Best Linux Certification! Linux Academy Jenkins And Build Automation Torrent. Verifiable certifications with The Linux Foundation. Top certifications CompTia Linux+ is the only Linux certification with the foundational skills required.
Linux Academy – Linux Academy Jenkins And Build Automation Torrent
Linux Academy is a provider of online training courses and also accreditations for Linux and also cloud-related innovations. Their courses cover a large range of subjects, including Linux administration, AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, and also a lot more.
Linux Foundation – Linux Academy Jenkins And Build Automation Torrent
The Linux Foundation is a non-profit company that is committed to advertising, protecting, as well as progressing the Linux operating system and also open-source software. Established in 2000, the Linux Foundation works to guarantee that Linux stays a strong and also secure Platform for development and cooperation. It additionally works to promote the use of open-source software application and modern technologies across a wide range of sectors and also applications. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. The Linux Foundation hosts a selection of jobs as well as efforts, including the Linux kernel, the Linux operating system, and the Open Network Automation Platform. It additionally offers training, Certification, and also support for people and also organizations that use Linux and open-source software application.
Linux Certification – Linux Academy Jenkins And Build Automation Torrent
Linux Certification is a Certification program that validates an person’s understanding and also abilities being used the Linux operating system and its linked modern technologies. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. These certifications are used by numerous companies, consisting of the Linux Professional Institute (LPI), the Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) program, as well as the CompTIA Linux+ Certification.
Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. The Linux Professional Institute (LPI) supplies several degrees of Linux Certification, including LPIC-1 Junior Linux Professional), LPIC-2 (Advanced Level Linux Professional), and also LPIC-3 (Senior Level Linux Professional). These accreditations test an individual’s understanding of Linux administration, system arrangement, as well as troubleshooting.
The Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) program is a certification program offered by Red Hat, a leading provider of enterprise-level Linux remedies. The RHCE Certification confirms an individual’s abilities in configuring, managing, as well as troubleshooting Red Hat Linux systems.
The CompTIA Linux+ Certification is a vendor neutral certification that tests an person’s knowledge of Linux administration, system configuration, and also troubleshooting. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. This Certification is recognized by lots of companies as a indication of effectiveness in Linux.
In recap, Linux Certification is a important asset for IT experts looking to progress their professions in Linux administration, system configuration, as well as troubleshooting. These qualifications are recognized by companies as well as can enhance an individual’s gaining potential.
Which is the most effective Linux Certification?
The very best Linux Certification depends on the individual’s objectives and also needs. Some preferred Linux certifications consist of:
1. Linux Professional Institute Certification (LPIC) – This Certification is identified internationally and covers a variety of Linux topics consisting of system administration, networking, and protection. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent.
2. Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) – This certification is specific to Red Hat Linux and is identified as a highly appreciated Certification in the industry.
3. CompTIA Linux+ – This Certification covers Linux basics, command-line skills, and also system administration. It is vendor neutral and is a terrific base for those brand-new to Linux.
4. Oracle Linux Certified Administrator (OCA) – This Certification is specific to Oracle Linux and covers topics such as system administration, security, and also troubleshooting.
Ultimately, the most effective Linux Certification will certainly rely on the person’s occupation goals as well as the type of Linux setting they will be operating in.
Which is the best Linux Training? – Linux Academy Jenkins And Build Automation Torrent
Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. There are numerous Linux training choices available, and the best one for you will rely on your specific needs and also finding out design. Some popular Linux training alternatives include:.
1. Linux Professional Institute (LPI) Certification: This is a extensively identified Linux Certification that covers different Linux related topics such as system administration, network management, and also safety and security.
2. Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator (LFCS): This Certification is made for system managers who wish to gain hands-on experience with Linux.
3. Linux Academy: This is an online Linux training Platform that provides different Linux courses, including those for system administrators, developers, and network administrators.
4. Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE): This Certification specifies to Red Hat Linux and also concentrates on system administration as well as network monitoring.
5. Udemy Linux training courses: Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. Udemy offers a wide range of Linux training courses for novices and also progressed users, consisting of Linux for newbies, Linux command line, and also Linux server administration.
Eventually, the very best Linux training for you will depend on your discovering style, the particular Linux distribution you will certainly be utilizing, and the type of Linux-related work you are going for.
The Linux Foundation Supplies Suite Opensource.
The Linux Foundation, a non profit company devoted to promoting as well as sustaining open resource software application, has actually introduced the release of a suite of open source tools and resources for programmers. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. The suite consists of a series of devices for software growth, testing, and also release, along with sources for finding out and collaboration.
The suite consists of prominent open resource projects such as the Linux operating system, the Apache web server, and the MySQL database. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. It additionally consists of devices for software application growth and also screening, such as the Eclipse incorporated development environment (IDE) and the Jenkins continuous integration as well as delivery Platform.
Along with the tools, the suite additionally consists of resources for discovering and collaboration, such as online tutorials, webinars, and also online forums. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. The Linux Foundation really hopes that this suite will certainly make it less complicated for programmers to access the sources they require to produce, test, and also release open resource software application.
The Linux Foundation likewise provides training and also Certification programs for designers, which can help them to discover open source software and gain the skills they need to work with it.
On the whole, the Linux Foundation’s suite of open source tools and resources is a valuable resource for developers wanting to collaborate with open source software application. With a series of devices and also sources available, developers can quickly access the tools and also resources they need to build, test, and release open resource software application.
Amazon Lumberyard Linux Foundation Open Source.
Amazon.com Lumberyard is a cost-free, cross-platform game engine developed by Amazon.com Web Provider (AWS) as well as based upon CryEngine. It is designed for video game designers of all degrees, from novices to seasoned professionals, and also consists of features such as a aesthetic scripting system, a integrated physics engine, as well as assistance for virtual reality (VR) and boosted reality (AR) development. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent.
The Linux Foundation is a charitable company that advertises the use of open-source software program and sustains the Linux operating system. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. It holds as well as sustains a variety of open-source projects, including the Linux kernel, Kubernetes, as well as Hyperledger.
Open source describes a sort of software that is freely offered for anybody to use, customize, and also disperse. It is commonly established as well as kept by a community of volunteers and also is frequently accredited under terms that allow for cooperation and also sharing. Examples of open-source software consist of Linux, Apache, and Mozilla Firefox.
What is the future scope of Linux Certification course? Linux Academy Jenkins And Build Automation Torrent
The future range of Linux Certification programs is really promising as the need for Linux professionals| is raising in numerous sectors such as IT, cloud computing, information center administration, and cybersecurity. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. Linux is taken into consideration to be a secure, protected, as well as affordable operating system and also is commonly used in business settings.
As increasingly more firms are moving towards cloud computing as well as information facility administration, the requirement for Linux professionals| that can take care of as well as preserve these systems is increasing. Linux is also widely utilized in the field of cybersecurity as well as is considered to be a safe operating system.
Additionally, Linux is additionally being made use of in the Internet of Things (IoT) and also embedded systems, which are growing rapidly. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. This develops a significant demand for Linux professionals| that can develop and also preserve these systems.
Generally, the future scope of Linux Certification courses is extremely intense as the need for Linux professionals| is increasing in various markets, and the chances for Linux professionals| are anticipated to grow in the future.
What should my first Linux Certification be to get an beginning placement? Linux Academy Jenkins And Build Automation Torrent
The Linux Professional Institute Certification (LPIC-1) is a extensively identified entry-level Linux Certification that is typically required for entry-level Linux positions. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. It covers basic Linux administration tasks and principles, consisting of installment and also setup, system upkeep, and fundamental networking. Obtaining LPIC-1 Certification will certainly demonstrate your understanding of Linux and your ability to do basic administration tasks, making you a solid candidate for entry-level Linux positions.
Which Linux Certification is better? Linux Foundation or LPIC?
Both Linux Foundation and also LPIC (Linux Professional Institute Certification) provide various kinds of Linux certifications that satisfy different ability levels and also profession paths. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. It inevitably depends upon your goals as well as what you want to attain with your Certification.
The Linux Foundation uses qualifications such as:.
• Linux Foundation Certified Engineer (LFCE) – This Certification is focused on experienced Linux professionals| as well as system administrators that want to show their know-how in Linux administration and also troubleshooting.
• Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator (LFCS) – This Certification is made for system administrators that want to demonstrate their skills in taking care of Linux systems.
On the other hand, LPIC provides qualifications such as:.
• LPIC-1 – This Certification is focused on entry-level Linux professionals| and also covers standard Linux administration as well as troubleshooting. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent.
• LPIC-2 – This Certification is focused on knowledgeable Linux professionals| and covers advanced Linux administration as well as troubleshooting.
Both Linux Foundation and LPIC accreditations are extensively acknowledged as well as appreciated in the market. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. Ultimately, the most effective Certification for you will certainly rely on your existing skills, profession objectives, and also the kinds of duties you have an interest in pursuing. It’s suggested to research both qualifications and also figure out which one aligns ideal with your occupation goals.
Which Linux Certification is far better to get a task in Leading Tech firms?
There are several Linux accreditations that are identified and also respected by leading tech firms. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. A few of the most popular and also extensively identified accreditations include:.
1. LPI Linux Professional Institute Certification (LPIC) – This Certification is acknowledged by major Linux vendors such as Red Hat, SUSE, and also Canonicals. It covers a broad series of Linux subjects, consisting of installment, system administration, as well as protection.
2. Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) – This Certification is specific to Red Hat Linux and also focuses on sophisticated system administration and also safety and security. It is very valued by firms that use Red Hat Linux as their main operating system.
3. CompTIA Linux+ – This Certification is vendor neutral and covers a large range of Linux subjects, including installation, system administration, and safety and security. It is identified by significant Linux suppliers such as Red Hat, SUSE, and Canonicals.
Inevitably, the best Linux Certification to obtain a task in leading tech business will rely on the details work needs and the business’s favored Linux distribution. It is very important to investigate the particular qualifications that are in demand by the business you have an interest in helping. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent.
What is the relevance of Red Hat Linux accreditations?
Red Hat Linux accreditations are important for numerous reasons:.
1. They demonstrate competence and understanding in the use as well as management of Red Hat Linux systems. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent.
2. They are recognized as well as valued in the IT sector as a indication ofProfessional skills.
3. They can open new occupation opportunities, such as system administration or IT administration duties.
4. They give a competitive edge in the task market, as several employers like to work with people with certifications.
5. They can result in greater wages as well as far better task benefits.
6. They give a method for specialists to remain existing with the most up to date technologies as well as advancements in the field.
7. They can aid with proceeding education and alsoProfessional growth.
Overall, Red Hat Linux qualifications can give a wide variety of benefits for experts in the IT sector, consisting of enhanced knowledge, job opportunities, and boosted making capacity.
Linux Academy is a company of online training courses as well as accreditations for Linux and also cloud-related technologies. Linux Academy jenkins and build automation torrent. The Linux Foundation organizes a range of jobs and also campaigns, including the Linux kernel, the Linux operating system, and the Open Network Automation Platform. CompTIA Linux+ – This Certification covers Linux fundamentals, command-line skills, and system administration. The Linux Professional Institute Certification (LPIC-1) is a widely identified entry-level Linux Certification that is frequently needed for entry-level Linux positions. Obtaining LPIC-1 Certification will demonstrate your understanding of Linux and your ability to perform standard administration jobs, making you a strong candidate for entry-level Linux positions.


