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Circulating blood platelets are specialized cells that prevent bleeding and minimize blood vessel injury. Large progenitor cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes (MKs) are the source of platelets. MKs release platelets through a series of fascinating cell biological events. During maturation, they become polyploid and accumulate massive amounts of protein and membrane. Then, in a cytoskeletal-driven process, they extend long branching processes, designated proplatelets, into sinusoidal blood vessels where they undergo fission to release platelets. Given the need for platelets in many pathological situations, understanding how this process occurs is an active area of research with important clinical applications.
Platelets are small anucleate cell fragments that have a characteristic discoid shape and range from 1 to 3 µm in diameter. Historically, platelets were referred to as cellular dust. We now know that they are indispensable for processes such as hemostasis, wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, and innate immunity. Platelets are formed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes (MKs), their precursor cells, which reside in the bone marrow (Pease, 1956). MKs are the largest (50–100 µm) and also one of the rarest cells in the bone marrow; MKs account for ∼0.01% of nucleated bone marrow cells (Nakeff and Maat, 1974). To assemble and release platelets, MKs become polyploid by endomitosis (DNA replication without cell division) and then undergo a maturation process in which the bulk of their cytoplasm is packaged into multiple long processes called proplatelets, and the nucleus is extruded. An MK may extend 10–20 proplatelets, each of which starts as a blunt protrusion that over time elongates, thins, and branches repeatedly. Platelets form selectively at the tips of proplatelets (Richardson et al., 2005). As platelets develop, they receive their granule and organelle content as streams of individual particles transported from the MK cell body (Italiano et al., 1999). Platelet formation can be arbitrarily divided into two phases: The first phase of MK maturation and development takes days to complete and requires MK-specific growth factors. During this time, massive nuclear proliferation and enlargement of the MK cytoplasm occur as the MK is filled with cytoskeletal proteins, platelet-specific granules, and sufficient membrane to complete the platelet assembly process. The second phase is relatively rapid and can be completed within hours. During this phase, MKs generate platelets by remodeling their cytoplasm first into proplatelets and then into preplatelets, which undergo subsequent fission events to generate discoid platelets. The time required for MKs to complete polyploidization, mature, and release platelets is ∼5 d in humans and 2–3 d in rodents (Ebbe and Stohlman, 1965; Odell and Jackson, 1968; Odell et al., 1970). Once released into the bloodstream, human platelets survive 7–10 d, whereas rodent platelets survive 4–5 d (Aster, 1967; Harker and Finch, 1969; Jackson and Edwards, 1977).
In this review, we outline the process of platelet production—starting with MK development and ending with terminal platelet formation (illustrated in Fig. 1). After a brief history and context of each step, we highlight some exciting recent findings and important unanswered questions pertinent to the cell biology of platelet formation.
MK maturation and development
MKs develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that reside mainly in the bone marrow but are also present in the yolk sac, fetal liver, and spleen during early development (Long et al., 1982; Gordon et al., 1990; Ogawa, 1993; Morita et al., 2011). During maturation, MKs increase in size, become full of platelet-specific granules, expand their cytoplasmic content of cytoskeletal proteins, and develop a highly tortuous invaginated membrane system (IMS; Behnke, 1968; Fig. 2).
Thrombopoietin (TPO) directs MK development.
The discovery of TPO, and its MK-specific receptor c-Mpl, revolutionized the field of MK and platelet biology. TPO functions as the major regulator that promotes the growth and development of MKs from their HSC precursors (Bartley et al., 1994; de Sauvage et al., 1994; Kaushansky, 1994; Kaushansky et al., 1994; Kuter et al., 1994; Lok et al., 1994; Sohma et al., 1994; Wendling et al., 1994). Subsequently, this discovery facilitated development of in vitro cell culture systems that reconstitute MK differentiation, maturation, proplatelet extension, and platelet production and allowed study of the mechanisms that regulate these processes (Choi et al., 1995; Cramer et al., 1997; Lecine et al., 1998). Interestingly, although TPO is one key driver of MK differentiation, mice lacking either c-Mpl or TPO successfully produce platelets, indicating a role for other regulators in the process of proplatelet and platelet formation (Choi et al., 1995; Ito et al., 1996).
Endomitosis (Fig. 1, step 2) is a primarily TPO-driven process by which MKs become polyploid through cycles of DNA replication without cell division (cytokinesis; Ebbe, 1976; Gurney et al., 1994). The study of endomitosis was largely facilitated by the implementation of in vitro culture systems that used TPO. During their life cycle, MKs first undergo a proliferative 2n stage in which their progression through the cell cycle is identical to other hematopoietic cells. Subsequently, MKs begin endomitosis and accumulate a DNA content of 4n, 8n, 16n, 32n, 64n, and even 128n in a single polylobulated nucleus before proceeding with their final maturation and proplatelet formation (Zimmet and Ravid, 2000). Studies in megakaryocytic-transformed cell lines showed that the switch to polyploidization is related to the cell cycle and dependent on degradation of cyclin B and reduced activity of the cyclin B–dependent Cdc2 kinase (Datta et al., 1996; García and Calés, 1996; Zhang et al., 1996, 1998). Subsequent studies with primary MKs revealed that endomitosis occurs because of a defect in late cytokinesis that results in incomplete formation of the cleavage furrow, a contractile ring consisting of myosin II and F-actin that generates the mechanical forces necessary for cell separation (Geddis et al., 2007; Lordier et al., 2008). Specifically, down-regulation of nonmuscle MYH10 (myosin IIB heavy chain) in the contractile ring by RUNX1 (runt-related transcription factor 1) is required for the switch from mitosis (2n) to endomitosis (4n; Lordier et al., 2012). The importance of cleavage furrow inhibition in polyploidization was further underscored by examining the mechanism by which it forms. RhoA, a small GTPase that regulates the actin cytoskeleton, is required to generate the contraction force necessary to complete cytokinesis (Melendez et al., 2011). The microtubule-associated GEF-H1 activates RhoA at the cleavage furrow (Birkenfeld et al., 2007), whereas ECT2 (epithelial cell–transforming sequence 2) is involved in RhoA localization and activation (Petronczki et al., 2007). Gao et al. (2012) recently revealed that both GEF-H1 and ECT2 are down-regulated at the mRNA and protein levels during MK polyploidization. Interestingly, GEF-H1 down-regulation is required for 2n cells to become 4n, whereas ECT2 down-regulation is required for polyploidization beyond 4n. This suggests that different mechanisms may be regulating the initial 2n to 4n transition versus subsequent endomitotic events (Papadantonakis et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2012).
These studies do not, however, preclude a role for the cell cycle in endomitosis. Although inhibition of cleavage furrow formation physically prevents the MK from dividing, there still may be a separate process that regulates the repeated cycles of DNA replication. Multiple studies have identified roles for G1/S-phase regulators, such as the cyclins D and E, supporting the hypothesis that up-regulation of G1-phase components may be important in promoting cycles of endomitotic DNA synthesis to allow for the development of high ploidy MKs (Zimmet et al., 1997; Muntean et al., 2007; Eliades et al., 2010).
It is theorized that MKs are polyploid to produce the large quantities of mRNA and protein necessary to be packaged into platelets while still retaining their ability to perform multiple functions without the stress of mitosis and cytokinesis (Zimmet and Ravid, 2000). Although endomitosis and polyploidization are undoubtedly important for MK cytoplasmic maturation, the relationship between high nuclear DNA content and efficient platelet formation is still highly debated. For example, nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B3, is commonly used to increase the ploidy of human and mouse MKs in culture (Giammona et al., 2006; Panuganti et al., 2010; Avanzi et al., 2012; Leysi-Derilou et al., 2012). Although nicotinamide does increase ploidy, its effect on platelet formation is controversial. Some observed nicotinamide-induced increased proplatelet production in vitro (Giammona et al., 2006), whereas others saw reduced proplatelet formation (Giammona et al., 2006; Leysi-Derilou et al., 2012). Importantly, administration of nicotinamide to mice does not increase their platelet levels (Konieczna et al., 2013). In addition, overexpression of cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin D3, has been shown to enhance MK ploidy in vivo without any concomitant increase in platelet count (Zimmet et al., 1997). As we learn more about the process of endomitosis and how to manipulate it, we will be better able to reveal whether high nuclear content is causative or correlative to platelet formation.
The IMS: A membrane reservoir.
One purpose of endomitosis is to generate the large quantity of protein and lipid synthesis necessary to create the IMS (previously referred to as the demarcation membrane system). The IMS (Fig. 1, step 3) is an extensive complex of cisternae and tubules distributed throughout the MK cytoplasm that is continuous with the plasma membrane and is thought to exist as a membrane reservoir for proplatelet formation (Yamada, 1957; Radley and Haller, 1982). Schulze et al. (2006) confirmed this hypothesis by demonstrating that the IMS is indeed the origin of the proplatelet and platelet surface. Furthermore, the force necessary for internal IMS migration relies on actin filament assembly via the WASP–WAVE pathway at the IMS cytoplasmic face in response to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate signaling (Schulze et al., 2006).
Not surprisingly, the IMS also requires cytoskeletal support. Spectrin, a protein that forms the plasma membrane skeleton in many cell types, forms a 2D lattice in MKs that underlies and stabilizes the IMS; MKs expressing a dominant-negative spectrin peptide have an underdeveloped IMS with insufficient membrane to form proplatelets (Patel-Hett et al., 2011). Thus, a developed and mature IMS aided by the spectrin membrane skeleton helps establish and maintain proplatelets during platelet biogenesis (Patel-Hett et al., 2011). Although evidence suggests that the IMS functions as a membrane reservoir for proplatelet elongation, there are still several questions that need to be addressed. For example, IMS continuity with the plasma membrane in mature MKs may suggest that plasma membrane invagination is involved in IMS formation. In addition, other internal pools of membrane, such as the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi, may contribute to IMS development and/or initiate this process.
Terminal MK development and proplatelet formation
Mature MKs extend long branching processes called proplatelets into the sinusoidal blood vessels of the bone marrow. Proplatelets, which function as the assembly lines of platelet production, are comprised of platelet-sized swellings in tandem arrays that are connected by thin cytoplasmic bridges (Fig. 1, step 4; Italiano et al., 1999). Proplatelet production has been observed in vivo by imaging proplatelets extending into the sinusoidal blood vessels of bone marrow (Behnke, 1969; Becker and De Bruyn, 1976; Junt et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2012a). Spontaneous proplatelet formation also occurs in vitro with MKs derived from murine fetal liver stem cells (Italiano et al., 1999; Patel et al., 2005a; Thon et al., 2010, 2012a) and human cell–derived MKs (Choi et al., 1995; Miyazaki et al., 2000; Chang et al., 2007; Dunois-Lardé et al., 2009). Currently, we have an insufficient understanding of the signals that trigger proplatelet formation in MKs, resulting in a significant gap in our knowledge of platelet production.
The cytoskeleton powers proplatelet extension.
Accumulating evidence suggests that the cytoskeleton is the principal machinery for platelet production (Tablin et al., 1990; Hartwig and Italiano, 2006; Thon et al., 2010). This is not unexpected, considering the massive reorganization a mature, round MK goes through to extend proplatelets and release them into sinusoidal blood vessels. β1-Tubulin is the main tubulin isoform in MKs; its reorganization is essential for proplatelet formation and powers proplatelet elongation using cytoplasmic dynein, a microtubule minus end–associated motor protein (Fig. 3; Lecine et al., 2000; Patel et al., 2005b). Mice lacking β1-tubulin produce 60% fewer platelets, and the platelets that are produced show structural and functional defects, including reduced microtubule content and fewer microtubule coilings around the platelet periphery (Schwer et al., 2001). In humans, mutations in β1-tubulin result in an autosomal dominant macrothrombocytopenia (Kunishima et al., 2009).
