25 viewers around its 15 feet diameter wooden cylinder, mounted with a Holmes style stereoscope viewport to allow seated viewers to peer through. A viewer would look through a pair of prismatic lenses at a collection of 50 tinted stereoscopic glass slides, illuminated from behind by a special lamp facing each viewport. Each slide remained in view for only a few minutes; when a bell rang to wake the viewer from their visual experience and the slide moved jerkily along to the next position, as the machinery whirred and shook. The collection of slides consisted of images of exotic locations and recent trending events. Walter Benjamin wrote in his memoir Berlin Childhood around 1900:
“One great charm of the shows at the Kaiser Panorama was that it made no difference where in the series you started. Because the display went around in a circle, every picture would come around past the stop where you sat and peered through two little windows into its pale, tinted vistas.” (2)
Fuhrmann opened his first stereopticon show in Breslau in 1880, and by 1883 he established his first commercial Kaiserpanorama in the prime location of Kaiser-Passage arcade in Berlin. This location was also the establishment of the “Kaiser-Panorama Institute,” where Fuhrmann stored his central archive of glass slides. The Berlin Kaiserpanorama operated for 56 years, showing 2 collections of 50 slides, switched twice weekly.
(Figure 3: List of locations of Kaiserpanorama(4))
(Figure 4: Collection of slides (4))
The popularity of the Kaiserpanorama reached its peak around 1910 with over 250 Kaiserpanoramas in operation throughout Germany, Austria and Europe. As it reached its climax in popularity, the Kaiserpanorama was simultaneously being over taken by illustrated magazines and newspapers, capable of presenting up-to-date visual information to the public. Thus, in 1939, the Berliner Lokalanzeiger ran an article, “THE MOST BEAUTIFUL PLACES ON EARTH: BEHIND PEEP HOLES” announcing the closure of the Berlin Kaiserpanorama.
The history of 19th century visual entertainment can be described as a hybrid machine of a peep show form and a pictorial panorama of nature, the Kaiserpanorama marked a turning point in history of visual experience, from the liberation of the eye to the hegemonic of optics.
- Crary, Jonathan. Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle, and Modern Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2001. Print.
- Oettermann, Stephan. The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. New York: Zone, 1997. Print.
- “The Kaiser-Panorama.” Kaiserpanorama. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.
- Unknown. Cycle 720 Interesting Journey from Burgos to Tarragona and Saragossa. http://www.aiq.talktalk.net/3D/kaiserpanorama%20trips.htm. Accessed Feb 2017.

domain: history


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learn more »
Hello! My name is Kimberly and I'm a wedding photographer specializing in classic, boutique weddings for couples with elegantly refined style.
For eight years, I have had the
unbelievable privilege of capturing one of the biggest moments of my clients' lives; their wedding days.
Think: Kate Middleton and Prince William

domain: photo


The Power of Silver
The benefits of silver as a natural antibacterial have been known since the time of the ancient Egyptians. Silver has been used for thousands of years to prevent the growth of bacteria without the high toxicity associated with other metals.
Early settlers in Australia placed silver forks or spoons into their water tanks in order to keep the water clean.
Today, Pylon’s Bio-Guard (Polygiene BioMaster) Coating range incorporates Biomaster (Polygiene BioMaster) technology that pioneered the modern day use of silver-ion technology and is recognised as the world’s leader in this field.


text:
Gh Litter Bunny - ADOPTED 04.14.13's Web Page
Name: Gh Litter Bunny - ADOPTED 04.14.13
Rescue ID: D130275
Adoption Fee: 375
Breed: Pomeranian / Chihuahua / Mixed (medium coat)Learn more about the Pomeranian.
Learn more about the Chihuahua.
General Potential Size: Small
Current Age: 1 Year 8 Months (best estimate)
Good with Dogs: Yes
Good with Cats: Yes
Good with Kids: Yes
Bunny was born on 01/28/13. His mom (her picture shown below) is a Pomeranian and his dad is a Chihuahua. He is very playful with his mom and sister Easter. He is crate trained and currently paper trained.
Last Day Dog Rescue now microchips all dogs before adoption. AVID Microchips are implanted between the dog's shoulder blades and are a permanent form of identification. The microchips are registered to Last Day Dog Rescue with the adopter's info added once adopted. If the dog is ever lost and slips his/her collar/tags the microchip allows the finder to know who to contact if scanned for a microchip. Dogs MUST still have a collar with tags on at all times. Per our contract, we take all our dogs back if for any reason you can't keep your adopted dog.
Thank you for looking through our list of animals needing forever homes. We appreciate you stopping by.
Other Pictures of Gh Litter Bunny - ADOPTED 04.14.13 (click to see larger version):

domain: pet


ABERDEEN, UK – Xodus Group has won two offshore contracts in the Middle East from Abu Dhabi-based Valentine Maritime (Gulf).
The first involves design of new subsea pipelines off the northeast coast of Qatar in theNorth gas field. This will be the first subsea project managed by Xodus’ operation in Dubai, which was established last October.
Scope comprises detailed design of a new 6.4-km (4-mi) long 24-in. water injection pipeline including risers and two J-tubes. The project is due for completion by end-2013.
The other contract covers detailed engineering for Valentine for pipelines to be installed this year on Dubai Petroleum Establishment’s offshore Fateh field.
Xodus’s scope covers:
- 30-in. diameter x 6.7-km (4.2-mi) subsea oil pipeline including new risers and tie-ins
- 30-in. x 4-km (2.5-mi) subsea oil pipeline including new risers and tie-ins
- 16-in. x 6-km (3.7-mi) subsea water injection pipeline including new risers and tie-ins.


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In 1987 my mom’s friend gave me Sinead’s Lion And The Cobra on cassette, “I hate this. You want it?”
The music on that cassette was extreme and intense and exactly the kind of female image I needed to be empowered with. As a loner who was fed via books, music and TV, I am thankful that before my…
My fish died yesterday and I came home tonight to a new fishie from my roommate + a penguin plushie. Meet Burrito, I love him. #beta #pet #traumaticloss
The Government Shutdown explained in the best way.
Images from space confirm Pakistan earthquake created a new island
We now have confirmation from space that a new island has formed off the coast of Pakistan. Yesterday, NASA sent their Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite to check on the situation, and it took the picture on the right above (and below). The island is most likely a pile of mud from the ocean floor that erupted as a mud volcano shortly after a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck northwestern Pakistans taken by the Landsat 8 satellite on April 17. The region has seen mud volcanoes in the past, including one spied by satellites in 2011.
The volcanoes form when mud and or water is squeezed out of the sediment on the ocean floor, which may have been caused by the earthquake in this most recent instance.
Images credit: NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using EO-1 ALI data from the NASA EO-1 team.
I made this comic entirely on computer, to see if I could! I guess I can? Neat!
Hey, don’t be an asshole! When you reblog a piece of art and write “ugh I can’t believe this idiot, I hate this so much,” the person who made it sees that. Would you enjoy waking up to that every day? I don’t think so.
Be nice! It’s underrated!
Clouds!! + this weirdo who has obviously known me too long. #clouds #storm

domain: geography


May 17, 2020 1:00 pm
Connecticut Firearms Auction
8 Metals Drive, Plantsville CT 06479
CT Firearms Auction
ONLINE-ONLY auction featuring field and range firearms. The Auction will feature Hundreds of pistols, revolvers, Rifles, and Shotguns including Browning, Colt, Smith & Wesson, Military surplus, Winchester, Ruger and more Please call 203-710-0189 for more info.
Handguns ship for $35, Long Guns for $45 (insurance included*)
Federally Licensed, No Transfer Fees.
No live preview for this event.
Local pickup available by appointment only. All Social Distancing Guidelines will be observed.


