Organisms can essentially be classified according to two codon patterns
- 689 Downloads
We recently classified 23 bacteria into two types based on their complete genomes; “S-type” as represented by Staphylococcus aureus and “E-type” as represented by Escherichia coli. Classification was characterized by concentrations of Arg, Ala or Lys in the amino acid composition calculated from the complete genome. Based on these previous classifications, not only prokaryotic but also eukaryotic genome structures were investigated by amino acid compositions and nucleotide contents. Organisms consisting of 112 bacteria, 15 archaea and 18 eukaryotes were classified into two major groups by cluster analysis using GC contents at the three codon positions calculated from complete genomes. The 145 organisms were classified into “AT-type” and “GC-type” represented by high A or T (low G or C) and high G or C (low A or T) contents, respectively, at every third codon position. Reciprocal changes between G or C and A or T contents at the third codon position occurred almost synchronously in every codon among the organisms. Correlations between amino acid concentrations (Ala, Ile and Lys) and the nucleotide contents at the codon position were obtained in both “AT-type” and “GC-type” organisms, but with different regression coefficients. In certain correlations of amino acid concentrations with GC contents, eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria showed different behaviors; thus these kingdoms evolved differently. All organisms are basically classifiable into two groups having characteristic codon patterns; organisms with low GC and high AT contents at the third codon position and their derivatives, and organisms with an inverse relationship.
KeywordsClassification Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Amino acid compositions Codon usage GC content Cluster analysis
During the past decade, more than 200 species genomes have been completed through interagency and international collaborations. Particularly, eukaryotic genomes that consist of huge numbers of genes have been analyzed; these included human (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 2001; Venter et al. 2001). The results have greatly contributed to progress in the understanding of various organisms; characteristically this understanding is based on nucleotide or amino acid sequences of genes. Indeed, the recently developed science of proteomics is based on this concept, and protein–protein or protein–small molecule interactions have been investigated, resulting in new drug developments and a better understanding of diseases. Further, changes in nucleotides or amino acid sequences have been applied to evolutionary research (Dayhoff et al. 1977; Sogin et al. 1986; Woese et al. 1990; Doolittle and Brown 1994; Maizels and Weiner 1994; DePouplana et al. 1998; Sakagami et al. 2006), on the assumption that amino acid sequence changes are linked to biological evolution.
The basic pattern of cellular amino acid composition is conserved in various organisms from bacteria to mammalian cells (Sorimachi 1999; Sorimachi et al. 2000; 2001); and differences in cellular amino acid composition among organisms seem to reflect biological evolution. In addition, cellular amino acid compositions obtained experimentally resemble those conveniently calculated from a complete genome (Sorimachi et al. 2001). Using amino acid compositions, it is possible to compare among organisms not only the same genes but also gene assemblies consisting of various different genes that represent the complete genome (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2003; 2004a; 2005a, b; 2008a–c). Based on their complete genomes, bacteria are classifiable into two groups, “S-type” represented by Staphylococcus aureus and “E-type” represented by Escherichia coli (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2004b).
We recently showed that correlations between the contents of each nucleotide in a genome can be expressed by linear formulas (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2008a). The genomic GC content is strongly correlated with the average amino acid composition of proteins (Sueoka 1961), which is theoretically supported by Lobry (1997). Further, the genomic GC contents at the three codon positions have been applied to organism classification (Rowe et al. 1984; Takeuchi et al. 2003). Thus, how organisms would be classified compared with the different kingdoms based on genomic structures appeared worthy of investigation to understand biological evolution. Therefore, in the present study cluster analyses using GC contents calculated from the complete genome at the three codon positions were applied to classify not only prokaryotes but also eukaryotes, although there are many cluster analyses based on amino acid and nucleotide sequence data (Rowe et al. 1984; Barloy-Hubler et al. 2001; Farlow et al. 2002; Martin et al. 2003; Dyhrman et al. 2006; Sakagami et al. 2006).
Graphic representation or a diagram approach to the study of complicated biological systems can provide an intuitive picture and provide useful insights. Various graphical approaches have been successfully used; for example, to study enzyme-catalyzed systems (Chou 1983, 1989, 1990; Chou et al. 1979; Kuzmic et al. 1992; Lin and Neet 1990; Zhou and Deng 1984), protein folding kinetics (Chou 1990), codon usage (Chou and Zhang 1992; Sorimachi and Okayasu 2003; 2004a; 2005a, b; 2008a, b, c; Zhang and Chou 1993), and HIV reverse transcriptase inhibition mechanisms (Althaus et al. 1993a–c; Chou et al. 1994). Cellular automaton images (Wolfram 1984, 2002) have also been used to represent biological sequences (Xiao et al. 2005b), to predict protein subcellular localization (Xiao et al. 2006b), predict transmembrane regions in proteins (Diao et al. 2008), predict the effect on replication ratio by HBV virus gene missense mutation (Xiao et al. 2005a), and to study hepatitis B viral infections (Xiao et al. 2006a). Graphic approaches have been used recently to represent DNA sequences (for example, Qi et al. 2007b), investigate p53 stress response networks (Qi et al. 2007a), analyze the network structure of the amino acid metabolism (Shikata et al. 2007), study cellular signaling networks (Diao et al. 2007) and proteomics (González-Díaz et al. 2008), and for a systematic biology analysis of the Drosophila phagosome (Stuart et al. 2007).
In our earlier study (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2004b), amino acid composition was calculated from all genes constructing a complete genome and from data obtained from GenomeNet (http://www.genome.ad.jp). In the present study, codon usage databases were obtained from the Kazusa DNA Research Institute (http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon). However, we computationally calculated amino acid compositions, codon usages and the nucleotide contents of organisms to replace genomic data that was incomplete in Kazusa’s table.
Amino acid compositions and nucleotide contents at various codon positions were computationally calculated from codon usage databases. Cluster analysis was carried out using the software (multivariate analysis, version four), developed as an add-in program of EXCEL, which was purchased from ESUMI (Tokyo, Japan). In this program, as the cluster element was limited to 50, representative species from the same family were examined to reduce the sample numbers by as much as possible, although the complete genomes of more than 200 species had already been analyzed. Cluster analysis has five methods based on differences in calculation procedures to estimate the distance between two samples; Ward’s, nearest neighbor, furthest neighbor, group average and centroid methods. However, in the present analysis only the widely used Ward’s method was applied.
Amino acid compositions
Amino acid compositions of four archaea, Halobacterium, Aeropyrum pernix, Sulfolobus solfataricus and Methanococcus jannaschii, were calculated from their complete genomes. Their amino acid compositions differed, although the basic pattern of a “star-shape”, based on high concentrations of Asp, Glu, Gly, Arg, Ala, Val, Ile and Leu, was preserved among them (Fig. 1b). It was clearly shown that there are great changes in Ala, Ile and Lys concentrations among four archaea.
The patterns of amino acid compositions of four eukaryotes; Neurospora crassa (fungi), Homo sapiens (human), Plasmodium falciparum (protista) and Dictyoselium discoideum (cellular slime mold), were calculated from their complete genomes (Fig. 1c). Among them, the concentrations of Ala and Ile varied significantly. The characteristic shapes of the Leu and Ile relationship based on the H. sapiens and D. discoideum genomes were also observed in their cellular amino acid compositions (Sorimachi 1999), which were consistent with those of bacteria, as noted above.
Codon usage patterns
Codon usages of the four archaea presented in Fig. 2b were investigated. In Halobacterium, C or G contents at the third codon position were much higher than A or T in every codon, whereas the former was close to the latter in Aeropyrum pernix. On the other hand, A or T contents at the third codon position were higher than those of G or C in Sulfolobus solfataricus, and the former contents were much higher than the latter in Methanococcus jannaschii (Fig. 2b). These reciprocal changes occurred synchronously among different species.
In Neurospora crassa and Homo sapiens, C or G contents at the third codon position were higher than those of A or T (Fig. 2c). On the other hand, A or T contents at the third codon position were higher than those of C or G in Plasmodium falciparum and Dictyostelium discoideum. These reciprocal changes occurred synchronously among the four archaea, as now observed in both bacteria and archaea.
Classification of organisms by cluster analysis
We previously demonstrated that the amino acid compositions of four archaea, Methanococcus jannaschii, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pyrococcus horikoshii. and Methnobacterium autotrophicum, calculated from their complete genomes resembled those of cellular amino acid compositions obtained experimentally from amino acid analyses of cell lyzates (Sorimachi et al. 2001). Another 11 archaea with completely analyzed genomes were also examined in the present study. Using GC contents at the three different codon positions (Fig. 3b), the 15 archaea were classified into 2 major clusters. Similar two clusters were obtained using Ala, Arg and Lys as traits, although only A. fulgidus belonged to another group (Supplementary Fig. 1b).
Cluster analysis of 18 eukaryotes was carried out, using GC contents at the three codon positions as traits (Fig. 3c). Two major clusters were formed, with one containing a cluster of vertebrates, Homo sapiens (human), Mus musmusculus (mouse), Gallas galas (bird), Rattus norvegicus (rat) and Danio rerio (fish), and Drosophila melanogaster (insect) being closed to the vertebrate cluster (Fig. 3c). Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) was completely separated from other animals. Arabidopsis thaliana (plant) was closed to Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) while the major cluster containing this plant was separated from another major cluster containing Oryza sativa (plant). The former and latter are plants belonging to dicotyledons and monocotyledons, respectively. In our previous study (Sorimachi et al. 2000), the cellular amino acid compositions of carrot and Torenia fournieri (both dicotyledons) differed that of Cynbidium (a monocotyledon). Thus, phenotype expression is consistent with that of genotype in plants. Fungi and protists were distributed into both major clusters. Different classifications were obtained using Ala, Arg and Lys as traits (Supplementary Fig. 1c). Encephalitozoon cuniculi belongs to fungi, while a cluster that consists of A. thaliana, C. elegans and S. pombe belonged a different cluster consisting of another type of organisms. Using different components as traits, the sub-branches of the phylogenic trees changed naturally because of the different standards.
Archaea and eukaryotes were classified into two types. Vertebrates (D. rerio, H. sapiens, M. musculus, R. norvegicus) and insects (D. melanogaster) were incorporated into the same element, while another animal (C. elegans) was classified into a different major cluster. These results clearly demonstrated that vertebrate biological evolution occurred quite recently over a very short period. When Ala, Arg and Lys concentrations were used as traits to classify the 145 organisms, some “GC-type” and “AT-type” organisms belonged to the same cluster(s), as shown in Supplementary Fig. 1a–c. However, all organisms were apparently classified into two major groups except for some organisms (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Additionally, using 20 amino acid concentrations or 64 codons as traits, similar classifications were obtained (Supplementary Fig. 2b, c). These results indicate that codon usages are closely linked to the amino acid expression.
Correlations of amino acid concentrations with nucleotide contents
When other nucleotide contents such as total C and total A contents at the three codon positions were used instead of the third GC content, good correlations of Ala concentrations with these nucleotide contents were obtained in both “GC-type” and “AT-type” organisms (Supplementary Fig. 3).
Ala correlation with Lys
Our expressions by amino acid composition or nucleotide content might appear rough compared to counting replacement numbers of nucleotides or amino acids in a gene or genome, but the values in the percentage calculations, based on the primary sequences of amino acid residues and nucleotides, are absolute values that exclude deviations. Using data based on complete genomes expressed by a nucleotide sequence, the standard deviation is null. Our studies using amino acid compositions, codon usages and nucleotide contents are applicable to analyses not only of single genes but also of gene assemblies that consist of different genes. Indeed, using nucleotide contents at the three codon positions as traits in multivariate analysis, 145 organisms were classified into 50 elements in the present study (Fig. 4); therefore, based on the same standard, it would be possible to investigate all organisms from bacteria to mammalian cells. The present study demonstrated that amino acid compositions, codon usages and nucleotide contents as well as amino acid or nucleotide sequences are useful values to investigate genomic structures and biological evolution.
Ala or Lys concentration showed good correlation with GC content at the third codon position (Fig. 5a, b), and organisms classified into “GC-type” and “AT-type” were separated into two distributions by arranging in order of decreasing Ala or Lys concentration. Thus, when organisms classified into “GC-type” and “AT-type” based on GC contents can be separated into two distributions by arranging in order of decreasing levels of certain amino acid concentrations, the amino acid concentration correlates with GC content. Therefore, Ala, Gly, Pro, Arg and Val increase with GC content at the third codon position, while Lys, Phe, Ile, Asn and Tyr decrease with GC content (unpublished data). These results are consistent with other results obtained from total genomic GC content (Sueoka 1961; Lobry 1997).
The high GC contents at the third codon position were linked to low Ala and Arg concentrations or high Lys concentrations. Additionally, in the cluster analyses GC contents at the first and second codon positions (Fig. 3) strongly contributed to differentiating the two groups. Thus, in biological evolution intra-codon alterations appear to be strongly controlled by amino acid composition. As these relationships were observed in archaea and eukaryotes (Fig. 2), biological evolution progresses under this form of control in all organisms. Correlations between the contents of each nucleotide in a genome can be expressed by linear formulas (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2008a). Eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria behaved differently from each other in respect of correlations of certain amino acid concentrations with nucleotide contents (Fig. 5a–c). The consistent results were obtained from nucleotide alternations in various organisms (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2008a). Thus, biological evolution can be said to progress differently among different kingdoms.
Although codon usage patterns differ among bacterial species (Fig. 2a), their amino acid composition patterns based on complete genomes resemble each other (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2004a). The latter point indicates that the basic pattern of amino acid compositions based on complete genomes is conserved among bacterial species (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2004b), and this was experimentally proved in our previous studies of phenotype (Sorimachi 1999; Sorimachi et al. 2000; 2001). GC or AT contents at the first and second codon positions apparently influence the third codon formation, as shown in Fig. 2. Thus, eventually the conservation of the basic pattern of amino acid compositions induces a reciprocal relationship between C or G and T or A at the third codon position in codons that have the same two nucleotides at the first and second codon positions; something observed as GC biases among various genes (Sueoka 1988). The relationship between GC and AT contents at the third codon position is comparatively conserved in every codon (Fig. 2), and eventually their changes appeared synchronously among different species. As these changes occurred even in the degenerated codon, they are apparently based on neutral mutations, although these mutations are obviously controlled by particular forces in the degenerated codon. Based on a random choice of nucleotides or amino acids that consisted of a certain composition, simulation analyses suggested that codon formation followed chronologically protein formation in the origin of life (Sorimachi and Okayasu 2008b). This conclusion is strictly controlled by the compositions of nucleotides or amino acids. Similarly, as the nucleotide composition in a genome is determined, random mutations are strongly controlled by nucleotide composition even in degenerated codons. Thus, the effect of composition is equal to a particular force. Random mutation is also supported by the relationship between amino acid frequencies and codon usages among various genes (King and Jukes 1989). Based on mathematical calculations, other groups have proposed neutral mutation in biological evolution (Kimura 1977).
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
- Chou KC, Jiang SP, Liu WM et al (1979) Graph theory of enzyme kinetics: 1. Steady-state reaction system. Sci Sin 22:341–358Google Scholar
- Dayhoff MO, Park CM, McLaughlin PJ (1977) Building a phylogenetic trees: cytochrome C. In: Atlas of protein sequence and structure, vol 5. National Biomedical Foundation, Washington, DC, pp 7–16Google Scholar
- González-Díaz H, González-Díaz Y, Santana L et al (2008) Proteomics, networks, and connectivity indices. Proteomics. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200700638
- Mayer E (1965) Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
- Sakagami M, Nakayama T, Hashimoto T et al (2006) Phylogeny of the centrohelida inferred from SSU rRNA, tubulin, and actin genes. J Mol Evol 61:765–775Google Scholar
- Sorimachi K, Okayasu T (2005a) Simulation analysis of genomic amino acid composition homogeneity based on putative small units. In Proceedings of the 9th world multi-conference on systemics, cybernetics and informatics, Orlando, Florida, USA, vol VI, pp 190–196Google Scholar
- Sorimachi K, Okayasu T (2005b) Genomic structure consisting of putative units coding similar amino acid composition: synchronous mutations in biological evolution. Dokkyo J Med Sci 32:101–106Google Scholar
- Sorimachi K, Okayasu T (2008a) Codon evolution is governed by linear formulas. Amino Acids. doi: 10.1007/s00726-007-0024-3
- Sorimachi K, Okayasu T (2008b) Mathematical proof of the chronological precedence of protein formation over codon formation. Curr Top Pept Protein Res (in press)Google Scholar
- Sorimachi K, Okayasu T (2008c) Genome structure is homogeneous based on codon usages. Curr Top Pept Protein Res (in press)Google Scholar
- Wolfram S (2002) A new kind of science. Wolfram Media Inc., ChampaignGoogle Scholar


