|Publication number||US4976194 A|
|Application number||US 07/453,719|
|Publication date||Dec 11, 1990|
|Filing date||Dec 20, 1989|
|Priority date||Dec 24, 1988|
|Also published as||CA2006220A1, DE3843947C1, EP0375865A1, EP0375865B1|
|Publication number||07453719, 453719, US 4976194 A, US 4976194A, US-A-4976194, US4976194 A, US4976194A|
|Inventors||Heinz Kelterborn, Heinz Schiebelhuth|
|Original Assignee||Braun Aktiengesellschaft|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (18), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a bread toaster.
Bread toasters are known which--apart from the actual tasting process of a toasting item introduced through a loading and unloading opening into the toasting chamber of the bread toaster--likewise permit to warm up items outside of the toasting chamber. To this end, the item to be warmed up is placed on a retaining means which is mounted on the top of the bread toaster above the loading and unloading opening (see e.g. German utility model No. 69 04 032). When the object is being warmed up, no toasting item is in the toasting chamber, whereby the warm air emitting from the toasting chamber and the infrared radiation generated therein by a heating device may reach via the loading and unloading opening the object to be warmed up that lies on the retaining means.
The warming-up time for the respective item to be warmed up is adjusted in the known bread toaster by the same means as is the toasting time for a roll to be toasted. In the majority of the known bread toasters, the completion of the toasting process is performed by a mere time control and often by using bimetal elements (see e.g. DE-PS 178 53 119). The user of the toaster adjusts the time on the basis of pragmatical values acquired in practice.
Beside the use of bimetal elements, it is known already to perform the time control electronically in bread toasters according to the species. Thus, the magazine "Siemens-Components" 22 (1984) volume 1, pages 18 to 21 (see herein pictures 22 and 23 and the pertinent description) teaches already to use a programmable digital long-term timer (Siemens type model SAB 0529) which, by way of an integrated coded switch, permits to adjust toasting times ranging between thirty seconds and four minutes. The commencement of the toasting process is determined in that, after the manual start-up of the bread toaster, the long-term timer keeps two contacts closed by means of a magnet, the said contacts providing connection between the heating device and its voltage supply. Upon termination of the set toasting time, the magnet will be de-energized again by the long-term timer for concluding the toasting process, in consequence whereof the two contacts will re-open and the heating device will be separated again from its voltage supply.
Besides, a bread toaster is known (see DE-AS 15 15 042) permitting the user to directly set the desired toasting degree of the object being toasted instead of a toasting time found by experience. Upon attainment of this toasting degree, the toaster is set out of operation automatically irrespective of the toasting time. For controlling the toasting process, this known bread toaster comprises a sensor responsive to the infrared radiation which it is receiving as it emanates from the surface of the item being toasted, and which delivers a sensor signal derived therefrom to a comparator circuit, thereby disabling the bread toaster via a switch step when a predeterminable signal level is attained.
It is easily possible to improve upon this known comparator circuit to such extent that it allows to adjust various signal levels for the sensor signal that it allows to adjust various signal levels for the sensor signal and thus various toasting degrees, upon attainment of which the comparator circuit will issue a respective toasting-time control signal switching the bread toaster off.
When it is desired with a like sensor-equipped bread toaster to warm up an item placed outside of the toasting chamber on top of the loading and unloading opening of the bread toaster, there is the following difficulty:
Since the toasting chamber of the bread toaster does not contain an item to be toasted, the sensor receives an infrared radiation which meets it directly emitting from the heating device. Due to the fact that the temperature of the heating device, on start-up of the bread toaster after a short start-up time, ranges between 800° and 1000° C., while the toasting process of an item to be toasted will be interrupted already when the latter reaches a temperature of roughly 160° C.--even in the event of a maximum signal level being adjusted--, the sensor will issue after a short time already such a large sensor signal that the heating device of the bread toaster is set out of operation. However, the resulting relatively short operating time of the bread toaster is not sufficient to warm up an object placed on top of the loading and unloading opening of the bread toaster to the extent desired.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to devise a bread toaster in such a fashion that the operating time of the bread toaster, with the toasting chamber empty, is not controlled by the infrared radiation received by the sensor and hence is too short, but that the operating time of the bread toaster in this case is extended sufficiently long for the purpose of entirely warming up an item to be warmed up which is placed outside of the toasting chamber on top of the loading and unloading opening.
According to this invention, the bread toaster comprises beside a comparator circuit for controlling the toasting degree of an item to be toasted also a control circuit which ensures that the user of the bread toaster does not have to take any additional measures when wishing to warm up a roll, for instance, on a retaining means fitted on top of the loading and unloading opening of the bread toaster, instead of the toasting process of an item to be toasted which is automatically controlled by the sensor. This is because the control circuit of the inventive bread toaster determines automatically whether the operating time of the bread toaster is controlled by the infrared radiation received by the sensor, or whether the bread toaster must stay sufficiently long in operation for warming up the respective object.
The inventive bread toaster inheres the advantage that it can be used without restriction for warming up an item that is placed outside of the toasting chamber apart from permitting a toasting process of a toasting object disposed inside of the toasting chamber which is controlled by a sensor. When comparing the reference signal with the sensor signal at a first definable point of time, the fact is made use of that the signal levels of any desired sensor signals which are practically possible during toasting processes and the sensor signal issued when the toasting chamber is empty have differing orders of magnitude. Hence follows, this comparison results in all practically conceivable cases in the selection of the proper type of operation, i.e. toasting or warming-up operation. In addition thereto, the inventive bread toaster is always set into operation for the same period of time, provided that the type of operation it is in is the warming-up operation, whilst the warming-up process in bread toasters known from the state of the art after repeated operation is constantly shortened due to the bimetal elements used heating up.
A particularly favourable embodiment of the inventive bread toaster is attained by the use of a timer which issues a first timer signal at the first definable point of time and furtheron issued a second timer signal which determines the time interval during which the brad toaster is in the warming-up operation. In this embodiment of the inventive bread toaster, the sensor signal together with the reference signal is supplied to a second comparator whose output signal, in turn, is delivered to a second coupling stage to which, simultaneously, also the first timer signal is applied. WHen a memory flip-flop is still connected downstream of the first coupling stage, it is rendered possible in a simple and inexpensive manner to memorize the result of the comparison between sensor signal and reference signal which is obtained at the first definable point of time, and hence to memorize the type of operation, i.e. warming-up or toasting operation.
Another advantageous embodiment of the inventive bread toaster can be seen in controlling also the reference signal by a third timer signal issued by the timer, the latter signal being produced in an assembly unit during a specific time interval after putting the bread toaster into operation, on the one hand, and being compared with the sensor signal after termination of the time interval, on the other hand. It is thereby possible to perform the comparison between sensor signal and reference signal at a point of time at which the sensor signals related to the warming-up and/or toasting operation inhere particularly characteristic differences.
When the assembly unit is formed of an RC-element, on the one hand, and a comparator, on the other hand, which latter operates as an amplifier having the amplification factor V=1 during the time interval, it is accomplished by most simple and low-cost means that, immediately upon termination of the time interval, the instantaneous level of the sensor signal is applied to both inputs of the second comparator and, in the further course of time, a well reproducible reference signal is generated which is applied to the positive input of the second comaprator.
In order to still further improve the reproducibility of the time variation of the reference signal, it is expedient to choose as a capacitor an electrolytic capacitor with little residual current. It is thereby safeguarded that there may occur a merely negligible adulteration of the reference signal caused by a fraction of residual current flowing in the capacitor itself, in the event that the capacitor discharges through a discharge resistor having a relatively great resistance value.
An expedient improvement upon this invention resides in stabilizing the voltage applied to the positive connection of the capacitor by virtue of a Zener diode. It is this way possible in a straightforward and inexpensive manner to produce stable reference signals even when the supply voltage of the bread toaster fluctuates within wide limits, and to ensure thereby that the respectively existing type of operation (toasting or warming-up operation) of the bread toaster is correctly detected by the toaster's control circuit.
To safeguard that the control circuit stays operable even in the event of an extremely large sensor signal level which is scarcely conceivable in practical use, a favourable embodiment of this invention resides in extending the control circuit by a clamping circuit which prevents that the voltage value at the negative connection of the electrolytic capacitor will rise in excess of the voltage value at said's positive connection.
Simply and inexpensive, the clamping circuit can be realised in that a diode is connected with its cathode to a voltage divider and with its anode to the output of the comparator comprised in the assembly unit.
In order to practically completely charge the capacitor pertaining to the assembly unit during the time interval, on the one hand, and in order to obtain after termination of this time interval a reference signal rising largely linearly with time, on the other hand, the capacitor is charged during the time interval via a first resistor having a relatively small resistance value, whilst subsequently it can discharge but little starting from the first predeterminable point of time via a comparatively large resistor.
It has proven that when choosing the time interval to be roughly 4 seconds and the first definable point of time to be 8 seconds and, further, the time constant of the RC-element composed of the first resistor and the capacitor to have the magnitude of 10-1 seconds and the time constant of the RC-element composed of the capacitor and the discharge resistor to have the magnitude of 100 seconds, the comparison between the reference signal and the sensor signal will cause the bread toaster to select the proper type of operation in all practically possible cases.
When the inventive bread toaster is improved such that the timer additionally issues a fourth timer signal which, in conjunction with the second timer signal, is supplied to each one input of a third coupling stage and to any one of the two inputs of a fourth coupling stage, the advantage is achieved in the toasting operation that the bread toaster is automatically set out of function at the point of time the second change of the level of the second timer signal from LOW to HIGH takes place. It will be prevented this way upon failure of the sensor or in the event of the other causes which result in a signal level of the sensor signal not sufficient to disable the toaster that the bread toaster remains in operation inspecifically long, what avoids all related shortcomings such as charring of the object to be toasted as well as the resulting offensive smell and overheating of the bread toaster.
A bread toaster with a time function element that includes a capacitor and a resistor connected between the fourth coupling stage and the memory flip-flop represents a straightforward and cost-efficient improvement which causes the memory flip-flip to assume its storing condition, from which it can be transformed into its inverted condition by a change of the signal level at only one of its two inputs.
All coupling stages can be designed as NAND-gates. Hence follows that most simple, customary switch elements will do as coupling stages, what has favourable effects on the price for manufacture of the control circuit.
It has shown in practical tests that in the majority of cases the item being warmed up is warmed up sufficiently already after an operating time of roughly one minute. Practical tests have proven furthermore that the subdivision of the warming-up operation into one-minute intervals brings about an item which, admittedly, after another warming-up process, differs sufficiently from the preceding warming-up process. On the other hand, there is no danger that the item being warmed up will be burnt or even charred by only one more warming-up cycle.
