§ 104E-5. Definitions.
Unless a different meaning is required by the context, the following terms as used in this Chapter shall have the meanings hereinafter respectively ascribed to them:
(1) "Agreement materials" means those materials licensed by the State under agreement with the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission and which include by-product, source or special nuclear materials in a quantity not sufficient to form a critical mass, as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended.
(2) "Agreement state" means any state which has consummated an agreement with the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission under the authority of section 274 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended, as authorized by compatible state legislation providing for acceptance by that state of licensing authority for agreement materials and the discontinuance of such licensing activities by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
(3) "Atomic energy" means all forms of energy released in the course of nuclear fission or nuclear fusion or other atomic transformations.
(4) "By-product material" means any radioactive material, except special nuclear material, yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material.
(5) "Commission" means the Radiation Protection Commission.
(6) "Department" means the Department of Health and Human Services.
(7) "Emergency" means any condition existing outside the bounds of nuclear operating sites owned or licensed by a federal agency, and further any condition existing within or outside of the jurisdictional confines of a facility licensed by the Department and arising from the presence of by-product material, source material, special nuclear materials, or other radioactive materials, which is endangering or could reasonably be expected to endanger the health and safety of the public, or to contaminate the environment.
(7a) "Engineered barrier" means a man-made structure or device that is intended to improve a disposal facility's ability to meet (i) the performance objectives of Subpart C, Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations Part 61 in effect on 1 January 1987, (ii) other requirements set out in G.S. 104E-25, and (iii) requirements of rules adopted by the Commission under this Chapter.
(8) "General license" means a license effective pursuant to regulations promulgated under the provisions of this Chapter without the filing of an application to transfer, acquire, own, possess, or use quantities of, or devices or equipment utilizing by-product, source, special nuclear materials, or other radioactive materials occurring naturally or produced artificially.
(9) "Ionizing radiation" means gamma rays and x-rays, alpha and beta particles, high speed electrons, protons, neutrons, and other nuclear particles; but not sound or radio waves, or visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light.
(9a) "Low-level radioactive waste" means low-level radioactive waste as defined in the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985, Pub. L. 99-240, 99 Stat. 1842, 42 U.S.C. 2021b et seq. and other waste, including waste containing naturally occurring and accelerator produced radioactive material, which is not regulated by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission or other agency of the federal government and which is determined to be low-level radioactive waste by the North Carolina Radiation Protection Commission.
(9b) "Low-level radioactive waste facility" means a facility for the storage, collection, processing, treatment, recycling, recovery, or disposal of low-level radioactive waste.
(9c) "Low-level radioactive waste disposal facility" means any low-level radioactive waste facility or any portion of such facility, including land, buildings, and equipment, which is used or intended to be used for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste on or in land in accordance with rules promulgated under this Chapter.
(10) "Nonionizing radiation" means radiation in any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum not defined as ionizing radiation, including, but not limited to, such sources as laser, maser or microwave devices.
(11) "Person" means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, agency, political subdivision of this State, any other state or political subdivision or agency thereof, and any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing, other than the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or any successor thereto, and other than federal government agencies licensed by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or any successor thereto.
(12) "Radiation" means gamma rays and x-rays, alpha and beta particles, high speed electrons, protons, neutrons, and other nuclear particles, and electromagnetic radiation consisting of associated and interacting electric and magnetic waves including those with frequencies between three times 10 to the eighth power cycles per second and three times 10 to the twenty-fourth power cycles per second and wavelengths between one times 10 to the minus fourteenth power centimeters and 100 centimeters.
(13) "Radiation machine" means any device designed to produce or which produces radiation or nuclear particles when the associated control devices of the machine are operated.
(14) "Radioactive material" means any solid, liquid, or gas which emits ionizing radiation spontaneously.
(14a) "Shallow land burial" means disposal of low-level radioactive waste in subsurface trenches without the additional confinement of the waste as described in G.S. 104E-25.
(14b) "Secretary" means the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
(15) "Source material" means (i) uranium, thorium, or any other material which the Department declares to be source material after the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or any successor thereto has determined the material to be such; or (ii) ores containing one or more of the foregoing materials, in such concentration as the Department declares to be source material after the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or any successor thereto, has determined the material in such concentration to be source material.
(16) "Special nuclear material" means (i) plutonium, uranium 233, uranium 235, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the Department declares to be special nuclear material after the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or any successor thereto, has determined the material to be such, but does not include source material; or (ii) any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing, but does not include source material.
(17) "Specific license" means a license, issued after application, to use, manufacture, produce, transfer, receive, acquire, own or process quantities of, or devices or equipment utilizing by-product, source, special nuclear materials, or other radioactive materials occurring naturally or produced artificially. Nothing in this Chapter shall require the licensing of individual natural persons involved in the use of radiation machines or radioactive materials for medical diagnosis or treatment.
(18) Repealed by Session Laws 1987, c. 850, s. 3. (1975, c. 718, s. 1; 1981, c. 704, s. 8; 1987, c. 633, ss. 1-4; c. 850, s. 3; 1989, c. 727, s. 219(16); 1993, c. 501, s. 2.1; 1995, c. 504, s. 4; 1997-443, s. 11A.119(a); 2011-145, s. 13.3(ccc); 2015-241, s. 14.30(v); 2015-264, s. 54(a).)