text:
Saturday, October 27, 2001
Answering Machine: *Click!* *Whirrrrrr...*
Jeff: Hi, wassup, this is Jeff.
Justin: I'm Justin.
Drew: I'm Drew.
Nick: I'm Nick.
Jeff: Hey, wassup, we're...
All: 98 Degrees!
(Because we all know that there's no better way to advertise a radio station than by having a boy band whose career ended two years ago spam answering machines across the region. Also, why is it that nobody in a boy band has ever had a last name since New Kids On The Block went belly-up? I mean, yeah, nobody cares enough about these people anyway, but still...)
Jeff: And since you're hanging out in (Struggling to read it...) Lackawanna County, we want you to do us a huge favor. We want you to listen to KRAP on XX.X and now on YY.Y. You know, it's Northeast PA's #1 Hit Music Station®. In fact, right now, KRAP is playing the most Hit™ Music for you in Lackawanna County, with 10 in a row!
(Sure, they play crappy music, but they play it in ten-song blocks, by God! How can that possibly be bad?)
Jeff: So go ahead, Lackawanna County, make the switch to KRAP on XX.X and YY.Y KRAP. Plus, don't forget to check out our good friends...
All: MUMBLEMUMBLE! And the KRAP Morning Crew©!
AJ: Thanks, guys. It's Jen and AJ from the KRAP Morning Crew© and we just want to thank you for checking us out on weekday mornings on XX.X and now on YY.Y, KRAP
(But I *didn't* check you out!)
Jen: As we begin to rebuild our Great Nation™...
(Oh yeah, as if this whole concept couldn't possibly get any cheesier, let's take advantage of the attacks for an advertising angle! Way to go, elite marketing squadrons!)
Jen: ...we want to let you know that we're going to be there for you, every step of the way.
(...Doing absolutely nothing.)
AJ: So go ahead, make the switch. Turn on XX.X and YY.Y KRAP and you'll always get ten in a row.
Jen: That's the most Hit™ Music for all of Northeast PA
(And thank God that we don't have any more than that.)
AJ: Plus, you'll always get the best concert tickets from the...
(With the acts we get in this area, the best ticket you can get is for a place somewhere far, far away from the actual concert.)
Answering Machine: BEEEEEEP! CLICK! WHIRRRRRRRR!
Machine, I have never been happier to hear that sound in my life. I feel like listening to KRZ now, just out of spite. *Tunes radio to KRZ*
*Instinctively picks up radio and flings it out the window*
Okay, maybe not.
Next week: WNEP meteorologist Joe Snedeker and MegaTokyo's Dom battle it out in a bloody stick figure fight to the death! Or maybe not...
And now, as promised last week, here's what I ate for breakfast:
AAAARRRRRRRGH!, Part I
Wednesday, October 17, 2001
In other towns, deli operators might advertise their businesses by leaving menus under the windshield wipers of cars parked in the area.
Here, they leave free samples.
While we're on the subject of advertising, here's one of many great signs made by the friendly people at the Crystal Candy & Nut Shop. Remember: if you ever find yourself on Pittston Ave. in Scranton, drop by and pick up some Pistachios! They're right next to the cemetary (which, in this town, is about as prime a location as you can get these days).
Yes, they do take these signs in at night.
Next week: What I ate for breakfast!
Wednesday, October 10, 2001
You know what the saddest part of this is? It probably doubled the price of the car. Although it was probably worth about $65 before, so I guess it's not really that big a deal.
Next week: How to advertise in Scranton! Be there! Or not! See if I care!

domain: entertainment


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Gold Factory Slots
Enter the Gold Factory now and be transported to a vault of riches beyond your wildest dreams.
Gold Factory is a 5 Reel, 50 Payline, Multi-coin Slot that gives you the chance to manufacture almighty rewards. This game features a Wild, Scatter, Free Spins and multiple Bonus games for you to capitalise on. Created by Microgaming, this online slot positively glitters with winning potential, and every spin could result in a big win.
Shiny Online Slots Action
Gold Factory is a luxurious online video slot that combines the themes of mining for gold and the industrial process behind it, with the creation of gold bars. The slot has a distinctly Victorian Steampunk theme to it and whenever symbols line up in a winning combination they animate beautifully.
You’ll find reels filled with theme-related imagery and there are several Phileas Fogg style modes of transport, including a train, hot air balloon and a submarine. Then, there are a cast of characters who make up the games storyline, the factory where they work and an array of gold products they’ve manufactured. As the reels spin a delightful soundtrack plays, adding to this online slots games already enormous appeal.
Glittering Slot Machine Wins
Not many games come with the potential to bank the big bucks like Gold Factory. The Wild is the Gold Factory logo and substitutes for every symbol except the Scatter to complete winning combinations. Keep an eye on this game logo, as it can be the ticket to big wins!
The Scatter is the Gold Coin which holds the key to the big money jackpots. Land three or more Scatter symbols anywhere on the Reels and you will trigger the Boiler Room Bonus where you can win one of twelve secret prizes. In the Boiler Room you’ll be asked to choose from 4 of 12 items and each will reveal a hidden prize.
If you manage to find the Free Spin symbol within the Boiler Room Bonus you will be awarded between 10 and 35 Free Spins. These Free Spins are triggered from within the bonus round and all wins that are attained during this bonus round are multiplied by 2x. Unfortunately these Free Spins cannot be re triggered and when they come to an end you’ll be returned to the base game.
In the Boiler Room the Reactor Bonus can also be activated and during this bonus round you’ll have to pick from reactors that may reveal more hidden rewards. When you pick one of 2 malfunction symbols the round will come to an end, but you’ll still be rewarded with a consolation prize for the items you were unable to select.
Remember that the Bonus games are multi-layered so the possible payout potential could be as much as 619,000 coins.
It is also essential that you remember that landing 2 or more Scatters anywhere across this slots reels will also reward you with a generous payout. You could claim up to 10,000 coins simply for landing 5 Scatters on the reels at the same time, if playing at the maximum bet.
Grab your gold and go for glory on Gold Factory, now! You can play this Canadian slots game at any of the best casinos we recommend and enjoy a world-class entertainment experience with every roll of the golden reels.

domain: gamble


text:
Festival puts inequality in focus
Updated: 2012-02-09 10:45
By Colin Speakman (China Daily)
Rich Chinese spent $7.2 billion abroad on luxury goods during the weeklong Spring Festival holiday, becoming the most powerful purchasing group in the process. Contrast this with migrant workers struggling to travel home for that all-important annual family reunion and then return to cities, with many even riding pillion on motorcycles to save money.
Over the last few years, it has become a trend among the rich to travel abroad during the Lunar New Year, which is not surprising given the rising affluence in China.
In high-income Western countries, conspicuous consumption reflecting financial success starts with a nice home and furnishings and then moves on to a desirable automobile. The third consumable is a "status vacation". If one cannot get a "winter tan" on a sun-baked beach in a tropical country, there is always a ski resort as an exhilarating alternative. A cruise vacation is another dream many Westerners aspire to realize.
But given the economic crisis gripping the developed world, many Westerners are tightening their belts. In contrast, an increasing number of Chinese are adopting this foreign travel habit as a welcome escape from the pressures of traveling in China during Spring Festival. And quite a large number of those taking foreign trips really loosen their purse strings.
Many Chinese attribute the frenzy to buy luxury goods abroad to the high tax in the domestic market. Irrespective of what the reason is, there is a side-effect to it: Though China with its per capita income of $4,500 is still a middle-income developing country, Chinese people's spending spree abroad could distort the image of the country's wealth in the eyes of foreigners.
While Westerners are astonished by rich Chinese consumers' appetite for luxury goods, people in rural China on average earn less than 7,000 yuan ($1,100) a year. Besides, more than 120 million Chinese people still live in poverty, making only about 6 yuan a day.
Just a few days ago, media reports said Pan Qihou, a farmer in his 60s in Xianfeng county of Hubei province, committed suicide after being ill for three year because he wanted to save money for his two grandchildren's tuition. Such tragedies are reminders of the widening wealth gap in China, and show the mental poverty of Chinese nouveaux riches who splurge on luxury goods abroad.
Of course, China is not the only country where the wealth gap is widening. Many Western countries face a difficult 2012, and economic inequality and austerity measures threaten to make life more difficult for low-income people.
Everyone has to be in the same boat. Excesses are no longer politically acceptable, including 1 million bonuses for British bankers, which they were forced to give up this month. US President Barack Obama has made economic inequality in the country his campaign platform for the presidential election. He has described battling income equality and maintaining the American dream as "the defining issue of our time".
In South Korea, President Lee Myung-bak is being criticized for his grandchildren's expensive outfits. The white winter jacket Lee's granddaughter wore is thought to be a Moncler, which could cost as much as $1,700.
Even though economic inequality exists everywhere, it's not wise for Chinese society to be blind to the mad pursuit of luxury goods, for it will help consumerism boom and lead to over-consumption, which has dragged Western countries into a debt crisis.
Urban residents in China have now outnumbered their rural counterparts, but the average annual urban-rural personal income gap is as big as 17,000 yuan. Looking ahead, the pace of shift from a rural to urban China should be slowed down and the inequality between rural and urban incomes reduced. In a difficult year for the global economy, if China really wants to boost consumption, it should take measures to improve incomes of lower earners and invest more in rural areas to narrow the income gap and bridge the urban-rural divide.
The author is director of China programs at CAPA International education, an UK-US based organization that cooperates with Capital Normal University and Shanghai International Studies University.