Likewise, F-actin is present throughout proplatelets and forms the assembly points required for them to bend and bifurcate (Italiano et al., 1999; Patel et al., 2005b). Consistent with these data, mutations in the MYH9 gene that reduce myosin II activity have been implicated in the May-Hegglin anomaly and related macrothrombocytopenias (Kelley et al., 2000; Seri et al., 2000). More recently, MYH9 mutations have been associated with premature initiation of proplatelet formation within the bone marrow. This is mediated by disruption in the Rho–Rho kinase–myosin-IIA pathway and leads to decreased numbers of circulating platelets (Chang et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2007). These observations are supported by mouse models showing that mutations in the MYH9 gene cause both cultured MKs and those in the bone marrow to produce fewer and shorter proplatelets with less branching (Zhang et al., 2012b). Recently, Bluteau et al. (2012) further highlighted the importance of myosin regulation by showing that RUNX1 can affect proplatelet formation by direct regulation of MYL9, MYH10, and MYH9. This study may explain one reason why patients with familial platelet disorder with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia, a familial platelet disorder characterized by germline heterozygous RUNX1 alterations, present with thrombocytopenia.
Although these studies suggest that regulation of the cytoskeleton is necessary for efficient proplatelet formation, their focus is largely on deficiencies or mutations that diminish proplatelet formation. In the future, it will be important to investigate whether direct manipulation of the cytoskeleton can augment or even initiate the process of proplatelet formation directly.
The cytoskeleton highway connects the MK body to budding platelets.
In addition to playing an essential role in proplatelet elongation, microtubules lining the shafts of proplatelets serve a second function: transportation of organelles and granules into proplatelets and assembly of platelets at proplatelet ends. In MKs, granules are derived from budding of small vesicles containing granule cargo from the trans-Golgi network (Blair and Flaumenhaft, 2009). Vesicles budding from the trans-Golgi network may be delivered directly to multivesicular bodies, where proteins are sorted and eventually packaged into granules (Heijnen et al., 1998; Youssefian and Cramer, 2000). Organelles and granules are then sent individually from the MK cell body into the proplatelets, where they move bidirectionally until they are captured at proplatelet tips (Fig. 4; Richardson et al., 2005). Interestingly, this process bears striking resemblance to neuronal cells in which axons can reach millimeters in length and also need to transport organelles long distances. In MKs, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic experiments indicate that organelles are intimately associated with microtubules, and actin drugs do not affect organelle motion (Richardson et al., 2005). Thus, movement appears to be microtubule based (Richardson et al., 2005). The bipolar arrangement of microtubules within the proplatelet contributes to bidirectional organelle movement. The plus end–directed microtubule motor kinesin localizes in a pattern similar to organelles and granules, implicating this motor in transport of organelles along microtubules. There appears to be two aspects of this process: first, organelles and granules travel along microtubules, and second, the microtubules themselves slide bidirectionally in relation to other motile filaments, indirectly moving organelles along proplatelets (Richardson et al., 2005). Although microtubule highways appear to transport granules and organelles long distances along proplatelets, the mechanism by which the necessary organelles and granules are packaged into platelets remains unclear. In addition, the idea that granules may be sorted into heterogeneous populations in platelets remains controversial (Italiano et al., 2008; Kamykowski et al., 2011; Jonnalagadda et al., 2012). Furthermore, recent studies have identified heterogeneity in α-granule morphology and membrane protein composition as well as granule motility during platelet activation (van Nispen tot Pannerden et al., 2010; Peters et al., 2012). In the future, studies addressing this question may help us better understand the many unique roles platelets and their cargo play in health and disease.
The role of the microenvironment in proplatelet formation
MKs cultured in vitro can form proplatelets in suspension, suggesting that direct interaction with the bone marrow environment is not required for platelet production. Nevertheless, the efficiency of platelet production in culture is decreased relative to that observed in vivo, suggesting that the bone marrow microenvironment plays an important role in stimulating and enhancing proplatelet formation and platelet release.
The osteoblastic niche.
It has been hypothesized that the dynamic interaction of MKs with the different extracellular matrix proteins in the bone marrow compartmentalizes their maturation to specific sites. This is important to allow MKs to first develop from HSCs and then migrate to the vascular niche before beginning the process of proplatelet formation. Collagen I is the most abundant component of the osteoblastic niche (Reddi et al., 1977). Interestingly, binding of MKs to collagen through α2β1-integrin inhibits proplatelet formation (Sabri et al., 2004, 2006; Zou et al., 2009). This suggests that under normal physiological conditions, the osteoblastic niche inhibits proplatelet formation (Arai and Suda, 2007; Pallotta et al., 2009). Recently, an in vitro model to study MK function in the bone marrow environment was developed by differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and then co-culturing osteoblasts with HSCs and MKs (Pallotta et al., 2009). Using this model, Pallotta et al. (2009) found that HSCs form a niche that leads to collagen I deposition, creating an environment conducive for HSCs to differentiate through the megakaryocytic lineage but not to complete maturation and extend proplatelets. This supports the model that engagement of collagen I in the osteoblastic niche acts to suppress proplatelet formation while allowing for MK differentiation and maturation.
The vascular niche.
Polyploid MKs localize to sinusoidal bone marrow endothelial cells in vivo, where they form proplatelets that migrate through bone marrow endothelial cells, and release platelets directly into the marrow intravascular sinusoidal space (Tavassoli and Aoki, 1989). Recent evidence suggests that up-regulation of the cytokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 may be important for the migration of MKs to the vascular niche (Avecilla et al., 2004; Pitchford et al., 2012). The vascular niche is comprised of extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen IV, fibronectin, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor, which in conjunction with chemokine-mediated interaction of progenitors allow MKs to relocate to a microenvironment that is both permissive and instructive for the late stages of MK maturation and proplatelet formation (Avecilla et al., 2004).
Fibrinogen is a commonly studied extracellular matrix protein in bone marrow sinusoids that enhances proplatelet formation. MKs from bone marrow aspirates form significantly more proplatelets when plated on fibrinogen (Larson and Watson, 2006). The mechanism for this augmentation is thought to be through fibrinogen binding to the MK integrin αIIbβ3 (Eto et al., 2002; Larson and Watson, 2006). Although αIIb is expressed in MK progenitor cells, and thus very early in MK development, its role throughout MK maturation remains controversial (Berridge et al., 1985; Prandini et al., 1996). A study by Eto et al. (2002) suggests that αIIbβ3 only exhibits agonist-induced fibrinogen binding in mature MKs. Aside from its role in binding fibrinogen, the integrin αIIbβ3 in itself may be important for proplatelet release; a study shows that antibodies directed against the integrin subunit αIIb inhibit proplatelet formation when added to cultured MKs (Takahashi et al., 1999). Interestingly, patients with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia, a disease characterized by either absent or nonfunctioning αIIbβ3, still have a normal level of circulating platelets (Caen et al., 1966). Therefore, αIIbβ3 may enhance but is not necessary for proplatelet formation.
In contrast, patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome display thrombocytopenia with giant platelets in addition to functional defects like defective platelet adhesion to subendothelium and reduced platelet aggregation (Ware et al., 1993). Bernard-Soulier syndrome is linked to genetic lesions of the platelet membrane glycoprotein complex GPIb–IX–V, which contains the binding site for von Willebrand factor, a plasma glycoprotein important for platelet adhesion to the endothelium (Geddis and Kaushansky, 2004). Therefore, it appears that GPIb–IX–V may be necessary for efficient platelet formation. In fact, in vitro studies have shown that antibodies against GPIb–IX–V strongly inhibit proplatelet production and that MKs derived from patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome do not extend proplatelets in vitro (Takahashi et al., 1999; Balduini et al., 2011). These studies suggest that one mechanism by which GPIb–IX–V mutations cause macrothrombocytopenia in patients is through defective proplatelet formation.
Fibronectin is another abundant protein in the hematopoietic microenvironment and is a proliferative stimulus for HSCs (Weinstein et al., 1989; Vuillet-Gaugler et al., 1990). Specifically, it plays an important role in megakaryocytopoiesis, proliferation, and differentiation through adhesion to fibronectin receptors VLA-4 (very late antigen 4) and VLA-5 (Han et al., 2004; Fox and Kaushansky, 2005). Recently, the role of these receptors in proplatelet formation was examined by Matsunaga et al. (2012), who found that fibronectin-activated VLA-4 and VLA-5 may contribute to proplatelet formation through enhanced activation of ERK1/2. Although preliminary, these data are the first to suggest a mechanism by which fibronectin augments proplatelet formation. In sum, these studies suggest a model in which the osteoblastic niche provides an environment that allows MKs to mature and develop, whereas the vascular niche enhances proplatelet formation.
How proplatelets find their way into sinusoidal blood vessels
Directed release of proplatelets by MKs.
In addition to functioning as the assembly lines for platelet production, the architecture and morphology of proplatelets provide a mechanism to deliver platelets to the bloodstream. Observations of MKs releasing proplatelets in vivo have led to the notion that there is directional release of proplatelets from MKs. It is only recently, however, that studies have begun to elucidate how MKs do this. Although MK receptor engagement of extracellular matrix proteins in the vascular niche is important, another less-studied interaction involves exposure of MKs and/or newly generated proplatelet extensions to blood components. Because of their unique position at the vascular interface, MKs are effectively exposed to a transendothelial gradient of blood components. Recently, an elegant study by Zhang et al. (2012a) exploited this phenomenon and identified S1P (sphingosine 1 phosphate) and its receptor on MKs, S1pr1, as important mediators of proplatelet extension and release. Once in the blood, proplatelets are exposed to a high S1P concentration, which initiates the subsequent shedding of platelets into the circulation. Using S1pr1 knockout mice and multiphoton intravital microscopy, they showed that the S1P gradient guides proplatelet extensions into the lumen of the bone marrow sinusoids and that mice lacking S1pr1 develop severe thrombocytopenia caused by both formation of extravascular proplatelets and defective proplatelet release inside the vascular space. Importantly and perhaps most exciting is that activation of S1pr1 signaling directly stimulated the release of new platelets; this is mediated through S1pr1, which triggers activation of the Gi/Rac GTPase signaling cascade. Therefore, this study identifies S1P and its receptor S1pr1 as important mediators of directional proplatelet elongation and terminal shedding of new platelets into the blood stream. The implications of this study are far reaching and open the door to many interesting questions. For example, as proplatelets extend into the lumen, could they also function to monitor circulating levels of proteins, such as TPO, or even platelet numbers? This would allow the MK to receive information and instruct the MK in processes such as protein translation, granule packaging, and platelet production. Understanding the impact of blood components on proplatelet formation is an exciting field for future work.
Proplatelet extension into the vascular space.