AFS is an abbreviation turn auxiliary lighting system. AFS system has three forms:
1 / turn headlights form, that is, within the headlight lamps can be rotated around 8 ° to 15 ° lighting turn a corner.
2 / the use of independent cornering light system, that is, there is a fixed light bulb according to the corners, turn automatically when lit.
3 / fog lights to turn around when the use of lighting, the time corresponding to the curved inside of the fog lights turn on, lighting turn a corner.
I believe friends of the family car at night turn the importance of lighting has a profound experience, when the night was driving in a large arc of the curve or in the absence of street lighting on the mountain, the curve inside the blind spot of light and vision area of the driver and passengers in the car is there is a significant security concerns, threatening the safety of driving at night.
To solve this problem, AFS-(Adaptive Front Lighting System) initiative steering headlight lighting system on this Ting students. Active steering headlight lighting system (Adaptive Front Lighting System, Adaptive Headlights), mainly in the headlamps group or base-mounted rear steering motor, turning the steering wheel when driving, when the computer will collect speed and steering wheel angle signal, and then send control commands to the steering group headlights horse Ta, make it with the actual vehicle turning left and right cornering dynamics and real-time adjustments, so that light beam focused on driving the route, so that drivers can clearly see the front of the vehicle soon after the bend on the road.
AFS technology and in turn to each depot on the mechanism is not nearly the same to Ford (Fu Special) Focus, for example, the AFS in the speed of 3km below, caused by light in order to avoid trouble on the drive to the lane, only to the right start . In the 3km / h or more, will automatically start up to 14 degrees left and right turn. BMW (BMW) active steering headlights will automatically adjust the speed of light as the length of lighting, below 50km per hour urban pattern, more scattering of light will allow motorists to see both sides of the road ; the highway mode, the light will increase the length of exposure, to help drivers see farther ahead. When the fog lights on while driving (speed higher than 70km), light intensity and increase the lighting will increase the width of the range, to provide better sight. AFS may also combine the future mine Ta system, night vision systems and other advanced electronic equipment, to provide more information for the vehicle or combination of GPS signals to provide bend on the road in front of the change to help more precise control of the computer set up with lighting.
In addition, there is a steering auxiliary lighting system the main headlights is fixed, this shift is the same as auxiliary lighting system at night to illuminate the blind spot area curve designed. Active headlights turn with the biggest difference is the lighting system provides illumination of the main headlights driving at night does not rotate, but in the vicinity of the main headlights and then set up a secondary light, transferred to original factory settings when the angle of the steering wheel angle value This auxiliary lights will be turned in order to provide traditional fixed headlights in the corners on the blind spot area lighting.
No matter what kind of steering auxiliary lighting system, the objective is to increase safety while driving, but these systems only an auxiliary, not a panacea and can not absolutely ensure the safety of the crew, therefore, only to develop good driving habits and Tak Road, exact compliance with traffic rules, pay attention to traffic conditions and do regular maintenance and inspection of vehicles is the only way to truly secure
AFS can also be more advanced night vision system with advanced electronic technology, the greater the expansion of lighting performance for the vehicle to provide a more user-friendly lighting effects.
In the future development, AFS system not only to the current state of the environment analysis and processing, combined with the GPS signal to provide changes in the road ahead, the AFS system with ability to foresee in advance to make the appropriate light distribution pattern is the AFS system development trends, But no matter how technology advances to improve the safety of the vehicle traveling at night is always the AFS system is designed.
A large number of high-end collection of the AFS system, information transmission, processing and control unit to form a more complex structure, the current penetration is not very high, hoping that with AFS technology continues after the improvement and development of more models can be used to more people to enjoy the advanced technology to bring security and convenience.
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0.46 Carat 14K Solid Yellow Gold For Your Eyes Peridot Diamond Ring
Whether looking for a beautiful birthstone ring or a piece that is appropriate for everyday wear, this 14k solid gold ring with diamonds and peridot is a beautiful piece of fine jewelry that should be in every collection. A .45 carat oval shaped peridot stands out with its beautiful hue. A simple solid gold band lets the gem be the star of this piece. Two round diamonds, one on each side of the band, are placed perfectly to draw attention to the stunning peridot gemstone. This ring is ideal to wear anytime for any woman who appreciates beautiful pieces of jewelry.