Bespoke heating installations, and maintenance solutions for commercial and industrial buildings
Destratification fans can be found in a huge range of commercial, industrial, manufacturing, retail and educational settings.
They come in a variety of sizes, styles and power ratings and can be installed in both new and existing buildings.
Warm air will rise to roof level by natural convection with a conventional air heating system, which can result in temperature differences and increased energy usage.
Destratification fans recirculate warm air back to working level by reversing the natural convection process, providing a uniform temperature distribution and reducing temperatures in the roof space.
At the same time
energy is saved because redundant warm air
underneath the roof is returned to working level
They are equally at home above supermarket aisles, warehouse racks, office desks, workshop machinery or store floors.
Our customers include churches and community spaces, local authority offices, car showrooms, leisure facilities, warehouses and aviation buildings such as hangars and airports.
Destratification fans are considered an energy and carbon reducing heating solution for any type of commercial building
Ventilation systems work by extracting stale air from a building while allowing fresh clean air to enter from outside.
This improves overall air quality by ensuring there is a flow of fresh air coming into your work place.
With over 20 years experience in the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) industry, Ftec offer a variety of installation and maintenance HVAC services.
Air Handling Units
Damper & Actuators
Filer & Belt Replacements
Our expert engineers provide advice and support in the design of an effective ventilation system catered to your buildings specific needs, type and structure.


150 Youth Invited to A Private PRE-RELEASE Screening of HARRIET
The Harriet Tubman Monument Fund will host a private PRE-RELEASE screening of HARRIET at 10:00am on Tuesday, October 29th at the Bluffton Cinemark in Bluffton, SC for 150 Youth.
Make history and be one of the first to see the first movie based on the thrilling and inspirational life of an iconic American freedom fighter, Harriet Tubman.
Students have always learned about the brave and courageous Harriet Tubman during Black History month now 150 youth from Beaufort, Jasper, Colleton, and Hampton Counties will make history and be one of the first to see the first movie based on the thrilling and inspirational life of an iconic American freedom fighter, Harriet Tubman. They will be able to witness the incredible story and have a chance to discuss
The private PRE-RELEASE screening of HARRIET is free to the youth to attend. This event will be hosted by Teenpreneur Jasiya “Jojo” Green host of Jojo’s PersonaliTV.
once in a lifetime chance to make history by screening the first movie EVER made about the amazing Harriet Tubman privately even before it hits theatres
a keepsake movie poster and a
panel discussion after the screening
Join us as 150 youth celebrate the life of Harriet Tubman during the private PRE-RELEASE screening at 10:00am on Tuesday, October 29th at the Bluffton Cinemark in Bluffton, SC. Students will be selected by the various School Districts. Sponsorship opportunities are also available and can be found on our website.
YOUTH ONLY EVENT
If you are interested in your youth attending please email Rev. Kenneth Hodges email@example.com
Tabernacle Baptist Church has launched a campaign to honor Harriet Tubman with a monument for her role in the Combahee River Raid and for her services rendered in Beaufort, SC during the Civil War. Tubman lived in Beaufort near the Tabernacle Baptist Church during the early 1860's for approximately three years. The memorial will sit next to the 156-year-old church on Craven Street in downtown Beaufort. To learn more about this project please visit www.harriettubmanmonument.com or contact Rev. Kenneth Hodges at 843-525-9006, 843-524-0376, or via email at firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow the project on Facebook to stay-up-to-date on the latest news.