Once the lumen is “sensed” by the MK, how are the proplatelets able to break through into the vascular space? In another recent study, it was revealed that podosomes, cylindrical actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, actively degrade the extracellular matrix and are therefore important for MKs to extend proplatelet protrusions across the basement membrane (Schachtner et al., 2013). This study showed that the mechanism by which MKs form podosomes is through actin polymerization via the Arp2/3 complex and WASP to create an F-actin core, which is then surrounded by rings of vinculin. Once assembled, podosomes degrade matrix proteins, such as fibrinogen, in a matrix metalloproteinase- and myosin-IIA–dependent manner. This study is the first to examine the role of podosomes in MKs and suggests that they may play a role in effective delivery of platelets into the bloodstream during proplatelet formation.
Similarly, the impact of blood shear forces on proplatelet formation is an emerging trend in the field of MK and platelet biology. In a pivotal study, Junt et al. (2007) observed proplatelet formation in real time in the bone marrow of mice by multiphoton intravital microscopy. Their observations in these live-cell experiments uphold the hypothesis that blood flow–induced shear stress helps separate proplatelet fragments from the MK cell body. This was supported by an in vitro model in which cultured MKs shed significantly more proplatelets when they were agitated compared with MKs in static cultures (Junt et al., 2007). In a complementary study, the role of shear on platelet release from human cord blood MKs adhered to a von Willebrand factor matrix was examined (Dunois-Lardé et al., 2009). During exposure to high shear rates (1,800 s−1), cytoplasmic MKs produced extensions organized along the direction of flow in a manner dependent on both microtubules and the GPIb receptor (Dunois-Lardé et al., 2009). Together, these results support the idea that intravascular release of fragments protruding from mature MKs is aided by fluid shear forces in bone marrow sinusoids. However, the majority of these studies have been performed using in vitro assays examining platelet rolling and adhesion in an open system. The development of microfluidic chips that recapitulate the bone marrow and vascular compartments will likely provide new insights into how shear influences proplatelet production and release.
Terminal platelet formation and release
Once proplatelets are extended into the blood stream, what happens? Do small, platelet-sized objects or larger fragments get released into circulation? In light of recent work, it appears that MKs release a heterogeneous mix into the blood, indicating that terminal platelet formation may continue in the blood stream. The presence of proplatelet-like structures in blood has been long recognized, and it is therefore likely that proplatelets routinely fragment from the MK body, enter the blood, and mature into platelets while in circulation. Schwertz et al. (2010) revealed that platelets are capable of producing progeny; platelets produce “figure 8” barbell-shaped structures with two platelet-sized bulbs on each end that contain their own organelles and cytoskeletal system (illustrated in Fig. 3 C). This duplication occurs in vitro over a few hours, is dependent on an intact microtubular network, and is associated with increased protein synthesis. Subsequently, Thon et al. (2010) identified a new stage in platelet formation present in both cultured MKs and peripheral blood smears, the preplatelet. Preplatelets are anucleate discoid particles that are 2–10 µm in diameter that can reversibly convert into barbell-shaped proplatelets (Fig. 1, step 4). As in the study by Schwertz et al. (2010), Thon et al. (2012a) found that preplatelets are able to mature into platelets both in vitro and after transfusion into mice in vivo. Additionally, it was uncovered that this is a microtubule-mediated process; bidirectional polymerization of microtubules at each end of the barbell proplatelet forms two platelet-sized (2-µm diameter) microtubule coils at each end, which split into two individual platelets after an abscission event (Fig. 1, step 5; Thon et al., 2010).
Regulation of terminal platelet size.
The conversion from pre- to proplatelet is driven by microtubule-based forces, which are governed by two major biophysical properties: microtubule coil diameter and microtubule coil thickness (Thon et al., 2012b). Interestingly, these forces both regulate and predict the size of circulating platelets generated by proplatelets, providing an explanation for the ∼2-µm diameter of platelets (Thon et al., 2012b). This supports a model in which circular preplatelets are released into the blood, rapidly and spontaneously convert into barbell proplatelets, and undergo fast rounds of abscission that result in mature platelets. Alternatively, preplatelets may become trapped in the microcapillaries of the bone marrow, lung, or spleen where intravascular shear forces drive proplatelet to platelet production. A study of higher platelet counts in postpulmonary vessels suggests that the lung may be a site of terminal platelet formation (Howell and Donahue, 1937). In addition, a study using rat models reveals that lung damage may reduce circulating platelets, suggesting that the lungs play an active role in the regulation of platelet formation (Xiao et al., 2006).
Platelet size correlates with platelet reactivity; larger platelets have greater prothrombotic potential. Elevated platelet size (mean platelet volume) is associated with increased platelet aggregation, increased expression of adhesion molecules, and elevated risk of cardiovascular and peripheral arterial diseases (Bath and Butterworth, 1996; Kamath et al., 2001; Berger et al., 2010; Chu et al., 2010; Slavka et al., 2011). Interestingly, a study of patients with acute coronary disease found a direct association between α2-integrin chain expression and mean platelet volume, suggesting that expression levels of integrin α2β1 may be involved in the regulation of platelet size (Kunicki et al., 2012). Recently, this was supported by the creation of conditional MK-specific α2-integrin chain (Itga2−/−)–deficient mice in which the resulting platelets have a significantly decreased mean platelet volume (Habart et al., 2013).
These observations begin to explain platelet size under normal, physiological conditions and also genetic variations that may result in macrothrombocytopenia. However, there is still much to be revealed about what regulates platelet size. A recent paper addressed this issue in a novel way; Gieger et al. (2011) conducted a high-powered meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in >66,000 individuals. From this genome-wide association study, 68 genomic loci associated with platelet volume were identified, including both previously studied and novel regulators of platelet formation. Studies such as this pave the way for future research into genes that regulate platelet production, the results of which will be integral in understanding what molecular pathways regulate both platelet formation and size.
Translating MK cell biology into medicine
Platelets are essential for hemostasis, and thrombocytopenia (platelet counts < 150 × 109/liter) is a major clinical problem encountered across several conditions, including idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), myelodysplastic syndromes, chemotherapy, aplastic anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, complications during pregnancy, and surgery. It is estimated that ∼1.5 million platelet transfusions to prevent severe bleeding are administered yearly, with each transfusion costing over $600 (Kaushansky, 2008). Therefore, because of the strong effect of TPO on platelet production, clinical trials evaluating the use of recombinant TPO to treat thrombocytopenia began in 1995 (Kuter and Begley, 2002). Unfortunately, some patients treated with recombinant TPO developed antibodies that created a paradoxical decrease in platelets. This led to the creation of TPO mimetics, such as romiplostim and eltrombopag, which are highly effective in raising the platelet count in ITP (Li et al., 2001). Although effective in treatment of ITP and other chronic conditions, TPO mimetics take 5 d to increase platelet counts and 12 d to reach maximum effect, making them less useful in acute situations (Kuter, 2010). In addition, one serious side effect of current TPO mimetics is development of bone marrow myelofibrosis (Kuter et al., 2009). Therefore, it is obvious that other alternatives (in addition to platelet transfusions) are necessary to instantaneously elevate platelet counts in situations such as surgery, sepsis, trauma, or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
The ability to make platelets from cultured MKs would be an extremely valuable clinical tool. Because of this, several groups have begun to create in vitro MK cultures derived from either embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells that have the potential to create a continuous supply of platelets for infusion. The idea being that creation of MKs from an immortalized progenitor cell will eliminate the need for platelet or embryonic/induced pluripotent stem cell donation. The first group to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into MKs created a co-culture system with human embryonic stem cells and stromal cells (Gaur et al., 2006). These MKs contain von Willebrand factor in their cytoplasm, express CD41a and CD42b on their surface, and have a DNA ploidy distribution consistent with that of human peripheral blood CD34+ cells differentiated into MKs (Gaur et al., 2006). In the years that followed, the field began focusing on specific ways to stimulate cell lines to become induced pluripotent stem cells. In a breakthrough study, Takahashi et al. (2007) showed that human-induced pluripotent stem cells can be generated from human fibroblasts and other somatic cells by retroviral transduction of the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Takayama et al. (2008, 2010) extended these findings to MKs by differentiating the induced pluripotent stem cells generated from human dermal fibroblasts directly into MKs, subsequently revealing that reduction of c-Myc expression is required for MK maturation and generation of functional platelets. Recently, this technology was also used in dogs: canine dermal fibroblasts were used to generate canine induced pluripotent stem cells, which were then differentiated into MKs that produced functional platelets in vivo (Nishimura et al., 2013).
In order for in vitro culture systems to be useful, however, they must create a large number of platelets because one effective platelet transfusion has ∼1–5 × 1011 platelets (Cid and Lozano, 2010). The need for this large number of platelets is because platelets are made and consumed very rapidly in the body; ∼1011 platelets are made every day and have a life span of only 7–10 d (Harker, 1977). The process of thrombopoiesis in the bone marrow is very efficient to keep up with the constant need for platelets; data from MKs trapped in the lung led to the estimate that each MK releases ∼104 platelets (Kaufman et al., 1965). Unfortunately, MKs differentiated from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells in culture have not approached this, as published studies show yields of ∼20–400 platelets per MK (Takayama et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2011; Ono et al., 2012).
It is clear that progress is being made at differentiating various types of cells into MKs. However, the current model is to create MKs and then collect and analyze the platelets that are released in culture, hoping that they are plentiful and functional. Because so little is known about what initiates and regulates the process of proplatelet formation, there is no direct control over the process of proplatelet and platelet formation in these systems. As we learn more about platelet biogenesis, we may be able to create MKs that are ideal for increased proplatelet and platelet formation. Ultimately, we may be capable of generating platelets that are optimized for the job they are necessitated for, such as wound healing, immune response, or maintaining vascular integrity. In this way, platelet infusions could effectively correct pathological problems with minimal side effects.
We have made substantial progress on understanding the mechanisms that regulate thrombopoiesis and platelet formation. But, as is often the case in science, new discoveries lead to more questions. Interestingly, the field of platelet biology is beginning to move away from thinking of platelets as just mediators of hemostasis and starting to study their role in other processes such as inflammation, immunity, and cancer. Are there humoral regulators of proplatelet production and platelet release? Along with these “new” roles for platelets, we have yet to fully uncover what signaling pathways initiate and regulate various aspects of platelet production, in particular, proplatelet initiation, sliding, branching, and release. In addition to revealing fundamental cellular mechanisms, future studies of platelet production will enhance our understanding of how pathological processes in the body affect platelet production and may lead to improved treatments for thrombocytopenia.
Fig. 1 was illustrated by Alice Y. Chen of AY Chen Illustration and Design. We sincerely apologize to our colleagues whose work was not cited as a result of space limitations. We would like to thank Dr. Jonathan Thon, Dr. Beth Battinelli, Dr. John Semple, and Dr. Andrew Weyrich for insightful conversations and critical review of the manuscript.
This work was supported by American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship 13POST13930019 to K.R. Machlus and National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant R01 HL68130 to J.E. Italiano Jr.