domain: economics


text:
There are a some options at your disposal.
Taxpayers Advocate with the IRS. This is the IRS internal office that helps taxpayers dealing with the Service, when the Service is "misbehaving". Your situation clearly falls under their jurisdiction, so you can give them a call. They may be quite effective, and can definitely "grill" offices or officers who are ...
In order to obtain an ITIN, you need to provide proof of identity. If you need to do this while you are outside of the U.S., this can be done in one of two ways:
Sending either the original ID or a certified copy of your ID along with your application to the IRS ITIN office in Austin, Texas. I would not recommend sending your original passport in the mail ...
If I use my credit card on my ITIN and behave like a good guy (paying
everything on time), will it create history for my SSN next year or
will I have to start from scratch?
Yes, you'll keep your history, it will be reported on your SSN when you update your creditors with it.
I have an option of using a secured card v/s an unsecured one. Which
You'll apply for an ITIN at the same time you file your 2018 tax return, not before or after.
Fill out your tax return just as you would if she had an SSN/ITIN, but you'll leave that field blank and you'll attach Form W7 to your return, which is the application for ITIN. This means mailing in a paper return.
Also, your spouse is not a dependent, but ...
First of all, your spouse can never be your dependent. Rather, you can file Married Filing Separately or Married Filing Jointly with your spouse.
You should never miss the deadline to file your taxes, even if you don't owe taxes. If your wife cannot apply for an ITIN along with the filing of taxes, then you must file as Married Filing Separately and amend ...
Is there anyway I can get my state and federal refund for 2012?
Yes. You need to get your ITIN, and you'll get your refund. If you're afraid its going to go beyond the State or IRS statute of limitations for refunds (for Federal - 3 years), you should file a protective claim. Talk to a good EA/CPA about this. Here's a link to an article discussing ...
Unfortunately, there isn't much you can do. There is no government office designed for this, and your congressman isn't going to go rifle through IRS files.
The first thing you should do is verify the IRS has the correct mailing address. If the IRS has the correct mailing address, you could try submitting a missing mail inquiry with the United States Postal ...
The W-2 form is not something you fill out yourself. You are given a W-2 by your employer, and this form shows how much you were paid and how much tax was withheld from your paycheck. You include a copy of your W-2 with your tax return as “proof” that you have already paid some tax.
If you haven’t yet been an employee of a U.S. company with tax withheld ...
According to the W-7 instructions, you must send the original document or a certified copy.
A certified copy can usually be provided by the same agency that created it or some embassies and consulates can make or help you obtain certified copies. A notarized copy will not be accepted.
All quoted material is from the W-7 instructions.
You must submit ...
In such cases, it has a EIN, like any business would. Even absent the rent you suggest, the condo should have reserve funds, similar to an individual's emergency account, only more codified as to level and flows. These funds should be earning interest.
The official guidance is here: US Governent web site.
If you don't have a US tax payer number, then leave box 5 blank. If your government issues an equivalent tax payer number, then put that in box 6 instead.
According to IRS document (http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/iw7.pdf)
Original documents you submit will be returned to you
at the mailing address shown on your Form W-7. You
do not need to provide a return envelope. Applicants
are permitted to include a prepaid Express Mail or courier
envelope for faster return delivery of their documents. The IRS
According to the instructions to the form - yes, you do need an ITIN.
Line 6. ....
If you do not have an SSN and are not eligible to get one, you must
get an individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN). To apply for
an ITIN, file Form W-7 with the IRS. It usually takes 4-6 weeks to get
I went through the same thing as you, had to file 2-3 times before the application would stop bouncing back (now we're still awaiting the ITIN). There are many things that have to be done exactly right, and even if you follow the W-7 instructions to the letter and have an IRS agent assist you, it may still get rejected.
In lieu of the actual passport, a ...
If you already have an accountant, why is he not dealing with this?
The rules for ITIN applications have recently changed, and it is much more complicated to get one. You need to read the instructions carefully, and follow them. You need to understand why the previous application was rejected. Don't try to guess. Have the accountant call the IRS and ask ...
You need an ITIN. Follow the instructions on the IRS page to apply. You might be better off getting an on-campus employment authorization and getting an SSN, though, as the ITIN process is not really convenient.
As others have mentioned, before you send anyone but a government agency personal information (such as your passport) you should be careful to avoid scams. If you did not enter this contest before winning it, or are being asked by someone you did not previously know to provide personal information as part of claiming the prize, then this is almost certainly ...
Use form W7 to apply for an ITIN. You'll need to qualify for any of the reasons stated there. If you don't qualify for any - you can't get an ITIN.
From what you described it looks like your husband is not entitled for ITIN.
If you wish to file jointly, she does need an ITIN. (Edit: filing jointly is not possible according to your answer below and some comments.) If it would make a difference on your taxes to file form W-7, that would be a routine procedure.
If you are not comfortable sending her passport in the mail, you can also appear in person at a Taxpayer Assistance ...
When you file your taxes, you can give them a checking account to draw from. If you chose that way, they will draw the money, and all is fine.
Altenatively, you can send payment with your name and address and the ITIN 'applied for'. They should understand what that means, and apply it to your account. That is not recommendable if your name is very common, ...
In the Form 1040 instructions, section for filing status Married Filing Separately (on page 13), it says:
Check the “Married filing separately” box at the top of Form 1040
or 1040-SR if you are married and file a separate return. Enter
your spouse’s name in the entry space below the filing status
checkboxes. Be sure to enter your ...
You can likely expect it in the next 11 weeks, but maybe longer if they don't process the return until after the ITIN application is accepted.
Per the IRS page Amended Return FAQ:
How long will it take to process an amended return?
A Form 1040X,
Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return can take up to 16 weeks to
process once we receive it.
You've got it, you file your completed 1040 (or variant) and the rest of your tax-return forms along with the W-7 (and supporting documentation), along with any payment if not getting a refund, and you are set. No need to file your return separately also. Then next year you'll have the ITIN to use on your tax return.
Note that on years you're filing Form W-...
For anyone who is looking for an answer: Although Nathan's answer was good, after doing more research, I noticed that a non-resident F-2 getting an ITIN is worth nothing because F-2 holders are not allowed to work. Even with her having an ITIN, we can't file jointly (both non-resident). So getting an ITIN is just extra paperwork.
I called the IRS to see if ...
As littleadv says, Form W7 is the right one. Under "Reason for applying" you could select (e): Spouse of U.S. citizen/resident alien. See additional details in the form instructions. This would be an option after you are married.
Note that the top of the form states in bold italics that "An IRS individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN) is for ...
If my wife were to receive an ITIN will she forever be obligated to
file (or for me to include her in my filing) with the IRS?
This mentions income which I generically assume to be salary from
working. But what if she has investments, will those be protected from
a US tax liability too?
Whether she is required to file a US tax return and/or ...
Today, NCDOR was more helpful than before. They said that in such a case, you can write "Applied for" in the field asking for ITIN in your tax return.
For payment of taxes, you can write a cheque, or pay by Money Order.
Though, one must be careful here as without SSN or ITIN, you are not eligible to print a Payment Voucher, which is a regular practice.