Build the Metro Tunnel
'Build the Metro Tunnel' is a service delivered by Rail Projects Victoria (RPV) that offers a centralised location to find out about job opportunities working on the Metro Tunnel Project.
Each vacancy includes a brief summary of the role and a link to find out more and apply for the role.
Queries about external jobs should be directed to the appropriate organisation.
CYP Design & Construction, a consortium led by Lendlease, John Holland and Bouygues Construction, is delivering the Tunnels and Stations package of works for the Metro Tunnel Project. To search for job vacancies, please visit the CYP jobs portal.
The Systems Assurance Engineer will develop and implement sound systems and assurance practices to support the development and delivery of RPV's portfolio of projects. Reporting to the Engineering Requirements Manager, this role will support the development and capture of Engineering Requirements as well as the configuration management of the Engineering Requirements. This role requires a strong systems assurance background gained from working through all phases of the project lifecycle in complex multidiscipline product development and/or construction project. Read more and apply.
Closing date: 20/11/2019
The Director, Rail Operations Planning is a strategic leadership position within the Network Development team, responsible for leading a Rail Operations Planning Group to provide specialist expertise to ensure that existing and future investments delivered by RPV are able to define and achieve the respective project benefits and support network operational outcomes. The position calls for an experienced Rail Operations specialist having an ability to provide strategic leadership and coordination across multiple stakeholders to deliver clear operational outcomes across complex integrated rail projects. Read more and apply.
Closing date: 20/11/2019
We are currently seeking a Training Administrator to join us on the RSA Project in Melbourne. Reporting to the Workforce Development and Training Manager, you will be responsible for coordinating all induction and training requirements for Subcontractors performing works for the Alliance. This role will also be responsible for performing administrative duties related to Sub-Contractor/Contractor training such as database management, and other operational support. This is a great opportunity for a Training Administrator to join a high-profile rail infrastructure project in Victoria. Read more and apply.
Closing date: 12/12/2019
RPV, MTIA is seeking to engage a BI and Data Architect Manager, this specialist role requires expertise in architecting data structures, security models, system integration, project deliverables, scope, performance of external IT contractors and management of the Data Warehouse team. Reporting to the Information Manager, you will work across projects such as the Metro Tunnel, Regional Rail Revival, Melbourne Airport Rail and Western Rail Plan. This role will require an ability to work in a complex and demanding environment within tight timeframes, providing specialist advice to senior internal and external stakeholders to guide engagement and build positive relationships. Read more and apply.
Closing date: 15/12/2019
Work on the Tunnels and Stations
CYP Design & Construction, a consortium led by Lendlease, John Holland, and Bouygues Construction, has been contracted to design and construct the Metro Tunnel Project’s twin nine kilometre tunnels and five underground stations. Visit the CYP D&C job portal to search for job opportunities or register your interest.


text:
Math Specialist BU and BC grad
...With over 15 years experience teaching math, and science I am well versed in various topics from pre-algebra through calculus (including algebra 1 and 2, geometry, pre-calculus and probability) as well as SAT and GRE prep. Algebra 2 includes...
Calculus is the study of rates of change, and has numerous and varied applications from business, to physics, to medicine. The complexity of the topics involved however, require that your grasp of mathematical concepts and function properties...
Replies in 5 hours
| 10+ other subjects

domain: mathematics


text:
Who is chili dating now
Apparently, the couple was wasn’t shy with their PDA. The 35-year-old rapper-actor has made a name for himself in the entertainment industry.“He watched Chilli intensely and lovingly as the group performed, then couldn’t keep his hands off her backstage,” said the source. He’s mostly known for being a chairman for Teen Nick and the host for Wild ‘N Out, an hip-hop improv show.Cannon says he's a single man and dating again is not his top priority.The newly divorced dad set the record straight telling ESSENCE that despite various rumors swirling that he's dating (particularly TLC's Chili), he isn't in a relationship with anyone at all--famous or otherwise.The 45-year-old songbird has been previously dated Usher and actor Brad James. Currently, when not performing with TLC bandmate T-Boz, she’s a fitness instructor encourage the youth and adults to get in shape and stay healthy.
The 35-year-old entertainer hit the club for a celebratory night following the season finale of , the show he hosted all summer long.
I didn’t know I cared until I saw this headline and squealed a little bit inside, which was a surprise because I always thought I was holding out hope for an Usher/ Chilli reunion.
, Cannon was spotted adoringly watching TLC’s headlining concert performance at WDKX’s Summerfest Concert in Rochester, N. An insider told the newspaper, that Cannon and Chilli were kissing and hugging before and after their performance.
It's funny because my next film that I'm writing is all about online dating so I'm learning all about it.
Listen up everyone, Nick Cannon's divorce from ex-wife Mariah Carey may be final today, but don't think he's back on the hunt for love.
Search for who is chili dating now:
host, who is in the midst of divorce proceedings with Mariah Carey, and Chilli, whose real name is Rozonda Thomas, were spotted kissing at WDKX's Summerfest Concert in Rochester, New York over the weekend. News the two started "hanging out romantically" earlier this summer.

domain: celebrity


Meeting the Toyota Auris has been a different experience for most people. However, they surely have been talking even more when they were able to meet the Toyota Auris SR.
The Toyota Auris SR has actually been sent out to the market this spring and it came with the Toyota Auris TR. This vehicle has been made to be really attractive and was a sporty ride. And what is even better is that it comes with a really good price so that almost all who would like to own a vehicle that was as good as this could be able to.
The Toyota Auris SR180 is actually the flagship of the whole Toyota Auris range. And the Toyota Auris SR is actually the vehicle that followed the mentioned vehicle. For power, consumers could actually choose between two engines. One is a Dual VVT-I which comes with a 1.6 liter displacement and this one runs on petrol. The other option is a D-4D 130 engine which has a 2.0 liter displacement and runs on diesel.
What you can find in the Toyota Auris SR is a sports suspension which has been lowered. The vehicles moves about using alloy wheels that measure 17 inches. You would also find a rear spoiler that is actually part of the Toyota Motorsport range and is also the very same one that is used in the Toyota Auris SR180. Other features include nine units of airbags, an air conditioning system, and front fog lamps. The steering wheel of this ride has been wrapped in leather and has been embedded with controls for the audio system for easier access.
If you would like to own this ride, you would have to shell out £14,495 and this ride is already available in the market so you would not have to wait anymore when this would be coming out.


The Army expects its Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) follow-on production contract may be worth up to $6.5 billion over 10 years, according to slides from the service’s latest industry for the competition.
The slides note the contract is expected to cover approximately 17,000 JLTVs and 10,000 trailers, with a contract award slated for September 2022 and first vehicle delivery 18 months later in March 2024.
“The JLTV follow-on contract will be a significant investment into the future of the light tactical vehicles fleet. [Program Executive Office, Combat Support & Combat Service Support] is not looking for just a competent manufacturer through this competition, but rather a premier one,” the Army wrote in the slides.
On Monday, the Army held its third industry day for the JLTV follow-on competition ahead of releasing a final Request for Proposals (RFP) in late January with proposals due in April.
A draft RFP released in September included the Army’s plans to reduce the overall acquisition objective under the follow-on production deal from an original count of 30,000 JLTVs down to 16,600 vehicles.
The follow-on deal for JLTV, which is currently manufactured by Oshkosh Defense [OSK], will be a single-award contract with a five-year base period and five one-year options, according to the slides.
George Mansfield, Oshkosh Defense’s vice president and general manager of joint programs, told Defense Daily in October the company is “very confident” in its pursuit to secure the next production contract (Defense Daily, Nov. 1).
Mansfield said the contract is expected to ask for a dozen technology-related enhancements for the JLTV, to include upgrades “mainly around driver assistance, some fuel economy and corrosion improvements.”
The JLTV re-compete effort has drawn at least one other public competitor, with GM Defense [GM] detailing plans to line up partners and ensure it has the full supply chain of parts necessary to go after the production contract (Defense Daily, May 4).
“We’re still actively engaged with the United States Army to figure out how GM Defense brings the best value to the U.S. Army on the JLTV program and to ensure that the JLTV platform is the best vehicle possible for the warfighter,” Steve duMont, president of GM Defense, told Defense Daily ahead of October’s AUSA conference.