One embodiment of this invention will be described in more detail hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings,
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the circuitry comprising the comparator circuit and the control circuit,
FIG. 2 is a detail diagram in respect of the block diagram as shown in FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a pulse diagram of the four timer signals issued by a timer comprised in the control circuit according to FIGS. 1 and 2, and
FIG. 4 shows the principal variation of the sensor signal during toasting and/or warming up of an item to be toasted and/or warmed up and the variation of the associated reference signal in the control circuit according to FIGS. 1 and 2.
For more distinctly distinguishing between individual switch conditions of the comparator circuit and the control circuit, on the one hand, a toasting operation is referred to hereinbelow when a toasting object, e.g. a slice of bread, has been introduced into the toasting chamber of the bread toaster. On the other hand, a warming-up operation is referred to whenever an item is placed on a retaining means arranged on top of the loading and unloading opening of the bread toaster.
During the toasting operation, a sensor 1 (see FIG. 1) senses the infrared radiation reflected from the surface of a non-illustrated slice of bread, the said slice of bread being exposed to and thereby toasted by the infrared radiation of a heating device which is arranged in the toasting chamber and is not displayed either. During the roll warmingup operation, that means in the absence of a slice of bread in the toasting chamber, infrared radiation from the heating device directly meets the sensor 1, for what reason the intensity received by the sensor 1 will rise considerably faster and reach a considerably higher end value than will be the case when a slice of bread is fed into the toasting chamber. The signal issued by the sensor 1 to an amplifier 2 connected thereafter is applied via a potentiometer 3 to the positive input of a first comparator 4. A reference voltage is applied to the negative input of the first comparator 4.
FIG. 2 shows in detail the wiring of the amplifier 2 and the first comparator 4. Resistors 34 and 35 serve to determine the amplification factor of the amplifier 2, while a voltage divider used for operating the sensor is formed by two resistors 32 and 33. A resistor 36 is connected upstream and a resistor 37 is connected downstream of the potentiometer 3. The resistor 36 forms a barrier resistance, whereas the resistor 37 effects that no voltage of zero volt is adjustable for the first comparator 4.
The first comparator 4 is wired up with resistors 17, 38, 39, 40, 41 and 42 which, on the one hand, serve for its negative feedback and, on the other hand, for a voltage divider for the reference voltage applied to its negative input. The reference voltage applied to the negative input of the first comparator 4 is for instance roughly plus 2.6 volt.
When the sensor signal Us issue at the output of the amplifier 2 exceeds the reference voltage, the first comparator 4 will switch from LOW to HIGH at its output side. The toastingtime control signal R obtained this way is supplied to an input 14a of a first coupling stage 14, the output 14c whereof connects to an input 15a of a NAND-gate 15, whose latter output 15c, in turn, connects to the input of a switch step 8.
As is discernible from FIG. 2, the switch step 8 substantially comprises a npn-transistor 22 which, on its base side, connects via a resistor 45 with a NAND-gate 29 wired up as an inverter. In the emitter section of the transistor 22, a switch 30 is arranged which serves as an emergency switch-off of the bread toaster which the user must be allowed to make at any time. Further, the switch step 8 comprises a holding magnet 27 which, during the operating time of the bread toaster, locks a non-illustrated slide rack in a known fashion inside the toasting chamber of the bread toaster, the said slide rack serving as a support for the item being toasted. Connected in parallel to the coil of the holding magnet 27 is a freewheel diode 28 for protecting the transistor 22 against the voltage peaks related to the opening of the holding magnet 27. When releasing the holding magnet 27, the slide rack and possibly a slice of bread held by its is moved out of the toasting chamber, and the heating device is separated from its voltage supply, in consequence whereof the toasting action is terminated.
By virtue of the potentiometer 3, the amount of the sensor signal Us and hence the toasting degree of an item to be toasted in the toasting chamber is defined. The duration of toasting results from the time interval passing until the growing sensor signal Us exceeds the reference voltage at the negative input of the first comparator 4.
Since the first coupling stage 14 is a NAND-gate, the output 14c of this NAND-gate 14 will remain at least for so long on HIGH-13 irrespective of the signal level applied to its second input 14b--as a LOW-signal is applied to its first input 14a. Hereinbelow, as shall still be substantiated in the following, it is assumed that a HIGHsignal level is applied to both the second input 14b of the NAND-gate 14 and to the second input 15b of the NAND-gate 15. When the output signal of the first comparator 4 alternates from LOW to HIGH under this precondition due to the fact that the sensor signal Us exceeds the reference voltage applied to its negative input, then the signal at the output 14c of the first coupling stage 14 alternates from HIGH to LOW, on the one hand, and the signal at the output 15c of the NAND-gate 15 alternates from LOW to HIGH, on the other hand. This signal change at the input of switch step 8 has as a result that the holding magnet 27 is separated from its voltage supply and releases the slide rack. The bread toaster is put out of operation thereby.
After the principal mode of function of the comparator circuit has been described so far, the principal mode of function of the control circuit will be described hereinbelow by way of FIG. 1. A basic component of the control circuit is a memory flip-flop composed of two NAND-gates 10 and 11. Directly upon the start-up of the bread toaster, the memory flip-flop 10, 11 is in its basic condition in which its input 10a and its output 11c have a HIGH-level, while its input 11b and its output 10c are on the LOW-level. The output 10c of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 is connected with the second input 14b of the first coupling stage 14, whereas its output 11c connects to the first input 13a of a third coupling stage comprising a NAND-gate 13.
The condition of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 is essentially determined by the periodical signals issued by a timer 16 at its outputs 16a, 16b, 16c, all signals starting at the LOW-level with the start-up of the bread toaster and alternating to the HIGH-level for the first time after half the cycle. At its output 16a, The timer 16 issues a first timer signal T1, whose level alternates from LOW to HIGH eight seconds after the bread toaster's start-up (hence the cycle is 16 seconds long), whilst it issues at its second output 16b a second timer signal T2 whose level changes to HIGH after one minute. Furthermore, the timer issues a third timer signal T3 at its third output 16c which alternates from LOW to HIGH-level after 4 seconds, while it finally issues at its fourth output 16d a fourth timer signal T4 whose level changes from LOW to HIGH after two minutes.
All timer signals T1 to T4 have been illustrated graphically once more in FIG. 3 for the sake of clarity.
Owing to the wiring up of the timer 16 with corresponding structural elements, e.g. with two resistors 50 and 51 and one capacitor 53, which are connected to three of its other outputs, the various timer signals can be varied in respect of their time sequence. Both the second timer signal T2 and the fourth timer signal T4 are supplied to the two inputs 12a and, respectively, 12b of a fourth coupling stage 12 which is composed of a NAND-gate and the output 12c of which connects to the input 11b of the memory flip-flop via a time function element composed of a resistor 25 and a capacitor 24. Since both inputs of the NAND-gate 12 are at LOW immediately upon start-up of the bread toaster, its output 12c has a HIGH level. As furthermore the entire voltage at the output 12c of the NAND-gate will decline on the resistor 25 directly upon start-up of the bread toaster, the input 11b of the memory flip-flop has a LOW level at this moment.
The third timer signal T3 at the output 16c of the timer 16 is applied to the positive input of a third comparator 6 whose negative input is supplied with a reference voltage via a voltage divider composed of resistors 49 and 48 (see FIG. 2). When the resistors 48 and 49 are appropriately dimensioned, the output of the third comparator 6 which is connected to the negative input of a comparator 7, at the positive input of which, in turn, the amplified sensor signal Us is applied, is closed during a time interval Δt=4 seconds, during which the third timer signal T3 is on the HIGH level (see FIG. 3). The comparator 7 whose output is connected with the positive input of the second comparator 5 performs as an amplifier with the amplification factor V=1. The amplified sensor signal Us applied at its positive input, therefore, is taken at its output during this time interval. If, however, the third timer signal T3 is on LOW beyond the time interval Δt, The output of the third comparator 6 is in its conductive condition again.
Connected in parallel to the connecting line between comparator 7 and the positive input of the second comparator 5 are a resistor 19 and an electrolytic capacitor 20 of little residual current, while in turn the amplified sensor signal Us is applied to the negative input of the second comparator 5.
By suitably dimensioning the resistors 44, 21 and 48 shown in FIG. 2, both the negative and the positive connection of the electrolytic capacitor 20 are on the level of the supply voltage stabilized over a Zener diode 52 immediately upon start-up of the bread toaster at the time t=0. During the time interval Δt=4 seconds, the electrolytic capacitor 20 is charged over a resistor 44, since then the instantaneous signal level of the amplified sensor voltage Us is applied to its negative connection. The consequence thereof is that immediately upon termination of the time interval Δt at the moment t1 (see FIG. 3), at which the third timer signal T3 will alternate from HIGH to LOW again, the instantaneous level of the amplified sensor signal Us is applied to both inputs of the second comparator 5.
The time constant decisive for the charging process of the electrolytic capacitor 20 is dictated by its capacity and by the resistance value of the resistor 44 and amounts to 10-1 seconds, for instance, when the capacity of the electrolytic capacitor 20 is 100 μF and at a resistance value of the resistor 44 of 1KΩ.
Due to the change of the third timer signal T3 from HIGH to LOW occurring at the moment t1 and the related change of the output of the third comparator 6 from the closed into the conductive condition, the comparator 7 will not act as an amplifier any more, from what ensues that the electrolytic capacitor 20 discharges again over the resistor 19.
Therefore, according to FIG. 3, the level of the output signal UA of the second comparator 5 upon termination of the time t=t1 =8 seconds until the moment t=12 seconds (hence the defined period of time tx =4 seconds) depends upon whether the sensor signal Us or a reference signals Uc formed by the discharge of the electrolytic capacitor 20 is greater at the positive input of the second comparator 5.
The time variation of the reference signal Uc is dictated by the time constant for the discharging action which is defined by the resistor 19 and by the electrolytic capacitor 20, whilst the magnitude of the sensor signal Us is decisively depending upon whether or not an object to be toasted is in the toasting chamber. By suitably choosing the time constants, e.g. with the given capacity of the electrolytic capacitor 20 being 100 μF and by choosing a resistance value of 1.2 M ω for the resistor 19, on the one hand, and by the wiring up of amplifier 2, on the other hand, it is possible to attain the variation of reference signal Uc and sensor signal Us which is principally illustrated in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 shows on its horizontal axis the time in seconds and on its vertical axis the principal variation of the signals Uc and Us. Herein, Us (R1), Us (R2) and Us (R3) imply the sensor signal which is obtained when different objects to be toasted R1, R2 or T3 are introduced into the toasting chamber, whereas Us (A) represents the variation of the sensor signal in the absence of any item to be toasted in the toasting chamber and when the toaster is used for warming up a respective item. Uc corresponds to the reference signal applied to the positive input of the second comparator 5 which rises with the discharge of the electrolytic capacitor 20 starting at the moment t=t1 =8 seconds.