Dwayne Johnson, McG to Team on Big-Screen Version of ‘The Fall Guy’
Hyde Park and WWE are financing the project based on the 1980s TV show starring Lee Majors
A big-screen version of the hit 1980 TV show “The Fall Guy” is coming together with Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson to star and McG directing.
Both are are negotiating to come aboard the project, which will be financed by Ashok Amritrage’s Hyde Park Entertainment and WWE Entertainment, a source close to the project told TheWrap on Thursday.
Amritrage would produce along with Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald, who own the rights to the show, and WWE’s Michael Luisi. McG may also produce.
The “Fall Guy” starred Lee Majors as a stunt man who did bounty hunter work on the side, utilizing his Hollywood skills. It ran on ABC from 1981 to 1986.
Warner Bros. and DreamWorks have both considered projects based on the show in past years, with Nicolas Cage considered for the lead role.
The Hollywood Reporter was the first to report the news out of the Toronto, where the project is being shopped.


text:
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Being that this guy is family – it’s pretty much a given for me to say I’ve known him his whole life. I’m pretty proud of this cousin of mine and everything he has accomplished. We are all looking forward to seeing what you do in the future Grey! You’re bound to do great things, pal! Keep up the fantastic work!
It’s been quite some time since my last blog post! I took a creative break from my camera and I’m so excited to be out capturing memories again. These gorgeous ladies were such a blast to work with and I am so thrilled to be sharing images again!
I am now based out of Stettler, AB and am keen to start booking more lifestyle sessions in the area. I specialize in families, couples, engagements and newborns.
Thank you so much to the Diegel ladies for this awesome session! You ladies are so beautiful both inside and out!
When Mitch contacted me a few weeks ago about booking a session for his mom I thought it was the greatest idea. With Jen and Sam going on an overseas adventure it is the perfect time for their family to update their family portraits as a great keepsake to take along on their trip! I hope you ladies have a wonderful time – and safe travels!
It has been a very busy fall with lots of great families having me join them for sessions. The K family and I got together a few weeks ago to update their portraits – and the little ones totally hammed it up for the camera. These two girls were not shy for a single moment.
Like I said… They hammed it up! 😉
This blog is awhile late – but this session was a surprise for Daddy! I met up with Miss R and her brother L back in June for a special Father’s Day session. Check out Miss R’s eyes! They are just so gorgeous! & Mr. L was so ready for his time in the spotlight. He was throwing me the most adorable smiles everytime the camera was pointed in his direction. I think these two are going to grow up with such a special sibling bond. They way they played together during the session just melted my heart. Such sweethearts!


Supplementary Materials1. with principal component analysis (PCA). The average spectra and PCA loading plots show distinct and reproducible changes in the CH stretching region that can be used as molecular maturation markers. The method paves the way for developing an independent assay to assess oocyte status during maturation providing new insights into lipid distribution at the single cell level. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) are powerful techniques for studying the composition of cells and tissues. The spectra obtained provide a unique molecular fingerprint that can be interpreted based on the macromolecular chemistry of the cell or cells under investigation. Hitherto no FT-IR/Raman mapping or imaging research continues to be performed on whole oocytes, and there are just two studies which have used the FT-IR strategy to investigate oocyte parts.1,2 These FT-IR research explored proteins secondary structure from the zona pellucida1 and the result of chilling for the oolemma.2 Within an FT-IR/Raman mapping test each pixel is actually a digital part of Epirubicin Hydrochloride irreversible inhibition a hyper-spectral data cube containing absorbance (or matters regarding Raman), wave-number, and spatial coordinates. Epirubicin Hydrochloride irreversible inhibition Univariate or chemical substance maps could be plotted predicated on maximum elevation, integrated areas under particular bands, or music group ratios. For instance you’ll be able to generate maps predicated on proteins, lipid, nucleic acidity, or carbohydrate focus. Multivariate imaging methods including unsupervised Epirubicin Hydrochloride irreversible inhibition hierarchical cluster evaluation (UHCA),3-10 K-means clustering,11,12 primary element evaluation (PCA),5 linear discriminant evaluation,13 fuzzy C-means clustering,12,14 and neural systems5 are actually very helpful in the recognition and relationship of spectral organizations or clusters which may be directly in comparison to stained cells. The attainable spatial resolution of the FT-IR mapping test could be improved when the traditional infrared globar resource can be IL4R replaced with a synchrotron resource. Synchrotron light can be created from a spot resource, and the IR component is extracted as a highly collimated beam that is much brighter (100C1000 times that of a globar) enabling wavelength dependent spatial resolution approaching the diffraction limit. The brightness advantage comes from the small size of the source and the fact that light is emitted into a narrow range of angles.15,16 Consequently for a confocal FT-IR microscope coupled to a synchrotron source, the spatial resolution is approximately = 2 for each of the two oocyte stages), while the other measurement assessed the intercellular variability by recording line scans across the diameter of the oocyte (GV oocytes = 91, MII = 172). Spectral maps and line scans were collected in transmission by scanning the computer-controlled microscope stage in a raster design using a 2 and directions for the maps and a 4 = 91) and MII (= 172) oocytes gathered from three indie trials. For every range check, 16 spectra were recorded over the size of individual oocytes approximately. Each range takes approx 2 min so that it is certainly feasible to record spectra of a lot of oocytes in an acceptable time frame. It’s important to take note the fact that comparative range scan represents just some of the complete oocyte, and regarding GV oocytes you’ll be able to skip the central lipid deposit when performing a line scan. The line scan spectra were processed with principal component analysis which is a proven technique for the analysis of multivariate data.24 A data matrix consisting of 419 spectra that were collected from average spectra from each line scan (16 spectra per line scan) for each mouse oocyte in each of the groupings (GV oocytes = 91, MII = 172) was decomposed using PCA. The spectra were transformed by performing a second derivative to reduce the influence of baseline variation, and the CH stretching region (3100?2800 cm?1) was selected for the decomposition. The data were mean centered, and a full cross validation PCA was performed using 6 PCs. All data manipulations and the PCA decomposition were performed using the Unscrambler (CAMO, Norway) software package. Results GV Oocyte The total absorbance map from the integrated area between 1800 and 1000 cm?1 of a GV oocyte (Physique 1a) shows very strong absorbance (warm colors) surrounding the periphery of the oocyte that corresponds to the cross-linked glycoproteins of the zona pellucida. The nucleus shows relatively weakened absorbance (great shades) in comparison to.


China will have 1,500 nuclear warheads by 2035 if it continues to increase its nuclear stockpile at its current rate, according to a new Pentagon report released last night (Wednesday).
In 2020, the United States estimated that China has about 200 nuclear warheads and that This figure will double within a decade. Just two years later, China doubled the amount. Given the rapid pace of armament, the country is expected to stockpile 1,500 nuclear warheads, according to the 2022 China Military Power report.
"What we have seen in the last two years is mainly the rapid pace of arming," said a senior American official.
The figure highlights the growing concern in the United States about China's intentions to expand its nuclear stockpile.
The most populous country in the world uses its military as a tool to produce an international system that operates according to its worldview, and is "the biggest systemic and significant challenge to the national security of the United States," according to the report.
"We've seen a series of new capabilities and new numbers that raise questions about China's long-term intentions," the senior official said in a press briefing.
Chinese nuclear submarine, 2018 (Photo: Reuters)
China conducted 135 ballistic missile tests in 2021, according to the report, more than the number of tests conducted in the entire world combined last year (not including ballistic missiles used in the war in Ukraine, the report noted).
The Pentagon's forecast of 1,000 nuclear warheads by 2030 remains unchanged, the senior official said.
According to China, its nuclear weapons stockpile is significantly smaller than that of the United States or Russia.
According to her, she is ready for dialogue, provided that Washington cuts its stockpile of nuclear weapons to China's level.
The United States has a stockpile of 3,700 nuclear warheads, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
The report again underscores concerns about Beijing's growing pressure on sovereign Taiwan, which China claims belongs to it. The US official said Washington does not see a Chinese invasion of Taiwan in the near future.
Asia and the Pacific