domain: artistic


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Yin yang nails have been a really popular nail trend recently! This timeless symbol, representing balance and harmony, has made a stunning leap into the realm of nail art, becoming a beloved trend for those who adore a blend of meaning and style in their manicure.
The History and Symbolism of Yin Yang
Originating from Taoist philosophy, the yin yang symbol embodies the concept of dualism – the idea that opposite forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world. Traditionally depicted in black and white, each side contains a dot of the opposite color, symbolizing how opposing elements can coexist and complement each other. In the beauty world, yin yang nails aren’t just a fashion statement; they’re a nod to a deeper understanding of balance and aesthetics.
Yin Yang Nail Design Ideas and Inspirations:
Yin yang nails have captured the hearts of fashionistas and beauty enthusiasts alike. Instagram and Pinterest are abuzz with creative interpretations of this design, from the classic black and white patterns to more adventurous color palettes. Celebrities and influencers have also embraced this trend, showcasing everything from minimalist designs to intricate, detailed renditions. Check out the inspo below to DIY or take to your salon!
Teal & White
The serene beauty of this teal and white yin yang nail design has calming hues of oceanic teal that blend perfectly with pristine white, creating a harmonious and stylish balance on your fingertips. This elegant manicure is a fresh take on the classic symbol, offering a tranquil yet chic look ideal for those who love to combine tradition with a touch of modern flair.
Glitter Yin Yang Design
Step into the spotlight with this glittery black and white yin yang manicure, a dazzling twist on the timeless symbol that perfectly balances edgy glam with classic elegance.
Sage Green Nature Inspiration
This soothing sage green tip with delicate white flowers is so stunning, symbolizing peace and natural elegance in every stroke.
Purple Yin Yang Nails
Say hello to your new nail obsession: our white and purple yin yang design, blending whimsical purple vibes with classic white.
Yin Yang Nails Coffin
Classy and balanced coffin nails!
Pink and Black
This pink and black yin yang adds a fun pop of color!
Nude Pink Yin Yang Nails
This nude/beige option is gorgeous and the delicate flowers are a beautiful touch! These will match every outfit!
DIY Nail Art at Home: You’ll need a steady hand, a fine brush, and your favorite nail colors. Start with a base coat of the lightest color in your design. If you are doing black and white, then paint your whole nail white first then paint the darker black over the white. You can use a smaller nail art brush for the small circles. Finish with a top coat for a lasting, glossy look. If you want a shortcut, you could get nail stickers like these below:
Yin Yang for Different Occasions:
- Casual Chic: Go for subtle color combinations for an everyday look that speaks volumes about your style.
- Elegant Affairs: Use metallic or glossy finishes for a more formal touch.
- Bold Statements: Experiment with neon colors or intricate patterns for special events where you want your nails to be the conversation starter.
These ideas offer a unique way to express personal style while paying homage to a symbol rich in meaning and history. Whether you prefer the classic black and white or want to experiment with bold colors and patterns, yin yang nails are a versatile choice for any occasion. So why not embrace this trend and find the perfect balance on your fingertips?

domain: beauty


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The Jammu and Kashmir Government on Thursday evening winded up Jammu and Kashmir State Vigilance Commission constituted under Jammu and Kashmir State Vigilance Commission Act 2011.
According to government order no 514- JK (GAD) 2020 dated 30.04.2020, pursuant to the repeal of Jammu and Kashmir Vigilance Commission Act 2011 in terms of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of State laws), order 2020, sanction hereby accorded to windup State Vigilance Commission.
As per the order, all the staff posted in the Vigilance Commission should report to their respective departments.
The staff drawn from various corporations, PSUs, organizations and posted in Vigilance Commission have also been asked to report to the department and organisation concerned.
It said that a committee comprising of Financial Advisor / CAO and under-secretary posted in the commission shall handover the record, electronic equipment, books and other miscellaneous items to Director Anti-Corruption Bureau of Jammu and Kashmir for the safe custody of the records.
“The building of commission shall be handed over to Director Estates along with the furniture items and Gensets, “ it reads.
The above mentioned committed shall also handover the vehicles of commission to Director JK Motor Garages, reads the order issued by GAD.