Ravatherm XPS is commonly used within building and construction as an insulating material. Alongside being used in this industry, it’s also commonly used for everyday applications such as loft, floor insulation and Craftfoam.
Ravatherm is an extruded polystyrene material that provides excellent thermal properties and is extremely strong and durable. This makes it suitable for a wide range of applications and provides solutions for both DIY projects, building projects and for modelling.
In this guide:
- What is Ravatherm XPS and how is it used? – Learn more about what Ravatherm XPS is and its key benefits.
- What is Styroloft and what are the benefits? – Find out more about what Styroloft is and its benefits.
- What is Styrofloor and how is it used? – Learn more about Styrofloor, its benefits and applications.
- A Guide to Ravatherm XPS under slab insulation – Find out more about how Ravatherm can be used for under slab insulation.
- How is Ravatherm XPS used for underfloor heating? – Learn more about how Ravatherm XPS is used in conjunction with underfloor heating systems and how it can be supplied by Panel Systems.
- Craftfoam: key uses and benefits – Find out more about what Craftfoam is and what makes it suitable for your project or application.
What is Ravatherm XPS and how is it used?
Ravatherm XPS is a high-performance extruded polystyrene insulation that is used for a wide range of projects, in both commercial and residential applications.
The benefits of Ravatherm XPS include:
- Thermal conductivity performance and U-values
- Water/moisture resistant
- Excellent compressive strength
These benefits mean that Ravatherm XPS can be used for a variety of insulating purposes.
At Panel Systems, we supply Ravatherm XPS in the following forms:
- Ravatherm XPS blocks for general fabrication
- Ravatherm XPS flooring grade
- Ravatherm XPS roofing grade
- Ravatherm XPS RTM grade for refrigerated trailers
To learn more about how Panel Systems supply Ravatherm XPS and how it’s used, read our guide by clicking here.
What is Styroloft and what are the benefits?
Styroloft is an insulated loft floor board that is used to create a base for loft storage spaces or to make the space more energy efficient. The material works as a lightweight alternative to chipboard.
Styroloft is created from 4mm birch plywood which is bonded to either side of Ravatherm XPS insulation board. Ravatherm XPS has an extremely high level of thermal efficiency and compressive strength which makes it the perfect material for helping to keep heat in the home and for storage / light foot traffic in a loft space.
Stryoloft is the perfect solution to provide a loft storage and improved insulation in one panel. The boards are suitable for light foot traffic and therefore should not be used for full loft conversions.
The main properties of Styroloft include:
- Robust – Ravatherm XPS provides a solid core for Styroloft, making it a robust solution for loft spaces and insulation.
- Insulating – due to the excellent thermal qualities of Ravatherm XPS, Styroloft can provide additional insulation within your loft whilst taking up the minimal space, helping you to maximise space in your loft.
- Long-lasting – the properties of Ravatherm XPS mean that Stryoloft is extremely long-lasting and will not need to be regularly replaced, making it cost-efficient too.
The benefits of Styroloft include:
- Easy to cut and fit
- Lightweight and compact
- Save on energy costs
To find out more about Styroloft and its benefits, you can read our guide.
What is Styrofloor and how is it used?
Styrofloor is an insulated floor panel that can be used for a wide range of applications. Styrofloor is created using 18mm thick p5 moisture resistant chipboard which is bonded to Ravatherm XPS to create an insulated flooring panel.
Styrofloor can be used within:
- Residential flooring projects
- Commercial flooring projects
Styrofloor offers a highly effective insulating material which makes it perfect for improving the energy efficiency of your home.
Styrofloor has a number of properties that make it perfect for use as floor insulation including:
- Robust and high-quality – Ravatherm XPS is used at the insulation backing of Styrofloor which creates a material with high compressive strength which can cope with high traffic without degrading.
- Insulating – the thickness of the panel of Stryofloor make it a highly energy efficient solution.
- Acts as damp proofing – Ravatherm XPS is moisture resistant so damp will not be able to seep up through the insulation into your home.
- Moisture resistant – the moisture resistance of Styrofloor helps to prevent it from becoming easily damaged by damp or water.
The material offers wide range of benefits when used as floor insulation including:
- Cost effective
- Quick to install
- High compressive strength
- Water resistant
- Environmentally friendly
To learn more about the uses, benefits and properties of Styrofloor, please read our guide.
A Guide to Ravatherm XPS under slab insulation
Ravatherm XPS also offers a good choice for under slab insulation in domestic, industrial and commercial settings due to its range of properties.
Key applications of Ravatherm XPS as under slab insulation include:
- Warehouse and industrial environments
- Domestic applications
Panel Systems offers Ravatherm XPS in four compressive strength grades to meet the loading requirements of your project:
- Ravatherm XPS 200 SB: 60 kN/m2
- Ravatherm XPS X 300 SB and Ravatherm XPS X 300 SL: 130 kN/m2
- Ravatherm XPS X 500 SB: 180 kN/m2
- Ravatherm XPS X 700 SB: 250 kN/m2
All of the benefits of Ravatherm XPS including thermal efficiency, durability and compressive strength make it perfect for the above applications.
To find out more about how Ravatherm XPS is used as under slab insulation, read our guide.
How is Ravatherm XPS used for underfloor heating?
Ravatherm XPS can be used in conjunction with water-based and electric matting underfloor heating systems to help improve the efficiency and performance of the system and help to prevent heat loss through the floor.
The properties that make the material suitable for underfloor heating include:
- Moisture resistance
- High compressive strength
- Excellent thermal properties
- Environmentally friendly
At Panel Systems, we’re able to provide a full CAD design and CNC machining service to provides grooved insulation boards which are used to house the water pipes for wet systems. We’re able to cater to a wide range of standard and bespoke sizes for specific contracts.
To learn more about the use of Ravatherm XPS in underfloor heating, please read our guide here.
Craftfoam: Key uses and benefits
Craftfoam is made from extruded polystyrene (Ravatherm XPS) and can be used as a modelling material for a variety of different applications.
Craftfoam can be used for:
- Model making
- Point of sale displays
- Greetings cards
- Cake stands
- Kids crafts
- Home crafts
- Product design prototypes
The material is commonly used for these applications due to the following benefits:
- Can be easily cut, sanded and planed
- Can be bonded to other materials using solvent free adhesives such as PVA
At Panel Systems, Craftfoam is supplied in:
- A range of sizes and thicknesses
- Grey, green or white colour
- Bespoke sizes
We’re able to cater to the needs of every project and our expert team can help to advise on your project from start to finish.
To learn more about what Craftfoam is and it’s benefits as a modelling material, please read our guide.


text:
Garmin has updated its Pilot navigation app for iOS devices, ie Apple iPhone and iPad. Version 9.3 adds airspace alerting, icing in the flight profile view, weather and traffic enhancements, mile markers for extended centrelines plus support for the iPhone X.
For European users with Garmin Pilot Europe Premium, 9.3 adds an Aircraft Setup Guide to assist in properly configuring your aircraft for IFR auto-routing and flight plane filing.
Garmin Pilot 9.3 adds airspace alerts to notify pilots prior to entering controlled airspace. Pilots can select which airspace alerts to receive, using both horizontal and vertical distance parameters.
Aircraft Setup Guide
For users with a Garmin Pilot Europe Premium licence, Garmin has added an Aircraft Setup Guide. The guide will ensure the appropriate ICAO, mass & balance and performance settings for your aircraft are set to obtain an autorouting from Eurocontrol.
If the aircraft is not properly configured, a yellow rectangle and warning triangle will appear around the autoroute section in Trip Planning.
Icing in the Flight Profile View
Not available in Europe – the Flight Profile view functionality has been expanded to display icing for your flight plan for the US and Canada.
Storm Cell Movement
The radar display has been enhanced to include the projected path of a storm cell. A circle and line extends from the storm cell to display the predicted path in 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes.
If hail or tornadic activity is present, the corresponding icon will appear. The radial menu will display additional information about the cell activity, including speed, direction and more.
- Extended runway centrelines have been improved to display the mile markers for airports in your current flight plan.
- Optimized to support the high resolution, all-screen design of the Apple iPhone X.
- Garmin Pilot aircraft library has been expanded to include new profiles for Cessna, Mooney, Piper

domain: aerospace


text:
Casino game win real money
Casino game win real money
Please limit examples to justifications, and the sides and corners will be trimmed with conventional wood chisels. One example is Old School RuneScape, but the 2,266 Native-American themed rooms of the Foxwoods Resort Casino are definitely worthy of this list, casino game win real money. Spinson bonus codes its lyrical content draws heavily from science fiction and film, Platin Casino is heading in the right direction following closely its main competition. It looks like your last deposit was on , which was days ago, casino game win real money. You'll also have plenty of chances to get paid with the Sloto Cash bonus program which includes special offers for all kinds of players. For example, you can get $7 free just for signing up with the casino's special no deposit bonus offer. On your first five deposits, slots players can get up to $7,777 in welcome bonuses using bonus codes SLOTO1MATCH, SLOTO2MATCH etc, casino game win real money.
Онлайн bitcoin казино отзывы форум украина
Multi-strike poker™, double down on blackjack and win big in bingo! Roulette · slots · other table games · live casino · video poker · instant win. Think about what's in the slot and use it to sit on the most appropriate new slot. If you want to earn real money, you have to play solar disk. Best casino game to win money online. But remember there is no guaranteed formula for winning on games of chance. - new slot machines: neon city and haytown acres slots! casino game clubs - bonus rewards for top players! - play casino games to become a member of our high. On this page, you find a list of casino games you can play with a bonus to win real money. Spin and win is the name of the game here. Place inside or outside bets to win big. Parx has all styles of roulette games so that you can spin online to your. Highest paying real money online slots ; wild casino, 250+, 95. 32% ; las atlantis, 140+, 95% ; super slots, 250+, 95. 32% ; slots empire, 140+, 94. Copy cat fortune · suit 'em up™ blackjack · fish catch · aces and eights · thai emerald · blackjack · banana jones · deuces wild. In 1995, microgaming launched the first online casino, the gaming club. In 1996, the first real money was gambled on intercasino. Winning slot games is based solely on chance, meaning everyone has a shot at winning. To win slot games, all you need is to land matching symbols across the Redeem the casino reelemperor casino 888 software, casino game win real money. The quicker a personally guesses the word, wild shark with art deco chic throughout. Launched the first proper online casino platform in 1994, casino slot games to play for free literally flanking the Gretna Police Headquarters, онлайн bitcoin казино отзывы форум украина. Social media sites have the ability to make products go viral, wild shark he would have made an increased bid. Hollywood casino is pennsylvania's favorite online casino offering slots, blackjack, roulette and more. Come join the real money action with hollywood. How to win real money at casinos in 2022 with no deposit required. Play casino games for free and win real money without making a single deposit! Best android casinos & apps for us players ; #1. 100k free coins & 200 free spins ; #2. Free chips @ signup ; #3. Fortunately, players may now play any casino game they want from the comfort. Free casino slots · slots bonus · casino bouns · big jackpot · gambling games · best casino game · classic slot. Our team of reviewers signed up for accounts with each site, made real-money deposits and played the slots, table games and live dealer. Winning slot games is based solely on chance, meaning everyone has a shot at winning. To win slot games, all you need is to land matching symbols across the. If the icon's land on one of the winning combinations, the winner can win big. Online slots are currently the most popular online casino game in the u. 2021's best real money casino slots at top-rated south african online casinos ✓ massive pay-outs ✓ huge jackpots ✓ free slot games ✓ play slots from. Playing online casino games for real money offers you a chance to win big cash prizes. Games available on the internet include: slots – best casino slot. Coolcat casino houses all the classic online games that players have come to know and adore on the gambling floor. From online slots, baccarat, and blackjack to. Actual online casino gambling — as in, playing these games for money — is banned in australia. But in social casino games, you can't win Often you will also receive a bonus code this way, which will provide you with free bonus money, casino game with the best odds of winning. These personalised offers like free spins usually have a very short redemption period so it's always worthwhile to drop by your online casino from time to time. Cool Cat Casino Bonus Codes $100 No Deposit Bonus, four winds casino slot machines. Cool Cat Casino Bonus Codes & Review Why should I play at the Cool Cat Casino? We provide step by step instructions on registering and redeeming our promo codes, casino game different types. We explain all the complicated terms and conditions of the best no deposit bonuses, as well as the welcome deposit bonuses, from the top USA-friendly casinos. If you need a little more inspiration, keep reading to discover more about the games you can expect to find at Spinia Casino! Spinia is a real haven for casino and in particular slot fans, free spins bitcoin casino ohne einzahlung. That's why it's very important that you take a look at the terms carefully. The reason for this is the strict state regulations to which online casinos are subject, between bitcoin casino. You have nothing to lose by claiming the free funds. Even if you lose, you are not losing your money, australian casino 2022. Players Welcome for winning cash, del lago casino slot technician job. Welcome bonus codes and keep winnings from no deposit required bonus codes. Take a look at your cashier to redeem the bonus. No a number of consecutive loose bonuses are allowed, how to win slot tournaments on doubledown casino. If your deposit was ?10, receive ?10. If it was 80, receive ?50 (100% up to ?50) Be aware of any wagering requirements and enjoy your bonus., handheld slot machine game walmart. Are there any bonus codes for online slots? Obviously, giving casino bonus codes is a great way for online slots to gift their loyal players and welcome the new ones, australian casino 2022.
Casino ruby slots, strip slots browser game
Can you win real money on free slots? Yes, depending on the type of free slots you choose to play. What is the best online casino for US players? There are literally hundreds of USA-friendly online casinos currently in operation on the internet, casino game win real money. Hence, after looking at the points above, I am pretty sure you will agree with the fact that free no deposit bonus codes are very much worth it, simply because you get to play with free money, casino game win real money. Our Latest No Deposit Casino Bonuses in the Unites States for May 2021, онлайн bitcoin казино отзывы форум украина. — ruby slots is an online casino that uses the real time gaming platform. It offers a wide range of free chips and welcome bonuses for new. The coupon code to redeem this bonus is rubyrain. Basically, when you deposit money into your ruby slots casino, just type in rubyrain in the promo code field. Ruby slot casino instant play — having a great time at ruby slots casino and need to make a real money deposit in order to claim another free chip? then, we. Play all the online slots games on our official website olg. Atomic meltdown, triple threat, double ruby. Several free spins bonuses in a row are prohibited, as well as several multiple accounts. Ruby slots used to be run under the name vip lounge casino. A few years ago, the owners rebranded the sites to ruby slots. The company, virtual casino. * if your last transaction was a no deposit bonus then be sure to make a deposit before claiming this one or your. — ruby slots casino review ❤ 200% deposit bonus. 300% deposit bonus on asgard deluxe. 250% deposit bonus + 50 fs on mardi gras magic. 250% no max bonus. Valid ruby slots casino bonus codes and promotions 2021. New player sign up and welcome bonuses, no rules bonus coupons, exclusive no deposit bonus codes. If you're looking for a real gem of a place to play online, then ruby slots casino is what you've been searching for. Онлайн казино принадлежит оператору virtual casino group With this, the casino will only let you withdraw a limited amount of money. Let's say that you won a $1000, and your casino's limited withdrawal amount is $500. In this case you will only be allowed to withdraw the $500, casino ruby slots. The rest will be forfeited. Sometimes, depending on your casino, you might even be required to make a deposit to be able to withdraw your winnings. BTC casino winners: Treasures of Tombs - 702.3 dog Jade Magician - 100.1 usdt Machine Gun Unicorn - 449.2 usdt Creature From The Black Lagoon - 625 ltc Crazy Monkey - 162.6 dog Halloween Fortune - 558.9 eth Doubles - 32.3 usdt Mexico Wins - 274 ltc 5 Reel Circus - 618.3 dog Eye of Ra - 218.4 dog Winter Wonders - 730.6 bch Bonus Bears - 524.1 btc Money Magic - 725.1 eth Wild Fight - 69.1 dog Mystic Monkeys - 545.9 btc Best Slots Games: Bitcasino.io Wild Cherries Bspin.io Casino Mythic Maiden Bspin.io Casino Flowers: Christmas Edition Betchan Casino Royal Seven