text: It provides a multi-dimensional measure of the World Wide Web’s contribution to development and human rights globally. The interactive visualization shows the latest global data. When it comes to the internet, the news is mostly good for 2018. The new 2018 Global Digital suite of reports from We Are Social and Hootsuite reveals that there are now more than 4 billion people around the world using the internet.. Well over half of the world’s population is now online, with the latest data showing that nearly a quarter of a billion new users came online for the first time in 2017. China, 2. The internet is always on, but we were surprised to see how consistently and steeply usage fell off on both mobile and fixed broadband after 9 pm local time. The Philippines keeps its crown How to Expand Globally: Tips for International Ecommerce Part 2, How to Expand Globally: Tips for International Ecommerce Part 1, News: JD.com Raises Funding by Selling Stakes in JD Logistics, News: Amazon Invests Rs 2,900 Crore in Amazon India. Most of the social media platforms that survived the last decade have shifted significantly in what they offer users. Africa and the Middle East have seen the fastest growth in terms of increase of internet users and mobile social users (20%/15% respectively for Africa, and 11%/39% respectively for the Middle East) since the beginning of 2017. Once-dominant platforms have disappeared. Live video conversations and chats will be replacing text messages. The United States showed the fastest fixed broadband download speed among the world’s most populous countries over the past year. Ookla®, Speedtest®, and Speedtest Intelligence® are among some of the federally registered trademarks of Ookla, LLC andmay only be used with explicit written permission. Specifically in the context of social media, a key question is whether these new communication technologies are having a negative impact on our mental health – this is an important question and we cover the evidence at Our World in Data here. On any day in the last 5 years there were on average 640,000 people online for the first time.3. Chart. India and Indonesia were at the bottom of this list. Despite the depressing trends, these numbers will be valuable benchmarks for marketers everywhere – especially because they offer insights into the number of brands using paid media (note that the chart below is a summary of slides 69 and 72 in the Digital in 2018 report). Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries The rapid and vast adoption of these technologies is changing how we find partners, how we access information from the news, and how we organize to demand political change. 5,000 charts The bar chart here shows a ranking of the top social media platforms, year by year. This entry can be cited as: Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. The latest data from App Annie shows that people now spend 7 times longer using mobile apps compared to mobile web browsers, so mobile’s ‘share of internet’ is likely even higher than the figures above suggest. The full suite of reports is available for free today: you’ll find everything you need by clicking here. Number 10 on the list is Bangladesh with 73.35 million users of the world. The latest data from. Means of connection include cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. These changes will have a profound influence on the future of the internet, so we’ll explore this topic in more detail in a separate blog post over the next few days. Internet users in Poland 2017-2018, by level of education Internet users in Poland 2015-2019, by age group Internet users as share of total population in China 2011-2016 More than 200 million people got their first mobile device in 2017, and two-thirds of the world’s 7.6 billion inhabitants now have a mobile phone. This isn’t just good news for the impatient, either; faster connections may also help to reduce stress. This was 646,670/24=26,945 new people online every hour. 8. The share of women who use Pinterest is more than twice as high as the share of men using this platform. A truly disruptive technological development has been the rise of mobile phones. We license all charts under Creative Commons BY. Fast changes like those brought about by social media always spark fears about possible negative effects. ", Statista, Number of worldwide internet users in 2020, by region (in millions) Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/249562/number-of-worldwide-internet-users-by-region/ (last visited November 12, 2020), Number of worldwide internet users in 2020, by region, Global number of internet users 2005-2019, Number of worldwide internet users 2009-2020, by region, Number of online users worldwide 2020, by region, Number of online users worldwide 2020, by country, Internet penetration rate worldwide 2020, by region, Countries with the highest number of internet users 2019, Leading online markets based on penetration rate 2020, Age distribution of internet users worldwide 2019, Global internet usage rate 2019, by gender and market maturity, Global internet usage rate 2019, by gender and region, Share of offline population worldwide 2020, by age group, Reasons for global offline population aged 22-36 to have never gone online 2020, Reasons for global offline population aged 60+ to have never gone online 2020, Global offline population who want to communicate online 2020, by age group, Global offline population want to manage finances online 2020, by age group, Fixed broadband internet subscription rate 2019, by region, Mobile broadband internet subscription rate 2019, by region, Countries with the fastest average fixed broadband internet speed 2020, Countries with the fastest average mobile internet speed 2020, Number of fixed broadband internet subscriptions worldwide 2005-2019, OECD: number of fixed broadband subscriptions 2019, OECD: number of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2019, by technology, OECD: distribution of fixed broadband subscriptions 2019, by technology, Global daily internet usage per capita 2011-2021, Daily internet usage per capita worldwide 2011-2021, by device, Internet users time spent online 2013-2019, by device, Internet users time spent online 2019, by region and device, Benefits of improved internet skills according to global online population 2020, Global online population internet activity confidence 2020, Mobile internet penetration rate worldwide 2020, Share of mobile internet traffic in global regions 2020, Share of app user engagement worldwide 2016-2019, by category, Mobile share of digital minutes in selected countries 2019, App share of mobile minutes in selected countries 2019, Annual number of global mobile app downloads 2016-2019, Quarterly consumer spend on mobile apps per user 2020, Average daily app launches per user 2019, by vertical, Retail e-commerce sales growth worldwide 2017-2023, Digital Market Outlook: retail e-commerce sales CAGR in selected markets 2020-2024, Leading global online marketplaces 2019, by GMV, Sources of shopping inspiration for digital shoppers worldwide 2020, Online sources for product searches worldwide 2020, Global online shopping order value 2019, by platform, Global online shopper conversion rate 2019, by platform, Google user data requests from federal agencies and governments H2 2019, by country, Facebook: user data requests from federal agencies & governments H2 2019, by country, Twitter: user data requests from federal agencies and governments H2 2019, Global opinion on concern about online privacy 2019, by region, Global concern about internet companies and online privacy 2019, by region, Global concern about national government and online privacy 2019, by country, Global data protection and privacy rule awareness 2019, by country, Global concern about internet privacy risk vs. convenience 2019, by country, Internet users in Poland 2019, by age and gender, Internet users in Poland 2017-2018, by level of education, Internet users in Poland 2015-2019, by age group, Internet users as share of total population in China 2011-2016, Internet users in Poland 2017-2018, by professional group, Percentage of internet users in Italy as of December 2012, by gender, Percentage of internet users in Italy as of December 2012, by age, Distribution of internet users Malaysia 2018 by employment status, Thailand: number of internet users 2017-2025, Internet user distribution in China 2010-2020, by urban and rural region, Internet user penetration in Poland 2015-2020, Educational distribution of the online population in the United Kingdom (UK) 2013, Number of internet users in Poland 2016-2020, Share of U.S. internet users using digital banking 2014-2019, Share of girls aged 10-15 who used internet in the past 3 months in Spain 2007-2016, Locations to use the internet in the Netherlands 2017, by working hours, Selection criteria for choosing online services to access images in Denmark 2016, Internet usage penetration in France 2016, by age, Number of worldwide internet users in 2020, by region (in millions), Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Tools and Tutorials explained in our Media Centre, fastest growing online populations based on relative year-on-year user growth, the continent still lags behind other regions in terms of online adoption.