domain: biology


SDO captured this image of Earth and moon as they were transiting the sun together. The edge of Earth is visible near the top of the frame and on the left, the moon’s edge is also perfectly seeable.
You may notice that Earth’s outline looks fuzzy, while the moon’s is crystal clear. This is because, while the planet itself completely blocks the sun's light, Earth’s atmosphere is an incomplete barrier, blocking different amounts of light at different altitudes.
On the other hand, the moon has no atmosphere, so during the transit we can clearly see the crisp edges of the moon's horizon.
This image was taken in extreme ultraviolet wavelengths of 171 angstroms. Though this light is invisible to our eyes, it is typically colorized in gold.
article reference:- nasa.gov


If there is nothing installed in port 1, the board will be configured for 10 G mode by default. Therefore, to switch to 1 G mode, an SFP module must be installed in port 1 and the system needs to be rebooted.
Conversely, if an SFP module is installed and the user wants to switch to 4 x 10 G mode, then an SFP+ module must be installed in port 1 and the WLC rebooted.
Thus, Online Insertion and Removal (OIR) of SFP and SFP+ between 10 G and 1 G is not possible.
After adding a WLC to ISE if you get the following error (See message below) after running debug aaa tacacs enable in the WLC. Incorrectly formatted authorization message Here's what you need to do to fix it. Login to ISE Work centers, Settings, Device ad...
Community Live- Understanding How Multicast Works with Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers
(Live event - formerly known as Webcast- Tuesday November 19, 2019 at 9 am Pacific/ 12 pm Eastern / 6 pm Paris)
This event will have place on Tuesday 19th, Novembe...
Where to download
Attached files on this post
Alternatively, cloud version (only summaries)
New implementation for the WLC Config Analyzer. it is a new re-write of the application, with clean up and improved checks
Support for IOS...
New Version for the Wireless Lan Config Analyzer: v.4.4.14
Supports AireOS up to 8.8, any model.
Error parsing AP list with location with spaces
For tool information:


It has been more than fifteen years since the term Internet of Things (IoT) was introduced to the public. However, despite the efforts of research groups and innovative corporations, still today it is not possible to say that IoT is upon us. This is mainly due to the fact that a unified IoT architecture has not been yet clearly defined and there is no common agreement in defining protocols and standards for all IoT parts. The framework that current IoT platforms use consists mostly in technologies that partially fulfill some of the IoT requirements. While developers employ existing technologies to build the IoT, research groups are working on adapting protocols to the IoT in order to optimize communications. In this paper, we present and compare existing IoT application layer protocols as well as protocols that are utilized to connect the “things” but also end-user applications to the Internet. We highlight IETF’s CoAP, IBM’s MQTT, HTML 5’s Websocket among others, and we argue their suitability for the IoT by considering reliability, security, and energy consumption aspects. Finally, we provide our conclusions for the IoT application layer communications based on the study that we have conducted.
|Transaction on IoT and Cloud Computing
|Published - 1 Jan 2015
- Enabling Digital Technologies


text:
Op-Ed: Political correctness may have run amok, but it’s better than when casual racism ruled
Today it’s popular to say that political correctness is destroying America, but a recently discovered set of century-old clippings offer a cautionary reminder of what our country was like without political correctness. From Oregon to South Carolina, journalists and their editors in 1906 felt free to trumpet racial epithets and outright lies, including those they printed about my American grandmother and my Chinese grandfather.
Beginning with their engagement, my grandparents’ union was national news, simply because of their races. Front-page headlines ranged from the seemingly benign San Francisco Call’s “Charming Miss Dolly Gives Her Hand to Len Shen Yu” to the Denver Post’s virulent “Los Angeles Heiress Elopes with a Chink Editor of San Fran.”
Reporters couldn’t be bothered to learn my grandfather’s actual name, Liu Chengyu, instead concocting random approximations. And in true tabloid fashion, the Denver paper fabricated the notion that my grandmother was an heiress eloping with her Chinese lover.
In fact, until the 1906 San Francisco earthquake one month earlier, Dolly Trescott, then 29, had been struggling to support herself by tutoring students in English. One of them was my 30-year-old grandfather-to-be, then enrolled at UC Berkeley and the editor of a newspaper in San Francisco’s Chinatown. When the quake struck, Liu Chengyu helped his tutor escape her boarding house on Jackson Street before the Great Fire engulfed it. He then protected her in the tent city for refugees that was erected on the Presidio. Homeless, and with no family other than her naturopath father in Los Angeles, Trescott understandably accepted when this wealthy son of a former Viceroy of Canton proposed marriage.
Liu was a protege of Sun Yatsen. In an ironic twist, his newspaper was an instrument of Sun’s campaign to overthrow the imperial dynasty that had employed generations of Liu ancestors. My grandfather wanted to see China remade as a Western-style republic. It’s not clear that my grandmother knew any more about these revolutionist activities than did the American reporters who dubbed her fiance an “embryo diplomat.” Regardless, she was prepared to go the distance to marry her “Celestial.” That alone made her fair game for the papers.
Among its many functions, political correctness applies a brake on the impulse to lie. It’s tempting, when spewing venom, to gin up one’s case with sensational falsehoods, but less so if you know your audience will call you out and challenge you to justify your prejudices with reason and with facts. In 1906 the citizens who would correct the record were few, but they did exist. The Presbyterian minister who married my grandparents was one.
In the continental United States at the time, all but 17 mostly northeastern states had so-called anti-miscegenation laws that prohibited interracial marriage. And even in a state where it was allowed, finding a willing preacher was no small feat. Trescott and Liu apparently thought they could find one in Mormon Utah, so they boarded a train to Ogden, where reporters gleefully documented the local minister’s refusal. The determined couple proceeded to Evanston, Wyo., where the Rev. Leon C. Hills was willing not only to wed them, but also to defend them against the public outrage that followed.
Journalists and their editors in 1906 felt free to trumpet racial epithets and outright lies, including those printed about my American grandmother and my Chinese grandfather.
In a Wyoming Press editorial, Hills made a case for racial (although, alas, not class) tolerance that could well be leveled at those issuing screeds against immigrants today:
Some very unfair and indiscret [sic] remarks have been made by those who do not know the facts of this case. Some speak of this affair as though a Chinese “coolie” had married some white woman of doubtful character. ... Please pause until you hear some facts. This misunderstanding comes no doubt from three causes: First, from the sensational reports in the newspapers; second, it is due to a gross prejudice in this western country toward the Chinese because of labor problems; third, because some Americans have the idea that the Chinese are an inferior race.
The good reverend’s appeal had little effect. In South Carolina, Charleston’s News and Courier picked up on one bastardization of my grandfather’s name to sneer, “Miss Dolly Trescott, a white girl, of California, has married a Chinaman whose first name is ‘Sin.’ This should result in something original.”
All this notoriety made the “Celestial’s Wife Wrathy,” as one headline put it. After returning to California from their wedding odyssey, my grandmother quietly rented an apartment for the two of them in a “swell” section of Berkeley, but when three neighboring families learned my grandfather’s ethnicity, they went to the press and threatened to move away. My “wrathy” grandmother was now ready to issue her own statement:
Certain persons have taken it upon themselves to criticise [sic] me because I married an Oriental, but I consider that is purely my own business. ... If necessary I will put the case in the hands of a lawyer. … I will not admit that anyone can drive me out of my present domicile and will fight for my rights to the last.
As far as we know, she won the battle. In 1908, the couple’s first daughter was born, without fanfare. Three years later, Sun’s revolution toppled the Manchu empire, and Liu Chengyu hastened back to Shanghai to become a senator in the first Chinese republic. My grandmother followed in 1912, and for the next 24 years my grandparents remained in China, where they had three more children. (My father was the second born.)
Prejudice, from Europeans and Chinese alike, always marked their lives, but never again was it as wanton and widespread as the ugliness captured in those century-old American clippings. If today’s campaign against political correctness succeeds, who can doubt that the nasty rhetoric aimed at my grandparents would pale against the vitriol of our times?
Aimee Liu’s novel “Cloud Mountain” is based on her grandparents’ marriage. She teaches in Goddard College’s MFA program in creative writing at Port Townsend, Washington.
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domain: history