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domain: fashion


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By Jean Maguire
Polish genealogy—like any other genealogical research area—offers its own set of unique challenges. For example, tracing the place of origin for a Polish ancestor can sometimes be challenging for two reasons: 1) the changing politics of the region meant that a person’s country of origin could be listed in one of a variety of ways other than Poland (e.g., Austria, Prussia, or Russia), and 2) people from Poland often gave the nearest city as their place of origin instead of the actual village or town, or they gave a village or town name, but there is more than one place in Poland with that name. There are ways of dealing with these research challenges and there are resources that will explain these methods to you. This guide provides a listing of essential resources for anyone delving into their Polish ancestry. Many of these resources can be found or accessed at the library at NEHGS.
How-To and Other Guides at NEHGS
The Borders of Integration: Polish Migrants in Germany and the United States, 1870-1924 by Brian McCook
NEHGS, International Collection – 5th Floor E184.P7 M33 2011
A History of the Polish Americans by John J. Bukowczyk
NEHGS, 5th Floor E184.P7 B84 2008
The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki
NEHGS, 5th Floor E184.P7 T48 1996
Polish Roots, 2nd ed. by Rosemary A. Chorzempa
NEHGS, International Collection – 1st Floor CS873 .C56 2014
Sto Lat: A Modern Guide to Polish Genealogy by Cecile Wendt Jensen
NEHGS, International Collection – 1st Floor CS873 .J46 2010
Going Home: A Guide to Polish-American Family History Research by Jonathan D. Shea
NEHGS, 5th Floor Stacks E184.P7 S54 2008
Guide to Chicago and Midwestern Polish-American Genealogy by Jason Kruski
NEHGS, 5th Floor Stacks F548.9.P7 K78 2012
In Their Words: A Genealogist's Translation Guide to Polish, German, Latin, and Russian Documents by Jonathan D. Shea and William F. Hoffman
NEHGS, 7th Floor Reference CS871 .S54 2000
Roman Catholic Parishes in the Polish People’s Republic in 1984 by Lidia Müllerowa
NEHGS, International Collection—1st Floor CS873 .M85 1995
A Translation guide to 19th-century Polish-Language Civil-Registration Documents by Judith R. Frazin
NEHGS, International Collection—1st Floor CS871 .F73 2009
Family History Library
The FHL has microfilmed the civil registration records of many towns in the former Prussian areas of Poland. They are rarely available more recently than about 1890 because the microfilming of records less than 110 years old is restricted. To find which civil registration records the Family History Library holds, search its library catalog for the keywords Poland and civil. This film can be ordered from FamilySearch.org and used at NEHGS.
Jewish vital records of Poland: births, 1550–1993; marriages, 1798–1939; deaths, 1808–1942. Available at NEHGS.
Biuletyn Korzenie: Newsletter of the Polish Genealogical Society of Massachusetts
NEHGS, 5th Floor Stacks F74.P7 B58
Pathways & Passages: Official Publication of the Polish Genealogical Society of Connecticut and the Northeast
NEHGS, 5th Floor Stacks F93 .P28
Rodziny: The Journal of the Polish Genealogical Society of America
NEHGS, International Collection—1st Floor CS870 .R63
Polish Genealogy Organizations
General Polish Genealogy Websites
FamilySearch - Poland, familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Poland
This is a wiki (or community website) which covers many topics related to Polish genealogical research, including various record types, language tools, and geography guides.
Affiliated with the Museum of Jewish Heritage, this site features thousands of databases, research tools, and other genealogical resources on Jewish ancestry.
Offers one place to search various databases and websites by name, place, or other keyword. Also provides a forum for discussion of research and sharing of tips.
Provides links to online resources for immigration, geography, research tips, and more.
Polish State Archives, archiwa.gov.pl/en/for-archive-users/genealogy.html
Information on the holdings of state and church archives.
Want to maximize your research? The experts at NEHGS can help! We offer a number of services that can help you break down brick walls and expand your research.
Meet one-on-one with our genealogists
Want research guidance from a professional genealogist? Our experts provide 30-minute to two-hour consultations in person or by phone.
- Find elusive ancestors—Whether you are searching in the U.S. or abroad, in the 17th or 20th century, our genealogists have the knowledge to assist you.
- Locate and use records—Vital records, military records, deeds, probate, and more—if you’re wondering where to look for them, how to read them, or what data you can find in them, we can guide you.
- Get more out of technology—Feel like you could be making better use of your genealogy software? Curious about websites and databases that might be relevant to your research? Let us help!
Hire our experts in Research Services
Whether you are just beginning your family research or have been researching for years, NEHGS Research Services is here to assist you. Our team of experts can:
- Conduct hourly research
- Break down “brick walls”
- Retrieve manuscript materials
- Obtain probate records
- Research and prepare your lineage society application
- Organize your materials and files
- Write narrative biographies about your ancestors
- Create customized family charts

domain: history


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SAFETY OF FLIGHT
There are approximately 1,000 active satellites orbiting the Earth. In addition, there are about 21,000 known pieces of space debris that are tracked and reported – and hundreds of thousands of debris objects not tracked or reported. The numbers of active and planned satellite constellations is growing at an accelerating rate, along with the amount of debris. The preservation of space as a natural resource to operate in depends on how well safely we can operate in this ever more complex environment. ExoAnalytic Solutions recognized this challenge to the space industry and fielded a global network of telescopes to provide tracking data necessary to develop a space object catalog supporting safety of flight services for satellites operating in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO), Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO), and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO).
The first step to improving safety of flight is informing operators of the potential risks they face. ExoAnalytic Solutions utilizes our catalog of MEO, GTO, HEO, and GEO satellites and debris to provide timely and accurate conjunction warnings to space operators. Conjunction warnings include the estimated time of closest approach along with state-vectors and covariance estimates for threatened objects
CONJUNCTION SECONDARY SCREENING
Collision avoidance maneuvers in response to a conjunction or collision warning are costly to execute and often require a significant amount of planning, analysis, and difficult decision-making. This effort can be mitigated in many cases by improving the operators understanding of the true collision risks for an upcoming conjunction. Secondary screening utilizes dedicated telescopes to refine the orbit position and reduce the position uncertainty for secondary objects reducing operator analysis effort and reducing the number of unnecessary maneuvers.
FREQUENT CONJUNCTOR MONITORING
Satellite operators routinely receive conjunction warnings for objects that frequently pass near their satellites. We call these objects frequent conjunctors. For frequent conjunctors, we produce a very high-fidelity orbit fit through frequent monitoring. This high-fidelity orbit fit is provided to operators regularly to enable proper planning and preparation for these regularly occurring close approaches.