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In JoVE (1)
Other Publications (10)
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Behavioural Brain Research
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP)
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Journal of Communication Disorders
Articles by Sean T. Ma in JoVE
Assessment of Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Drug Self-administration in Rats
Esther Y. Maier1,2, Sean T. Ma3, Allison Ahrens2,4, Timothy J. Schallert2,4,5, Christine L. Duvauchelle1,2,4
1College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, 2The Waggoner Center of Addiction and Alcohol Research, University of Texas at Austin, 3Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 4Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, 5Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
Drug self-administration and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) are used as behavioral assessments in animal research, but rarely in combination. The purpose of this article is to describe the advantages of recording USVs during drug self-administration procedures to assess affective responses to drug experience.
Other articles by Sean T. Ma on PubMed
Qualitative Changes in Ultrasonic Vocalization in Rats After Unilateral Dopamine Depletion or Haloperidol: a Preliminary Study
Behavioural Brain Research. Sep, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17397940
The sensorimotor speech/voice deficits associated with Parkinson disease have been well documented in humans. They are largely resistant to pharmacological and surgical treatment, but respond to intensive speech therapy. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood and are difficult to systematically test in humans. Thus, we turn to the rat as a model. The purpose of this study is to compare the ultrasonic vocalization (USV) of rats in three conditions: control, haloperidol-induced transient dopamine depletion, and unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced moderately-severe degeneration of dopamine neurons. It was hypothesized that both dopamine-altered conditions would lead to a change in the features of the USV acoustic signal. Results demonstrated that bandwidth decreased in the dopamine-altered rats. This is the first study to document a degradation of the acoustic signal of frequency-modulated 50-kHz calls as a result of interfering with dopamine synaptic transmission in rats. The data suggest that mild transient dopamine depletion with haloperidol or even unilateral degeneration of dopamine neurons is associated with changes in the USV acoustic signal. Dopaminergic dysfunction influences USV quality without reducing the number of calls. This study provides a foundation to examine the role of dopamine in sensorimotor processes underlying USV production and potentially to explore treatments for dopamine deficiency-related impaired vocal outcome.
Limb Use and Complex Ultrasonic Vocalization in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease: Deficit-targeted Training
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18585950
Recent evidence in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests that exercise and other forms of motor enhancement can be beneficial when applied during the degeneration of dopamine neurons. Behaviours that depend on adequate levels of striatal dopamine may provide particularly favourable targets for therapeutic motor interventions. Task-specific motor enrichment procedures have been used to improve functional and neural outcomes following unilateral infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the nigrostriatal pathway in rats. In contrast, forced non-use procedures can exaggerate the degree of degeneration. Limb-use akinesia and ultrasonic vocalization in the 50-kHz range may be useful behavioural indices of nigrostriatal integrity and may model common deficits found in PD. These deficits in movement initiation and fine sensorimotor control are potential targets for early training interventions.
Syllable Acoustics, Temporal Patterns, and Call Composition Vary with Behavioral Context in Mexican Free-tailed Bats
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Sep, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 19045674
Recent research has shown that some bat species have rich vocal repertoires with diverse syllable acoustics. Few studies, however, have compared vocalizations across different behavioral contexts or examined the temporal emission patterns of vocalizations. In this paper, a comprehensive examination of the vocal repertoire of Mexican free-tailed bats, T. brasiliensis, is presented. Syllable acoustics and temporal emission patterns for 16 types of vocalizations including courtship song revealed three main findings. First, although in some cases syllables are unique to specific calls, other syllables are shared among different calls. Second, entire calls associated with one behavior can be embedded into more complex vocalizations used in entirely different behavioral contexts. Third, when different calls are composed of similar syllables, distinctive temporal emission patterns may facilitate call recognition. These results indicate that syllable acoustics alone do not likely provide enough information for call recognition; rather, the acoustic context and temporal emission patterns of vocalizations may affect meaning.
Behavioral Neuroscience. Apr, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19331456
Vocal deficits are prevalent and debilitating in Parkinson's disease. These deficits may be related to the initial pathology of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and resulting dopamine depletion, which contributes to dysfunction of fine motor control in multiple functions. Although vocalization in animals and humans may differ in many respects, we evaluated complex (50-kHz) ultrasonic mate calls in 2 rat models of Parkinson's disease, including unilateral infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine to the medial forebrain bundle and peripheral administration of a nonakinesia dose of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol. We examined the effects of these treatments on multiple aspects of the acoustic signal. The number of trill-like (frequency modulated) 50-kHz calls was significantly reduced, and appeared to be replaced by simpler (flat) calls. The bandwidth and maximum intensity of simple and frequency-modulated calls were significantly decreased, but call duration was not. Our findings suggest that the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway is involved to some extent in fine sensorimotor function that includes USV production and complexity.
Repeated Intravenous Amphetamine Exposure: Rapid and Persistent Sensitization of 50-kHz Ultrasonic Trill Calls in Rats
Behavioural Brain Research. Jan, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 18809437
Short 50-kilohertz (kHz) range frequency-modulated ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) produced by rats and mice are unconditionally elicited by drugs of abuse or electrical stimulation that increase dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens, and it has been suggested that they reflect "positive affect" or incentive motivational states associated with appetitive behavior. The repeated administration of amphetamine is known to not only produce "psychomotor" sensitization, but also to facilitate a number of appetitive behaviors, including conditioned drug pursuit behavior. We were interested, therefore, in whether amphetamine-induced 50-kHz USVs would also increase with repeated drug exposure. USV recordings were made during 5-min sessions immediately after a saline infusion, and again 4-5h later after 1.0mg/kg intravenous amphetamine exposure. These sessions took place every other day over a 5-day period. A challenge dose of 1.0mg/kg amphetamine was administered 2 weeks later to determine whether sensitization would persist. The initial amphetamine infusion increased 50-kHz USVs relative to the saline infusion. This effect was enhanced over trials and during the amphetamine challenge 2 weeks later. Classification of 50-kHz range call types revealed that complex frequency-modulated trill calls were sensitized by amphetamine, but not flat 50-kHz calls. It is possible that 50-kHz USV recordings could provide a potentially valuable behavioral measure of sensitization linked to enhanced incentive salience and increased tendency to self-administer drugs of abuse.
Influence of Acute Caffeine on 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Male Adult Rats and Relevance to Caffeine-mediated Psychopharmacological Effects
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP). Feb, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 19545474
To further characterize caffeine-mediated psychopharmacological effects, the present study investigated whether acute caffeine (3, 10, 30, 50 mg/kg i.p.) exerted any influence on the emission and features of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which are thought to index changes involving emotional state, in male adult rats. The results obtained demonstrate that caffeine can trigger modifications in the maximum peak frequency and bandwidth of the 50-kHz range USVs. However, such an effect was not accompanied by a significant elevation in the number of 50-kHz USVs, relative to administration of vehicle. Under the same experimental conditions, acute amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p.) robustly elevated the number of 50-kHz USVs emitted by rats, although it did not affect the maximum peak frequency and bandwidth of USVs. Thus, both qualitative and quantitative differences in the effects exerted by caffeine and amphetamine on 50-kHz USVs were observed. Taken together, these findings further clarify the features of caffeine-mediated psychopharmacological effects, and may help to elucidate the differences between the central effects of caffeine and those elicited by other psychostimulants.
Repeated Intravenous Cocaine Experience: Development and Escalation of Pre-drug Anticipatory 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats
Behavioural Brain Research. Sep, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20382187
Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) in the 50-kHz range occurs in rats immediately upon first-time exposure to cocaine or amphetamine, and rapidly increases with repetitive drug exposure at the same dose. This sensitized positive-affect response to these drugs of abuse is persistent in that the peak level of USVs again appears when the drug is reintroduced after several weeks of drug discontinuation. The present study explored whether with enough experience USVs might be elicited, and gradually escalate, in anticipation of impending drug delivery. Rats were trained to self-administer (SA) cocaine intravenously by lever pressing 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Yoked rats received experimenter-delivered cocaine matching that of SA rats. USVs and locomotor activity were recorded during each 10-min period prior to 60-min drug access sessions. Extinction trials in which drug access was denied were then carried out over an additional 4-week period. After about a week of cocaine experience, both the SA and yoked groups began to progressively increase USVs when placed in an environment that predicted forthcoming drug exposure. Extinction of anticipatory calls and locomotion occurred over days after drug access ended. USVs may be a useful model for specifically investigating the neural basis of drug anticipation and aid in developing and assessing new addiction treatment strategies for reducing craving and relapse.
Cocaine Deprivation Effect: Cue Abstinence over Weekends Boosts Anticipatory 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats
Behavioural Brain Research. Dec, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20470830
In drug dependence studies, rats are often tested daily with short breaks (such as weekends) spent untested in their home cages. Research on alcohol models has suggested that breaks from continuous testing can transiently enhance self-administration (termed the "alcohol deprivation effect"). The present study explored whether the salience of cocaine-access cues is increased after skipping weekend cocaine and cue exposures. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of the 50-kHz class are emitted by rats exposed to intravenous cocaine and have been shown to increase with repeated drug exposure at the same dose level (sensitization). The present study found that over the course of several weeks of cocaine self- or yoked-administration pre-drug cues signaling forthcoming access or delivery of cocaine elicited marked amounts of anticipatory 50-kHz USVs, and that weekend deprivation from cues and cocaine exaggerated further the level of calling (more calls on Mondays compared to Fridays). Anticipatory USVs extinguished less rapidly when weekend access to unreinforced cues was denied. The results may have clinical implications, in that intermittently avoiding cues or context may enhance drug cue salience and resistance to extinction.
Assessing the Role of Dopamine in Limb and Cranial-oromotor Control in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Journal of Communication Disorders. Sep-Oct, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21820129
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by sensorimotor dysfunction. The neuropathology of PD includes a loss of dopamine (DA) neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Classic signs of the disease include rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. However, as many as 90% of patients also experience significant deficits in speech, swallowing (including mastication), and respiratory control. Oromotor deficits such as these are underappreciated, frequently emerging during the early, often hemi-Parkinson, stage of the disease. In this paper, we review tests commonly used in our labs to model early and hemi-Parkinson deficits in rodents. We have recently expanded our tests to include sensitive models of oromotor deficits. This paper discusses the most commonly used tests in our lab to model both limb and oromotor deficits, including tests of forelimb-use asymmetry, postural instability, vibrissae-evoked forelimb placing, single limb akinesia, dry pasta handling, sunflower seed shelling, and acoustic analyses of ultrasonic vocalizations and pasta biting strength. In particular, we lay new groundwork for developing methods for measuring abnormalities in the acoustic patterns during eating that indicate decreased biting strength and irregular intervals between bites in the hemi-Parkinson rat. Similar to limb motor deficits, oromotor deficits, at least to some degree, appear to be modulated by nigrostriatal DA. Finally, we briefly review the literature on targeted motor rehabilitation effects in PD models. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Readers will: (a) understand how a unilateral lesion to the nigrostriatal pathway affects limb use, (b) understand how a unilateral lesion to the nigrostriatal pathway affects oromotor function, and (c) gain an understanding of how limb motor deficits and oromotor deficits appear to involve dopamine and are modulated by training.
A Cocaine Cue is More Preferred and Evokes More Frequency-modulated 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats Prone to Attribute Incentive Salience to a Food Cue
Psychopharmacology. Feb, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 21833503
Individuals vary considerably in the extent to which they attribute incentive salience to food-associated cues.