It results from the principal variation of the sensor signal Us and the reference signal Uc (A) for the warming-up operation and, respectively, Uc (R) for the toasting operation, which variation is shown in FIG. 4, that a characteristic order of magnitude exists for all three types of signal shown during the period of time tx in all practically possible operating conditions of the bread toaster. That means in detail that within the period of time tx provided that an object to be toasted is in the toasting chamber, all occurring sensor signals Us (R) are below the voltage value of the reference signal Uc (R) and that, within the same period of time, in the event that no object to be toasted is in the toasting chamber, the corresponding sensor signal Us (A) is principally greater than the reference signal Uc (A). The reference signal Uc applied to the positive input of the second comparator 5 as well as the sensor signal Us applied to its negative input, therefore, during the period of time tx are well suited as a reliable criterion for whether the bread toaster is used for toasting a toasting object disposed in its toasting chamber or for warming up a respective item. Therefore, the output signal UA of the second comparator 5 and the first timer signal T1 which is issued at the output 16a of the timer 16 and which alternates from the LOW to HIGH-level at the moment t1 =8 seconds are compared in a second coupling stage 9 consisting of a NAND-gate.
Irrespective of whether the amplified sensor signal Us has still adopted a relatively low value (e.g. for toasting the item the first time in a series of toasting processes) at the moment t=0 or whether it adopted already a higher value (e.g. when continuing a manually interrupted toasting process), this comparison will supply the correct result, since--as mentioned already--basically the instantaneous value of the amplified sensor signal Us is taken at the output of the comparator 7 during the time interval Δt.
When the output signal UA applied to the input 9a of the second coupling stage 9 has a HIGH level, what means that the bread toaster is in the toasting operation, the output 9c of the second coupling stage 9 will alternate to LOW, since a HIGH signal is applied to the second input 9b of this coupling stage as well.
If, however, the level of the output signal UA , is LOW, what means that the bread toaster is in the warming-up operation, the output 9c of the second coupling stage 9 remains on the HIGH-level.
In the warming-up operation, the following applies for the memory flip-flop 10, 11:
Because of the charging of the capacitor 24, the signal level at the input 11b alternates from LOW to HIGH already before the time interval Δt=4 seconds has lapsed when the time constant (capacitor 24, resistor 25) has been suitably chosen. Yet no change occurs at the two outputs of the memory flip-flop (storing). This applies also for the moment t1 =8 seconds and for the period thereafter, while the first timer signal T1 is on the LOW-level again.
In consequence of the signal level at the two outputs 10c and 11c of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 characterizing the warming-up operation, and in consideration of the fact that a LOW-level is present at the input 13b of the NAND-gate 13 after the moment t1 =8 seconds until further notice, both the output 13c of the NAND-gate 13 and the output 14c of the first coupling stage 14 adopt the HIGH-level, the result being that the output 15c of the NAND-gate 15 is on the LOW-level. This implies that the bread toaster remains in operation irrespective of the level of the toasting-time control signal R at the input 14a of the first coupling stage 14.
The bread toaster is put out of operation only by the second timer signal T2 which alternate from LOW to HIGH after one minute at the output 16b of the timer 16, since then a warming-up time control signal A will be formed at the output 13a of the NAND-gate 13 by the fact that the level declines from HIGH to LOW, in consequence whereof the level at the output 15a of the NAND-gate 15 rises from LOW to HIGH.
It can be taken from the previously described signal sequences that in case the bread toaster is in the warming-up operation after the moment t1 =8 seconds, irrespective of the level of the toasting-time control signal R, the toaster is maintained in operation for so long until it is switched off after one minute by the warming-up time control signal A combined with the second timer signal T2.
When the bread toaster is in the toasting operation, however, the following applies:
From the basic condition after switch-on of the bread toaster, the level at the input 11b of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 alternates, in turn, prior to termination of the time interval Δt1 =8 seconds from LOW to HIGH for the reasons described already in connection with the warming-up operation. Thus, again the storing case exists for the memory flip-flop 10, 11, from what ensues that the signal levels at the two outputs 10c and 11c do not change compared to the basic condition. If, however, the level at the output 9c of the second coupling stage 9 alternates from HIGH to LOW after the moment t1 =8 seconds as a result of the first timer signal T1 occurring at the output 16a of the timer 16, the two outputs 10c and 11c of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 are set anew. That means, the output 10c alternates from LOW to HIGH, whilst the output 11c alternates from HIGH to LOW. The two outputs 10c and 11c will keep their signal levels even in the event that the level of the first timer signal T1 declines again from HIGH to LOW. This is because now the storing case has occurred with outputs inverted in comparison with the basic condition of the memory flip-flop 10, 11.
In consequence of the signal levels of the two outputs 10c and 11c of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 characterizing the toasting operation, and in consideration of the fact that, like in the warming-up operation, a LOW-level is applied to the input 13b of the NAND-gate until the moment t2 =1 minute, a HIGH-level is applied to the output 13c of the NAND-gate 13 as well as in the warming-up operation. Likewise, a HIGH-level is applied to the input 14b of the first coupling stage 14.
Therefore, it is decisive in the toasting operation--in contrast to the warming-up operation--whether the toasting-time control signal R applied to the output of the first comparator 4 is on the level HIGH or LOW. When it is on the HIGH-level, what implies that the level of the sensor signal Us which was adjusted by the potentiometer 3 for the desired toasting degree of the item to be toasted has been reached already, the two HIGH-levels at the inputs 14a and 14b will result in a LOW-signal being present at the output 14c of the first coupling stage 14. In conjunction with the HIGH-signal applied to the second input 15b of the switch step 15, the LOW-signal applied to its first input 15a causes switch-off of the bread toaster. It becomes apparent from the previously described signal sequences for the toasting operation that the bread toaster will remain in operation after the period of time tx for so long until it is disabled by the toasting-time control signal R.
The voltage divider composed of the resistors 17, 39 and 40 and the diode 18 (see FIG. 3) prevent an inadvertent switchover from the toasting operation to the warming-up operation. Further resistors 21, 26, 43, 46 and 47 shown in FIG. 3 serve for the conventional wiring up of further voltage dividers or comparators.
Should during the toasting operation the signal at the positive input of the first comparator 4 not reach the signal level definable by the potentiometer 3 for any reasons whatsoever, be it due to malfunction of the sensor 1 or the amplifier 2 or due to the fact that the sensor 1 is blocked off by any object from the infrared radiation it is exposed to, the bread toaster will be put out of operation nevertheless caused by the co-action of the second timer signal T2 and the fourth timer signal T4 after the lapse of three minutes.
Namely, when the level of the fourth timer signal T4 alternates from LOW to HIGH after termination of two minutes, and when the second timer signal T2 also alternates again from LOW to HIGH after three minutes, both inputs 12a, 12b of the NAND-gate 12 will have a HIGH-level, while said's output 12c is on the LOW-level again. Therefore, the capacitor 234 will discharge again. The time constant for the discharging action is the same like for the charging action and is in the order of magnitude of several 10-1 seconds, for instance. Caused by the discharge of the capacitor 24, the signal at the input 11b of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 alternates from HIGH to LOW, what--due to the previously existing storing case--has as a consequence that its two outputs 10c and 11c, respectively, alternate again to the LOW or HIGH-level, respectively, hence the memory flip-flop 10, 11 is in its basic condition again. The HIGH-level at the output 11c of the memory flip-flop 10, 11 in conjunction with the HIGH signal level of the second timer signal T2 that is applied to the input 13b of the NAND-gate 13 results in that the output 13c of the NAND-gate 13 alternates from HIGH-to LOW.
The LOW-level which is thus applied to the input 15b of the NAND-gate 15--irrespective of the level applied to said's other input 15a--has as a consequence that said's output 15c has a HIGH-level, what in turn has as a result that the bread toaster is put out of operation. That is to say, in the toasting operation, the bread toaster is put out of operation by an automatic switch-off control signal Z which is issued by the output 11c of the memory flip-flop 10, 11, should the switch-off not be initiated by the toasting-time control signal R for the reasons referred to already hereinabove. The period of time of three minutes after the start-up of the bread toaster is chosen such that, with any toasting object whatsoever, any desired toasting degree is assumed to have been reached already appreciably before the termination of this period of time so that the automatic switch-off control signal Z principally terminates an improper toasting operation of the bread toaster.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4130853 *||Feb 25, 1977||Dec 19, 1978||Baker Roxton E||Glow plug temperature circuit|
|US4238995 *||May 30, 1978||Dec 16, 1980||Polster Louis S||Toaster control|
|US4296312 *||Nov 19, 1979||Oct 20, 1981||General Electric Company||Electronic temperature sensing system for toaster appliances|
|US4346651 *||May 17, 1979||Aug 31, 1982||Willi Schickedanz||Toaster for bread and other food items|
|US4430557 *||Jan 4, 1982||Feb 7, 1984||General Electric Company||Cooking apparatus having internal pressurizing source and _integral heat source _|
|US4510376 *||Jul 22, 1982||Apr 9, 1985||Alco Foodservice Equipment Company||Variable timing system for toasters and similar appliances|
|US4645909 *||Jun 1, 1984||Feb 24, 1987||Kidde Consumer Durables Corp.||Toaster and overhead support|
|US4727799 *||Jul 1, 1986||Mar 1, 1988||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Cooking appliance with sensor means|
|US4734562 *||Jul 21, 1986||Mar 29, 1988||Toshiba Heating Appliances Co., Ltd.||Electric toaster oven|
|DE1515042A1 *||Aug 20, 1964||Dec 11, 1969||Morphy Richards Cray Ltd||Temperaturgesteuertes Heiz- oder Kochgeraet|
|DE1753119A1 *||Feb 2, 1968||May 25, 1972||Schmidt Eltrolued & Co E||Brotroester mit einhebelbedienung|
|DE2736596A1 *||Aug 13, 1977||Feb 22, 1979||Eme Fertigung Vertrieb Gmbh||Electric toaster with inbuilt timer - has temp. sensor to allow for heat build=up from previous toasting|
|DE6904032U *||Jan 28, 1969||Aug 21, 1969||Schmidt Eltrolued & Co E||Brotroester mit zusaetzlichem rost|
|GB2176306A *||Title not available|
|1||Siemens AG, Bereich Bauelemente, "Programmierbarer Digitaler Langzeittimer SAB 0529", Siemens Components 22 (1984), pp. 18-21.|
|2||*||Siemens AG, Bereich Bauelemente, Programmierbarer Digitaler Langzeittimer SAB 0529 , Siemens Components 22 (1984), pp. 18 21.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5088389 *||Jan 29, 1991||Feb 18, 1992||Labadia Del Fresno Miguel||Household toasters|
|US5094154 *||Aug 27, 1990||Mar 10, 1992||Black & Decker Inc.||Electric toaster with time delay mechanism|
|US5283421 *||Nov 3, 1992||Feb 1, 1994||Pne Appliance Controls Pte. Ltd.||Electric appliance with safety switching arrangement|
|US5402708 *||Jan 7, 1994||Apr 4, 1995||Black & Decker Inc.||Control for a toaster for varying the duration of the toasting cycle|
|US5620624 *||Feb 23, 1995||Apr 15, 1997||Quadlux, Inc.||Cooking method and apparatus controlling cooking cycle|
|US5692432 *||Dec 4, 1996||Dec 2, 1997||U.S. Philips Corporation||Appliance for toasting a product|
|US5802958 *||Jun 16, 1997||Sep 8, 1998||Hermansson; Alf E.||Cooking grill|
|US5927184 *||Mar 2, 1998||Jul 27, 1999||Hermansson; A. E.||Cooking grill|
|US5958271||Apr 14, 1998||Sep 28, 1999||Quadlux, Inc.||Lightwave oven and method of cooking therewith with cookware reflectivity compensation|
|US5990454||Apr 14, 1998||Nov 23, 1999||Quadlux, Inc.||Lightwave oven and method of cooking therewith having multiple cook modes and sequential lamp operation|
|US6012380 *||Jul 1, 1999||Jan 11, 2000||Hermansson; A.E.||Cooking grill|
|US6013900||Apr 14, 1998||Jan 11, 2000||Quadlux, Inc.||High efficiency lightwave oven|
|US6037580 *||Oct 7, 1997||Mar 14, 2000||Seb S.A.||Safety device for cooking appliance|
|US6192788 *||Mar 14, 2000||Feb 27, 2001||U.S. Philips Corporation||Grilling appliance|
|US6543337||Jun 5, 2000||Apr 8, 2003||Paul Michael Brown||Toasting device with browning control|
|US20110100974 *||May 5, 2011||Hamilton Beach Brands, Inc.||Toasters|
|EP0777993A1||Nov 25, 1996||Jun 11, 1997||Laboratoires D'electronique Philips S.A.S.||Grilling device|
|WO2001000073A1 *||Jun 5, 2000||Jan 4, 2001||Cambridge Consultants Limited||Toasting device with browning control|
|U.S. Classification||99/328, 219/492, 219/411, 99/329.0RT, 99/385, 99/329.00R, 99/333, 219/413|
|International Classification||G05D23/19, A47J37/08|
|Cooperative Classification||A47J37/0842, G05D23/1951, A47J37/085|
|European Classification||A47J37/08B5, G05D23/19T, A47J37/08B6|
|Dec 20, 1989||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: BRAUN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KELTERBORN, HEINZ;SCHIEBELHUTH, HEINZ;REEL/FRAME:005213/0165
Effective date: 19891013
|Jun 23, 1992||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Jul 19, 1994||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Dec 11, 1994||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Feb 21, 1995||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19951214