domain: astronomy


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This Blog's purpose is to offer information about congregations voting to leave the ELCA. Pastor Barnhart's other Blog offers information about current news events relating to the Church and the nation. It may be found here: http://livinginthetimes.blogspot.com/
Thursday, May 31, 2012
GRACE LUTHERAN CHURCH, EAU CLAIRE, WI PASSES SECOND VOTE TO LEAVE ELCA--NOW TO COURT
Grace Lutheran Church, Eau Claire, WI, baptized membership 2756, passed their second vote to leave the ELCA last night, 322-0. There is a hearing today to have the law suit against them dismissed. Keep the congregation in your prayers.

domain: christianity


Creating a Nature Positive Future: The Contribution of Protected Areas and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the UN Environment Programme—World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) recently published a report “Creating a Nature Positive Future: The Contribution of Protected Areas and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures” which calls for an essential focus on the quality aspects of Protected and Conserved Areas.
According to this report, more equitable, representative, and effective Protected Areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) are imperative elements for stopping and reversing the continuing loss of global biodiversity.
The top 5 leading drivers of global biodiversity loss shown in the report are:
- changes in land and sea use
- direct exploitation of organisms
- climate change
- invasive alien species
Nature positive future
It is clear that the contribution of PAs and OECMs is a crucial component for achieving a “nature positive” future, but what does it exactly mean?
Nature positive refers to actions that increase resilience of the planet and biodiversity, as well as societies, with the aim of creating a paradigm shift to reduce the loss of nature, secure nature’s contributions critical for humanity, and enhance sustainable socio-economic development.
Biodiversity and conservation benefits from Protected Areas and other effective area-based conservation measures
As shown in the report, PAs and OECMs contribute to biodiversity conservation and other benefits including water and food security, climate mitigation, disaster risk reduction, livelihoods, health, and human well-being.
Moreover, in order to achieve a nature-positive future, the report highlights three important considerations that can improve the quality of the PAs and OECMS:
- Increase coverage, prioritizing representativeness, connectivity, and the conservation of areas important for biodiversity; equitable expansion; and effective management and quality outcomes in PAs and OECMs
- Scale-up recognition of the contribution of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) territories, lands and waters and secure tenure rights
- Embed PAs and OECMs into national policies and decision-making frameworks
Shifting the focus on the quality of protection of Protected and Conserved Areas can significantly contribute to the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, by collectively working on issues highlighted by this report, we can achieve the CBD’S 2050 Vision of living in harmony with nature:
“By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”
The report in several languages can be found and downloaded here.
Next EUROPARC Webinar: Restoring our marine environment to tackle Climate Change
Next EUROPARC webinar on marine restoration: 21st of December, 11:00 CET.
Our oceans and seas play an indispensable role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, deterioration of the marine and coastal environment is reducing its ability to do so.
Implementing measures that restore the natural capacity of the environment to mitigate and adapt to climate change can help “turn the tide”. Restoring our marine environment and improving its biodiversity is imperative if we want to maintain all the ecosystem services it has to offer.
In this webinar, we will look at nature restoration projects in two Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas. We will discover how different environmental factors are inventoried and how natural conditions are restored across the Mediterranean. The webinar will address the challenges and solutions of using nature restoration for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Welcome and Introduction to the webinar
By Isa Vroom, EUROPARC Policy Assistant.
LIFE ADAPTABLUES project: Adaptation to climate change through management and restoration of European estuarine ecosystems
By Inés Mazarrasa – Researcher at the Environmental Hydraulics Insititute, IHCantabria, of the Universidad de Cantabria (Spain).
The project aims to support the conservation and restoration of estuarine ecosystems in Europe as a strategy to enhance adaptation to climate change in coastal areas of the Atlantic coast. To do so, they are developing technical methodologies and tools to estimate coastal protection and carbon sequestration services provided by estuarine habitats across five different estuaries in Europe, including an inventory of carbon deposits and burial rates. The project includes the restoration of a saltmarsh in Portugal.
ROC-POPLife and ReLife
By Lorenzo Merotto – Marine Biologist.
ROC-POPLife is a project aimed to trigger the restoration and growth of the Cystoseira, a type of brown algae. Cystoseira plays a key role in marine conservation supporting biodiversity, food webs, and sequestrating large amount of CO2. ROC-POPLife has strong links with the ReLife project, which aims to bring back the Patella ferruginaea, a mollusk species. Lorenzo will speak about the impacts of both these projects.
Lets talk about it
All participants will have the chance to ask questions
Get to know the speakers
Inés has a PhD in Marine Ecology. She works as a researcher at the Environmental Hydraulics Insititute, IHCantabria, of the Universidad de Cantabria (Spain). Her research focuses on assessing the capacity of coastal ecosystems (mainly seagrass meadows and saltmarshes) to act as carbon sinks and the potential of their restoration and conservation for Climate Chang mitigation.
Lorenzo is a marine biologist. Since 2017 he has been working for Portofino Marine Protected Area as a Science Technician. His work is focused on EU projects, both from the technical and administrative point of view. He works on different climate change projects such as Interreg Med MPAdapt, Interreg Med MPEngage and FutureMares. He also carries out field work on monitoring and community engagement.
Can we learn from each other, sparing time and money? We believe so. EUROPARC Webinars are a good opportunity to share good practices and learn from your peers from across Europe: in each edition, there will be an opportunity to hear about practical examples arising from EUROPARC network.
Large carnivores: New guidance document on wolf management!
With wolves and other large carnivores slowly resettling in more and more European countries, debates about coexistence with large carnivores grow. The European Commission recently adopted the Guidance document on the strict protection of animal species of Community interest under the Habitats Directive, with a specific section on wolf management.
Protection of species under Habitats Directive
The Habitats Directive is one of the keystones of the EU’s nature and biodiversity policy. It requires Members states to implement measures for conservation and protection of habitats and species. To ensure the latter, a revision of the first guidance document on the strict protection of animal species of Community interest under the Habitats Directive published in 2007 was made. Based on that the European Commission recently updated guidelines under the Habitats Directive. This hands-on tool gives clarifications, recommendations, and good practice examples on legal provisions for strict protection and derogations.
The full guidance document is available in multiple languages here.
Watch the explanatory video by EU Environment:
Under the Habitats Directive guideline, Article 12 focuses on strict protection for animal species, providing useful information and examples to address issues related to the management of large carnivores, with a dedicated section on wolf conservation.
Wolves, which are the top European predators, have an essential role in the balance of habitats and biodiversity. As of today, the wolf population is recovering in the EU, and this requires high-level management within and between countries in order to best deal with possible arising conflicts and challenges.
As stated in the new Wolf Management document: Implementation of Article 12 of Habitats Directive: The wolf example
Wolf populations tend to spread over very large areas, both within and between countries. […] it is therefore recommended that conservation and management measures are as coordinated and consistent as possible.
In addition, the document highlights the importance of cross-border cooperation and lays out guidelines for:
- Legal requirements for the protection of individual wolves
- Managing wolf-related conflict
- Measures to improve the coexistence of humans and wolves
- Funding for coexistence measures
To know more, visit:
Natura 2000 management section on our website
Making the EUROPARC Youth Manifesto a reality at Yorkshire Dales National Park
The EUROPARC Youth Manifesto is a source of ideas and inspiration for decision-makers in Protected Areas and rural communities to ensure the involvement and empowerment of young people. Yorkshire Dales National Park in the UK has worked hard over the past few years to make the manifesto a reality. Katy Foxford is the Tourism Support Officer at the Park and was heavily involved in the implementation. She has written an article on her experiences:
Article issued by Katy Foxford
Why it matters