domain: health


text:
Leadership as Soul Work: Living, Leading, and Loving the work
This publication has been peer reviewed.
Year of Publication:
Journal, Book, Magazine or Other Publication Title:
Living the Work: Promoting Social Justice and Equity in Schools Around the World
Friday, October 16, 2015
Azadeh F. Osanloo (editor), Christa Boske (editor),
Additional content will be provided upon request.

domain: library


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Tag: F Gir
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From LPB, “After elementary school, most kids with DS are at the bottom of the Social Food Chain. For those with neurotypical kids wishing to avoid accidentally raising a bully it’s simply not enough to instruct your children to, “Be nice to others!” You’ve got to be more specific than that. Kids think if they aren’t being outright unkind, they are being nice.”
By Leslie Blanchard | huffingtonpost.com
I will never forget the day my daughter told me that Bethany, a girl in her 4th grade class, was annoying her.
“What is she doing to you?” I questioned, instinctively protective.
“She’s following me around on the playground and sitting by me at lunch!” she quipped, as if that would sum things right up and get me squarely on her side of the matter.
“You mean she’s trying to be friends with you?” I asked incredulously.

domain: psychology


Rating – *****
The title says it all: This speaker and her teammates lured in, and captured footage of, a giant squid. For those not in the know, the giant squid it as long as a 2-story house is tall, and has rarely been seen by the human eye. So for this team to capture six encounters with giant squids is incredible.
The team did this by creating a lure that emitted a light similar to the light made by a certain deep-sea jellyfish as a distress cal. The jellyfish emits this distress call in the hopes that a larger animal will be attracted to the light, and will attack the animal trying to eat the jellyfish. The submersible holding the cameras did not have motors, as those could have made enough noise to scare away any curious squid. So with the lure in place, all the team had to do was wait for a squid to take the bait. And several squid did, giving the team some incredible footage.
This TED Talk was amazing not because of the footage, but also because it drives home the point that we know very little about the animals that live beneath the surface of the oceans. This talk was absolutely incredible, and I watched the footage of the giant squids over and over because it was so amazing.
“Edith Widder: How We Found the Giant Squid.” TED. 2013. Web. 17 Jun. 2013. http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_how_we_found_the_giant_squid.html


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Christmas Movie Trivia - matching actors to their role in famous Christmas movies, printable Christmas games.
Every day it seems I am hearing about another Christmas movie that I haven’t seen and that I should see! Looking at the Christmas movie quotes below makes me want... Read
Famous Christmas Movie Quotes Trivia Game on slideshow format
Grinch Printable from Happiness is Homemade.jpg - Google Drive
Famous Christmas Movie Quotes Christmas Movie Trivia Game
Famous+Christmas+Movie+Quotes | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Famous Quote
30 Unseen Dark Sides of Famous Christmas Movies Slideshow | Cracked.com
Which Famous Christmas Movie Character Are You? - See who your Christmas movie kindred spirit is. - Quiz

domain: movie


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Korea is a major tourist destination. One among the most popular activities the people in Korea enjoy is gambling. If you’re looking for an outstanding place to bet online There are several legitimate casinos in Korea that you ought to check out. In this article, we’ll lead you through the most popular online casino in Korea basing it on the feedback of customers and other features.
What is an Online Casino?
Online casinos are an excellent option to gamble 안전토토 with family and friends, and many offer great welcome bonuses. Casinos online can be great for earning some extra cash. It is possible to play for no cost however, if you wish to earn real money, you’ll need to put money in first. When picking a casino online you must take into consideration their features, services offered to customers, and the security measures in place.
Types of Online Casinos
There are numerous types of online casinos which you are able to play within Korea. The most popular is the one that is located on land, and is accessible at many of the most popular gaming locations, like Daum or Nate. There are also a variety of casinos online that provide mobile slot machines and downloadable games along with live dealer casinos that allow you to play games with real live dealers on the spot in real time.
What are the main differences between Online Casinos within Korea?
In the case of playing online at casinos located in Korea There are certain aspects which distinguish them from those in other nations. For one, the gambling laws in Korea are more stringent than others, meaning that the selection of available games is less extensive and that payout ratios often are lower. In addition, Korean online casinos are less well-known than those located in other countries. Therefore, chances are you’ll find higher odds and more rapid pay outs at popular casinos.
It’s true that there are a lot of excellent Korean casino websites available should you be looking for a secure and convenient location where you can gamble. Here are a few of our top choices:
1. GMS Casino: This site is among the largest and most well-known Korean online casinos. It offers many options for old-fashioned and new-line casino. Additionally, you can take advantage the generous welcome bonus scheme that will get you quick and going.
2. Nexon: Nexon is another well-known and loved Korean casino on the internet, with plenty of popular games that you can play. There are also great welcome bonuses and outstanding customer service .
3. There’s a top-notch casino called 888casino from the gambling giant The 888casino website offers an extensive selection of games, promotions, and bonuses. You can count on their superior customer support to guide you through any issue you may confront.
4. PlayN GO: PlayN GO is one the most loved online casinos, and offers numerous great games to play with your smartphone or tablet. Additionally, you can take advantage of their amazing loyalty program to earn free spins and other prizes every when you deposit.
How to Choose the Best Online Casino for Playing in Korea
Selecting the right online casino for play in Korea isn’t as hard than it might seem initially. These are some guidelines to help you make the right decision.
In the beginning, you must choose the type of online casino you’d prefer to play at. There are three basic types of casinos on the internet in Korea: land-based casinos, online poker rooms, and online slots.
Land-based casinos provide traditional casino games like blackjack, roulette, and craps. They also offer various types of live games, such as table games and bingo.
Online poker rooms are great for those looking the opportunity to take part in real-money tournaments or test their skills at poker for the first time. Some of the best poker websites also provide Jackpot Poker, which gives players the chance for huge cash prizes after winning small tournament pots.
Also, online casinos can be a great choice for anyone who wants a quick and easy method to get away from reality as well as lose some cash. There are many different slot machines available, so there’s sure to be one that you’ll like.
Korea is a country that is obsessed with its online casino games, and with reasons that are well-founded. The number of games you can play in Korea is unparalleled The payout rates are constantly top-notch. If you’re in search of an online casino that allows you to play some games and make some money take a look at Korea’s top casinos.