text:
Popcorn Ceiling Repair in Holly Park
Snacks Ceiling Fixing in Holly Park
Snacks ceiling repair work stands out from treats ceiling removal solutions. As an instance, if you merely want the very best treats ceiling repair work service staff ahead by as well as likewise care for the out-of-date ceiling, our team will certainly be able to do so for you, as well as likewise we will definitely likewise go the added mile to make sure that you have trustworthy and likewise exceptional arise from the task we perform. We are prepared to collaborate with you in order to bring back the ceiling and also bring it as much as existing building criteria.
One of the initial renovation work that brand-new home owners do after relocating right into a home with stucco ceilings ( similarly described as Snacks Ceilings) is to have them removed as well as additionally transformed with even more modern-day choices. Therefore, level ceilings have become the standard in modern-day design. Although that the snacks ceiling or ceiling look seems in good condition, lacking damage or dust, it simply can not endure the means it appears structured. In our perspective, this is an entirely respectable reason for ending up the task, and also we would definitely also agree that flattened ceilings commonly have a tendency to show up cleaner along with a lot less disorderly than their rounder equivalents.
As a result of the harsh framework of the snacks ceilings, they often tend to gather a great deal of dirt. When it involves cleansing them, they’re more difficult to tidy because of the truth that they’ll ask for greater than simply cleaning the dirt away with a towel or duster throughout the surface. Additionally proficient specialists might have difficulties matching the patched stucco ceiling to its bordering environment while fixing a ceiling taking into consideration that a opening should frequently be taken.
It is feasible to illuminate your home with pot lights when you have a flat ceiling, which is a really modern option that is not likely to go out of design at any time in the future. Lights in the form of pots are used in a variety of kinds and additionally colors, as well as they have the capability to make a space appearance much brighter than it really is.
Our popcorn ceiling and also ceiling appearance elimination procedure utilizes a details method that ensures that the job is finished without using dust. This is considerable for a variety of reasons. Because of the truth that the ceiling elimination procedure is routinely unwanted, in addition to since certain treats ceiling treatments consist of asbestos, which is exceptionally harmful when inhaled, it is suggested that you remain clear of removing your ceilings up till definitely needed. Think of the sticking to situation: you have actually employed substandard popcorn ceiling eliminators, as well as the asbestos-tainted dust becomes airborne. Those that breathe this asbestos-contaminated air might create a trouble described as mesothelioma, which is a sort of lung cancer cells that is brought on by asbestos direct exposure.
If you still have snacks ceilings or a ceiling look and want them removed, we will certainly make it a indicate ensure that you are completely pleased with the outcomes. We have dustless elimination options as well as a lot of effectiveness. We obtain a lot of actions on the level of client therapy we supply to our clients. We are listed below to aid you.
We concentrate on snacks ceiling elimination and likewise drywall repair. We ensure 100% client satisfaction per as well as additionally each of our clients. Get in touch with us today for your complimentary no-obligation quote. We are dedicated to making use of popcorn ceiling elimination options in the area at one of the most reasonable costs.
Ceiling Fixing in Holly Park
Simply how to Fix a Ceiling Properly
1) Do your finest to figure out what triggered the fracture.
In certain scenarios, the aspect for a ceiling crack is noticeable, such as recognizable water discolorations on the ceiling, which shows that a leakage set off the joint substance to jeopardize as well as fracture. A joint compound applied as well openly may bring about a spider’s web of hairline splits when it dries out, reducing as well as triggering the divides. To stop the fractures from repeating, take care of the source of the leakages prior to attempting the ceiling taking care of.
2) A approach needs to continue to be in position before moving on.
It could be required to get rid of a part of a ceiling’s look to generate a repair solution and after that patch it with a compound that matches its surface area, relying on the kind of appearance along with degree of the split. Retexturing or painting the ceiling may be important after fixing in addition to finishing the fractures in the ceiling, instead of merely utilizing some spackle to them. Think about completion objective as well as additionally the extent of the task holistically for optimum outcomes.
3) Eliminate the treats from the ceiling if you can.
It’s not uncommon for snacks ceiling fixings, formerly preferred in the 1960s in addition to 1970s, to protrude because of their tendency to gather dust in addition to dirt. This could be a great moment to get rid of or cover the framework with drywall panels or company foam panels in order to boost the market well worth of your house. Due to this, it’s important to determine the type of treats framework on your ceiling prior to doing any type of repairings if it was put before 1978. Most of the times, the elimination of a snacks ceiling containing asbestos should be done by an asbestos-remediation specialist
4) When it worries repairing a leaking ceiling, don’t stint the products.
To deal with a hairline crack, simply put a little spackling on your finger and also spread it right into the hole, making sure to clean away any sort of deposit that might be left. There is a higher possibility, nonetheless, that the fracture will absolutely be broader or that the ceiling may have a variety of cracks. When this is the case, the most effective outcomes may be attained by making use of the correct gadgets as well as products. To do away with loosened ceiling appearance as well as peeling off paper, make use of a 6-inch insulation blade. Making use of a little container of pre-mixed drywall substance as well as mesh or paper drywall tape to boost the substance can aid to cover the holes in the wall surface. After the paste has in fact dried out, use a drywall fining sand sponge to level off the leading layer.
5) Make sure the walls and likewise floor are covered.
When working above, damp drywall material has a tendency to leakage, so ensure to take preventative actions to keep the wall surfaces, the flooring, as well as also any other factors in the area risk-free. The floor covering should be covered with a canvas tarpaulin (plastic ground cloth may come to be wet and likewise slippery) as well as any kind of home furnishings requires to be covered with lightweight plastic ground cloth. If deep space in the ceiling is close to a wall, take advantage of a plastic drop cloth to decrease splatters from deciding on the wall.
6) DON’T lower the drying out time.
When using a moist drywall compound to patch cracks in the ceiling, wait till it is absolutely dried prior to utilizing an additional layer. Make careful to scrape off any excess with a taping knife before you use the blend in the thinnest possible layer. The combination will certainly end up being a great white upon completion of drying. It wants that feasible to sand it down along with use a new layer of paint.
7) fired utilizing a patching material that is versatile.
In case you have actually previously tried to repair ceiling drywall cracks simply to discover that the splits return a couple of weeks or months later on, attempt using Elastopatch Smooth Flexible Covering Substance ( provided from Amazon.com). Apply Elastopatch with a little brush over a substance- or spackling-filled split, then sand it smooth as opposed to utilizing typical paper or mesh drywall tape. Elastopatch develops a functional seal over the repaired gap in simply a couple of layers.
8) Ending up touches are crucial.
If the repair don’t match the remainder of the ceiling, the repaired splits could seem as dreadful as the initial ones. Spot taking care of treatments for ceilings are provided as sprays and likewise semi-liquids, which could be used with a sponge. If you pick to repaint the ceiling, choose a high-hiding paint in a neutral tone.
9) DON’T forget the remainder of the ceiling.
A rusty return-air air vent or an obsolete light could ravage the fresh appearance after the ceiling has really been fixed in addition to covered. If you have an old light, take into account changing it with a brand-new one or at the very least cleaning as well as also painting an existing vent to give the space a fresh new appearance.
10) Utilize a expert.
Speak with local, proficient professionals that can supply you with entirely free, no-obligation quotes.
11) DON’T FAIL TO REMEMBER TO KEEP YOURSELF SAFE !!
A DIYer needs to place on a dirt mask as well as shatterproof glass prior to fining sand drywall compound given that the process develops a good deal of dust. In addition, always use a solid action ladder to reach the ceiling while working over (no unstable seats or feceses).
Popcorn Ceiling Elimination
Snacks ceiling elimination is a task that you require to turn over to the specialists. The good news is, we at our company are positive in our ability to perform the task convenient. Stucco ceiling flattening is an extra option that we will certainly have the ability to supply you on time along with on budget strategy. When we offer you with a expense quote, the snacks elimination price will appear like music to your ears, and additionally our top-notch job is widely known across the location. We are popular for a huge range of services. Although that our ability differs, we are fully furnished to satisfy any kind of and all of your snacks ceiling elimination needs.
We have actually stayed in this market for a long period of time, as well as because of this, we have really produced trusted in addition to trusted strategies of executing snacks ceiling remedies. We have in fact established snacks ceilings in addition to repaired treats ceilings. With the help of our team, we have been able to develop a extremely efficient as well as effective strategy for satisfying your popcorn ceiling removal needs. Without a doubt, we have really been able to gather a substantial quantity of technology and also creative thinking as a result of this. You’ll see that we finish our task much faster as well as smartly than any other treats ceiling provider in the bordering location.
Holly Park Popcorn Ceiling Patch
The snacks ceiling is a aesthetically attractive decorative characteristic that house owners might use to include aesthetic flair to their insides while likewise soundproofing their rooms. Nonetheless, when a popcorn ceiling is damaged, it can be hard to restore it to its first problem. One of the most difficult element of this task is recreating the original framework in order to develop a smooth area that is undiscovered from the bordering ceiling.
You should certainly maintain these four factors in mind when fixing your snacks ceiling to obtain your ceiling back in peak problem.
Acknowledging as well as dealing with the source of the damages – The first thing you need to do is identify what activated the damage to begin with. If you do not discover and additionally deal with the hidden issue, the concern will probably reoccur and also you’ll require to repair the ceiling once again very soon. As an instance, if the issue is a leaking roof, you need to repair it prior to repairing your snacks ceiling. In addition, if there is a deep fracture in your ceiling brought on by a architectural trouble, it’s incredibly essential to have it repaired prior to it intensifies. On the other hand, if you have actually unintentionally damaged the ceiling– as an example, you might have scuffed it while moving the ladder around to paint your crown molding– you can continue straight with the repair work.