Over the past few years working for the Yorkshire Dales National Park, I have come to realise the importance of involving young people in the governance of protected and rural areas, both from a personal and also a much wider standpoint. Involving youth has benefits not only for the young people involved, but also for the organisation and in turn the communities around them. These benefits can include:
- better informed planning and decision making;
- building of mutual respect, understanding and social cohesion;
- increased knowledge of community issues and cultures;
- greater social awareness and sense of responsibility;
- increased care for the local environment;
- passing on of traditions and knowledge.
EUROPARC Youth Manifesto
In 2018 my colleague and I, alongside 50 other delegates from across Europe, attended the first Cairngorms workshop to help create the EUROPARC Youth Manifesto. This was subsequently launched at the EUROPARC Conference in September 2018. The manifesto is a call for change. It is a source of ideas and inspiration for decision makers in protected areas and rural communities to ensure the involvement and empowerment of young people, with the aim to create a vibrant future for them, for nature, and for our rural areas.
The Youth Manifesto is particularly pertinent to the Yorkshire Dales. The Yorkshire Dales are facing real problems with regard to retaining and attracting young people and it is recognised that the Youth Manifesto can play an important role in tackling this.
Almost 60% of the total Dales population are aged 45 and over; this compares with only around 40% nationally. Young people have left rural areas such as the Dales in large numbers, whilst older, retired people have moved into the area. The YDNPA Authority has worked to create awareness of the Manifesto and taken action to incorporate elements of the Youth Manifesto into its work.
Integration and awareness
Firstly, we looked at how we could apply the Youth Manifesto to the work of the Authority and the actions of the National Park Management Plan. The 27 action areas of the Manifesto were scrutinised and department heads were asked to consider how they might apply the Manifesto to their particular area of work.
A formal approach was taken to implementing the Youth Manifesto by asking Authority members to vote on the paper at the National Park Authority Meeting. Members voted unanimously to adopt the EUROPARC Youth Manifesto and to give detailed consideration, over the next few months, to the 27 actions in it.
In order to create awareness of the Manifesto, presentations have been made to staff, at national conferences and international seminars and blogs have also helped to maintain a high profile for the Manifesto.
Practical action was taken in the form of setting up an internal Youth Forum for apprentices and under 30’s in the Authority. The aim was to create a space for the younger people to meet up and connect, have fun, learn a new skill, find out about a different department, explore a different area of the National Park, and broaden the experience of an apprentice to ensure transferable skills can be gained in different areas, so that they are in a better position to gain employment once the apprenticeship comes to an end. These objectives stem from the action areas of the Youth Manifesto, such as giving young people a voice and a chance to make decisions.
Consultation and decision making
Making positive change for young people, and engaging them in consultation processes is important, which is why the Authority has created videos and used social media to target young people in the area, including schools, to get their views on the issues surrounding the National Park, from climate change to employment to the future sustainability of the Park, and to have their say and be involved with the consultation.
Young people should be an integral part of governance and decision-making and able to influence agendas and policies, rather than merely being consulted. The YDNPA has taken a step to give two young people seats as youth representatives at the National Park Management Plan steering group.
Research is being done into identifying and recruiting young people from relevant and varied backgrounds to act as ambassadors, in order to help engage more young adults from demographic groups that are currently under-represented.
Collaboration and initiatives
Prior to the Youth Manifesto, the Authority had launched an ‘Attracting Young People’ initiative, in conjunction with district councils, which includes a range of practical steps to try to reverse the trend of young people and families migrating away from the rural areas; the Youth Manifesto adopted by the Authority feeds into this initiative.
The initiative includes measures to:
- build more affordable housing (including community-led and self-build housing);
- improve digital communications;
- create better jobs;
- retain and strengthen local services;
- promote the area as a place to live.
The YDNPA commissioned a Social, Economic and Housing Study of the Park, which showed the need for affordable housing but also the need to create more one and two-bed accommodation, which suits the younger generation but also suits the older generation who want to downsize.
The Lakes and Dales region has 44% fewer 16-34-year old than the national average, which raises significant concerns regarding its future economic and community resilience. The ‘Great Place: Lakes and Dales’ project aims to tackle this problem with various initiatives; this has included holding a flexible housing design competition to attract architects from around the world who could bring new innovative thinking to flexible housing which will appeal to young people and draw them to the area.
As well as the housing problem, there is a lack of awareness about opportunities available to young people in rural areas, which is why it is important to involve young people from an earlier age and help them to feel a valued part of the community. Many won’t know about the opportunities available to them, which is why it is important to get these messages into schools and make young people aware about the work in the countryside and how they can be involved in conservation.
The ‘Great Place: Lakes and Dales’ project has created videos of young people who work for the Authority showing them speaking about their work. These videos are designed for use by schools and at careers fairs with the aim of making these ‘hidden jobs’ more visible as they may not be well advertised or seen to be an option. The Authority also caters for work placements, internships, externships and apprenticeships – the latter being how I first became employed at the Yorkshire Dales National Park.
Work is ongoing with primary and secondary schools to engage young people with the National Park. Reaching this demographic is crucial to young people developing a relationship with nature and the outdoors, as well as for their life skills, enjoyment of the countryside and personal health and well-being.
- Generation Green
One of the latest youth-related projects that the YDNPA is involved in. The scheme will deliver activities and experiences in the outdoors for young people (aged 8 to 24) to connect young people to nature, and support them to develop skills to enhance nature recovery, including volunteering and employment opportunities.
- Volunteering activity
This year YDNPA is recruiting 10 youth volunteers, funded by Generation Green. This programme of volunteering activity is being piloted for young people for ‘training/up-skilling’ related to a broad suite of National Park activities. These roles will be varied and targeted to young people, for example, we have a photographer willing to train and mentor a volunteer.
- Young Rangers
A volunteering activity, based on the EUROPARC Junior Ranger Programme. It gives opportunities to young people aged 11 to 16 years, from all backgrounds, to learn about the National Park and to take part in practical activities. It also contributes towards the Duke of Edinburgh and John Muir Awards and can lead directly to ranger apprenticeships.
The way forward
I believe organisations have to be open and proactive in involving young people in the work that they do.
Funding is limited but it can be about making small changes, learning from others and being creative. There are many things that can be done to encourage the retention of young people living in the countryside and to attract more young people to move here, but these all come with their own challenges:
- job creation strategies and programmes,
- skills development and technical training,
- youth involvement in the community,
- financial incentives to live and work in the area.
It is important to look at what is already being achieved locally in the area and just select one aspect where a difference might be made – for example making places easier to go to and creating spaces for young people to connect. It is a starting point to involve young people in the work and the decisions to be taken.
A good idea is to seek out young people and find those who want to talk about local issues. Reaching out is the first step – identify the young people and think about how it is possible to achieve this. This can be done through youth bodies already in place, such as youth forums and councils. Use social media to target younger demographics and create campaigns to promote a clear programme of opportunities. Start a dialogue, such as: Why are you here? What could be done better? How can you be involved?
Bringing about these changes relies on partnerships and collaborative working, and that is why it is so important to seek to influence and gain the support of local and national government bodies. It is still early days, but there is a lot of planning and ambition within the Authority to tackle this issue, and hopefully, we will see the positive results of this in the future.
I hope this provides some inspiration on where to start and remember the Youth Manifesto is a really useful tool to help bring about change for young people in rural areas.