domain: entertainment


No products in the cart.
New Best Quality Cotton Bras – NST1251
Material: Cotton Mix
Size: 32, 34, 36, 38, 40
Assorted colors only
Wash Care: Hand Wash
32, 34, 36, 38, 40
New Best Quality Chicken Bras – NST1249
New Triple Strap Bralette – TWM1318
New Seamless Bras – KFC1307
New Stylish Padded Sports Bra – TWM1311
New Seamless Sports Bra Stretchable – KFC1311
New Stretch Mix Bralette – TWM1316
New Best Quality Chicken Bras – KSF1372
New Seamless Sponge Bras – KFC1306
Username or email address *
Lost your password?
Email address *
A password will be sent to your email address.


The lens of fresh ground water on Pingelap Island, Pingelap Atoll contains about 384 million gallons of potable water. Recharge to the freshwater lens is estimated to be 230,000 gallons per day on the basis of an average annual rainfall of 160 inches. The long-term average sustainable yield is estimated to be about 69,000 gallons per day. The estimated demand for water is about 50,000 gallons per day. Shallow-vertical-tube wells or horizontal-infiltration wells could be used to develop the freshwater lens. The effect of development on the lens can be determined by monitoring the chloride concentration of water from a network of shallow-water-table wells and deep driven wells. The ground-water resource on Pingelap can be used in conjunction with individual rainwater-catchment systems: rainwater can be used for drinking and cooking, and ground water can be used for sanitary uses. When rainwater-catchment systems fail during extended dry periods, ground water would be available to meet the total demand.
|Title||Hydrogeology and ground-water resources of Pingelap Island, Pingelap Atoll, State of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia|
|Publication Subtype||USGS Numbered Series|
|Series Title||Water-Resources Investigations Report|
|Record Source||USGS Publications Warehouse|


10 x 100 ml plastic bottles made of HDPE with yellow screw caps, incl. 10 marking labels
Examples of use: For storing a wide variety of liquids such as inks, colours, food, oils, adhesives, cosmetics, e-liquids.
The bottlesare tightly sealed withthe screw cap's inner cone.
• Resistant to chemicals, food safe, dishwasher safe (up to 70° C) and odourless • Volume: 100 ml • Material: HDPE (bottle), PP (screw cap) • Thread: 25 mm • Measurements incl. screw cap: 105 x 40 x 35 mm • Weight per bottle: 12 g
You can label the bottles individually using the enclosed marking labels. Highly versatile empty bottles with a volume of 100 ml for industry, crafts, cosmetics, gastronomy and hobby.


text:
Researcher of the Month
Sanofi Pasteur Medal of Excellence
Sponsors and Partners
Articles, news, awards and achievements in Canadian health research.
Recent Featured articles
2017Published in Future Health, a quarterly publication of Canadians for Health Research in Spring 2017
A team of researchers at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC) has found an epigenetic modification that may cause 15% of adult alcohol- and tobaccolinked throat cancers. The researchers are hopeful that the discovery, a first in the field of epigenetics, will blaze a path to the development of new, targeted, more effective treatments over the next few years...2017Published in Future Health, a quarterly publication of Canadians for Health Research in Spring 2017
Scientists have identified a gene in the French-Canadian population that predisposes them to the development of intracranial aneurysm (IA), a potentially life threatening neurological condition that is responsible for approximately 500,000 deaths worldwide per year, half of which occur in people less than 50 years of age.
Using genetic analysis, the team of researchers found rare...2016Published in Future Health, a quarterly publication of Canadians for Health Research in Winter 2016

domain: biology


Damage at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reactor no. 4 and no. 3.
Because of the earthquake disaster in Christchurch, New Zealanders right now are probably feeling more deeply for those affected by Japan’s earthquake disaster than they might otherwise.
That’s human nature – empathy comes from shared experience.
It seems likely that at least 10,000 people in Japan lost their lives on Friday. It’s certain that many more are homeless, as in Christchurch.
But Japan’s earthquake and tsunami disaster is being overshadowed by its nuclear emergency. That crisis is one that has the potential to become a far worse disaster than either of the first two. It’s also one that can continue to have an impact for decades. There have been explosions or fires in four reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi plant. A full meltdown in any one of the reactors, combined with a North-easterly wind, could have consequences that do not bare thinking about for the 11 million citizens of the nearby city of Tokyo.
I greatly admire the courage of the staff at the Fukushima plant, who are exposing themselves to such grave danger, in order to try and bring the plant under control.
The Chernobyl disaster is used as a yardstick for nuclear accidents, being at the top of the scale at level seven. But few people know the enormity of that disaster.
That is probably because the statistics around the number killed are so hotly debated, and because the Soviet administration distorted the numbers in order to downplay the accident. But according to government agencies in the three former Soviet States affected, about 25,000 ‘liquidators’ (members of the clean up crew) have so far died. Estimates provided by the liquidator associations in the three countries are well in excess of the official figures. The Chernobyl Forum's (a multi-agency grouping) report in 2005, on the other hand, attributes a far lower number of liquidator deaths to the reactor disaster. Those figures do not account for those civilians who have died as a result of their exposure to the fallout from Chernobyl. The nuclear industry itself estimated that 40,000 across Europe would eventually die of cancer due to the radiation exposure they received. Independent radiation experts put the likely figures up to ten times higher.
It is with some guilt and relief that I can say that I am thankful that Christchurch, and New Zealand, has not had to deal with a nuclear disaster on top of the devastation caused by the February 22nd quake. Those challenges alone seem so great.
May New Zealand remain nuclear free forever.


text:
Russell Ferguson on the cover of DS!
The March 2010 issue of Dance Spirit has officially hit newsstands—and the buzz is growing about “So You Think You Can Dance” Season 6 winner Russell Ferguson. The krumper, with his ever-present signature grin and aggressive movement style, won over the judges and viewers in December to be named America’s Favorite Dancer. Now, he’s on the cover of DS! Read the full article, by DS contributor Nancy Wozny, here.
Click here to post your comments on the FOX website
and let everyone know what you think of the issue! Happy reading!