domain: news


You’d be hard-pressed to find someone, not already in the know, to identify the band that released Kill ‘Em All as the same band that released Hardwired…To Self-Destruct.
The fast-paced speed metal of Metallica’s debut album Kill ‘Em All introduced a whole new genre of music quickly separating itself from the heavy metal of the day. But, Metallica embraced more of a harder edge to hard rock not too many years later as singer James Hetfield replaced the almost screamo style vocals on Kill ‘Em All and several follow-up albums, for the tone and range displayed on 1991’s eponymous Black Album that carries through to this day. Though his vocals did begin a noticeable change for 1988’s …And Justice for All from the higher pitched spit on prior albums.
Though age would have prevented Hetfield from keeping up with his earlier style anyway, he took vocal lessons after experiencing issues during a performance of the cover song “So What?” during the Black Album tour which the timeline indicates he had already started the vocal change prior to the eponymous Metallica album that coincidentally brought the band fully out of the garage and into the mainstream.
(Whew, now that’s a long sentence!)
Kill ‘Em All remains a landmark album for thrash metal music and while many old school fans lament over the band’s departure from the genre, the music of Metallica arguably hasn’t drifted too far from those early head-banging years. Granted, some hits played on radio today bear little in common with the speed and dynamics spilled out on Kill ‘Em All.
Much of Metallica from 1983 remains in the band 40 years later. Hetfield holds down the mic, Lars Ulrich works behind the kit and Kirk Hammet leads on guitar. Cliff Burton was tragically lost in a bus accident in 1986 while the band was on tour in Sweden. Dave Mustaine, the original guitarist for Metallica until he was kicked out for drug and alcohol abuse and replaced by Hammett, wrote three of the songs on Kill ‘Em All. Mustaine went on to sobriety and founded competing metal band Megadeth.
The ambitiousness of Kill ‘Em All cannot be understated. Unlike the quick and fast tempos of hardcore punk that used relatively simple chords with songs barely hitting the three minute mark, Metallica took this a few steps further by building on those fast and aggressive tempos with more complex playing, time signature changes and adding length. Well, at least Metallica did. The 10-song Kill ‘Em All stretches more than 50 minutes with every song, except one, exceeding more than four minutes, two passing the six minute mark and one seven minutes. This long form approach to songwriting did not change all that much as Metallica gained mainstream success, either.
Metallica Kill ‘Em All Album Review
Hang on for the ride because if you want heavy, hard and fast, Kill ‘Em All delivers the goods. It all sounds the same – something your mom and dad might say – and though the head-banging riffs no doubt use similar chords as a driving back drop, you get a lot more intricacies in this album than you might think.
Kill ‘Em All drops the gate with an open throttle on “Hit the Lights” right after the opening bars that sound more like the wrap-up of a concert. An interesting approach to the start but once Hammett rails the guitar he doesn’t let up. A rocker for sure as Hetfield adds to the high energy octane on the mic.
What you hear is what you get for the next 45 minutes.
The seven minute “The Four Horseman” follows with even more going on musically and in many respects offers an outline of how Metallica would tackle future masterpieces. Hard hitting, long jams, varying guitar solos, and well-done tempo changes that don’t interrupt the flow keep this one in the hearts and minds of the Metallica faithful, and Mustaine who co-wrote.
“Motorbreath” the shortest song on the album counters the rest with a bit less intensity and a more straight forward beat. “Jump in the Fire,” the second co-written by Mustaine, moves along tirelessly with Hammett throwing down two solos, the second a more thorough contribution. The only oddball of the bunch comes with Burton’s bass instrumental for “(Anesthesia) – Pulling Teeth” though Ulrich joins on drums about midway. A unique sound for sure, reportedly recorded in one take, and Burton employs a variety of effects. “Whiplash” closes the first side of the album with an opening minute that should help explain the essence of heavy metal. That salvo could go on for a while and not get old.
Well, the second half of Kill ‘Em All loses some luster, illustrating the “it all sounds the same” mantra. Each song does have its own overall melody but you can probably take a short section of every track and find a similar pattern and rhythm.
“Phantom Lord” opens in typical pace but Metallica hits the breaks midway through, similar to the slow build up on future classic “Master of Puppets,” but without the same result. Hammett lays down some solid solos for “No Remorse” but like “Phantom Lord” follows a similar guitar riff throughout before picking up an even faster pace to close the final minute or so.
“Seek and Destroy” holds its own a bit from the rest starting with a Hammett solo before settling in with the recurrent heavy metal riff but another breakout solo halfway suspends the repetitiousness. The last Mustaine contribution in “Metal Militia” closes the album with some clear attempts to mix things up as the first half starts much like the others before Hammett drops a solo that catches you off guard then Burton takes the lead on bass before Metallica resumes control.
Heavy, repeating chords abound on Kill ‘Em All in an absorbing and damn near hypnotic head-bangers delight yet with enough transitions and progressions to prevent 50 minutes of uniformity. The breathless energy raises your pulse but you also lose the sophisticated melodies and harmonies associated with classic hard and progressive rock. No doubt, playing at this level requires some serious dexterity and endurance.
The first half of Kill ‘Em All showed a finesse to thrash metal proving the validity of the genre but the second half relied too much on the usual form while trying to show otherwise as Metallica almost seemed to realize this song sounds a bit like this one, and that one, so let’s try this.
Debut Album Grade: A-
Overall Grade: B
Metallica Kill ‘Em All Songs:
- Hit the Lights
- The Four Horsemen
- Jump In the Fire
- (Anesthesia) – Pulling Teeth
- Phantom Lord
- No Remorse
- Seek & Destroy
- Metal Militia
7 thoughts on “Debut Album Review: Metallica – Kill ‘Em All”
I really do prefer the lower voiced James.
I think I do too
Cool write up on this debut. Almost a game changer to a certain extent. Hetfield really honed his chops in the lyrical side of things after this album. When I need a good boost of adrenalin when I’m out biking this thrash Tallica does the trick.
Great stuff. I didn’t get in to them until The Black album so I prefer that style the most and only appreciate this one.
your not alone. I think there are two camps pre Black and black album forward with …and justice for all blurring the lines. ride the lightning and Master were my favorites of their first three.
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A little Fortnite change coming in Season 2 is large for makers yet potentially considerably greater for the game.
Fortnite Chapter 2 brought genuine music into the game just because. The main tune we got was called ‘Excitement’ by Konata Small, which was the presentation melody for Chapter 2.
Obviously, as everybody likely knows at this point, Epic added an exemplary image to Fortnite this previous week. Rick Astley’s ‘Never Gonna Give You Up’ will be latched onto our subconscious minds for the remainder of Fortnite’s life expectancy.
The latter addition, specifically, left a lot of creators wondering what they could do for their videos. The song is copyrighted, after all, which means your video will get video claimed on YouTube if an enemy Rick Rolls you.
- Read More: Fortnite Season 2 Teasers point us back to Season 4
On February 19, the day before Epic released Fortnite Season 2, the Fortnite Status account tweeted a small change that will come with the next season.
The update is small on its surface but has a massively positive impact on Fortnite content creators. Now, players can choose to mute Licensed Emote music in their games.