Identified particle spectra provide an important tool for understanding the particle production mechanism and the dynamical evolution of the medium created in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Studies involving strange and multi-strange hadrons, such as $K^0_S$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi^-$, and $\Omega^-$, carry additional information since there is no net strangeness content in the initial colliding system. Strangeness enhancement in AA collisions with respect to pp and pA collisions has long been considered as one of the signatures for quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation. The Recent observation of collective effects in high-multiplicity pp and pA collisions raise the question of whether QGP can also be formed in the smaller systems. Systematic studies of the strange particle abundance and nuclear modification factors can shed light on this issue. The CMS experiment has excellent strange-particle reconstruction capabilities over a broad kinematic range in pp and pPb collisions. The spectra of $K^0_S$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi^-$, and $\Omega^-$ hadrons have been measured in various rapidity regions as a function of $p_T$ in pp and pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. Based on the measurements of these spectra, nuclear modification factors of $K^0_S$, $\Lambda$, $\Xi^-$, and $\Omega^-$ in mid-rapidity are measured. Since pPb is an asymmetric system, the nuclear modification factor of $K^0_S$, $\Lambda$, and $\Xi^-$ in Pb-going direction are compared to those in p-going direction. These final results for nuclear modification factors measured out to high-$p_T$ can be helpful in discussing the implications of collective behavior and energy loss. In addition, the measurement of the forward-backward rapidity yield asymmetries of $K^0_S$ and $\Lambda$ as a function of $p_T$ provide sensitivity to initial state effects, such as shadowing in the nuclear parton distributions. Detailed comparisons with theoretical models will be presented.
|Centralised submission by Collaboration||Presenter name will be specified later|