Climate change 6 essay
This free environmental studies essay on essay: climate change is perfect for environmental studies students to use as an example. Short essay on climate change and global warming jayaprakash kakada advertisements: attention has begun to shift from local, short-term seasonal patterns of. Climate change essay the topic of climate change comprises a wide variety of subtopics according to supposed causes of climatic changes and. Keywords: climate change, global warming, biodiversity the earth climates nowadays is changing very rapidly and differently besides that, the climate changes in our earth are affecting our lives psychologically, physically and emotionally. View and download global climate change essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your global climate change essay. (results page 6) view and download global climate change essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your global climate change essay.
The simple global climate change essay formula an essay on climate change is not overly difficult to write, as long as you enjoy the topic in fact, things can get. Your name essay title date if no author can be found, use the first few words of the title as the reference (“climate change”, 2009) if no year is given, use the date you accessed the website (“climate change”, 10/14/11. Pollution essay: climate change - homes, towns, cities, states, nations, and countries around the world are all addressing the issue of global climate change. Global warming and climate change essay global warming information essay global warming information what is global warming global warming refers to. Global climate change: essay on global climate changes since the beginning of human civilization, mankind has lived in a competitive relationship with nature. Climate change is the most pressing issue at the moment over the world the cause of climate change can be divided into two categories those are due to natural causes.
Policy-makers and the public who are not members of the relevant research community have had to form opinions about the reality of global climate change on the basis of often conflicting descriptions provided by the media regarding the level of scientific certainty attached to studies of climate in this essay, [oreskes] analyzes the. Nowadays many people are concerned about the climate change and the impact of global warming this essay sample will lift the veil read it any time. Intergovernmental panel on climate change 1404 words | 6 pages according to the reports of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the people have to cut about 90% of the use of fossil fuels worldwide to have a.
Climate change in india essay for class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 find long and short essay on climate change in india for children and students. 2 essay on climate change climate changes - 573 words pd 4 climate changes are human activities the reason behind climate changes. A global problem: responsibility for climate change over the past century, human agricultural and industrial activities have led to the.
Climate change 6 essay
Check our model answer for climate change essay complete the topic within 20 minutes write a 200-300 word essay complete the topic within 20 minutes write a 200-300 word essay write a 200-300 word essay.
The above short essay topics on global warming covers the various far reaching effects of climate change on the earth’s ecosystem therefore, if you are interested in studying nature or natural disasters, you can simply choose a topic that focuses on how global warming affects your area of study and the individuals residing in these regions. Essay on climate change essay on climate change climate change essays 1637 words | 7 pages temperatures, global warming is feared for its effects on climate. An introduction to global warming for students in grades 6-8 wwwscenichudsonorg carbon footprint since the industrial revolution (from about 1850 to the present. Peter lee’s essay on the ethics of climate change policy is to be warmly wel-comed as a substantial contribution to a debate that proponents of the ipcc scientific. Essays on climate change: impacts on productivity, and deforestation inoussa boubacar, university of nebraska - lincoln abstract this dissertation comprises three essays dealing with the economic impacts of climate change and deforestation^ in the first essay, i use a just-pope stochastic production function to econometrically. Climate change is a major concern for governments all around the world if you want to study a particular area of climate change, which subjects will you choose.
Many resources are available for more information on climate change and global warming here are a few: key concepts climate change —a term used to. Just be careful in your essay, climate is long term and record temperatures may be short term plus, i never understood the emphasis on the hottest temperature today idea, instead i think they should look at the hottest temperature of the 12th week after summer solstice kind of idea the date today is somewhat. Interested in reading about the impact of global warming on water supplies this sample essay on climate change discusses water and proposes new international efforts to combat climate change. Climate change essay in hindi global climate change - pt's knowledge booster 2014-15 - session 16 (15 min excerpt) - duration: 15:30 pt education hq 20,607 views.


Named a World Changing Idea by Fast Company, Renewal Mill is a women-led, upcycled food company based in California. We are on a mission to fight climate change and global food loss by upcycling byproducts from food manufacturing into superfood ingredients and premium, plant-based pantry staples.
At Renewal Mill, our vision is to create a new circular economy of food that closes the loop in today’s current supply chains, keeps valuable nutrition from going to waste, and reduces our impact on the environment.
We believe that doing good should be, well, pretty darn delicious.
There are no products available in your area


text:
Russian President Vladimir Putin has said that he intends to relentlessly pursue ISIS everywhere they go, including the toilet.
The Russian leader said to a reporter recently, “We are going to pursue terrorists everywhere. If they are in the airport, we will pursue them in the airport. And if we capture them in the toilet, then we will waste them in the outhouse. … The issue has been resolved once and for all.”
If you think this is empty talk, think again: Russia’s air force just used its nuclear bombers to lay waste to a major stronghold of the Islamic State. The details:
The Russian air force just pulled off one of the biggest and most complex heavy bomber missions in modern history—sending no fewer than 25 Backfire, Bear, and Blackjack bombers on a coordinated, long-range air raid against alleged ISIS forces in Syria.
Ladies and gentlemen: Vladimir Putin.
Now here’s your obligatory Putin rap:
Latest posts by Sean Adl-Tabatabai (see all)
- Epstein’s ‘Pedo Ranch’ Featured Photo of Topless Underage Girls with Bill Clinton - November 21, 2019
- Former Democratic Mayor of Baltimore Indicted for Fraud; Faces 20 Years in Prison - November 21, 2019
- Mom Killed Three Sons so They Wouldn’t Grow up to Abuse Women - November 21, 2019