Clinks and clanks will be replaced by beeps and boops in four Montgomery County voting precincts this fall.
Last week, the county commissioners gave their approval to replace traditional mechanical voting machines with their hi-tech electronic descendants in the general election.
Depending on how the test goes, the entire county could be switched to electronic voting within a few years, according to election board chief clerk Michael McAdoo.
Although no decision has been made, McAdoo said consideration is being given to placing the experimental machines in polling places in the Norristown, Worcester, Upper Merion and Abington/Whitemarsh areas. After conferring with county leaders of both political parties as well as local officials, the final four locations will be chosen, he said.
"We want to get as divergent a mix of population as possible," said McAdoo.
Once the precincts are identified, poll workers will be trained how to operate the machines before the election, said McAdoo. An exit survey will be used to gauge public reaction, he said.
Only two companies, Shoup Corp. and Microvote Corp., are certified to sell electronic voting machines in the state. Each company will place machines in two precincts. All votes cast will be official, said McAdoo.
The decision to switch to all-electronic would have to be made through a countywide referendum, not by the commissioners, said McAdoo. The cost could reach several million dollars, he said.
McAdoo said he began looking into electronic voting after last spring's primary. An unusually large number of Republican candidates forced the county to establish separate voting booths for each party. In some cases, McAdoo was forced to spend thousands of dollars to make last minute adjustments.
Electronic voting, with a virtually unlimited capacity for names, theoretically will alleviate that problem, said McAdoo.
McAdoo originally asked to put it off until next spring because the November ballot will be relatively small and might not prove to be a good test of the machines' scrolling capabilities. But the commissioners decided to go ahead, saying that they would like to get a feel for how well the systems work as soon as possible.


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Boost your probability of winning with the right sports odds
Watching your selected sport could turn even more interesting if you place bets on each forthcoming game. The main element to winning most of your bets is to use sports books offering higher odds as well as beat those odds. You can easily boost your probability of winning with the right sports odds at reputed sports betting sites.
Each sport including basketball, baseball, golf, boxing, horse racing or football managed by the ncaa or nfl are going to have odds which have been decided by odds makers so as to present a fair bet to any or all bettors involved. On top of that, each bookie or sports book will also extract a little “juice” or “vig”, which essentially is a nominal commission from each bet. Odds usually balance a bet so therefore you will have to set up a larger stake if your bet backs the favored team and you simply might win a very massive amount of money even when you set up a smaller stake for the underdog of the match.
Odds are displayed by means of betting lines that indicate much more than just a simple outcome of each game. You can lay fixed bets or make it even more interesting by indulging in pari-mutuel betting where odds remain variable. However, should you be fresh to betting then you will surely have to read a little to be able to place such bets before you could start betting like a pro. Understanding betting lines and calculating the percentages of winning or losing are necessary skills that need to be developed whether you are gambling whilst sitting in Australia, USA, Europe or some other country on the earth.
Start out with free or paid picks that many online sports books and other related websites offer. However, be sure to check the reputation the site of your choice or you might only end up having picks chosen by someone with the sole expertise in tossing a coin. Again, since each bookie will display varying odds based on their particular perceptions of the results of the match, you will have to play with many bookies at one single time. This will make it all the more important in understanding sports odds and quickly making up your mind.
For additional assistance in interpreting sports betting odds, simply saunter into gertgambell.net. You may let their experience work in your favor until you change into a professional yourself. You should also note that the odds change dramatically in college and pro sports and you may need to develop your handicapping skills to think of the correct predictions most of the times.
Your love for sports may be transformed into a long-lasting paying proposition provided you can successfully sustain your betting venture by winning most bets. By reading and understanding sports odds quickly, you can put your bets at various sites simultaneously and earn a lot of money in winnings or perhaps fight another day with ease even though you lose some of those bets.


I have put together some code to take exported images from our Leica FALCON FLIM system and process them to give the intensity in one channel and the lifetimes (decimal ns) in another channel.
All works well but the lifetime images look a bit funky. The Leica LAS X software lets you adjust both the lifetime colour scale and the intensity of the image, like playing with luminance layers in photoshop or similar.
Is there any way of being able to do this on the fly/in real time in Fiji? I could do it via processing in the code but it would be hard set and would need to be reprocessed each time you want to change the visualisation.
So i guess what i am asking for is there some way to have an intensity layer under the colour FLIM layer that can be adjusted and have its values applied directly?
Example image is atatched
FLIM Test.tif (8.0 MB)


Vortex Crossfire Red Dot 2 MOA
Vortex Crossfire Red Dot is an enclosed red dot sight that opens the way for those who have long thought about buying a collimator, but good equipment of this type was either too expensive or the quality of workmanship too low.
Now, solid workmanship and affordable price go hand in hand thanks to this compact design.
The Vortex Crossfire red dot has a bright spot with a diameter of 2 MOA. The spot is easy to locate, which allows you to quickly find the target and make an accurate shot.
The skeleton mounting is available in two heights. This allows the Vortex Crossfire collimator to be used on a shotgun, handgun, and on AR platforms.
Vortex Crossfire Red Dot dimensions in cm
- multi-layer optics – anti-reflective coating on the surface of the lens allows you to obtain a bright image.
- adjusting the brightness of the dot – 11 levels of spot brightness facilitate adaptation to the terrain in which we shoot and the lighting conditions.
- no parallax error – the collimator has such a low parallax error that it does not affect the result of the shots fired at the target.
2 MOA DOT
The daylight bright red dot is easy to see and paints targets regardless of lighting conditions or background.
Subtension detail for Crossfire 2 MOA red dot.
unlimited distance from the eye (eyerelief) – no matter how far the eye is from the collimator, the spot and the target will always be perfectly visible.
- water resistance – o-rings prevent the penetration of moisture, dust and dust, which improves the reliability of the red dot in all conditions.
- hard anodized coating – even greater resistance thanks to the anodized coating, this coating will protect the collimator against scratches and corrosion for many years.
- long battery life – working time on one battery is up to 50000 hours on brightness setting 6
- skeletonized mount – skeleton construction allowed to reduce the assembly weight without affecting its strength.
Whats in the box
- Durable rubber cover
- T-10 Torx wrench
- CR 2032 battery
- High/Lower 1/3 co-witness mount
- Low height mount
Varmstrong @ vortexoptics.com –
High quality for an affordable price
bought this From an academy here in San Antonio took it to the range and put about 150 rounds of .300 Blackout through my 10.5 AR-15. The crossfire never shut off and maintained a tight grip on the rail. Haven’t and do not plan on torturing the optic but I have seen enough review videos to say this thing can definitely take a beating.
My only complaint about it would that the knob is a little rough to turn but then again it prevents the brightness of the red dot from lowering and increasing due to the weapon recoil so it’s not that big a deal for me.
I give this optic 5 stars and would definitely recommend this for both new shooters and experienced looking for a great Red dot who don’t want to spend 400+.
Plane red dot that’s simple to use. Fit and finish is fantastic. Warranty can’t be beat. No off settings between brightness levels. Two brightness levels compatible with night vision. Comes with all you need. Mount that comes in the box is lower 1/3 co-witness. Can also mount straight to rail.