domain: game


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Kid Beowulf: The Rise of El Cid
This book is about a guy named Rodrigo, who became known as El Cid. He is real. This takes place about a thousand years ago in Spain. His girlfriend’s dad was Count Gormaz, the King’s champion. Rodrigo goes to war in Pamplona to get the approval of Gormaz for marriage. They win the battle. Gormaz wants to kill the unconscious enemies, but Rodrigo doesn’t think it is honorable. They fight, and Rodrigo accidentally kills him. He is put on trial and exiled. His girlfriend gets a group together to kill Rodrigo. Rodrigo fights more battles. He becomes a legend. Meanwhile Kid Beowulf and Grendel are in some of the same places, but they probably weren’t there in real life.
The prologue is a poem about Rodrigo’s life. The “More to Explore” was helpful and informative. It has a map, information, character name pronunciation, Spanish fencing, origins of the poem, and more.
This is the third book in the series. It’s a graphic novel. It would make sense for someone who hasn’t read the other two books. There is less Kid Beowulf in this one. I don’t think that changes it much. This book was a little confusing. I learned a lot. Hama is always my favorite character. People who want to learn more about ancient Spanish history may like this book. I’m definitely going to read the next one.
|Author||Alexis E. Fajardo|
|Page Count||256 pages|
|Publisher||Andrews McMeel Publishing|
|Amazon||Buy this Book|

domain: library


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In an interview with Der Spiegel, reported by Petroleum World yesterday, OPEC Secretary-General Abdalla Salem el-Badri fielded questions on a wide range of energy-related issues. At one point the dialogue turned to nuclear energy and the technology needed for it:
"SPIEGEL: How do you feel about the international resurgence of nuclear energy? Does nuclear power belong in the energy mix of industrialized countries?
El-Badri : As long as safety can be guaranteed -- why not?
SPIEGEL: You're not convinced that modern nuclear power plants are safe?
El-Badri : It's an extremely dangerous technology. As we have seen in Chernobyl, even a single accident can have devastating consequences.
SPIEGEL: And yet countries rich in natural resources, like Iran and your native Libya, are investing heavily in nuclear technology. Tripoli has just placed an order with the French for a nuclear power plant.
El-Badri : Before this technology can benefit Libya, it will have to train many specialists and it will require a great deal of technology transfer".


Article supplied by Avo New Zealand’s General Manager Sales & Marketing, Daniel Hurley.
Energy costs are a major part of the operating expenditure for any plant or facility, and in almost every case, electric motors are among the largest consumers of energy. Properly implemented testing and monitoring of motor performance, which will help to improve reliability and extend the life of motors, is therefore an excellent investment, as it will reduce overall operating costs.
To be truly effective, condition monitoring must include not only tests like vibration analysis, oil analysis and thermography, which mainly detect mechanical problems, but also structured testing regimes for electrical faults. All too often, other than the basic tests, electrical testing is deemed unnecessary. This is unfortunate as studies have shown time and again that after bearing failure, electrical winding faults are the most common mode of motor failure. A structured electrical testing regime is, therefore, not simply an optional extra – it’s a vital requirement for achieving plant reliability.
The insulation resistance test – which is often called a Megger test: after the trademarked name of one of the most popular instruments used to perform it – has long been the tool of choice for engineers, and this simple test is often the only electrical test performed on a motor. There’s no doubt that this test has a valid role, but it is simply not capable of detecting all of the faults that can occur within the windings of a motor.
Let us now look in more detail at electrical tests that should form part of an effective motor condition monitoring program.
Static motor tests
Static, or offline, motor tests should ideally be carried out in the sequence shown below:
- Winding resistance test – This test is used to detect loose connections and dead shorts.
- Insulation resistance (Megger) test – this test will show if the motor is wet or contaminated, or if it has a dead short to earth. An insulation resistance test cannot, however, confirm that a motor is in good condition, as it does not test the entire insulation system.
- Polarization Index (PI) test – the PI test is a 10 minute test that is used to measure/quantify (interfacial) polarisation effects occurring in the ground wall insulation of a motor or generator.
- DC Step voltage test – This test is typically performed at twice line voltage plus 1,000 volts. The voltage is increased in steps – ideally five steps or more – and the leakage current plotted. Good insulation to earth will show a linear plot whereas a non-linear plot suggests contamination or an insulation weakness at that voltage. A DC step voltage test provides considerably more information than a DC hipot test (see next point) and is therefore recommended for in-service motors.
- The hipot test simply applies a voltage, measures leakage current and calculates insulation resistance. If the insulation resistance is higher than the accepted minimum, the motor passes.
- Surge test – This final test is used to verify the turn-to-turn, coil-to-coil and phase-to-phase insulation condition and is typically performed at twice line voltage plus 1,000 volts. It can detect weak insulation both between phases and within one phase, dead shorts, loose connections, and unbalances caused by incorrect winding. When motors start and stop, high voltage spikes are generated and, over time, these spikes can damage winding insulation, as can the effects of heat, contamination, and the movement of the windings due to magnetic forces they experience during motor starting. Of all the tests described, the surge test is the only method of detecting the resulting weakness in turn-to-turn insulation. As studies have shown, 80% of electrical failures start as turn-to-turn weakness, making it clear that surge testing is essential if incipient winding faults are to be detected before they lead to complete failure of the motor.
Why test at high voltages?
Questions are frequently asked about the voltages applied to motors during testing. Why, for example, should a 415V motor be subjected to a 2,000V test? The answer relates to the large voltage spikes that motors see during starting and stopping. A typical 415V motor, particularly if it is started direct online, can see voltage spikes of up to 2,000V. To ensure motor reliability, therefore, testing needs to be carried out at similar voltage levels. International standards, including those from the IES, IEEE, NEMA and EASA, apply to all of these tests.
Electric motors are the almost indefatigable workhorses of industry and modern motors are exceptionally reliable. Nevertheless, when a motor does fail without warning, consequences can be costly and disruptive. Condition monitoring provides insurance against such failures, by giving advance warning of developing fault conditions. This gives time to plan the required maintenance or motor replacement. To be truly effective, however, condition monitoring must include ‘the missing link’ – electrical tests.