The Refs is History
A Look Back
As the Speaker's race comes down to the wire, we thought now would be a good time to take a quick look back at the past two referendums that brought term limits into existence - paying particular attention to the differences in the wording of the two ballot measures.
The first effort driven in 1993 by cosmetics magnate, Ron Lauder, was worded as follows:
Should the New York City Charter be amended by the addition of a new Chapter 50 to provide that a person may not hold the office of mayor, public advocate, comptroller, borough president or City Council member for more than two consecutive terms?
The second, driven by the City Council in 1996, was worded as follows:
The proposed local law would amend current Charter provisions which prohibit the Mayor, Comptroller, Public Advocate, borough presidents and members of the City Council from serving more than two full consecutive terms, including at least one four-year term for Council members, after January 1, 1994. The proposed local law would prohibit those officials from serving more than three full consecutive terms or twelve consecutive years, whichever is greater, after January 1, 1994, except for members of the City Council first elected in the year 2003, who would be prohibited from serving more than ten consecutive years. Shall the proposed local law be approved?


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Netflix’s ‘Shirley’ takes the audience on a historical journey as a Black woman tries to break barriers by attempting something that had never been done before in the history of her country. After becoming the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, Shirley Chisholm decided to run for the President of the United States, and the Netflix film focuses on her campaign to which she gives her all, even when there are people who don’t believe in her dream. Academy Award-winner Regina King brings the role of Shirley Chisholm to the screen with an incandescent charisma, completely slipping into the character emotionally, mentally, and physically.
Regina King Wore Fake Teeth to Complete Shirley Chisholm’s Look
Known for her uninhibited personality and fiery speeches, Shirley Chisholm was a trailblazer who set the path for Black people in American politics, encouraging them to shoot for the stars, even if people didn’t believe in them. Regina King slipped into the role of Shirley, and to become the character, she completely took over the elements from her personality, and the makeup department made sure that she looked the part, getting all the details right, down to the gap in her teeth.
In real life, Shirley Chisholm had a gap tooth on the right side, and while it wasn’t a defining factor of her appearance, it was clearly visible whenever she flashed her hearty smile. In the career of politics, appearances matter, and had it been anyone else, they would probably have gotten their teeth fixed to have the “perfect smile” for their perfect look. Shirley, however, didn’t bother with such facades. She was unapologetic in every aspect of her life, and that included her appearance. She didn’t need to fix her teeth to be more appealing to the people. Her policies, her beliefs, and her actions were all that mattered.
In bringing Shirley Chisholm to life in the Netflix film, Regina King completed the look of the character with fake teeth. In real life, King doesn’t have a gap tooth. She is very particular about dental hygiene and revealed that initially, she’d thought about becoming a dentist. When she was young, her peers detested the visits to the dentist, but she loved it. She revealed that she would floss to impress her dentist and his wife because they not only made her understand the importance of dental hygiene but also made it fun. They also had a great set of teeth, and from there, King picked up her habits as well.
After school, King enrolled in the University of Southern California and was on her way to becoming a dentist, but then, she decided to drop out and explore a career in acting instead. The sudden change in her decision was not welcomed by her parents, but they didn’t discourage her, so King decided to follow her passion for acting. While she may not have chosen to pursue the profession, she kept up with her habit of proper dental hygiene.