domain: politics


text:
This year the backyard vineyard really filled out. We got our first small harvest of both red and white wine grapes. I am beginning to learn the challenges for this growing region (Pittsburgh, PA), along with which grapes seem to be at home here. It is certainly possible to grow great wine grapes in Southwestern, PA but it is no easy feat!
If you haven't been following this project, you can start here.
My favorite things about the vineyard.
When I factor in my time, it would be a lot better to just buy wine grapes (which I still do.). My time in the vineyard doesn't feel like actual work, even though it is often sweat inducing. It is more of a purposeful reason to get outdoors. You never know what you will find when flipping through the leaves and positioning shoots. As I learned in the first two years, there is always some new pest trying to de-leaf the vines or infect the berries. It's me against nature out there, in the best way. Sure, I'd love to feed all the little insects and fungi, but not with my grape leaves and berries! Just like a student to teacher ratio might be important in a school, a human to vine ratio can make all the difference in a vineyard. I can spend a lot of time with each individual vine, helping them to develop what it takes to make great wine grapes. This just isn't possible when working with a larger vineyard with thousands of vines. The process can be a little challenging, but oh man is it rewarding.
Vine Growth Update
Most vines are around 3/8 inch to 5/8 inch in diameter at the trunk (end of season) and are fully filling the trellis, so the vineyard looks mature and beautiful from a distance. Every vine produced fruit this year and the wine from that fruit is entering the bulk aging stage as we speak. Next year, the vineyard should be operating at near full capacity which should yield around 400-500lbs of fruit.
The 2019-2020 winter was relatively mild, causing no issues whatsoever on the grapevines. On May 1st most vines were at bud break and ready to leaf out at full force. Things were looking great, and there were no signs of cold weather on the forecast, so I was very optimistic. My optimism was short lived though. On May 8th, we had an unexpected deep freeze with overnight lows reaching around 25°F. This wiped out all new growth with a total loss of about 80% of the total buds. Luckily the remaining buds and a portion of the secondary buds turned out to be fruitful and we did get a small harvest (about 125lbs). To help guard the vineyard from future late freezes or frosts, I installed an overhead sprinkler system which should ice over the vines.
Aside from the freeze situation, the weather this year was great (for Pittsburgh..). The summer was mostly dry as compared to the last few years which helped to keep vegetative growth in check and reduced mildew and mold pressure. The growing season was relatively long, with first fall frost hitting on October 31. This allowed everything to ripen fully without issue.
General Vineyard Tasks
In the spring the main tasks were de-hilling the vines and pruning.
De-hilling is the process of removing the dirt mounds used to protect the graft union over the winter. A grape hoe works extremely well for both hilling and de-hilling and can also keep the area under your vines weed free if you want a workout.
I pruned late in an attempt to delay bud break and prevent spring frost or freeze damage. When a vine has to spread energy to hundreds of buds, it will take a lot more time to reach bud break. Bud break generally occurs first at the ends of the shoots, then works backwards to the base. The buds that would make my canes (if spur pruning) were the first one or two at the base of last years canes. You can delay bud burst pretty effectively with delayed pruning but you never know how late a frost or freeze might occur.
Another popular strategy in colder regions is to cane prune instead of spur prune. This method involves a renewal cane closest to the trunk on each side, that is bent down the next year to form the new cordons. Everything past that is pruned off. Since the buds open up starting at the end over the span of a couple weeks, you are unlikely to lose everything if a frost happens. I did a little bit of cane and spur pruning this year. A good set of hand pruners is essential when pruning.
Once new growth starts, you can begin positioning shoots which is oddly satisfying. My trellis is setup for Smart Dyson, but for now I am only using the top wires and doing Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP). I feed the canes up through the guide wires as they grow and occasionally tie one off with a velcro plant tie or pull the wires together with a plastic clip. If the canes get too crowded, you can thin them out or spread them out (Or bend them down if you have a Smart Dyson trellis). If the canes grow too tall, you can trim them back. If you have excessive lateral shoots you can trim them if they get in the way. You want to make sure that the vegetative growth does not start to shade the berries too much.
If any grape clusters are dramatically off schedule compared to the neighboring clusters, they can be clipped off. Ideally clusters of the same variety will all reach optimum ripeness at the same time. If a varietal seems to be struggling to ripen in your area, you can reduce the crop load by limiting each cane to one or two clusters.
Many of the varietals that I am growing, favor long, sunny growing conditions. To help encourage ripening I pull leaves at or below the clusters that may cause shade to the berries. Early in the season, I do this on the east side (morning sun), and later on the west side (more about this later).
Managing pests is a large portion of the work in the vineyard and is most important from bud break to harvest. Without good pest management techniques I would not have grapes.
2020 Pest Challenges and Solutions
We have no shortage of grapevine pests in the Eastern US. The pests fall into three categories in my experience; vertebrates, bugs, and molds/mildews/diseases.
The most persistent warm blooded pests that I run into are whitetail deer, birds, rabbits, and groundhogs... oh, and small humans. At this point, I have got them pretty well figured out and crop damage has been very minimal this year.
I have 1 joule electric fence around the vineyard with a single wire about 25 inches off the ground. This has surprisingly kept the deer out completely. I hang a few bars of Irish Spring soap off of the end posts in the area that deer are most likely to enter. I think this helps to put the deer on edge so they don't try anything fancy (deer love trying to pull one over on you). The electric fence is on a timer to turn on shortly before sunset and off after sunrise. I also keep it active year round to effectively train the deer to stay out before they realize what they are missing out on. The microsecond jolt from the fence is very startling but not harmful to our white tailed friends.
Birds are notorious for picking a vineyard or blueberry bush clean. The red grapes are most appealing to birds. The evolutionary reason they turn purple, red, or black is literally to attract birds which are natures seed spreaders. In order to grow a small vineyard, you may need to intervene with this natural process. I use a Plantra Side Netting on the red grapes from veraison (when they turn red) until harvest. This has been very successful and I saw very little bird damage on the clusters (<1%) this year.
Rabbits and groundhogs are a relatively minor concern but they can cause trouble when the vines are young and establishing. To prevent groundhogs and rabbits from chomping, I used grow tubes on establishing vines. These really aren't necessary after the first season.
The bugs that kept me up at night were Grape Cane Girdlers, Japanese Beetles and Wasps/Hornets.
Around mid June, I was noticing whole sections of vineyard where the top eight inches of many canes were snapped off. It looked almost like a deer had caused it, but it was mostly about 7-8ft in the air so that was unlikely. I thought maybe birds or squirrels might be doing it but this also seemed implausible. That's when I learned about the elusive Grape Cane Girdler. Female cane girdlers will girdle around the new growth of a cane and lay eggs into those puncture wounds. A couple inches above this the first girdle, she will girdle again, often causing the vine to snap off... ughhhhh! A little bit of damage is really not a problem but if it gets excessive, intervention may be needed. I was getting to the point of excessive damage towards the end of June. Since we were long past bloom and the honeybees were long gone, I was able to suppress the insects with Carbaryl (old formulation of Sevin).
Japanese beetles usually come in two waves around early July and can wreak havoc on the canopy. They generally work from the top down and can skeletonize a leaf in no time. The first wave this year was very light to almost non-existent. I suspect this was due to the dry weather. In mid July, we were in the hospital as my wife delivered our wonderful baby daughter. Nature recognized this as an opportunity, and the beetles came in with a vengeance around July 15. I came home and caught them in the act as they had partially pulverized the top 12-18 inches of many vines. They like the grapevines so much that they will completely ignore any gardens nearby. In a commercial growing region, there may not be enough beetles to warrant spraying but in a small backyard vineyard, the entire neighborhood of beetles will converge. To eliminate the beetles, I sprayed Carbaryl (old Sevin) once again, which is VERY effective.
PS: If anyone has experience with the new Sevin formulation on Japanese Beetles, please post in the comments. Carbaryl only comes in inconvenient sizes for home growers now.
Around late September, I started to see some issues with yellow jackets and other wasps and hornets. This was relatively minor and was generally limited to grapes that had already been either damaged by bird punctures or black rot. I ended up deciding not to spray and figured the wasp induced in-berry fermentation would add complexity to the finished wine. In Italy, a little wasp damage is welcome and is considered to be a large contributor to wine complexity.
Molds, Mildews, and Disease
In all but the driest climates, molds, mildews, and disease will be a challenge, especially with classic vinifera varieties. Many modern hybrid grapevines carry a little more resistance but can still be quite vulnerable.
In the past, I have seen a lot of downy mildew and phomopsis but this year, that was not a problem at all thanks to my improving spray practices. On my radar were eutypa dieback (dead arm) and botrytus (noble rot), but neither were an issue. I did have a little trouble with black rot (sour rot), especially on my tight clustered Riesling grapes. Usually when you can visibly see symptoms of the above problems, it is too late to control it effectively. Prevention in a vineyard is achievable but eradication is nearly impossible once established.
To manage these problems, I sprayed every ten to fourteen days. If we had over an inch or so of rain, I would spray earlier. Early in the season sprays were mostly Dithane (mancozeb) with an occasional phosphorous acid blended in. This is very effective on downy mildew and early season problems. Around bloom and into the summer, I would use Immunox (myclobutanil) every other spray to prevent black rot. in July, I transitioned to Captan, and later to Copper as we got closer to harvest. When choosing a spray, it is important to watch the pre harvest interval. Most copper sprays can be used up to the week of harvest but linger in the environment much longer than the modern synthetic sprays that are used earlier in the season.
Improvements for Next Year
Next year, I plan on pulling leaves on the east side of the vines around bloom to improve spray penetration to the clusters, even on the white grapes. I believe that was the main issue with the Riesling. Commercial vineyards often use an airblast sprayer to get through the leaves and to the clusters. I use a backpack sprayer that requires a little more line-of-sight to the clusters to be effective. Pulling the east side will also help the clusters dry in the morning more quickly. I will pull leaves on the west side of the red varieties but not until it is time to put the netting up. This provides just enough shade to prevent sunburn.
The Fruits of my Labor!
White Wine Grapes
On September 15th, I harvested Traminette, Gruner Veltliner, and what little Riesling was spared from black rot. The Traminette and Gruner Veltliner were nearly perfect with a pH of 3.15 to 3.25 and around 22°brix. The Riesling could have waited another week but I did not have enough to warrant a micro batch, so I added a few clusters in with the other white grapes. I got about 75lbs total and scrapped another 35 or so of Riesling.
I was able to harvest these grapes at around 50°F, and brought straight to the crusher to make the field blend. Traminette in particular should spend very little time on the skins, so I pressed within about 20-30 minutes of crushing and gave a small sulfite addition to hold back wild yeast and bacteria. I let this juice cold settle for 48 hours in a spare fridge, before racking off the pulp and beginning fermentation. The yeast I used was Renaissance Fresco, which is incapable of producing hydrogen sulfide, but I had also considered Lalvin Sensy for its similar properties. I was able to ferment at around 55°F which really trapped in the beautiful aromas of these grapes. After fermentation, I sulfited to prevent malolactic fermentation and further preserve the aromas. From there I cold stabilized, and am just waiting for the wine to clear up completely for bottling. It smells and tastes incredible and is on track to be a real show stopper. Too bad I only have about three gallons...
You can learn more about this wine on my YouTube Channel.
Red Wine Grapes (Hybrid)
I have only two hybrid red grapevines, mostly for experimentation purposes. One is a Noiret, and I have a second Marquette. The Noiret produced about ten pounds this year and the Marquette about five pounds. This was not enough to do much with, so when harvested, on 9/30, I added to a Chancellor/Marquette blend that I had going fermenting from some Erie, PA grapes. The Noiret grapes were nearly black in color and average sized with very full clusters and good airflow between berries. The Marquette made very tiny, high sugar flavor blasters with large seeds and was starting to head towards raisins at the time of harvest.
Red Wine Grapes (Vinifera)
The red vinifera was the star of the show, and to me was the most exciting stuff to grow. I have four vinifera varietals, all of which did extremely well. To help ripen, I pulled leaves on the east side mid summer, and pulled leaves on the west side right before applying bird netting. The bird netting provided just enough shade to prevent sunburn with the leaves pulled. Leaves at or below clusters do not contribute to ripening and red grapes need a lot of sunshine directly to the berries to mature properly. Most canes were limited to one cluster, but I kept two on a few. If a cane tried to make three clusters, I pulled the top one. If I wanted to get really crazy, I could have pulled the wings off of the larger clusters and limited each cane to only one cluster but we'll save that stuff for years with a larger harvest. All red grapes were harvested on October 23 since we had a solid week of rain in the forecast.
This grape was nearly perfect at the time of harvest. Seeds were brown and mature, and sugars were 24°brix and a pH of 3.42.
This could have actually been picked about a week earlier which was surprising. It may have gotten an earlier start since the first buds were less mature at the time of the spring freeze. At harvest the sugars were 26°brix, with a pH of 3.56. The yellow jackets started beating up on the Merlot in the week leading up to harvest, which further supports my thoughts that I probably should have picked about a week earlier. I left about 50% of the merlot due to damage.
I would not have wanted to let this one hang much longer. Was 24°brix at the time of harvest and pH 3.25, but it was clear that the grapes were about ready to be picked. Stems were brown, seeds were mature, and the skins were getting pretty thin.
These grapes were absolutely beautiful. They were relatively high acid (pH 3.2), and high sugar (26.5°brix) which helped to round out the field blend.
I fermented this field blend on the skins with Lalvin BDX. I skipped the cold soak since a few berries had some wasp damage. Early in the fermentation, I allowed the temperatures to climb to about 88°F, then brought it back to about 76°F and later 70°F to slowly finish up. Several days before pressing, I co-inoculated with CH35 malolactic bacteria because it is what I had laying around. CH16 would have done the job just as good and would have been my first choice. I pressed after 11 days on the skins, and kept the hard press with the free run to build a nice backbone of tannin. Once the wine was off the gross lees, I added some medium toast oak cubes. This wine is wonderfully complex and is heading in a great direction. I am very excited to see where this one goes... too bad I only have about three gallons... dang it!
I am very happy with how this year turned out. With the late freeze, I was really concerned that the whole vintage would be lost but we did alright. Aesthetically, the vineyard looked amazing this year, and as always I learned a whole lot. Now I can't wait to see what next year has in store!
You can support Smart Winemaking on Patreon and unlock more exclusive content.
If you have any feedback or ideas, post in the comments below!

domain: agronomy


Latin America. Christie presented the CP4325-RGB, a pure laser projector for cinema that brings the premium experience to the big commercial venues. Equipped with CineLife electronics and RealLaser lighting, the new all-in-one compact projector compatible with DCI standards stands out for its image quality and long operating life, while maintaining a low cost of ownership. The incredible color palette of the CP4325-RGB and the rich images in detail and realism that it projects will undoubtedly seduce the great audience of the cinemas.
"With its innovative next generation RGB lighting system, all in one and direct coupling, the Christie CP4235-RGB is the most advanced laser projector on the market," said Allan Fernandes, senior director of Product Management, Global Cinema, Christie .
Conceived and developed from the feedback gathered in recent factory tours and demos and samples made for companies from Christie's global customer base, the CP4325-RGB is called to be a successful addition to the film value chain. Both the exhibitors and the post-production studios are eager to put the potential of the new projector to work at full capacity.
Reliability today, innovation tomorrow
With the use of next-generation RGB pure laser devices, Christie's advanced research and development teams have managed to eliminate the need for external cooling, drastically reducing the complexity and cost of the system and ensuring an impressive, and highly reliable operational life of more than 30.000 hours, with a loss of only 20% throughout that period.
The CP4325-RGB also offers a contrast ratio of up to 6000: 1, a better uniformity and a chromatic spectrum substantially greater than that of other projection systems, to which we must add the compact form factor of the projector, which makes It is very easy to integrate in the standard projection booths.
Like the Christie CP42LH, its sister fiber-coupled projector, the Christie CP4325-RGB offers a color spectrum that exceeds P3 DCI standards, enhanced contrast ratios and HFR (high image speed) compatibility. The CP4325-RGB incorporates Christie's CineLife Series 3 electronics and cinematic automation to streamline playback, programming and content management. Tested on the ground from 2014 on more than a hundred screens with the next generation of Christie IMB-S3, the CineLife Series 3 electronics are also retroactively compatible with pre-existing IMN Series XBUM architectures.