text:
I'm Linda, I'm a Psychic
Clairvoyant and self-published author who lives in Australia. One of my
favourite hobbies is
writing. This is my latest website, about Ascended Masters, and I am
dedicated to bringing new articles here soon. This website has been
designed and made by
new book, The Book Of Karma, is now published in both print and e-book
versions and is available from all Amazon sites, i.e. Amazon US, Amazon
UK, Amazon AU, etc. Thanks to those who have already purchased it. The
book, a little over 200 print pages, is not only about karma but many
other spiritual subjects that I do not cover extensively on the
website. To read the first few pages for free on this website, just go
Thanks for visiting!
**If you own a website and would like to link to
me, please feel
free to do so.

domain: literature


Specification.SSAW Steel Pipe.Process Spiral Submerged- Arc Welded Steel Pipe.Usage Used for low pressure liquid delivery,such as water,gas,and oil results for this questionWhat is API 5L X70 PSL1 pipe?What is API 5L X70 PSL1 pipe?One is the API 5L X70 PSL1 Pipe which is considered to be a standard quality of pipes,and the other one is the API 5L X70 PSL2 Pipe.The PSL2 has better performance as compared to the API 5L X70 PSL1 Pipe because of the difference in its chemical and mechanical properties.API 5L X70 Pipe,API 5L X70 PSL1 / PSL2 Grade B Seamless results for this questionWhat makes up API 5L Grade B ERW pipe?What makes up API 5L Grade B ERW pipe?API 5L Grade B ERW Pipe is made up of a steel material that has carbon,manganese,steel,nickel,chromium,molybdenum phosphorus,sulfur and vanadium in the composition.The material also has good strength.Navstar Steel is a leading supplier and manufacturer of these API 5L Grade B Seamless Pipeproducts in various dimensions and types.API 5L Grade B ERW and Seamless Pipe PSL1/ PSL2 CS API
results for this questionWhich is the best API 5L carbon steel pipe?Which is the best API 5L carbon steel pipe?X70 Carbon Steel Pipe or API 5L L485Q steel pipe is known for its durability,toughness,reliability and safety.The API 5L X70 PSL1/ PSL2 Carbon Steel Pipe supplier,API 5L X70 PSL2 steel pipe is non-combustible.X70 Line Pipe also has a high resistance to corrosion even in harsh climatic conditions and Grade X70 Pipe are suited to sour service.API 5L X70 Pipe,API 5L X70 PSL1 / PSL2 Grade B Seamless Pipe supplierAPI 5L GR.B PSL 1 Pipe suppliers API 5L X42 PSL1 Pipe
API 5L GR.B PSL 1 Pipe is sleeved into plastic bag individually,ten pieces wrapped with water-proof material,bundled with nylon rope.Clear labels are tagged on the outside of the package for easy identification of the quantity and product I.D.Great care is taken during operation and transportation.X42 Pipe Coating Standard:API 5L Gr.B PSL1PSL2 ERW Carbon Steel PipeManufacturing Process of API 5L Gr.B PSL1PSL2 ERW Carbon Steel Pipe API 5L Gr.B PSL1PSL2 ERW Carbon Steel Pipe is made of hot rolled steel coils.It is made under normal atmospheric temperature by cold forming of the coils into a round cylinder shape.It is formed by rolling the plate and welding the seam.
API 5L Gr.X70 PSL1PSL2 SSAW Carbon Steel Pipe is mainly used in the oil and gas industry to convey Oxygen,water and oil.Also it is used in hydro power industry when the water head is high.Manufacturing Process of API 5L Gr.X70 PSL1PSL2 SSAW Carbon Steel Pipe:API 5L Grade B ERW and Seamless Pipe PSL1/ PSL2 CS API 128 rows·The API 5L Grade B PSL1 Line Pipecan come in different coatings such as fusion bondAPI 5L Grade B PSL1 PipesAPI 5L Grade B PSL1 Seamless API 5L Grade B Pipe,API 5L Grade B PSL1 Pipe,API 5L Grade B PSL2 Pipe,API 5L Grade B Line Pipe,API 5L Grade B Carbon Steel Pipe We provide API 5L Grade B Pipe with PSL1 and PSL2.We Carry Complete Range from 3/8 NB to 24 NB,wall Thickness upto 200 MM.Prosaic Steel and Alloys API 5L Grade B Pipe are known for its High Quality and
API 5L Grade B pipe is a common grade pipe for oil and gas pipeline transmissions.It also called L245 Pipe refer ISO 3183,named by minimum yield strength 245 Mpa (355,000 Psi).Equivalent material ASTM A106 B or ASTM A53 B,which have similar value on chemical composition,mechanical properties,and applications.API 5L Grade B PipeAPI 5L Carbon Steel PipeAPI 5L API 5L Grade B Line Pipe Physical Properties Line pipe grade designations come from API Spec 5L Specification for Line Pipe.Standard Line Pipe has grade designation A and B.Stronger grades have the designation X followed by the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe steel,measured in kilopounds per square inch (abbreviated ksi),e.g.X60 for pipe having a minimum yield strength of 60API 5L Grade B Seamless / ERW Pipe SCH 40 API 5L GRB 134 rows·This is because the construction of an Api 5l Grade B Seamless Pipe is through a billet.
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API 5L PSL1|PSL2 line pipe Specification Scope API 5L is generally refers to the standards of pipeline steel,include pipeline pipe and pipeline steel plate.Pipeline steel pipe is used to extract oil,steam,water on the ground to the oil and gas industry enterprises.API 5L PSL2 Carbons Steel Pipe-ASTM A252 Spiral Steel Pipe Specification.Seamless Steel Pipe.Process Seamless Steel Pipe (SMLS STEEL PIPE) Standard API 5L,API 5CT,ASTM A106/A53,ASTM A519,JIS G 3441,JIS G3444,JIS API 5L Pipe Specifications (Seamless and - Enpro PipeEnpro offers API 5L pipe from API 5L Gr B to X80,product specification level PSL1 and PSL2,Onshore/Offshore and sour services (H2S corrosive environment).Manufacturing type including seamless,ERW (Electric resistance welded),SAW (Submerged Arc Welded).Used for pipeline transportation systems in the petroleum and natural gas industries.
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Ask something for more details Product Name API 5L Psl1/ Psl2 X60 16inch Sch20 ERW/SSAW/LSAW Steel Tubes Spiral welded pipe is mainly used in water engineering,petrochemical industry,chemical industry,electric power industry,agricultural irrigation,urban construction.China API 5L X60 Psl1/Psl2 SSAW Welded Pipe Linepipe API 5L X60 Psl1/Psl2 SSAW Welded Pipe Linepipe,API 5L X60 Psl1 SSAW Welded Pipe,API 5L Gr.B Psl1 SSAW Carbon Steel Welded Pipe manufacturer / supplier in China,offering API 5L X60 Psl1/Psl2 SSAW Welded Pipe Linepipe,A53 Gr.a /Gr.B Seamless Pipe,ASTM A179 Carbon Seamless Steel Heat Exchanger/ Boiler Tubes and so on.NOMINAL SIZE (MM)SCHEDULE NO.SCHEDULE NO.WALL THICKNESS (MM)15STD402.7715XS803.7315-1604.7815XXS-7.47 134 rows on dmitubesApi 5l Grade B Carbon Steel Seamless Pipe,Gr B ERW Pipe The Api 5l Grade B Psl1 Materialhas carbon,manganese,phosphorus,sulfur,silicon,steel,nickel,chromium,molybdenum and vanadium in the content.The high manganese content in the Api 5l Grade B Psl2gives it 245MPa minimum yield strength.It can be used for offshore and onshore piping
NPSODSCHSCH1/221.3STD403/426.7STD403/426.7XS80133.4STD40 123 rows on tridentsteelAPI 5L GR.B PSL 1 manufacturerseamless Pipewelded Pipe
Our range covers API 5L GR.B PSL 1,mild steel,stainless steel,cold drawn,structural,tubular,galvanized tubes,pipe,black pipe,and welded tube and pipe.Widely regarded as being the leading supplier of API 5L GR.B PSL 1 in India,Citizen Pipes is the preferred choice for API 5L GR.B PSL 1 in India,South west Africa Gulf countries.NPSOUTSIDE DIAMETER(IN)OUTSIDE DIAMETER(MM)WALL THICKNESS(IN)1/20.840210.1093/41.050270.11311.315330.1331 1/41.660420.140 128 rows on navstarsteelAPI 5L Grade b pipe,Gr.B ERW and Seamless pipe in PSL1/123 rows·API 5L Grade B Pipe API 5L Grade B Seamless Pipe,API 5L Gr.B ERW pipe suppliersPRODUCTION EQUIPMENT - Steel Exporter BeBon ChinaADD:Headquarters Enterprise Base,Ruida Road,Zhongyuan District,Zhengzhou City,450000,China TEL 0086-371-86151827 ,0086-371-86151527 FAX 0086-371-86011881
People also askWhat is API 5L gr.b PSL?What is API 5L gr.b PSL?API 5L GR.B PSL 1 Pipe is a loose standard quality for line pipe,whereas API 5L X42 PSL-2 Pipe contains additional testing requirement,stricter chemical physicals,along with different ceiling limits of mechanical properties,and require Charpy impact testing conditions.Looking for API 5L GR.B PSL 1 Pipe supplier in India?API 5L GR.B PSL 1 Pipe suppliers API 5L X42 PSL1 Pipe Seamless Steel Pipe/Tube (SMLS Pipe/Tube),API 5L,ASTM
Seamless steel pipe has better pressure capacity,strength is higher than ERW welded steel pipe.So it is widely applied in high pressure equipment,and thermal,boiler industries.Generally the welding seam of the welded steel pipe is the weak point,the quality affect overall performance.ASTM Standard for seamless steel pipe.Some results are removed in response to a notice of local law requirement.For more information,please see here.12345Next
Stainless and galvanized api 5l psl1 for industrial and commercial purposes at .These hot-dipped api 5l psl1 are ideal for seamless construction uses.Welded Pipe Tube Manufacturer in ChinaManufacturer of welded pipes and tubes,include erw steel pipe,hfw steel pipe,lsaw steel pipe,sawh steel pipe,ssaw steel pipe,etc.0086-731-88739521 [email protected] EnglishWhat are differences between API 5L PSL1 and PSL2 steel Oct 10,2020·Seamless steel tube is generally used when the diameter of pipeline is less than 152mm.Raw material of API 5L steel tube has many kinds of steel grades,such as GR.B,X42,X46,X52,X56,X60,X70,X80,etc.Now large steel mills have developed pipeline steel tube
Jun 19,2018·Standard Line Pipe has grade designation A and B.API 5L Grade b pipe can be two of API 5L product service level (PSL),thats is API 5L Gr.B PSL1 and API 5L Gr.B PSL2.ASTM A106 (S/A 106) pipe is the standard specification for seamless carbonapi 5l gr b psl2,api 5l gr b psl2 Suppliers and smls pipe octg pipe linepipe pipe erw ssaw api 5l astm a53/a106 api spec 5l gr b psl1/psl2 x42 x46 x52 x56 x60 US $700.00 - $900.00 / Ton


Very warm toddlers' Moomin winter jacket with recycled materials. Soft and comfortable for everyday use.
- bluesign® product
- Recycled fibers
- Stay dry all day, in very wet conditionsThe waterproof fabric is excellent for very wet surroundings: active play and outdoor life in heavy rain or wet snowWater column over 10 000 mm
- Warm insulationFor enjoying cold times and winter frosts in comfort.Temperatures ca. 0 - -20 °C (35 to -5 °F)
- Excellent breathabilityBest moisture management for active play and sports.At least 7 000 g/m2/24h