domain: celebrity


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Final Report for ONE07-073
The Maine Aquaculture Association (MAA) in conjunction with Cooke Aquaculture USA and Woods End Research received a Partnership grant from Northeast SARE in 2007. The total project had three main goals. The first was to investigate and evaluate the potential use of alternative local ingredients in fish manure compost other than sawdust or wood shavings and peat. The second goal was to trial a batch of compost utilizing the alternative ingredients and the physical equipment of the Gardner Lake Hatchery which is similar to the new systems being installed in many Maine hatcheries. The third major goal was to investigate the use of mortalities and broodstock as a major feed ingredient in the compost. In addition we were also interested in how the compost cured over time.
This project developed out of previous compost work conducted by the three partners. Our previous work developed and demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing in vessel composting technology to compost fish manure (Pietrak et al. 2007). The major goals outlined above were designed to address the questions raised by the farmer partner, Cooke Aquaculture. In addition we anticipated that the compost we could develop would have a relatively high nitrogen value based on our previous work.
We were interested in investigating other potential ingredients besides wood chips or saw dust as they are both highly sought after by-products from Maine's wood products industry. Therefore the identification of alternate ingredients would make the production of compost more feasible if the price of sawdust or wood chips went up. Wood also takes a very long time to break down and release the carbon. Another more quickly decomposing carbon source would be of benefit to the compost.
As discharge regulation have changed in the state over the last few years, hatcheries are moving to more advanced waste water treatment systems in order to comply with regulations without lowering the total amount of fish produced. The most common system being installed is the addition of a belt filter to treat the wash water from the 60 micron drum filters. The belt filter system separates the solids from the effluent as quickly as possible and thereby limits the contact time that nutrients have to dissolve from the solids. Once separated, the solids still need to be disposed of and are compostable. Our test site of Gardner Lake was the first hatchery in the state to add a belt filter. While it lacks the use of polymers to aid in solid separation that more modern systems include it still pumps the solids to a separate storage tank that is then periodically pumped clean like the new systems. This allows us to test this configuration of equipment with the compost vessel.
The reason behind attempting to compost mortalities was twofold. One, in the course of normal hatchery operations fish mortalities occur and need to be disposed of. Occasionally mortalities may occur in large numbers due to either an unexpected fish kill or during spawning season when several thousand large fish are slaughtered for spawning. Currently these carcasses are disposed of in a landfill, while sewage treatment companies are hired to haul the waste away and dispose of it in a legal manner. Composting has been used in other animals as a means of carcass disposal and work conducted by Woods End Research in the 1990's demonstrated that mortalities from marine sites could be composted successfully in a home built compost vessel. This trial sought to verify these results using current off the shelf compost vessels that have been shown to successfully compost fish manure as well.
- Investigate other potential carbon source ingredients
Demonstrate feasibility with a belt feeder collection system
Utilize mortalities as the major nitrogen source
Woods End worked with the Maine Aquaculture Association (MAA) to develop a list of possible alternative ingredients. They then tested samples of the most promising ingredients in order to establish the parameters needed for recipe development. Utilizing this information Woods End developed a compost recipe that was tested at the Gardner Lake Hatchery.
Compost Trial #1
The first compost trial looking at alternative carbon source ingredients and the use of the belt filter, storage tank and pump was conducted at the Gardner Lake Hatchery utilizing an Earth Tub® (Figure 1) compost vessel manufactured by Green Mountain Technologies. The trial began on August 30, 2007. The recipe for the compost called for 180 gallons of horse bedding, 90 gallons of sawdust and 60 gallons of fish manure to be blended together on the first day. On September 6, a further 180 gallons of horse bedding, 90 gallons of sawdust and 60 gallons of fish manure were added. A final ingredient addition of 17 cubic feet of peat and 100 gallons of fish manure to wet it was added on September 14. Ingredients were mixed thoroughly upon addition and as needed, daily or every other day, as the compost was cooking. The moisture in the compost vessel was maintained utilizing the hand squeeze test.
To test the use of the belt filter, storage tank and pump, the manure was pumped into a marked 55-gallon drum for five seconds. The volume of manure pumped was measured. The addition of manure for the trial was then handled by turning on the pump in five-second burst or shorter to add the approximate amount manure required.
Once the compost batch was complete, it was emptied from the compost vessel and piled to store. The pile was covered with a layer of compost fabric. A sample of compost was taken upon being piled up for storage for complete analysis by Woods End. Every two months after that, samples were tested at the hatchery with a home Solvita compost maturity test to examine the effects of cure time over a 6 month period.
Compost Trial #2
This trial looking at composting of fish carcasses was conducted at the Bingham Hatchery in the Earth Tub® (Figure 1) compost vessel. The trial began on May 2, 2008. The recipe for the compost was based on a 1:10 fish to sawdust ratio by volume. Accordingly we added 30 gallons of fish mortalities (morts) and 300 gallons of sawdust to begin. The mixture was stirred daily.
On Day 3 the temperature of the compost had already risen to 100 C indicating that the composting process had begun. On Day 4 a further 30 gallons of fish and 300 gallons of sawdust were added to the compost mixture. This brought the composter up to final volume. The temperature was monitored regularly and the compost was stirred daily.
Alternative Ingredients and Recipe Development:
After evaluating the potential of a wide range of alternative carbon source ingredients the only one that appeared suitable was horse bedding. Other ingredients, such as soiled silage or rotten hay, that were considered either lacked the ability to absorb the high moisture content of the fish manure or were not available on a consistent basis. Horse manure from three stables was tested (Table 1). Compost recipes for trials were developed with the bedding from the stable that had the lowest moisture content.
Basic concerns in developing suitable recipes containing fish waste intended for composting are the high water content of biosolids (fish feces and feed residue in tanks) and high nitrogen and elevated fat content of brood and smolts. Attempting to dry morts for analysis required an extra day of convection-oven processing and total fat-oil-grease (FOG) analysis revealed 8.3 to 12.8% fat in Brood (full size morts) and smolts (small fish), respectively. While taken alone these values may not appear significant, they represent unusual ingredient at that level for any wastewater or composting process. In a previous hatchery project conducted by these parties (Pietrak at al. 2007), it was established that oil residue in fish is associated with high organic acid content in the biosolids (principally acetic, butyric and lactic acid). This mixture of feces and oil residue ferment anaerobically. This in turn can create a nuisance in the form of odor as an input ingredient and may also result in low pH in the compost, which can retard the aerobic-biological process. On the whole therefore, oil and fatty acid content pose appreciable challenges to proper composting. On the other hand, failure to adequately balance high nitrogen content of fish meat can lead to high pH and copious and annoying release of ammonia – this further can result in the compost not stabilizing properly over a relatively long period of time and impair perception of compost quality.
The most practical recipes were based on combinations of morts and pond sludge along with “carbon sources”. These latter consisted of dry sawdust, peat moss and horse bedding. The respective composition of these is shown below.
In order to construct a proper approach to preparing recipes, the following variables must be taken into account, in decreasing order of significance: 1) moisture content of ingredients; 2) C:N ratio of resulting blend and 3) volume porosity and density. A basic mix of Salmon brood stock with the sawdust to obtain a start C:N ratio of 25 consisted of a 1:2 wet weight mixing of fish to carbon source; this resulted in too dry a mix and therefore water equal to the weight of the fish had to be added; if pond sludge (biosolids) was used for the water source, it would raise the nitrogen (lower the CN) too excessively when used alone.
In preparing compost mixes in the field, the only practically controllable (and observable) parameter is the moisture content, which can be subjectively and accurately checked by the hand squeeze test. Guidance in proper ratios based on tested parameters must come from previous careful lab analyses for each potential ingredient, from which a range of acceptable additions is developed, and used to set ranges for mixing on site. Therefore, sufficient lead-time is important. For example, Woods End analyzed materials and developed the recipes in terms of wet weight, volume and gallons of ingredients, so that after the weighted average analysis in the lab using a spreadsheet had been completed for all possible ingredients, the proposed mix ratio was a bulk volume of as-is ingredients scaled to actual site operations. To further reduce it to man-field scale, small volumes such as 5-40 gallons at a time are workable; this implies that the entire process is labor intensive for the hatchery scale and in-vessel composter targeted in this study.
In the example above, using brood fish plus sawdust, a suitable start blend was as follows: 100 gallons of fish (about two barrels) and 1,000 gallons of sawdust. As it was not practical to measure 1,000 gallons of sawdust, the volume ratios from weight basis was found to be more useful; this required the volume density of the ingredient to have been previously measured. Volume density is the slightly-packed weight per standard unit of volume. In the laboratory we use a specific unit of pressure (4x loose weight) applied to a test sample in a standard-volume container to obtain bulk density that is accurate at the field level. Failure to do this results in underestimating the end volume and therefore over estimating (most likely) the source fish ingredient, which can be very problematic. With these considerations, in the field this can be carried out with standard tote-bins or barrels and buckets. It is helpful if trying to calculate density in the field that a weighing scale is present capable of 0.5kg resolution up to 50 kg. The end result of this exercise for brood and sawdust is that Woods End recommended 9 volumes of as-is sawdust to 1 volume of brood fish.
We also attempted to validate the scientific mixing method by examining individual fish samples. The typical weight of a small mort smolt was found to be 0.8 kg whereas brood stock weight was 3.65 kg. Each full size fish contained 0.1 kg of nitrogen. By calculation, this meant that each fish required 2.5 kg of carbon or approximately 5 kg of added nitrogen-free organic matter in order to basically balance the nitrogen content. (This approach is anticipated to be useful for facilities tossing whole culled fish into compost reactors while they are operating, since each fish must be balanced with some carbon.) It was too difficult to obtain a nitrogen figure for the small fish smolts as the nature for their greater oil content prevented proper use of laboratory equipment; however the weight ratio between the two fish would suffice to estimate mixing proportions, assuming similar relative weights of nitrogen per fish.
When mixing brood fish with sawdust alone, the resulting blend appears to the casual observer to be mostly sawdust with a little fish in it- this we reasoned may seem to be unattractive compost. Even after composting, the appearance of such high sawdust blends is that of moistened sawdust that smelled somewhat like fish (until very mature). Since the goal of the project is not simply to dispose of fish safely, but to create a useful (and attractive) end product (for gardening, as an example), this project also looked at other ingredients that would aid in both the recipe balancing and the final appearance - and composition - of the compost. After a process of examining ingredients potentially available at reasonable cost within the region, it was most practical to obtain horse bedding and peat moss, and to use these in various combinations. These products have reasonable C:N ratios and baled peat was found to be consistently dry and therefore an excellent drying agent - in addition to adding porosity. Horse manure additionally contributes a farm-like aroma offsetting the fish smell, and is reasonably believed to add desirable heterotrophic microbes useful for compost process quality.