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text:
Green Oak Leaf Lettuce
I’m ready to pick!
Mild and soft tasting lettuce.
Remove leaves with a knife as required from the base in order to let the smaller leaves at the top of the plant continue to grow.
I take a minimum of 60 days to be ready for harvest!
Please be mindful that this garden is a shared space.
Kindly only pick what you will consume at the time of harvest

domain: hobby


text:
Good article. The BBC ran an experiment that was the subject of a TV program on memory (it was years ago and I don’t remember the title of the program unfortunately). They had 10 people in the studio ostensibly for an entirely different reason; at lunch everyone went to the nearby pub for a drink and something to eat. During lunch an event was staged which was entirely unexpected by the 10 participants. The 10 were afterward asked to describe what happened. Needless to say, all 10 descriptions were different and none were accurate.
In general however TV and movies continue to propagate the very misleading and potentially dangerous idea that memory is like a videotape: unerring in capturing details and amenable to being replayed with perfect fidelity sometime later. In reality our memories are partial, highly fallible, and easily manipulated.

domain: psychology


text:
Table of Contents
1. Be here now
Wise people are attuned to the present moment. Mindful awareness comes naturally to them after years of practice. They know that infinite possibilities arise from being mindful and present. If one is not paying attention, dangers can cause havoc and opportunities can be ignored or allowed to pass by. When one does pay attention, everything becomes one’s teacher.
Wise people also know that the past and the future are illusions. One can strive for a goal via deliberate actions in the present moment, but if one is lost in the goal itself, one ceases to be present, and loses the power to influence the future. The future is built on the quality of one’s actions in the present moment.
2. Perception is everything
All perception is subjective. The wisest people find value and learning in all things. This is not false bravado or forced positive thinking – it is completely authentic, as a truly wise person genuinely understands probability and risk, and sees potential where others see nothing.
A wise person knows that even from empty mud, one can grow a farm or a forest if the right seeds are planted. New solutions are always bubbling forward from a basic positive position of being completely realistic, and completely optimistic. Optimism has been learned via experience, in what some call “learned optimism.”
3. Be grateful for what you have
When one wants something more, one can’t fully enjoy what one already has, one is always seeking and yearning on a perpetual treadmill. Wise people know how to stop, be still and breathe, appreciating the view from the top of the mountain.
Wise people enjoy the sunset because they know they have worked the whole day to arrive at this Solo Travelers, which will not last indefinitely.
Life is constantly changing, and when the fruits of one’s success arrive, a wise person knows that celebrating and enjoying those fruits is essential to their souls.
4. Be patient and know the value of time
Wise people understand and use time discerningly as they know from experience when the seasons are changing, when they need to sow, and when they need to reap. Wise people are patient – they know the value of compound interest, and the results one obtains from repeated actions.
When one goes to shake a mango tree trying to get the mangoes to fall, it will lead to frustration. Wise people are effective and act strategically to get the results they seek.
When one is still, what one is watching is still too. Wise people don’t chase stuff for the sake of acquisition.
Wise people know that it doesn’t only count what one attains. The measure of a wise person is what they let go of – how did they leave the world a better place.
5. Follow the middle path
The Buddha taught this as a directive for living. Although in most cases, common-sense dictates how one responds to life, the wisest people have an innate sense of balance, attention to detail and understanding of the big picture which guides and supports their behaviour throughout their lives.
Mostly, wise people will always take the middle path of moderation in all things.
6. Be impeccable with your word in conduct and understanding
In the Toltec wisdom book, The Four Agreements, Don Miguel Ruiz’s first agreement is to be impeccable with your word.
Ruiz defines it thusly – “Impeccability means ‘without sin.’ Impeccable comes from the Latin pectus, which means ‘sin.’ The ‘im’ in impeccable means ‘without,’ so impeccable means ‘without sin.’
A sin is something that is against ur will and you know it is wrong and you still do it.
Wise people take responsibility for their words, deeds and actions, yet do so without judging or blaming themselves for getting it wrong. They are absolutely in tune with themselves and the world.
A wise person places a high value on their word, and hence impeccability – they follow a code of ethical conduct and value the highest standards in behaviour and propriety.
7. Trust your own judgment
A wise person relies on his own inner wisdom and experience. Independent thinking means leading and not following.
When one only contemplates, one can come to understand the nature of things. Yet, too much-thinking clouds judgment and wisdom in practical affairs.
Thoughts are signposts – point out where things are. They are not the things themselves. A sign for a toilet tells you where to go. An intellectual makes the mistake of confusing the signpost for the thing itself.
Many people make a mistake “learning how to think” with wisdom. They can be stupid in life, because they rely on intellectual ideas more than real experience, lived experience.
Step into the world – that’s where wisdom comes from. Learning how to feel, to really see things how they are, instead of commenting on them (thinking).
Wise people experience the world for themselves and have learnt to be masters via experience. They step into the world and in learning to be skilful, they obtain wisdom. They do not believe something just because it is taught by an authority – rather a wise person is his own authority.
8. Learn from your mistakes
Wise people reframe their experiences to see the value and the learning in disappointments. Every failure carries the seed of success. Thomas Edison knew that every failed attempt was a step closer to discovering the light bulb.
Getting lost can be a great adventure – it can also lead us somewhere even better than our original destination. Wise people are willing to get lost on purpose.
A wise person all seeks the learning in is experiences, so that next time, he may get even better.
9. Know the value of good health
Wise people know that there is a limitation placed on time and energy. Personal power, longevity, happiness and productivity is enhanced by good health.
Wise people dedicate time and effort to improving and building their Qi (energy). The Tao masters were after immortality. All the great martial arts traditions from Tai Chi to Karate focus on understanding health and increasing energy and power.
Wise people live longer. The habits of wise people will always include a high value placed on life. Wise people value life itself.
10. Contribute to society
Wise people give and share with others, as they know that what matters is not just what they can take, but also what they can give – for all things need to be in balance. They also give without expectation of reward.
Wise people understand the value of purpose.
They know that they are a part of the world. Just as a bee has a purpose, so too, do all people have a purpose.