Kingdra has been one of my favourites since the G/S days! I had a super short pile minky I wanted to experiment with (and a new embroidery machine!) and thought a shiny Kingdra would be the perfect project. I did not anticipate the stretch of this fabric to be so unforgiving - this plush went through at least 10 different revisions until I got the pattern I wanted. I learned a lot in the process of making this doll from digitizing to experimenting with my new machine, and various other things that will help me improve my future plush. Also fins are fun to make - I should make more pokemon with fins.
Kingdra is ~7" tall.
This plush is one of a kind and will not be reproduced. I may consider making a regular form if I have the time. <3


text:
Whenever Mariam Aljamal’s children hear the sound of thunder at night, they wet their beds. Their reaction is almost instinctive, and is shared by a large number of children throughout the Gaza Strip.
Mariam’s three children – Jamal, Lina and Sarah – were all born a few years after the Gaza siege was first imposed in 2006, and all of them have experienced at least one Israeli war.
“My kids feel scared when the electricity goes off, which is most of the time,” says the 33-year-old mother from Nuseirat Refugee Camp, who has a degree in Communication and is currently pursuing her MA. “They are still living the trauma of the 2014 offensive. War is still haunting my family, and life has become so hard for us.”
Indeed, after years of trying, Mariam is yet to find work. Unemployment in Gaza is the highest in the world, according to the World Bank.
The siege on Gaza was imposed in stages, starting January 2006, when the Hamas movement won the legislative elections in the Occupied Territories. Donors’ money was immediately withheld, so the new Government could not pay the salaries of its employees. The conventional wisdom, then, was the new Government would soon collapse, and Hamas’ rival, Fatah, would quickly resume its control over the Palestinian Authority (PA).
The Israeli hope, which was reinforced by the US and also shared by PA President Mahmoud Abbas and many in his party, never came to fruition. To speed up the projected collapse, Israel began sporadic bombardment of Gaza and carried out a sweeping campaign to arrest many of its elected MPs, coupled with a Fatah and Hamas dispute, which eventually turned into street battles in the summer of 2007.
It was then that the siege became complete, now ongoing for ten years. During this time, Fatah resumed its control over the PA in the West Bank, reconciliation between Hamas and Fatah largely failed, the Rafah border has been mostly sealed, and Israel has launched three major wars that have killed thousands.
The destruction in Gaza as a result of three consecutive wars (2008-9, 12 and 14) has been so severe, it has affected almost every aspect of the Strip’s already dilapidated infrastructure. Power outages, for example, have become part of life in Gaza. If all goes according to plan, Palestinians here have only 8-10 hours, per day, to utilize electricity, and for the rest of the day they suffer in darkness. The UN had already declared that life in Gaza will become ‘uninhabitable’ by 2020.
But there are aspects of this drama that do not receive a fair share of attention, such as how the siege is hindering human development for an entire generation.
When the siege was imposed, Ahmad Ghazal was only 13-years-old. Now, he is 23 and works at a local library in Gaza City. “Life here is not pleasant,” he says. “In the last ten years my family has suffered the lack of food, clean water, proper medical care and the most basic of human needs. But what frustrates me most is the fact that I am not able to move freely. The Israeli-Egyptian shut down of border crossings has brought our life to a standstill. I feel trapped.”
Maher Azzam is 21 years of age and he, too, feels imprisoned. He teaches English at Smart International Centre for Languages and Development and aspires to be a writer. However, he sees life in Gaza as a slow death.
“The number of martyrs in the Strip over the course of 10 years has exceeded 4,000, but those innocent people only died once,” he says. “People who are still alive in Gaza, have been dying every day for a whole decade. But we must stay optimistic and hopeful. We have learned to be creative to survive, to express ourselves and to carry on without submitting, despite Israel’s ongoing crimes and the silence of the international community.”
Heba Zaher, a 21-year-old graduate from the Islamic University, also understands the centrality of hope to the Gaza narrative. She says, “We have survived all of these years without losing hope, we certainly can’t lose it now. Ten years of hardship have taught us to be stronger, to cope with life and to defeat the siege.”
But defeating the siege is not an easy endeavor, as it has “affected all aspects of our life,” according to Heba. “Many students have lost their opportunities of studying abroad. Many patients have died, waiting for the crossings to open so that they may get proper treatment. Construction is tied to the crossings, and life is now more expensive than ever.”
The consequences of the siege are far-reaching to the extent that Anas Almassri, a student-intern at the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor in Deir al Balah, says that whatever remained of Gaza’s middle class is now dwindling. “The middle class in Gaza continues to shrink as a result of the diminishing economic opportunities, and this affects the income of families terribly, who cannot send their kids to universities and, therefore, cannot maintain their standard of living.”
For Ghada Abu Msabeh, 20, also from Deir Al-Balah, the siege has now become so rooted in the collective psyche of Gazans that it has grown to become the new norm. “I think that we have come to the point that the siege has become a part of our daily life and routine,” she argues. “I honestly cannot imagine what life would be if we are able to move freely or even go for an entire day without power outage. It is honestly difficult to remember how life used to be before the siege.”
Hana Salah, 25, a writer and humanitarian worker with Oxfam Italy, tried to seek an opportunity outside Gaza, but she was not successful. “I didn’t try again because seeing others’ attempt and fail was enough to depress me,” she says. “I feel that we are living in a cage and have no idea what is transpiring outside this cage. I don’t know what will happen, but can only hope and pray for God’s mercy.”
Some of those who were able to leave to pursue their education outside Gaza, were stuck when they attempted to return for a visit. Rafaat Alareer, a writer and lecturer, embarked on his PhD studies at Universiti Purra Malaysia in 2012, but has been trapped in Gaza since 2014. He came to visit his family as the 2014 offensive destroyed their home and killed his brother. “It’s been a year and a half now, and I cannot go back because of the siege and the closure of the Rafah crossing,” which has been practically shut down for a year.
The same was experienced by Belal Dabour, a young doctor at the Shifa Hospital, who is unable to leave Gaza to gain more experience and attend conferences, which he had hoped could bolster his academic qualifications. “I had just graduated when the 2014 war started,” he says. “It was very traumatic. What I have experienced in one month at Al-Shifa is more than what other doctors would experience in many years of their practice. But now I have no job and like many of my colleagues have no source of income.”
Walaa Al-Ghussein, a 23-year-old student at Al-Azhar University, concludes that, although more people now acknowledge the existence of a cruel siege on Gaza, life for Gazans remains the same. “We need more than just protests; real pressure needs to be exerted on Israel so that this siege ends. Hundreds of patients are dying, students are losing their opportunities of studying abroad and a whole people are stranded.”
(With reporting from Yousef Aljamal in Gaza.)

domain: sociology


Last Updated on October 14, 2015 7:36 pm
With the first nationally televised Appalachian State weeknight football games since 2008 approaching, the topic of parking has been on the minds of University and Town of Boone officials since the games were announced in June. Officials have been working to develop a plan to address parking and traffic both on campus and in Boone. On Tuesday Aug 4, the Watauga County Commissioners approved the use of the old Watauga High School location for parking. In approving the request the Commissioners noted the financial impact that area business might receive, along with the national media attention, surrounding the games.
In late August, ASU Chancellor Dr. Sheri Everts announced plans to use the old Watauga High School site for parking.
On Wednesday (October 14,2015) Dr. Everts sent the following email to members of the ASU community.
Dear Members of the Appalachian Community:
On August 21st an announcement was made about parking alternatives for the two Thursday night football games (October 22nd and November 5th). I have listened to concerns from our community and we will be implementing additional parking options beginning with the October 22nd game. Thank you for your patience and understanding as we continue to develop solutions to keep our campus operating efficiently.
Following are a list of changes with the full plan listed below.
Additional Parking Changes:
Parking until 3 p.m. for faculty and staff in the Legends Parking Lot
Parking until 1 p.m. for students in the Stadium Lot
Additional park and ride options at no charge for students, faculty and staff beginning at 7 a.m.
Old Watauga High School campus lot located at NC 105 and High School Drive, Boone
Commuter students who have concerns should contact the Parking & Traffic office at 828-262-2878
Thursday night football game parking plan:
Faculty and Staff Parking:
Rivers Street Parking Deck
River Rivers Street Parallel Parking
Hill Street Lot
Greenwood Lot (Upper Side; spaces 1-126)
Library Deck (until 3 p.m.)
Student Recreation Center (until 3 p.m.)
Half of the Peacock Lot (formerly Raley Lot – Rivers Street side; spaces 1-150)
Edwin Duncan Octagon (all day.)
Legends parking Lot (until 3 p.m.)
AppalCART will run regular routes and schedules from each of these locations to Peacock Circle and the Library Circle throughout the day.
Student Parking (permit holders):
Stadium Parking Lot (until 1 p.m.)
River Street Parking Deck
Park and Ride from the Old Watauga High School (NC 105 and High School Drive, Boone) begins at 7 a.m.
Shuttle service is free for students, faculty and staff
Beginning at 3 p.m., the shuttle will change routes and run from the Old High School lot to the East Gate Circle at Kidd Brewer Stadium
After 3 p.m., those without a valid Yosef Club permit who wish to park in this lot may pay $15 to do so.
Students who enter the lot prior to 3 p.m. may leave their cars in the Old Watauga High School lot until after the game at NO charge.
Commuter students needing assistance should contact Parking & Traffic at 828-262-2878
Students living on campus and who have a weekly permit may move their cars to the State Farm or South Broyhill Lots beginning at 5 p.m. Wednesday.