Prepare the broken location – Complying with the removal of the underlying source of the difficulty, you should evaluate the problem of the ceiling. In case of water problems, allow the ceiling to completely dry absolutely before scraping away peeling paint as well as framework. Damage the stained or damaged treats product much from the damaged location, taking a trip concerning one inch around the damaged area, to assure that the new texture assimilate flawlessly. Afterward, sand the surface area well, tidy the area with a wet towel, in addition to use a premium stain-blocking primer to the surface, enabling it to entirely dry completely to offer an adequate surface for the brand-new appearance to attach to. Don’t forget to place on your dust mask in addition to shatterproof glass prior to eliminating the ceiling as well as including the new appearance.
Select the very best treats ceiling place thing – Fine, medium, as well as tough grades of snacks are presently readily available in 3 different textures. It is important to make use of the ideal texture when creating a repair work service that does not appear to be a taking care of. When it worries healing your snacks ceiling, a “mix-it-yourself” or formula with polystyrene chips Solutions stained that can be utilized by hand with a roller is just one of one of the most reputable choice for achieving a best, expert finishing. Nonetheless, in order to do this, you need to recognize with how to make improvements the density of the appearance and simply exactly how to spread it with the roller in order to achieve the ideal snacks look. In case you are a first-time DIYer, a pre-mixed option such as spray structure is a much outstanding option. One point you need to understand is that these items are just excellent for minor repair work and also have to not be made use of for major ones.
Use the product adhering to the maker’s standards – The only point you require to do to make use of spray look is to drink the spray can for the perfect amount of time on the tag and after that spray the desired location. Considered that matching an existing structure refers trial and error, we suggest that you try various application techniques before placing the thing to the ceiling. It’s optimal to start with one layer, allow it completely dry, and also afterwards make use of 1 or 2 more coats if required to guarantee that you’re using the ideal amount of product.
In some cases, recuperating a popcorn ceiling could validate to be a substantial trouble. Nevertheless, with our snacks ceiling fixing solution concepts, you will absolutely have the ability to finish an amazing job that you will certainly show off. Please give us a call if repairing your popcorn ceiling appears to be too much of a difficulty for you. Our team of professionals is prepared to not just fix your ceiling yet likewise to restore the look of your complete residence to its preliminary trouble.
Drywall arrangement as well as repair work are necessary action in most of residence remodelling jobs, particularly painting tasks. In our firm, we have a group of drywall arrangement professionals along with tapers that can route you with the full procedure, from configuration as well as drywall repair to repainting your walls in the shade of your choice. Every little thing starts with drywall that has actually been erected and additionally fixed in a safe and additionally skilled fashion making use of only the most effective items available.
The drywall is commonly just seen when there is a worry about it. When it pertains to drywall installation and also fixing service, only a professional group requires to be phoned call to do the task. In order to approximate the expenditure of drywall fixing solution as well as also installation prior to you involve an professional, there are a couple of factors you should bear in mind. The total relies on the size as well as intricacy of the work.
The expenditure of a job differs from one to another relying on the intricacy along with measurement of the job. A non-standard-shaped area, such as a curved area, is much less hard to remodel than a regular rectangular area of the specific same size as well as likewise kind. So as to get a reasonable price quote, make sure that you think about the following variables:
Requirements for the panels, including their dimensions as well as likewise kinds.
The amount of time it requires to establish along with deploy employees.
Recoup and additionally shield the structural and also decorative components of existing structures.
Providing products and likewise tools to as well as from the work place
Removing bits as well as tidying up.
Free Price quote
Call us currently for a cost-free ceiling taking care of as well as paint quote! We will definitely react to your message immediately and likewise set up an at home analysis asap. Upon arrival, our ceiling repair service professional will definitely analyze the scenario as well as offer you a quote on the spot. This consists of a needs-and-expectations examination, along with an exact as well as additionally thorough quote.
Our company is the only one you can rely on for an adeptly finished drywall ceiling. Each task that we do is performed by a team of professionals that take outstanding contentment in the high quality of their work and look for to maintain their record. Years of knowledge have provided us the capability to use customized as well as unique drywall ceilings for your house, office, or retail location. We have a different clients that includes designers, service providers, bespoke structure contractors, as well as individuals. We are proud to serve a wide variety of customers and also to provide the best drywall ceiling services on the market.
Every area has a special set of drywall needs, as well as likewise we can please every one of them. Our firm makes use of a vast range of drywall repair work service solutions, making us your one-stop-shop. We recommend that you address ceiling problems as swiftly as you familiarize it. If a ceiling is not appropriately looked after, it can create problems to the close-by wall surface surface areas along with a considerable weakening of the architectural stability of your residence. Keeping an eye out for the adhering to sources of drywall problems will definitely additionally help you in recognizing whether your drywall requires repair work service:
Evaluate your ceiling for indicators of water problems on the side or on the top.
If your residence is prone to termites, it is possible that your ceiling will certainly be harmed likewise.
Houses that are incorrectly built are likewise a lot a lot more at risk to having drywall that has been damaged.
Poor maintenance may trigger drywall problems as well as different other building problems.
Right here are the top five factors people pick to smooth their ceilings:
Smooth ceilings are a house upgrade. Was it ever before gave your emphasis that smooth ceilings enhance the well worth of your residence? Ceiling stipple makes your house appearance dated.
Smooth ceilings consist of visual height and airiness to areas as well as corridors. When contrasted to smooth or textured ceilings, stippled or unique ceilings draw your focus to the appearance, making the room show up smaller.
Spaces with smooth ceilings capitalize on natural light. A smooth area reveals light, nevertheless, an irregular surface, such as stipple, can toss countless small darkness on your ceiling when exposed to the specific very same quantity of light, providing your location a bleak as well as dingy element in addition to actually feel. This is true despite whether the light is ambient or routed.
A smooth ceiling is a lot less aesthetically intrusive as well as cluttered than a textured ceiling, as well as likewise it promotes an overall perception of tranquility.
Air high quality as well as area sanitation are problems that influence half of residences that have unpainted stippled ceilings. Stipple is porous as well as absorbs a lot of dust, animal odor, as well as cigarette odor. Last but not least, unpainted stippled ceilings are “living” systems that are routinely losing dust particles referred to as “dandruff,” which have actually been connected with breathing system problems in youngsters and also the senior. Also, the stipple ends up being tarnished in time.
Frequently Asked Questions
Just how much does it set you back to fix a ceiling?
If your ceiling has actually been harmed by water or for any other cause, we acknowledge the necessity with which you want it dealt with and additionally look fantastic once again. If you’re considering repairing your asbestos or drywall ceilings, there are a variety of elements that can impact the last cost, which you require to comprehend. You must think about the problem and also items of the ceilings you want to fix, in addition to whether any type of previous job is required. Furthermore, due to the reality that ceiling repair work solution can be an untidy treatment, there is a large amount of preparation needed to ensure that everything is hidden before beginning.
There’s also the consideration of whether you’ll desire to involve specialist painters and likewise handymen to finish the job. A great deal of people pause and consider whether it is worthwhile to pay someone to repair their treats ceilings. Whether you need to make use of a painting service relies on the company you select and what solutions you want, nonetheless the action is a regular of course because it may save you a good deal of time and problems. On top of that, when collaborating with an expert organization, they can guarantee your complete satisfaction one hundred percent. Clearly, there is a lot to discuss when it comes to the routine expense of taking care of ceilings in 2022, regardless of whether you make use of skilled painters and additionally handymen or do it by yourself. So, allow’s dig right in as well as likewise start!
What could impact the price to repair your ceilings?
Having a tough time arriving (odd edges that require special machinery to reach).
How swiftly you want it done, in addition to exactly how fast you require it done. Take into consideration that if you remain in a rush and also your paint service is having a chaotic week, they might be required to spend for even more hrs or possibly transfer or end a task, which would certainly boost the cost of the work.
Concerning the preceding point, if you have a functional regimen, you may make the most of a low period, such as completion of winter or conclusion of summer season, to finish the work at a quicker price.
The extent of the project. The greater the amount of job you appoint to your paint expert, the much more budget-friendly the per-unit price. What part of this makes good sense? Some products are more affordable due to the fact that they are acquired in bulk, however likewise because of the reality that traveling around less and likewise investing even more time on one project decreases the costs of transport and also preparation work.
Settlement terms i.e. Visa vs e-transfer. For a range of factors, numerous customers favor to pay with their credit cards; however, these settlements undertake a cost, which boosts the whole price of the remedy.
The quantity of prep work involved. as an circumstances, separating in order to avoid paint unwanted parts (i.e removing plants, covering, along with insulation). We typically do not aid with the moving of your furnishings as well as individual points; nonetheless, if you want help with this, we might use it; nonetheless, it will certainly include extra time to the procedure as well as enhance the cost. ( SUGGESTION: We can assist you right away with relocating some really substantial furniture, so do not risk your wellness and also wellness by doing it by yourself; as long as it is a quick transfer, we’ll happily do it for you!).
Severe elevations: we call for to haul scaffolding and also assembling and dismantling will absolutely consist of time, as a result raising the cost.
What are a few various other advantages of doing stucco ceiling repair work solutions?
It is constantly in your benefit to get your stucco ceiling repaired if you have actually skilled water damages considering that it is secure as well as will certainly offer you assurance that there vanishes ceiling or building damages. You will also observe a distinction air-borne excellent quality of your home given that the amount of dust and dirt drifting around your stucco ceiling will reduce, as well as your hurt stucco ceiling will certainly no more accumulate smells as it did prior to the dealing with.