domain: philosophy


text:
Atlantic Records released Music inspired by the film: Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls, in stores and online on January 16, 2007. Among the highlights of the album is "Family First," the first-ever recording by the Houston Family -- Whitney Houston, Dionne Warwick, and Cissy Houston. The song "Can't Let You Go" by Anthony Hamilton is not on the soundtrack. Also, the song "Beautiful" by Meshell Ndegeocello is featured in the movie.
Parents need to know that this Little Giants is a 1994 football-themed movie in which Rick Moranis decides to stand up to his arrogant brother, a football legend in their town (played by Ed O'Neill), and field a Pee Wee League team of his own when his daughter, who's better at football than any of the other kids, isn't picked by O'Neill because she's a girl. There's some iffy and puerile humor throughout the movie, including a recurring joke revolving around a heavier-set boy's tendency to pass loud and stinky gas at timely and untimely moments, another boy who blows bubbles of mucous out of his nostrils, and some childish name-calling on the order of "dork" and "losers." There's also some bullying -- bigger kids give a smaller boy a "wedgie," and the daughter chases these bullies with her go-cart, causing them to lose control of their bikes and fall into a creek. Adults occasionally use profanity on the order of "pissed," "crap," and "for Christ's sake." On two occasions, crotch injuries are comedic punch lines. The movie also shows the first stirrings of tween attraction between the daughter and the heroic quarterback. Overall, despite the detours into immature humor, the movie upholds some positive messages -- namely that playing sports for fun, doing your best, and working as a team take precedence over winning at nearly all costs and excluding everyone (even talented girls who express an interest in sports) but the very best from playing.
This is a formulaic yet good-natured football yarn for those who haven't seen the story of nerds triumphing over jocks many times before. The predictable big-game showdown, the bumbling practice antics, the coach falling for one of the team moms -- these are just some of the elements lifted directly from The Mighty Ducks franchise. Inconceivably, this project required the efforts of four writers. What could they have been doing? Watching and stealing from every movie in the genre? Of course, the reason we see this formula over and over again is it seems to work -- audiences eat it up.
To be fair, there are some humorous bits in Little Giants. The no-neck Neanderthal Spike, who only refers to himself in the third person, is fun to watch, saying things such as, "Spike is going to tear you apart!" The go-cart scene one-ups the rollerblading chase from D2. And Ed O'Neill's Kevin is just nasty enough to make you really dislike him. The movie's message, even if recited by rote, is a good one: Teamwork and inclusion are important.
What are some other examples of sports movies in which "scrappy underdogs" improve at a sport, learn teamwork and good sportsmanship, and find a way to beat the team everyone thinks is going to win? What do you think is the appeal of these movies?
Parents need to know that A Little Princess is based on the classic novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett about an imaginative young girl who attends a strict girls' school. There's some war violence, including images of war with dead men strewn about trenches and explosions in the background. Her father is presumed dead, and much of the movie concerns Sara's struggles as a now-destitute orphan. Sara is a remarkable character, however. She always sticks up for herself and others and captivates all the schoolgirls with her imaginative stories, and encourages them to believe in themselves as she tells them that "all girls are princesses." Sara's retellings of the stories of Prince Rama and Princess Sita contain some monstrous imagery that might be scary for younger and more sensitive viewers. Some moments of bad behavior from little girls, including a girl who throws loud temper tantrums, and a snotty girl who acts superior and is shown dipping the hair of an unpopular girl into her ink well.
Based on the book by Frances Hodgson Burnett published in 1905, Alfonso Cuaron's adaptation has an appealing combination of magic, drama, boarding school bullies, and a resilient orphan. This probably made Cuaron a shoe-in for the job of directing the third Harry Potter movie a few years later.
Parents need to know that Stuart Little is a 1999 movie loosely based on the E. B. White book about a kindly couple who adopt a sweet mouse who faces danger from the house cat and his feline friends, as well as a pair of duplicitous mice, as he tries to get accustomed to his new life. While on the whole this is a sweet movie, there are some moments of iffy humor, including cat flatulence and a cat joking about licking himself. There is more profanity than you would think for a family movie: "damn" and "hell" plus plenty of mild mean words and phrases such as "shut up" and "loser." There are also some moments of peril, as Stuart is in constant danger from the cats who do not want to accept him as being part of his adoptive family. In fact, cat lovers might take exception to the movie's depiction of cats as being little more than selfish and hateful murderers, even as the house cat finds some bit of redemption later in the movie. As the movie addresses the issue of adoption and the emotional transitions parents and kids face, adoptive and foster families may want to think carefully about whether the themes will be upsetting or reassuring to their children.