Two enhanced recipes were therefore developed; the first consisted of brood fish, sawdust, peat and pond sludge (biosolids), and a full mix consisting of all the listed ingredients, in specific ratios. It was found to be very practical to shoot for a C:N ratio of 25, considered to be a good start condition for any composting, whereas a higher C:N required use of seeming excessive amounts of sawdust or peat.
Enhanced Recipe 1. Brood + Sawdust + Peat Ratios: 1 : 5 : 7 then add in ½ part pond sludge (the sawdust in this mix must be previously moistened with water, as using the pond sludge alone for water would result in too low a C:N and too odorous a mix).
Enhanced Full Recipe: in this recipe we found we could balance all the moisture needs of the initial compost by combining as-is horse manure (60% moisture content) with biosolids to reduce the amount of sawdust and peat. This resulted in a moderately low moisture base mix (estimated 45% water) that would be an excellent starter compost and would allow rapid heating.
The success of early heating must be assured by observing recipes that do not cause over moistening and yet provide adequate nutrient – especially nitrogen- to balance the bedding material. The more reliance I made on sawdust the less likely the early heating will be; however other carbon sources such a horse manure are typically quite moist so that limits the real amount of fish that can be added into the mix. Each facility will have to carefully balance these concerns and objectives.
Gardner Lake Compost Trial #1
The overall goal of this trial was to test the use of horse manure as an alternative ingredient and evaluate the feasibility of integrating composting with the newer wastewater treatment technology. Due to the relatively high moisture content of the horse bedding, we still needed to utilize some sawdust in order deal with the moisture from the fish manure. In addition, manure collected from the belt filter was higher in water content than previous samples taken from settling ponds. This conflicting result, as in theory the belt filter should de-water the manure to some extent, was confirmed by sampling manure off of another belt filter recently installed at a federal fish hatchery. In both cases the water was around 95% of the sample.
The compost made in this trial did not heat as well as previous work, although as seen in the final analyses it tested quite well. As can be seen in the temperature profile shown in Figure 2, the temperature never rose above 50 C. At the workshop hosted at the end of this project, Bill Seekins from Maine's Department of Agriculture provided copies of newly completed state guidelines for composting fish mortalities, developed by the Maine Compost Team. The Maine Compost Team is comprised of compost experts from the Maine Department of Agriculture and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection. These guidelines recommend achieving pile temperatures above 130-150 F or 54-66 C for an extended period of time. This compost batch never achieved a hot enough temperature. It is believed that this was due to the lower available organic content in the compost, a probable result of the higher percent water in the fish manure. It was believed that the higher organic content of the horse bedding might make up for some of this deficiency. These factors illustrate the complexity involved in a seemingly simple process of composting.
In addition to the problem discussed above from the higher moisture levels of manure separated out with belt filters, the system of pumping out a holding tank was both messy and not very accurate. I believe that it could be possible to utilize a smaller hose and less pressure in a system that was custom designed for use with injecting into a compost vessel, however, this would decrease the capacity of the system to still be pumped out into a truck for other means of disposal. In future investigations on the scale of an appropriate system this should be a consideration.
Bingham Compost Trial #2
Compost trial #2 was a better success than the first trial. The goal of this trial was to utilize mortalities as the major feed ingredient. Given the complexities in recipe formulation we opted for a simple mix of saw dust and mortalities in the trial. As in previous work we used multiple additions of ingredients to build up to the final amounts.
The compost heated extremely well as can be seen in the temperature profile for the compost run (Figure3). The compost batch ran successfully achieving 16 continuous days above 54 C. The temperatures that were achieved in the compost complied with the Guidance for Composting Fish Mortalities, developed by the Maine Compost Team and distributed at the compost workshop held on September 19 as part of this grant. The Maine Compost Team is comprised of compost experts from the Maine Department of Agriculture and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection. These guidelines recommend achieving pile temperatures above 130-150 F or 54-66 C for an extended period of time, the same guidelines as exists in the federal EPA 503 rule.
A sample of the compost was taken to Woods End Laboratories for analysis on August 12, 2008. The results of the analysis are reported in Appendix 1. The analysis was favorable with total nitrogen of 1.627%. This level was not as high as we have achieved in the past with fish manure, but certainly equal to or above many commercially available composts. It is believed that the fish to saw dust volume ratio can be lowered and thereby increase the total amount of nitrogen in the compost. It is also possible that due to the high heat, more nitrogen was lost as ammonia.
Compost product evaluation
Two sets of compost runs conducted in the EarthTub® composter at two facilities were considered for compost quality review at Woods End Laboratory. The first run was conducted at Gardner lake and was completed late 2007. The next run at the Bingham hatchery was completed in August of 2008. Full lab reports are attached to this report (appendix 1).
Gardner Lake composting yielded an end-product with a slightly above neutral pH (7.5) and a 2% total-N analysis (dry basis) with a C:N of 16. The respiration test showed a stable product. This would be considered a very marketable product. The salinity was moderately high, in the range that manure compost would be expected to fall (11 dS/m). However, when the compost was used to grow seedlings at a volume rate of 1/3 mix in limed peat (diluted down in order not to exceed a conductivity of 3 dS/m), the plants out-performed the commercial potting mix positive control. Other characteristics of this fish compost were high ammonium content (6,000 ppm) but also elevated nitrate (500 ppm) showing that the protein has moved into soluble N-form and has continued to nitrify, a requirement for aging compost. A “stuck” compost, one that does not mature properly, will have elevated ammonium with little or no nitrate, also associated with a high pH,- neither of these undesired conditions exist in the finished compost.
In contrast to this trial, the finished Earthtub compost conducted at Bingham hatchery had a near-neutral pH (6.5), but was lower in total-N (1.6%) and therefore had a much higher C:N (29). It also showed much lower salinity indicating nutrient loading was much less. This particular compost is not yet a fully finished product if the CN alone is considered – a common factor used to assess compost completion. However, the respiration rate was very low, indicating a possibly stable condition. This points to the compost perhaps having lost N from high heat, and not a deficiency in the process per se.
This laboratory analysis of ingredients and end-product in composting morts and brood stock fish along with biosolids, indicates a significant challenge to balance ingredients carefully in order to obtain a satisfactory composting process. The very high nutrient, especially nitrogen content, along with the high fat content, limit the addition of fish at any one time to a mix, and the high water (and N) content of the feces-biosolids, have a similar influence on preparing an overall initial mix.
Because all these factors are so dependent on companion ingredients, the effort to obtain suitable compost mix ingredients, and to properly pre-test them so the traits are well known, should not be underestimated. A variation in moisture content alone in carbon ingredients could act as an absolute bar on adding fish waste or on its frequency of addition; this in turn could represent a slow-down or a total interruption in a scheduled hatchery plant operation for disposing of fish.
In general, the ingredients chose are those that are easily obtainable; sawdust and horse bedding which can be delivered by the truckload, and peat moss, which can be obtained baled at virtually any commercial nursery and hardware store. Sawdust and peat moss can also be safely stockpiled under cover; stockpiling of horse manure is not possible since the material itself will start to heat and compost alone.
Based on the overall review of the compost ingredients and test traits of the end product, the laboratory recommends careful pre analysis of all ingredients that are not off-the shelf and standardized; that is, while baled peat moss can be inferred from book values or those provided in this report, in contrast, sawdust (due to source and storage conditions) and especially horse manure (due to location and type of farm/hobby operations) are much more variable and present risks to the operation. Since horse manure is highly recommended, it must be repeat tested to understand the variations that could influence quality.
This project used “cold-startup” conditions to make fish compost that is, beginning with a base recipe containing fish and immediately setting the in-vessel unit. A recommended control mechanism for establishing composting process quality is that operations first establish a successful non-fish compost process, preferably employing peat and horse manure. This validates that a satisfactory basic composting condition has been attained (involving positive heating); it also is very helpful to calibrate the in-vessel unit (air flow and rotations). This is not possible if manure is not available for sawdust or peat alone even with moisture added, will not compost. Following this procedure to create a basic starter compost, once the process control is established, the manure content can be slightly reduced and the peat increased, as fish is introduced. The addition of brood stock (entire fish) into existing hot compost has been found in this and earlier projects to be a very successful approach; the use of fish to jump start compost from the start is more challenging if prior conditions of composting without the fish are not known.
This study did not explore as a variable the type of composting technology. The use of very small-scale composting equipment such as the Earthtub, although convenient, may ultimately be impractical, especially if an unsuccessful compost process (i.e. one not-heating) should occur. To unload an in-vessel system or attempt to repair the biological process is relatively difficult and time consuming. The volume limits present another challenge, suggesting that two and not one unit may be more practical. Since the high quality of compost obtainable from fish waste has been established in this study more work is recommended to examine differing scales and technology types of composting for hatcheries. For example, medium scale composting in accessible bunkers using normal on-farm equipment (skid steer loaders) could also be very cost effective and practical. Finally, continual year-round operations must be tested to establish that flow of material and mixing is achievable under seasonal constraints.
Education & Outreach Activities and Participation Summary
As part of the grant a workshop was hosted by the Maine Aquaculture Association and Woods End Research Laboratory at the Eddington Salmon Club on September 19. The workshop was well attended by 20 people from industry and state hatcheries and regulatory personnel. Unfortunately, while very interested, staff from the federal hatcheries were unable to attend. The workshop included presentations by Will Brinton on composting of various fish wastes and an overview of agricultural composting regulations by Bill Seekins from the Maine Department of Agriculture. There was a good discussion about composting at the workshop and several facilities seemed interested in the idea.
In addition to the workshop, Mike Pietrak gave a presentation on the research at the Northeast Regional Aquaculture Conference and Exposition. This is a bi annual conference for aquaculture growers and related professionals in the Northeast region. The conference was attended by over 200 people.
To date no growers have adopted composting on a wide scale. However, Cooke Aquaculture is pursuing an eco-certification for all of their facilities. As part of that process they are strongly looking into the use of composting, in particular as a disposal mechanism for mortalities in the hatchery and from broodstock spawning.
Areas needing additional study
There are a number of questions that still exist for further research. The majority of these questions focus on the economics of the process and what the most appropriate scale of operation might be. For example, given the economics and biosecurity concerns does it make more sense to operate a larger centralized facility that can import fish manure from a number of hatcheries and possibly further de-water the manure, take advantage of larger scale in vessel composters and reduce the risk of spreading disease within a farm or to operate smaller scale composters at each hatchery. Once compost is being produced regularly, Will Brinton has experimented with some possible value added processes such as pelletizing the compost. Might these value added product forms be better in the market place given the high nitrogen of the compost.