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Timetable and Map for Special Route 22, 12 April 2014
Download Details of Route 22
- This special Route 22 is not part of the TfL bus network, and is run with Historic Buses all of which were built at least 60 years ago.
- We regret that the buses are not wheelchair accessible and buggies cannot be carried.
- All buses will carry passengers free of charge, with the exception of the original 1939 prototype, RT1, for which a special cash fare of £10 per journey will be payable.
- Oyster and concessionary passes & tickets cannot be used on RT1 journeys.
- The timetable may be subject to change at short notice due to operational needs.
Return to RT75

domain: travel


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British customs officials earned a modest salary from the Crown. They soon found their pockets stuffed with bribe money from colonial shippers. When smugglers were caught, they were often freed by sympathetic American juries.
What was the punishment for smuggling?
b- If the smuggled person is forbidden to leave the country or to enter it or the smuggled person is also a smuggler, s/he shall be punished by imprisonment from 2 to 8 years and by payment of a fine amounting from Rials 2,500,000 to 10,000,000.
What is the punishment for smuggling in the UK?
What is the maximum penalty for smuggling? If you have been accused of smuggling, you may be sentenced to up to 7 years in prison – or, if the goods in question were particularly dangerous, for example guns or Class A drugs, you may face a lifetime custodial term.
How did the British officials try to stop smuggling?
To enforce the Townshend Acts, British officials used writs of assistance. These allowed tax collectors to search for smuggled goods. Colonist hated the new laws because they took power away from colonial governments. The colonists responded to the Townshend Acts by once again boycotting many British goods.
What was the punishment for smuggling in the 19th century?
This statute, part of the Bloody Code, further extended the means by which a person could be convicted for smuggling and put to death without benefit of clergy. As the smuggling war continued to burden Parliament in 18th-century England, it became even more crucial to find ways to convict criminals.
What is the most smuggled?
There are some 600 billion cigarettes smuggled worldwide each year, a $30 billion illicit industry, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Cigarettes are the world’s most smuggled legal product.
Why was there an increase in smuggling?
Causes of the increase in the crime of smuggling
Smuggled goods were popular with people as they were usually cheaper than legally imported goods. People did not tend to see smuggling as a serious crime. Local people supported smuggling. … Smuggling was also quite exciting and was a quick way to make money.
What did the British smuggled and sold?
In the 18th century, tea, tobacco, spices, silks, and spirits were smuggled into England in quantities exceeding those brought in legitimately. … In the second half of the 20th century, such drugs as heroin, cocaine, and cannabis were products for smuggling worldwide.
When was human trafficking made illegal in the UK?
Prosecution. The British government continued its proactive law enforcement efforts to combat trafficking. The UK prohibited all forms of trafficking through the Sexual Offences Act 2003, the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003 and the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004.
How do we stop smuggling?
Basic Steps to Prevent Smuggling on Ships
- The master of the vessel must use ship-specific Search Checklists to carry out a thorough check of all the parts of the ship.
- All restricted areas of the ship must be locked/ sealed when the ship is at a port.
What did the colonist call the British soldiers?
Due to their long redcoats, British soldiers were nicknamed “lobsters” and “bloody backs” by the colonists.
How did Great Britain violate the colonists rights?
In 1765 Parliament passed the Quartering Act that said the colonists needed to find or pay for lodging for British soldiers stationed in America. … They protested, saying that these taxes violated their rights as British citizens. The colonists started to resist by boycotting, or not buying, British goods.
How many colonists were killed in the Boston Massacre?
Eventually, one soldier fired, prompting the others to fire without an order by Preston. The gunfire instantly killed three people and wounded eight others, two of whom later died of their wounds.
|Date||March 5th, 1770|
|Result||5 colonists killed|
What was the most common crime in the 1800s?
The total number of cases reported is 4780, with breaching the peace, drunkenness and assault being the most common crimes, and labourers being the most common offenders of these crimes. One murder case was reported, the offender being a mill worker, and 123 prostitutes were arrested for ‘Loitering and Importuning’.
Why did people smuggle in the 20th century?
In the early 20th century import duties on brandy, gin and cigarettes meant it was worth smuggling them. Then the increased demand for illegal drugs, and the huge amounts of money to be made, attracted smugglers.
How were criminals punished in England in the 1700s?
During the 18th century, the number of crimes that were punished by hanging rose to about 200. Some, such as treason or murder, were serious crimes, but others were what we would call minor offences. For example, the death sentence could be passed for picking pockets or stealing food.

domain: history


Windows 10 operating system is personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is released as the part of NT family and is hooked up with the top most features and has created a high rate market of users.
It’s quite easy for anyone to take a screenshot on a smartphone but very few people know that it is also very easy to take a screenshot on a laptop. If you own a Toshiba laptop, you can take a screen capture or print screen easily. Read the following blog to learn how to print screen on a Toshiba laptop. Alternatively, you can consult our Toshiba Tech Support experts to get detailed guidance on this topic.


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2021 was a banner year for market growth. That’s great for your investments! So why are we talking about rebalancing?
Now you can sit back and watch your portfolio grow, right?
Just as important as establishing your risk level is the need to monitor your portfolio over time and ensure the asset allocation remains in line with your long-term goals. One way to achieve this is by periodically rebalancing your portfolio.
In simple terms, rebalancing “resets” your portfolio to its original or intended asset allocation. The asset allocation is your desired mix of stocks, bonds, and other potential investments that complement your financial goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance.
Why is rebalancing important? Over time, your asset mix will fluctuate with the ups and downs of the financial markets. Unknowingly, the risk level in your portfolio may drift away from your target. For example, in a strong bull market, your equities may grow such that your portfolio includes more stock market risk than you intended. In these situations where stocks are having a favorable run-up, it can be tempting to let your equity allocation drift higher, but before you know it you could end up having an equity allocation 10 or even 20 percent higher than originally intended. And now if the stock market experiences a substantial pullback, your portfolio will also be subject to much more risk than originally intended. Rebalancing on a regular basis can help mitigate these unintended changes in your portfolio’s risk level.
For example, your financial goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance may lead you and your wealth advisor to implement a portfolio that is invested 50 percent in equities and 50 percent in bonds. After one year, your equities may have grown by 10 percent. Your portfolio is now allocated 60 percent in equities and 40 percent in bonds. This may have increased the risk profile of your portfolio to a level that isn’t consistent with your long-term financial goals. To rebalance your portfolio back to target, you would theoretically sell 10 percent in equities and buy 10 percent in bonds.
How often should you rebalance your portfolio? In a perfect world, with no transactions costs, the optimum policy would be to rebalance continuously. However, intermittent rebalancing is more practical. Two common approaches include calendar-based rebalancing and drift-based rebalancing.
Calendar-based rebalancing refers to rebalancing your portfolio on a regular basis (monthly, quarterly, annually, etc.). This approach eliminates the stress of market timing and is generally easier to implement if you are managing multiple portfolios or accounts.
On the other hand, drift-based rebalancing takes more of an active approach and requires keeping a close eye on your investment allocations. So instead of rebalancing every month, quarter, year, etc., you would rebalance every time your allocations “drift” beyond a given range. Theoretically, this could mean rebalancing very often if your portfolio is subject to extreme volatility.
Every investor is unique, and no single rebalancing rule is best for all situations. You should rebalance frequently enough to ensure your risk level remains relatively consistent, but not so frequent that the benefits are overwhelmed by factors such as transaction costs and tax drag. Also, if your portfolio includes taxable accounts, it may result in realized gains subject to capital gains tax. Depending on your particular situation, you and your wealth advisor may decide on a rebalancing strategy that is sensitive to tax liability.
In summary, reviewing and rebalancing your portfolio periodically is one way to ensure your risk level remains aligned with your target asset allocation and financial goals. Working with a wealth advisor is key in not only determining, but also monitoring, your desired risk level over time. Should you have questions on your investment portfolio or wish to meet with one of our Wealth Advisors to discuss your particular situation, we’re always available to have a conversation! You can get in touch with us by calling 855-855-5455, emailing [email protected], or connecting with one of our team members.

domain: finance


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Ahead of the launch of India’s maiden human spaceflight venture ‘Gaganyaan’ in December 2021, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will undertake two unmanned missions in December 2020 and June 2021, ISRO chairman K Sivan said on Wednesday (January 22).
Addressing the inaugural session of a symposium on “Spaceflight and Exploration – Present Challenges and Future Trends,” Sivan said the Gaganyaan mission not only aims at
India’s maiden human flight to the space but also setting up a new space station for ‘continuous space human presence’.
“We are doing all this (Gaganyaan) on three points – short term plan of two unmanned mission in December 2020 and June 2021, followed by human space flight demonstration in December 2021. We have the midterm goal of sustaining the human space programme and continuous space human presence in space on a new space station”, he said.
In this regard, the ISRO has initiated a full-fledged astronaut training facility in close proximity to Bengaluru for meeting its future requirements.
Also Read: Gaganyaan mission: Acing the Indian space dream
The space agency is also in talks with NASA and other space agencies and industries on how it can collaborate on human space flight and learn from their experience.
The Gaganyaan will also assist in ISRO's long term goal of an interplanetary mission.
“Inter-planetary mission is also on the agenda in the long term,” the ISRO chief said.
On Gaganyaan mission, Sivan said the space agency has already developed and demonstrated key technologies such as having an operational launcher with 10-tonne playload capability to lower orbit, demonstration of mission design and management, and recovery system like space qualified parachutes.
“The only missing element were human life science and life support system, which we are developing now,” he said.
ISRO, Sivan said, has taken on board many national labs, academic institutions, DRDO labs, Indian Air Force, CSIR Labas well as many industries as stakeholders for
Noting that the astronauts have been selected from a pool of Indian Air Force test pilots, Sivan said the generic space flight training will commence in India shortly.
A mission-specific training will be carried out in India using a host of simulators and other facilities, he added.