domain: design


ANF to treat Laurel Mill Trail Area
MARIENVILLE — The Allegheny National Forest will be treating glossy and common buckthorn in the Laurel Mill Trail Area to improve forest health.
The treatment project will begin in late May and continue through mid-November in order to reduce the density of the infestations. This is the fourth year of a project that already treated 300 acres. This year’s treatment areas will include:
¯ Retreatment of the Hemlock Loop West Area, which was first treated in 2018. This will also include rechecking for any plants missed in 2018, as well as treating any newly germinated plants.
¯ Initial treatment of the South West Area, which will include a secondary check in 2022.
The initial treatment schedule will focus on a herbicide application occurring from late May through mid-June, followed by manual cutting from July through November on selected plants.
Temporary closures will be in place on the days when herbicide applications are taking place.
The public can check for area closure signs at the site or call the Marienville Ranger District office at 814-927-5700 for updated closure information. In the course of these treatments the Allegheny National Forest will also treat, if encountered, other non-native invasive plant species within or near the Buckthorn Treatment project areas.
Additionally, in July the Forest Service will be initiating more extensive buckthorn treatments in the larger Otter project area north of Forest Road 135. The Otter project area will focus treatments on several miles of Forest Service roads, hundreds of acres of future timber sale units, and dozens of acres of wildlife openings where buckthorn has encroached. Information on these treatments and temporary closures will be provided in July.
Glossy and common buckthorn is a non-native invasive plant species. They are native to Eurasia and were imported, cultivated and sold to plant for wildlife habitat, hedges and windbreaks in the past. However, these shrubs proved to be highly invasive and fast growing and have since invaded watersheds and forests. They now threaten forest health and native plant communities by out-competing native plants for nutrients, light and moisture. Buckthorn thickets can grow up to 25 feet tall and impede hunters, hikers, and wildlife from moving through the forest.
More information on the buckthorn plant can be found at: www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/InvasivePlantFactSheets/Pages/default.aspx or www.agriculture.nh.gov/publications-forms/documents/glossy-buckthorn.pdf.


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Naperville Police Secure Felony Charges Against Two Suspects in Recent Armed Robbery
The Naperville Police have arrested two individuals accused of committing an armed robbery in Naperville on August 21, 2017.
Craig C. Garner, 19, of the 900 block of 3rd Street in LaSalle, IL, and Jalen T. Martinez, 20, of the 1400 block of Carleton Avenue in Naperville, are each charged with one count of Aggravated Robbery, a Class 1 felony, stemming from the August 21 robbery of a 14-year-old male from Naperville. Martinez is also charged with one count of Aggravated Fleeing and Eluding, a Class 4 felony, for speeding and disobeying traffic control devices while trying to elude police a short time after the robbery.
During the incident, which occurred around 1 a.m. in the 600 block of south Route 59, police allege Garner and Martinez displayed a handgun and took a backpack and other items from the youth. Police located the offending vehicle abandoned in the 1200 block of Webster Road later that same day. A handgun was also recovered.
Following further investigation into the incident, police arrested Martinez on September 11, 2017 and Garner on October 20, 2017.
The Naperville Police wish to remind the public and the news media that a charge is merely an accusation, and a defendant is presumed innocent unless proven guilty.
About Naperville: Located 28 miles west of Chicago, Naperville, Ill., is home to approximately 145,000 people. This vibrant, thriving city consistently ranks as a top community in the nation in which to live, raise children and retire. The city is home to acclaimed public and parochial schools, the best public library system in the country, an array of healthcare options and an exceptionally low crime rate. Naperville has ready access to a variety of public transportation, housing and employment options. The city’s diversified employer base features high technology firms, retailers and factories, as well as small and home-based businesses. Residents also enjoy world-class parks, diverse worship options, the opportunity to serve on several City boards and commissions, a thriving downtown shopping and dining area, a renowned outdoor history museum known as Naper Settlement and an active civic community. For more information, please visit our website at www.naperville.il.us.

domain: news


THE basic webinar on the topic of bioplastics
Bioplastics – complex or yet quite simple?
Webinar “Bioplastics –
complex or yet quite
Time: 14.00 – 15.30
Sign up now for our newsletter and never miss an event again!
We bring you closer to the world of bioplastics!
It is impossible to imagine our daily lives without plastics. They are cheap, adaptable and light. However, conventional plastics made from fossil resources are not sustainable and endanger the environment. Reusable and recyclable plastics made from plant-based raw materials are an alternative. For more than 20 years, we at FKuR have been dedicated to the sustainable production of plastics.
Biobased, compostable or both?
In our free seminar you will learn what bioplastics are, which products can be implemented with bioplastics and what the possible advantages or disadvantages are when implementing products with bioplastics. In several Q+A sessions you will have the opportunity to ask the bioplastics specialist Oliver Puffer and Steven Schuitema your questions. We are looking forward to 90 exciting minutes with you!
Presentation of bioplastics
- Differentiation of bioplastics
- Differences (characteristics) bioplastics vs fossil plastics
- Disposal routes
- CO2 Cycle of the earth
- CO2 cycle of bioplastics
- Marketing effort with bioplastics
Product realization with bioplastics
- How can I use bioplastics to produce my applications?
- Advantages/”disadvantages” of biobased plastics
- Advantages/”disadvantages” biodegradable plastics
- Biobased plastics
- Biodegradable plastics


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Air Caraibes has choses Thales to supply its AVANT inflight entertainment and connectivity solutions for their new fleet of six A350 XWB aircraft.
Air Caraibes will be an A350 XWB launch customer in France. The three A350-900 and three A350-1000 series aircraft will be equipped with the state-of-the-art Thales AVANT system based on Android technologies to service business, premium-economy and economy cabins as a scaled solution. The first deliveries are scheduled to enter service in December of 2016.
Business class passengers will enjoy 17 inch screens with the Touch Passenger Media Unit, in-seat power, dual audio jack and USB port. In premium economy, passengers will enjoy 11.6 inch screens, dual audio jacks and USB port. The economy cabin will be equipped with 10.1 inch seatback screens.
Ka-band connectivity will be offered to passengers through Wi-Fi and seatback screens. In addition, passengers will have the possibility to access wireless IFE for content streaming on their personal electronic devices.
Thales has also reached an agreement with Air Caraibes to be the Value Added Reseller (VAR), which will facilitate the airline’s management of the connectivity solution to the passenger.
AVANT is available to all, single and twin aisle Airbus and Boeing aircraft and has already been selected by many worldwide airlines. More than 130 aircraft currently fly with the AVANT system and total orders exceed 500.
750,000 passengers each day across 75 partner airlines use Thales InFlyt Experience systems, making Thales one of the most successful developers of IFE systems in the world.
Dominique Giannoni, Thales VP and CEO, Thales InFlyt Experience:
“We are pleased that Air Caraibes selected our Android Avant system and connectivity solution for their A350 fleet. Their decision to equip the newest planes of their fleet with the latest generation AVANT is a testament to our ability to partner with the airline and provide a premier passenger experience ”.
Air Caraïbes is a French airline and is the regional airline of the French Caribbean which comprises two overseas departments of France: Guadeloupe and Martinique. The airline is headquartered in Les Abymes in Guadeloupe.