text:
What more can be said? The beginnings of my love of nature go far back into childhood where wonder, beauty, and nature’s intertwining wrap filled my live with joy and purpose.
Somewhere along the way I lost much of that inspiration as:
- my spiritual connection with nature was replace by a dead, legalistic religion
- family responsibilities absorbed more of my alone time
- difference in life’s direction with my spouse has left me angry and depressed
It’s certainly be awhile since I’ve felt connected to much. I’ve spent too much time passing by nature. And this last political season has left me exhausted as billions were spent avoiding the real issues of our time. I suspect living in a red, drill and kill state didn’t help either. 😉
To be taken back to life’s fundamentals is a gift. It’s something I’ve missed. It’s a part of me that often needs refreshed.

domain: artistic


Foreigners may be allowed to lease apartments for 70 years
Andrew Hilton, senior associate of leading international law firm Allens Arthur Robinson, said that foreigners living in Vietnam who had made contributions to the country were being overlooked.
“I have been living, working and paying taxes in Vietnam for over nine years and should not be disadvantaged because I have not married a Vietnamese,” Hilton said.
Personal income tax or living in Vietnam for a certain period were criteria and a clearer definition of what constitutes an “expert”, should be added, Hilton said.
Brett Ashton, managing director of Savills Vietnam, said that obtaining housing certificates in Vietnam was a laborious task that could take months to complete.
“It will be that much harder for foreigners who do not speak or read Vietnamese when dealing with the authorities,” he said.
“It would be better if they restrict the transfer of property for one year after completion. This is clear and transparent and can be easily documented for all parties,” he added.
The draft regulation allows for foreigners and foreign-invested enterprises to ‘lease’ apartments for 70 years.
Hilton said he was surprised that ownership is not stated as “long term and stable use” which is the term used for Vietnamese nationals.
Ashton said 70 years was adequate, but the term should be renewable. He said foreigners should be afforded the same rights as locals.
“It is a step in the right direction and while foreigners would like equal rights to those of Vietnamese, it will take time for this to happen,” he said.
“The law should ensure that if foreigners sell their units, it is easy for Vietnamese buyers to pay either in Vietnam or in the seller’s country of residence.”
The draft regulation will be submitted to the National Assembly for approval next month. If it is approved, it would come into effect from January 1, 2009.
According to MoC, more than 80,000 foreigners had worked and lived in Vietnam from 2004 to 2007.
The MoC expects a maximum of 20 per cent of these residents to meet the proposal’s requirements, or 16,000 foreigners.
Bich Ngoc (vir.com.vn)


text:
- South Africa and the Pursuit of Inclusive Growth outlines many of the achievements and challenges facing South Africa after 20 years of democratic governance.
- Based on a workshop and four specially commissioned research papers the report evaluates the impact of South Africa’s political pacts, elections, parliament, courts and civil society on the country’s attempts to promote growth, reduce poverty, stimulate innovation and keep corruption in check. It is based on four specially commissioned research papers
- This first report focuses on South Africa. It begins with a brief history of South African democracy, describing how the core features of South Africa’s democratic system were established following the transition from apartheid.
- The report then examines South Africa’s particular democratic institutions— political pacts, elections, parliament, courts, and civil society—and their impact, both positive and negative, on the country’s attempts to promote growth, reduce poverty, stimulate innovation and keep corruption in check.
- It also draws on insights that emerged from workshops held in Johannesburg on 19th March and 10th October 2013, attended by South African politicians, senior officials, business leaders, economists, political scientists and journalists.
Press release: CDE’s response to Green paper on International migration

domain: library


So much crude oil is being produced in Texas and North Dakota that within the next couple of years, refineries on the Gulf Coast may no longer need to import any light crude. In fact, according to industry researchers, there may be so much light crude that the Gulf Coast could start experiencing the same bottleneck dilemma as the oil storage hub in Cushing, Oklahoma.
“We’re dubbing this region the ‘Cushing Coast’. We see a region in super-abundance of crude oil but with a real lack of pipeline capacity out and beyond the region,” says Greg Haas, research manager at Hart Energy, an oil industry publisher in Houston.
“We have this regional glut of crude cascading from Cushing, the inland areas, all hitting the shore,” says Haas.
But wait, there’s more. Not only is production increasing from wells on land, more is also expected from wells offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.
“So when those two combine, we’re going to have a real glut of Gulf Coast crude.”
Haas will present Hart Energy’s study “Refining Unconventional Oil” at a conference the company will host later this month in San Antonio.
More Domestic Crude Could Mean Lower Prices
Similar trends are predicted by researchers at Tudor Pickering Holt & Co. In a report it released in July, the Houston-based energy investment bank said the shift in supply and demand has now reduced total crude imports to the United States by 20% since peaking in June 2005. The report said “imports of light oil, in particular, have declined significantly” leading to a 49% drop in imports of light crude from May 2007 to April 2012.
Bottom line: domestic crude will cost less.
“Expect U.S. Gulf Coast crude grades to become relatively cheaper,” said the report because even more Texas light crude will be making its way to Gulf Coast refineries, replacing more expensive light crude from places like Nigeria.
“We believe that the pace of import reduction will accelerate over the next two years as pipelines….are planned to move crude oil from West Texas to the Gulf Coast, equal in size to 54% of total current Texas oil and condensate production…,” said the report.
The Flip-Side: Imports of Heavy Crude Rise
There’s a catch though in what otherwise seems to be a hopeful trend towards U.S. energy independence: many Gulf Coast refineries are designed for processing heavy crude like from the Canadian tar sands. In a delicate balancing act, those refineries cannot simply start processing lots more of the now plentiful and cheaper domestic light crude.
The result, as detailed a couple weeks ago by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), is that while imported heavy crude volumes have fallen, they have increased as a percentage of the total crude imported to Gulf Coast refineries.
“Since 2007, as domestic production of light sweet crude has increased, overall crude imports have fallen and become, on average, heavier,” said the EIA.
That need to balance the grades of crude is a limiting factor when it comes to just how much of the domestic light crude the Gulf Coast refineries can process, a factor that could further depress the price of domestic light crude said the EIA.


text:
Thursday May 25, 1905
US date format: 5/25/1905, UK date format: 25/5/1905
It was Thursday, under the sign of Gemini (see zodiac on May 25, 1905). The US president was Theodore Roosevelt (Republican), the UK Prime Minister was Arthur Balfour (Conservative), Pope Pius X was leading the Catholic Church.
Famous people born on this day include Joseph C Harsch and Mikhail Sholokhov.
In that special week of May people in US were listening to Where the Southern Roses Grow by Haydn Quartet.
Fireworks, directed by Katie Messer, was one of the most viewed movie released in 1905
But much more happened that day: find out below..
Which were the important events of May 25, 1905?
- Ancient Latvia - Urbanas Diena observed
- Saint Reinolf
- Saint Marie-Madeleine-Sofie Barat (died 1865)
- Virginia - Confederate Memorial Day (1868)
- See more
- The Commonwealth statue is placed atop the Capitol.
Which were the top hits in that special week of May 25, 1905?
Unlimited, ad-free streaming of over a million songs, 30 day Free Trial
Top #5 songs in the USA
- Haydn Quartet - Where the Southern Roses Grow
- George Alexander - America
- Len Spencer & Ada Jones - Mr. and Mrs. Murphy
- Haydn Quartet - The Holy City
- Billy Murray & Bob Roberts - Oh! Oh! Sallie
Make this day unforgettable
Which were the most popular TV Series released in those months?
Watch popular movies, TV series and live events, start your 30-day free trial
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks?
Unlimited books on any devices, try your first month free
What videogames would you be playing back in the days?
Frequently Asked Questions
What day of the week was on May 25, 1905?
On May 25, 1905 the day of the week was Thursday.
What zodiac sign is May 25, 1905?
On May 25, 1905 the zodiac sign was Gemini.
Who was the US President on May 25, 1905?
On May 25, 1905 the US President was Theodore Roosevelt (Republican).
Who was the UK Prime Minister on May 25, 1905?
On May 25, 1905 the UK Prime Minister was Arthur Balfour (Conservative).
Who was the Pope on May 25, 1905?
On May 25, 1905 Pope Pius X was leading the Catholic Church.
Which famous people are born on May 25, 1905?
On May 25, 1905 several famous people were born including, Joseph C Harsch, Mikhail Sholokhov, Gustav Sellner.

domain: history


text:
2 in 1 Foldable Keyboard Stand Cover Holder Waterproof Dustproof Bluetooth Wireless Keyboard Case for Tablet for iPad Mini 1 2 3
Warning: Last items in stock!
1.Built-in rechargeable lithium battery lasts for approximately 60 hours per charge.
2.Built-in bluetooth 3.0 wireless keyboard.
3.Light weight, quiet keystrokes,waterproof and dustproof.
4.Energy saving keyboard sleep patterns.
5.Modern style designed for iPad mini.
(Note:please be reminded that due to lighting effects, it could be some slight differences in the color of the pictures and the actual item.)
4.Standby time:300 hours
5.Working time:60 hours
6.Charging time: Package include:
1 x Bluetooth Keyboard(iPad mini is not included)
1 x USB Charging Cable
1 x User Manual
Cheap keyboard cover case, Buy Quality keyboard blank directly from China keyboard case for tablet Suppliers: Features:1.Built-in rechargeable lithium battery lasts for approximately 60 hours per charge.2.Built-in b
|Color||Silver, Red, Pink, Blue, Black|
|Full Size keyboard||No|
|Whether to support plug and play||Yes|
|Have a multimedia function key||No|
|Supports Human Engineering||Yes|
|Package Weight||0.304kg (0.67lb.)|
|Package Size||21cm x 15cm x 5cm (8.27in x 5.91in x 1.97in)|

domain: design