domain: astronomy


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Former Pres. Aquino and other officials under his term face plunder complaint.
AQUINO – Former Pres. Benigno ‘Noynoy’ Aquino III, former Department of Interior and Local Government Sec. Manuel ‘Mar’ Roxas, and several officials are facing plunder complaint over an alleged shipment of gold bars.
Since then, former Pres. Aquino and former DILG Sec. Roxas are political allies. The two were even running mates in a previous election. However, Roxas was not able to secure the vice presidential post.
It was former Vice Pres. Jejomar Binay who led the vice presidential race and went out as the victor. Former Pres. Aquino then, later on, appointed Roxas as the Secretary of DILG after former Interior Sec. Jesse Robredo passed away due to a plane crash.
Recently, a news report in ABS-CBN News stated that former Pres. Aquino, former Interior Sec. Roxas, and several officials are facing complaint of plunder due to the alleged shipment of gold bars to Thailand.
Based on the report, the other officials under the term of former Pres. Aquino who were also included in the complaint were Sen. Leila De Lima who was the Department of Justice Secretary under former Pres. Aquino, Sen. Franklin Drilon, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Governor Amando Tetangco, and former Finance Sec. Cesar Purisima.
It was Rogelio Cantoria and Atty. Fernando Perito who filed the charge against the officials. Cantoria claimed that from 1976 until 1995, he has worked at the BSP according to the news report.
Perito and Cantoria claimed that 3,500 metric tons in gold bars were transferred by the officials to Centennial Energy Company Ltd. which is in Thailand from a Switzerland bank to secure the bank notes’ printing.
Perito and Cantoria said that the value of the gold bars that were allegedly transferred could reach up to P6.8 trillion according to the report.
Furthermore, it is entailed in the report that in the complaint, former Interior Sec. Roxas was identified as ‘nutrition and local government’ secretary while the lady senator was identified as the secretary of finance.
Former Interior Sec. Roxas is the contender of Pres. Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 presidential election while Sen. De Lima is one of the most vocal critics of the 71-year-old Chief Executive.
In a previous news report, it is stated that the lady senator has even received an international award from a prominent magazine for standing up against Pres. Duterte. She was recognized as one of the 100 Foreign Policy Global Thinkers based on the report.

domain: law


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Designated (by her owners, admittedly) as the most luxurious ship ever built, press releases shout about everything from the expense of the Savoir bed in the lavish Regent Suite to the specially designed Versace plates. 'Normal' people, though, are going to be more interested in the quality of the food, the service, and other aspects of the onboard experience.
What has people talking is the quality of the materials used to create this opulent vessel. Frank del Rio, President and CEO of NCLH which is the company which owns, amongst others, Regent Seven Seas Cruises, told visitors: "I wanted the ship to be timeless, as relevant to the luxury market 20 years from now as today."
Luxury ship operators are not building new ships every day, and their reputation will never rely on their latest newbuild, so Del Rio's ambition is totally appropriate. He has filled the ship with fine materials - marble, granite and crystal - as well as amazing works of art. A designer's dream, the project had the budget to enable them to seek out the very finest handmade mosaic tiles, silver and gold leaf, natural stones and sumptuous fabrics.
Each room, each area of the ship, has been planned and developed to give it a mood and a style all its own, from the spa to the many restaurants, to the inviting lounges and the Culinary Arts Kitchen.
Suite sizes for the lead-in category start at 305 square feet including verandah, and speedily rise to 360 square feet and more, so nobody is going to be short of space. There are eight different dining options, all included in the fare, and the culinary theme is continued in the classes on board and the excellent programme of gourmet excursions ashore (Gourmet Explorer Tours), with tastings and visits to the most renowned restaurants in the region.
The lavish décor throughout the ship has been enhanced by the works of art, selected personally by Frank del Rio. Classic and contemporary works can be seen throughout the ship, and it is a veritable gallery with a pair of Picassos flanking the entrance to the Regent Suite, Mirós in the Master Suites, and a Chagall and two Picassos in the bar of the Prime 7 steak house. Impressive stuff. And Del Rio has also made a point of seeking out the work of living artists, just making their name in the world.
Like the other ships in the Regent fleet, Seven Seas Explorer offers free unlimited shore excursions in every port of call. Whilst cynical observers suggest that these are simply the most basic of city tours, a quick glance at Regent's website will show you this is not the case. An excellent choice of interesting tours is on offer, and you are limited only by the time available. It is also definitely worth taking a look at the Regent Choice shore excursions, which feature smaller groups and more in-depth investigation with specific sights or themes in mind. These represent superb value for money, and are often a once in a lifetime experience - a private viewing of some splendid palace, or access to something normally closed to the public.
Seven Seas Explorer is definitely making waves, so do call us to be one of the first to experience this new generation Regent ship.


Imagine a Quay where you can buy fresh produce from a farmer’s market for lunch as part of your morning commute to work, or ingredients for your family dinner before you board the ferry home. Imagine having a croissant and coffee lunch on a grassy rooftop, surrounded by plants used for traditional bush medicine with an unmatched view of the harbour. Imagine meeting a friend for a drink in a place where you can lay amongst the native gardens as the sun sets behind the Harbour Bridge, uninterrupted by the hustle-bustle of the CBD right behind you. Imagine stepping off a train into an expansive green sanctuary for a picnic with the family, right in the heart of Sydney. Imagine a space where the people who use it are the priority, a space designed to create a seamlessly accessible experience, and an emphasis on making the Quay a people place, a destination in its own right – a truly Sydney Quay.
Public spaces need to adapt and become more resilient to changes in climate, community, and purpose. Envisioning a renewed destination that returns the public space to a human scale, Sydney Quay is a proposed solution to the currently overcrowded and disjointed Quay which feels like a place of transition rather than a destination. The proposal prioritises pedestrians through a design focused on green, warm, and ultimately shared community-based spaces and facilities while making the most of upgraded existing infrastructure locations and services of the Quay. This proposal is not an attempt to introduce another architectural icon to the city, but rather to create a destination that facilitates bustling activity without overcrowding; a transport hub that isn’t grimly industrial; a green space full of sunlight with genuine connection to the CBD, an amphitheatre to both the harbour and the city skyline. The multilevel redevelopment of the existing wharves serves to break down the spatial barriers and physical disconnect between the existing wharves, harbour and the city, instead adopting a principle of uninterrupted spatial connections between the iconic harbour, plazas, streets, station, and Cahill Expressway. The design ultimately preserves the importance of Circular Quay as an infrastructural hub of public transport while providing more open and accessible trains, buses, light rail, and ferries without sacrificing its cultural significance and priceless harbour view. The proposal connects the Cahill expressway directly to the wharves providing safe and seamless access for all people.
While the organic leaf-shaped roof form of the renewed wharves provides a seamless connection to the harbour, it also draws a parallel reference to the iconic Australian eucalyptus leaf, traditionally used for its healing capacity due to its naturally occurring medicinal properties by many Aboriginal communities. Sydney Quay seeks to mend the intrusion of the wharves into the harbours edge by creating a symbiotic relationship between landscape, the harbour, and the built environment. In acknowledging the traditional ownership of the Sydney Cove area, known in traditional language as ‘Warrane’, to the Gadigal people of the Eora nation, we recognise Circular Quay has always been a place of cultural significance to both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, a place of first contact between the Eora peoples and settling Europeans. The project directly acknowledges both pre- and post-colonial history and the ongoing healing necessary from this collision of cultures.
Designed to suit the existing structural composition of Circular Quay Station and Cahill Expressway, Sydney Quay is an urban renewal proposal that improves existing infrastructure to reduce the financial and environmental cost of the proposed development. Unlike some discussions around the future of the Quay, this scheme seeks to retain and exploit the existing concrete forms to their maximum potential, while still providing a human-centric plaza in which pedestrian interaction with the city thrives. By shifting the retail services of the area to within the multi-storey wharves, the space underneath Cahill Expressway becomes free to be reclaimed as a public space, providing a transparent transitional space between city and water and strengthening the essence of waterfront connection core to Sydney’s heart. As the success of Utzon’s Sydney Opera House relies in part to its public plaza, this project has the needs of the public at its core to create an active destination and healthy healing public place for locals, regional visitors, interstate tourists, and international tourists alike.


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Monday, September 19, 2011
‘Crop holiday' unfortunate: Jagan
Ruling Congress party has totally forgotten the welfare of the farmers and due to lack of minimum support price for paddy they had to resort to a ‘Crop Holiday', the YSR Congress founder and Kadapa MP Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy has said.
Promising a golden rule when the YSR Congress party comes to power, he told villagers at Singarayapalem near here during 25th day of his Odarpu Yatra in the district, that the Government would buy entire quantum of paddy at MSP. “The YSR must be very unhappy up there in the heaven when he sees that even pavala vaddi scheme was not being implemented by the present Congress Government,” Mr. Jagan added.
The former Chief Minister had made all efforts to make the agriculture activity a win-win proposition for the farmers and gave all possible help in the form power subsidy and implementing irrigation projects, but the present Government had done away with all those schemes, he observed.
Taking a dig at the discontinuation of scholarship scheme for students, he promised to get all the children best possible education at the Government cost when his party comes to power. All parents would be given Rs.500 per child when they send them for studies to school or colleges, he assured the villagers.
He said he had been bringing all the problems of the farmers to the notice of the Centre and Prime Minister either meeting him directly or through letters, but unfortunately the importance YSR gave to farming, education and health of people, this Government was not continuing, he added.
There were hundreds of people thronging at each village and everyone tried to shake hands with him. Some couples made him bless their kids. He addressed a large public meeting at Kaikaluru.
Jagan promises the best education to children at the Government cost
‘Parents will be given Rs.500 per child when they send them for studies'