domain: aerospace


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text:
Serving the animals and citizens of Iowa County and its surrounding communities
|Letter From The Editor|
Letter From The Editor......Never having had air conditioning until just a couple of years ago, I am not used to it. I prefer open windows and screen doors. I like to hear the chirping birds and the mooing cows. I don’t use it anymore than I absolutely have to. So here it is – 6:30 AM and the AC is on – more so for the humidity than the temperature. Part of the issue with the AC is the cats don’t seem to appreciate it. Three of them prefer to be out on the screened porch when it is in the upper 80’s rather than inside and one of them prefers the garage which is even worse because there is no air flow at all in there. Last night when I was away for the evening, the air was on but I left the patio door slightly open so they could be on the porch. I try to defend myself saying that I am a “cat lady” – not a “crazy cat lady” but even I have to wonder! Oh, what we do for our animals…As you read this letter it is important to remember that I am a volunteer and these are MY thoughts.
They’re here! Kittens are arriving, and yes, they are cute and entertaining. A few of the older kittens are available for adoption, but the smaller ones are either in foster (more foster families are needed) or they are too small to be spayed/neutered. So, if you are looking for a kitten, be patient and keep checking the website for availability. As always, kitten season means less interest in our older cats. We still have close to a dozen of last year’s kittens – they’re still cute and playful. It is so wonderful that two of our long-term residents were adopted – Kitty and Socks! The lady that adopted Kitty wanted a cat that had been here a long time and the gal that took Socks apparently wanted a “challenge”. For those of you who knew Socks, he was an absolute delight with the few people that he knew, but was extremely shy with everyone else. I went into the M&G room briefly when the young lady came to meet him. She was sitting on the floor in one corner of the room and Socks was sitting on the floor in the opposite corner. I was so afraid that she would leave without him, but about 30 minutes later, they were on their way home. I hope things are going well for both Kitty and Socks and their respective families.
In the last newsletter I wrote about four dogs that had been here for several months. I am happy to report that Maddie was adopted. She was such a nice dog and although she did well here, shelter life was starting to take its toll. Hopefully all is going well for the family and perhaps there will be a ‘success story’ coming soon. Zoey, the heeler mix, was transferred back to the shelter where she had been prior to coming to ICHS. For anyone who knows heelers, shelters are not conducive to their well-being so despite doing what we could for her, we simply couldn’t offer her what she needed (a home) so hopefully the move to a different shelter has benefited her. Theodore and Bobbie Sue are still waiting for homes (see the May newsletter for more information). I had proclaimed myself as “Theodore’s #1 fan”, but I have been relegated to #2. Connie, another volunteer, has taken over the #1 spot – (Bobbie Sue too)! Both of these dogs are shy – Bobbie Sue painfully so but Theo is also. Theo did have a family come to meet him last week but he wouldn’t even give the couple the time of day. He is such an out-going little dog so it would appear that shyness takes over when he meets new people. I realize that there is no shortage of dogs when a family is looking for that special dog and depending on your situation, resources and time; it may make more sense to get a dog that is “issue-free” (if that’s even possible). But if you do have the time and patience to take in one of these “needier” dogs, please remember that these dogs need a chance and a home too!
The topic of foster homes for our animals comes up now and again. We do have foster families for kittens (but we can always use more), and I’m not sure if it is even fair to foster adult cats. My personal feeling is that it is difficult for cats to adjust to new environments and by the time that they feel safe and secure in their foster home, it seems that uprooting them and taking them back to the shelter for a meet and greet is a bit unfair. It, of course, would be great if the family who comes to meet “foster kitty” wanted to adopt him/her, but if that is not the case then the cat either goes back to the foster home or perhaps is moved back into a cage at the shelter – just doesn’t seem to be in the best interest of the cat (my opinion)!
However, it is different with dogs (my opinion). Dogs are more resilient than cats as far as changing environments (but don’t do as well with shelter life). We used to have some families who fostered dogs, but I believe there is only one family that still fosters dogs for ICHS. No matter how much you may want to foster a dog, you must take into consideration your time, your other animals and your physical environment. And your level of “dog expertise’ needs to be taken into account – fostering a Theo would require being familiar with dogs. And then there are people such as myself who can’t foster because I am a “failed foster” meaning that I adopt rather than return the animals – and that’s just fine for the adopted animal but not for future fosters. So, have you considered fostering? Are you able to foster? We have some animals (especially dogs) here at ICHS that need YOU!!! If you have any suggestions or ideas about the content of ICHS PAWPRINTS, please contact me,Terri Davis, at firstname.lastname@example.org
Upcoming Fundraising Events and Volunteer Needs
Just a reminder that ICHS is always looking for volunteers to help with the planning and implementation of our fundraisers. Our goal is to have enough volunteers so that each individual would only have to help plan and/or work at one event per year. So...if you would like to get involved with the planning and organizing of 2019's fundraisers, please contact Joen at email@example.com for more details. We hope to hear from you!!! And, of course, the cats and dogs are always on the lookout for people to spend quality time with them!!! For more information on volunteer opportunities, please visit the ICHS website.
On Wednesday, July 31st, ICHS volunteers will be responsible for the food booth at the Annual Lands’End Sale Event which is held at Harris Park in Dodgeville. ICHS volunteers will be at the booth from 6 a.m. until 6 p.m. providing shoppers an opportunity to have breakfast, lunch or a snack. ICHS’s participation at this event is a financially significant event for the shelter. The menu features pulled pork sandwiches, turkey dressing sandwiches and hot dogs along with baked goods, pies (enjoy a slice or purchase an entire pie for the family), fruit, soda and water. A few volunteers are still needed to work shifts throughout the day, but donations of baked goods and pies are needed. Anyone who is interested in helping with the food booth can contact Joen at firstname.lastname@example.org. For those of you who enjoy “eating out” (whether you are shopping or not) please stop by our booth and have a bite to eat while helping the ICHS animals.
Urgent Need! The wet spring slowed down farmers, produced flooding, and caused damage to property across the county….including the roof of the Humane Society’s animal shelter. We’ve asked for your help in creating a new outdoor space for our animals, but are now facing a more urgent need. Because of the damage and the age of our roof, it can no longer be patched and must be replaced as soon as possible. We have received bids and are urgently seeking $53,250 for a new animal shelter roof and supporting structures. With your generosity, we can keep our animals well and dry! Can we count on your support by September 1? You can donate here: https://ichs.net/help-ichs/donations/
We all know that all animals are ‘special’ but the animals featured in this section are indeed special. These are ‘special needs’ animals. The special person/family who adopts one of these animals knows that this may/may not be the long-term relationship which we hope for when we open our hearts and homes to a new family member. These animals’ ‘forever homes’ with us may be just for a short time before they move on…But, nevertheless, these animals need a home and a loving family just as we all do. Are you possibly the family that could provide a home for one of these animals? If not, do you know of a family who could provide a loving home for these animals? If so, please come out to ICHS and find out more about these animals from the ICHS staff.
FIV Kitties – Roger
Roger is a 1-2 year old kitty who tested positive for FIV. I don’t know Roger well, but from what I understand he is very sweet. He enjoys attention and is playful – not too different from other young cats. Whether Roger gets along with other cats or not is unknown. Since I can’t tell you too much about this handsome guy, I guess you will have to come and meet him yourself! Roger will love visiting with you! One of our most recent FIV adoptees, Dijon, was adopted by Donna one of our volunteers. If you have questions about adopting/living with a FIV kitty, I am sure that Donna would be happy to share her experience with Dijon.
Although we call FIV cats “special”, there really are no special considerations when adopting FIV kitties. If it wasn’t for the FIV+ sign on their cages, you wouldn’t have a clue that they have FIV! They must be kept indoors. They may live with other indoor cats since FIV is not easily passed between cats (it would be best if your other cat(s) are good-natured and amicable to a new pal). FIV is primarily spread by serious bite wounds so if you have other cats, it is important to properly introduce FIV cats to the others (but you would do that with any cat that you bring home). It is also important to keep them free from stress so a quiet home would be best. So… Roger needs a home.
FeLV Kitties – No FeLV kitties at the moment
I need your help if I am to continue to feature the success stories which begin the moment your adopted companion chooses you. If you would be interested in sharing your pet's story in the newsletter, please e-mail me at email@example.com.
The following family of felines belongs to volunteers John and Jacky – actually they have a few more than these four! These four were adopted from ICHS – all within the last couple of years. They seem like they are a bit spoiled (more so than my gang). Read on and see what you think. Thank you, John and Jacky, for all you do for ICHS and for giving these four their forever home.
Ray (aka: Big Ray, The Big Chill, The Ray Train) – name changed to Ray from Ronnie as we already had a Ronnie in our home. Ray came to the ICHS weighing over twenty pounds. He is currently down to just less than fourteen pounds and continues to slowly lose weight. He loves his new home and especially loves his people. Ray is always at the door to greet his people and visitors. He loves snuggling in laps and is a big fan of supper time. Ray’s blindness in no way limits his activities. It took Ray all of 24 hours to learn all about his new home. The stairs were his biggest challenge, but he mastered those in a very short time and now goes up and down the stairs dozens of times a day. Ray has brought nothing but joy and love into our home.
Callie Jo (aka: Calico Jo, Calico Jones) came along with Ray as his bonded partner. Callie loves to be with her buddy Ray and is very helpful when Ray is in need of help or support. She loves to torment the other kitties in the household. Callie is a sweet, beautiful little girl with a bit of a bully streak in her. She keeps her cat-mates on their toes. Callie loves her people and likes nothing better than curling up on a lap for a nice long nap.
Champ (aka: Champie) – Champ continues to amaze all who see him. The most common reaction to seeing Champ for the first time is: “he does not look like a real cat!” This is very true. Champ looks more like a stuffed animal than a real cat. If Champ were ever in need of a hiding place, he would do well to surround himself with a bunch of stuffed animals! Champ is a wonderful long haired white and gray fellow who loves to jump on your back or your shoulders. There are times when we think Champ believes he is a parrot. Champ gets a summer hair cut each year so that he can be more comfortable in the heat. It also allows him to rock his Hawaiian shirt (which you can see in his photo). Champ is another of our lap kitties who loves his people (and snacks)!
Lucy (named changed from SoHo) (aka: Luce, Goose, Goosy) – Lucy is a delightful young torte who loves to cuddle and play. She is often engaged in a game of chase with her sister Libby or her brother Champ. She and her chase partner take turns being the chaser and the chasee and often end up wrestling until someone tires of the game (which usually takes quite a while). Lucy is patient and kind and gets along well with most of her cat siblings (excluding Boo – but then again, Boo only gets along with her buddy Tom). Lucy lost most of one ear and part of her other ear to frostbite prior to her coming to our home, but this only adds to her cuteness. Lucy is very attached to her people (especially her “pop”) and snuggles and cuddles as much as she possibly can.
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We have chosen Kuranda dog beds because they are so good for our dogs. We don't have enough for all of our kennels. You can help by donating a bed.
WI Dog Rescue
Iowa County Humane Society
305 Co. Rd. YZ
Dodgeville, WI. 53533
For additional contacts go to:
Board of Directors and Staff
WI Dog Seller & Dog Facility Operator license #267019-DS
Learn more at
**Notice for Current Volunteers**Please note that volunteers are restricted to visiting during ICHS open hours ONLY. Thank you!
Find your next pet,

domain: pet