domain: agronomy


text:
Vitamin B6 is a water soluble vitamin. The main circulating forms of vitamin B6 are pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxal 5’- phosphate (PLP). These two forms are detectable in both plasma and red blood cells. The functional form is PLP. It acts as a coenzyme for many enzymes in the body and is involved in metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and homocysteine and synthesis of several neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine) and haem. These enzymes include decarboxylases, aminotransferases and glycogen phosphorylase. Especially diverse are the PLP-dependent enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B6 also influences the immune system and may modulate action of some steroid hormones.
Deficiency and Toxicity
Body stores of vitamin B6 are low (20-30mg), so deficiency can develop fairly quickly when intake is inadequate or losses are excessive.
Specific vitamin B6 deficiency is rare; it usually occurs in combination with other water soluble vitamin deficiencies as a result of malabsorption states, increased losses (e.g. during renal dialysis) and as a result of inadequate nutrition. However, interaction with certain drugs (e.g. isoniazid, penicillamine and hydrocortisone) may induce specific vitamin B6 deficiency.
Deficiency is associated with various symptoms: irritability, depression, confusion, inflammation of the tongue, sores or ulcers of the mouth and epileptiform convulsions. Haematological manifestations may also occur and include a normocytic, microcytic or sideroblastic anaemia. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Although no adverse effects have been linked to high dietary intake of vitamin B6, chronic high doses of vitamin B6 supplements have been linked to sensory neuropathy and dermatological lesions.
Assessment of status
Plasma vitamin B6 (PLP) is mainly bound to albumin and so concentrations can fall in the presence of systemic inflammatory response independent of vitamin B6 nutritional status. This is because plasma albumin concentrations fall as part of the systemic inflammatory response and also perhaps due to the redistribution of PLP and increased uptake by tissues. Hypoalbuminemia can also lower plasma PLP concentration independent of its nutritional status.
Work done by STEMDRL has shown that the red cell PLP concentration is unaffected by systemic inflammatory response in patients 48 hours after undergoing elective surgery for knee arthroplasty,76 whereas the plasma PLP concentration decreases significantly (~50%; see Table 1). This reduction is dependent on the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response (see Table 2).28 Red cell PLP also reflects supplementation in patients with critical illness.79 We therefore recommend the measurement of PLP in red cells in patients that have evidence of systemic inflammatory response. Results are expressed as pmoles of PLP per g of haemoglobin.
Nutritional status: We routinely only report red cell PLP for assessment of vitamin B6 nutritional status. However, if required, plasma PLP, its metabolite pyridoxic acid (PA) and pyridoxal (PL) can be measured to assess vitamin B6 status in patients who are non inflamed and for research studies (please contact the laboratory before sending plasma for vitamin B6 nutritional status).
Investigation and monitoring of hypophosphatasia: Measurement of plasma PLP and PA is particulary useful to aid in the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia. Testing for this purpose is indicated only in patients with low alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and features present that are consistent with hypophosphatasia, such as recurrent fractures (e.g. metatarsal/femur) or on-going joint/muscle/bone pain. Markedly elevated concentrations of plasma PLP with a low plasma concentration of PA and very high plasma PLP:PA ratio are observed in cases of hypophosphatasia. The plasma PLP:PA ratio is more sensitive for hypophosphatasia than urine phosphoethanolamine. The plasma PLP:PA ratio is also useful for monitoring hypophosphatasia patients e.g. assessment of the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy.
Recommended Daily Allowance
Adults: 1.3 mg/day but requirements depend on protein intake.
Effect of Systemic Inflammatory Response on Plasma and Red Cell Vitamin B6 Concentrations
Table 1: Baseline, peak/ trough and day 7 concentrations of CRP, plasma and red cell pyridoxal 5 phosphate (PLP) and albumin following elective surgery for knee arthroplasty (n = 20).76 Median (range).
|C-reactive protein (mg/L)||<6 (<6–<6)||170 (70–242)||31 (<6–168)||<0.001|
|Plasma PLP (nmol/L)||25 (17-36)||13 (10-18)||23 (13-29)||<0.001|
|Albumin (g/L)||41 (38-45)||36 (24-39)||39 (34-43)||<0.001|
Red cell PLP
|295 (210-550)||320 (307-544)||320 (240-580)||0.409|
Table 2: Distribution of median plasma vitamin B6 concentrations according to increments of CRP concentrations (n = 796).28
Median plasma vitamin B6 concentration
Sample Requirements and Reference Ranges for Vitamin B6
Red cell (fasting sample preferred*) - for assessment of vitamin B6 nutritional status. Whole blood or packed red blood cells (please label tube as red cells) required. If sending red cells please discard plasma and do not send (unless plasma is required for a different test). Please write 'vitamin B6' on request form.
Red cell:Lithium heparin (non-gel) or EDTA. Lithium heparin gel tubes unsuitable.
Light-sensitive; wrap in tin foil (red cell and plasma).
Red cell: Send whole blood by first class post within 72 hours (do not freeze whole blood). If delivery to Glasgow is outwith 72 hours of sample collection, prepare red cells (minimum volume 300 µL) by removing and discarding plasma and buffy layer (mark clearly on tube that they are red cells) and store frozen until sending and then send by first class post (ice or dry ice not required).
Plasma: Send by first class post to arrive within 72 hours of collection. If delivery to Glasgow will be outwith 72 hours store plasma frozen until sending and then send by first class post(ice or dry ice not required).
Red cell: 1 mL whole blood or 400 µL of red cells**** (Vitamin B2 can be analysed simultaneously on this volume).
Plasma: 600 µL***
Red cell PLP****: 250-680 pmol/g Hb80
<200 pmol/g Hb (At risk of deficiency)
>2000 pmol/g Hb (over supplementation)
>4000 pmol/g Hb (risk of toxicity)
Plasma (for diagnosis/investigation of hypophosphatasia)
PLP: 20 – 140 nmol/L80
PA: 9 - 60 nmol/L80
PLP:PA ratio: <5 (This reference range only applies when the plasma PLP is raised)
|Mean turnaround time||Red cell: 4.5 days (see this page for STEMDRL TAT targets)|
|Method||HPLC with fluorimetric detection80|
|Traceability||EQA. Please contact laboratory for current EQA performance.|
|Intermediate Precision (CV)||See this page for latest data|
|Measurement Uncertainty, U||See this page for latest data|
|Analytical Goals (CV)||See this page for latest data|
Red cell and plasma (PLP only): INSTAND whole blood/plasma EQA scheme, Düsseldorf, Germany (four times per year).
|Included in UKAS scope?||
Red cell: Yes
* Ideally a fasting sample should be collected, especially if the patient is receiving oral or parenteral vitamin B6 supplementation. If this is not possible, sample should be taken at least 8 hours post treatment for patients receiving oral supplementation or TPN.
** Patient must not be on vitamin B6 supplements for at least 2 weeks prior to sample collection.
*** Absolute minimum volume; this volume is insufficient to carry out repeat analysis if analysis fails.
**** Please contact the Laboratory if vitamin B6 in plasma for assessment of nutritional status is required.

domain: biology


Cars, climate and competitive position
The financial community is becoming increasingly sophisticated in its understanding of the risks, and opportunities, which climate change poses to many businesses (see main article ). The power sector is in the front line - but the global car manufacturing industry is also becoming increasingly exposed on the issue.
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text:
AN APPRAISAL OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM ON LARGE FIRM
Code: 55426292019 |
Price: ₦2,000.00 |
119 Pages |
Chapter 1-5 |
This project invested the appraisal of an internal control system in large firms. The study was aimed at determining the strength and weakness of internal control system in public limited liability companies and how the existing control has helped the management in the realization of the organizational objective
In this project, the research found out whether
1. There is regular cash survey to ensure that amount voted into imprest injudiciously used.
2. Majority of the employees are paid through banks and all authorized deductions are remitted to their appropriate authorities.
3. Stocktaking is usually carried out by a team consisting of store and accounting staff preparation of payroll and payment of salaries are not usually done by some person.
Data for the research was collected from both primary and secondary. Primary data was conducted mainly through the use of questionnaires supplemented by oral interview, which was conducted among the staff of the company. Data were analyzed using the chi-square and percentage method of analysis. A test was carried out which showed that the system of internal control in the company is effective.

domain: finance


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domain: gamble


text:
Jasmine Carrisi posted some shots and one detail did not go unnoticed at all
The couple formed by Al Bano Carrisi and Loredana Lecciso has always attracted the attention of the general public in a particular way. The years pass but Al Bano and Loredana seem more united than ever and their children Jasmine Carrisi and Bido are the clear demonstration of the strong bond that unites them.
Recently to keep the attention on herself is Jasmine Carrisi, who has now become a woman in all respects. The meeting between the beauty of the showgirl and the talent of the singer gave birth to a wonderful girl, full of hidden qualities and abilities.
The young daughter of art can well be called an influencer, considering the thousands of followers that her profile counts, and often shares with her followers shots that portray her in the everyday life of her days. Unfortunately, the girl is not always frowned upon, on the contrary, recently she has often been the victim of various and heavy accusations.
In the last few days Jasmine has posted some beautiful shots and one detail has not gone unnoticed by her fans. The girl showed off wearing beautiful trendy costumes.
Jasmine has a stunning physique and gorgeous features, and one photo in particular caught everyone’s attention. In her shot, the girl wears a lilac costume that gives a lot to her rosy complexion.
But what amazed the followers was a very glamorous detail that is definitely in fashion among the youngest. Have you already guessed what it is? The young Carrisi has decided to embellish her beach look with a golden body chain.
It is a very popular body jewel among girls: a thin chain that rests gently on the neck and hips, creating fabulous points of light. A truly classy detail, which certainly thrilled all the fans.
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domain: beauty


text:
UN Human Rights Council - 26th Special Session
Special Session on South Sudan
CIVICUS welcomes this Special Session following the findings and recommendations recently put forward by the Expert Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan. We agree with the assessment that South Sudan is on the verge of an unprecedented spate of violence which has strong ethnic connotations.
We are deeply concerned by ethnically-motivated hate speech by all sides and the targeting of South Sudanese on the basis of ethnicity and gender.
Mr. President, we are appalled by the use of sexual violence against women and girls substantiated by the Commission’s findings that approximately 70% of women have been victims of sexual violence in Juba alone since December 2013.
The wanton destruction of villages, targeting of civilian healthcare facilities and places of worship, obstruction of convoys transporting humanitarian assistance and targeting of civilians seeking refuge all represent grave violations of international human rights and humanitarian law.
We are further concerned by violent attacks on journalists, representatives of the media outlets, human rights defenders and civil society organisations which deeply hinders their essential work to monitor and document human rights abuses and contributes to the impunity enjoyed by perpetrators of these actions.
Mr President, in light of these and other human rights violations documented by the Expert Commission, we urge the Council to take concerted and swift action to ensure protection of civilians, facilitate a peaceful resolution to the conflict and end impunity for violations of international humanitarian law.
Specifically, we call on the international community to support an arms embargo which will curtail the movement of legal arms into the country and to deploy an urgent regional protection force across South Sudan.
We further urge the government and international community to expedite the process of establishing and fully operationalising a hybrid court to bring to justice those responsible for the violence and serve as a deterrent to future violations.

domain: politics