This is a terrific movie for families who can overlook the potty humor and profanity. Stuart, created entirely through computer graphics, is perfectly integrated into the live action, especially the exciting boat race and chase sequences. The script by M. Night Shyamalan does not talk down to kids and has some genuine insights about sibling rivalry, the fear of failure, and family.
Parents need to know that Little Miss Sunshine is a hilarious but mature family road trip movie. It includes sexual slang and references to drugs, mostly by the grandfather. Gay and straight pornographic magazines (only the covers are shown) and a comedic striptease figure into the plot. Characters discuss depression and suicide (Uncle Frank has cut his wrists before the movie starts; his bandages are visible). There are conversations about "winning" and "losing," as measured by financial success. A character dies about halfway through the film; the family wraps up his body and carries it in their van to their destination. Characters curse (several "f--k"s), and the mother smokes a couple of cigarettes.
The Hoover family decides to make the trip from Albuquerque to Southern California after starry-eyed daughter Olive (Abigail Breslin) unexpectedly scores a spot in the regional Little Miss Sunshine beauty pageant. The whole clan -- sunny Olive; anxious mom Sheryl (Toni Collette); aspiring motivational speaker dad Richard (Greg Kinnear); feisty, drug-using Grandpa (Alan Arkin); cynical teen Dwyane (Paul Dano); and gay, suicidal Proust scholar Uncle Frank (Steve Carell) -- piles into their old yellow Volkswagen bus (which has become the movie's signature image) and hits the road. Naturally, that road is full of all kinds of obstacles -- including car trouble, lots of bickering, and even an unexpected death. But in the process of working together to help Olive make it to the pageant, the Hoovers come to understand each other anew ... or at least appreciate the fact that no one else could possibly understand them except each other.
This is a delightful film with a funny, tight script. It's true that the family road trip comedy isn't exactly a new genre; nor are quirky indie movies about dysfunctional families all that hard to come by. But somehow LITTLE MISS SUNSHINE manages to combine the two into something fresh, engaging, and often hilarious -- with a dash of "aw shucks" poignancy to boot. There's nothing radically new in terms of storytelling or character development, but the film nonetheless succeeds, thanks in part to its excellent cast (husband-and-wife directors Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris lucked out, casting Carell just before he hit it really big with The 40-Year-Old Virgin). There aren't any wasted moments in this movie; even the smallest action -- Frank buying the dirty magazines, for example -- turns out to matter down the line.
6. SoulThis movie from Pixar and Disney follows jazz musician and teacher Joe as he travels from life to the Great Before (instead of the Great Beyond). He's not ready for his life to be over, so he's determined to make it home. The first-rate cast including Jaime Foxx and Tina Fey, the amazing animation, and the wonderful music are just a few of the reasons to love this movie for kids.
17. The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)A perfect movie for the littlest film-goers, this endearing film follows A.A. Milne's classic bear as he bumbles about Hundred Acre Wood learning lessons on friendship. There's no offensive or scary content in the film, which makes it great for younger kids.
19. The Muppet Movie (1979)Way before Jason Segel starred in the 2011 Muppet movie, there was The Muppet Movie, which goes way, way back to before Kermit the Frog was in show business. Fans of those classic fuzzy puppets will love watching this origin story.
23. Home Alone (1990)This perfect Christmas movie will give your tots a movie dose of bravery, when it comes to being by themselves, as they watch a smart-aleck eight-year-old defend his home from a pair of bumbling burglars. Note: There is some sibling squabbling that isn't all that nice.
25. Spider-Man (2002)If you're looking for a good starter superhero movie, this 2002 origin story follows Peter Parker (Toby Maguire) as he gets bitten by a radioactive spider and becomes the witty hero we all know and love. Some explosions and tense Green Goblin moments may frighten sensitive viewers, but most tweens will love every bit of it. 041b061a72


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Why Don’t U.S. Women Live Longer?
Over the past 25 years, female life expectancy at older ages has been rising in the United States at a slower pace than has been achieved in many other high-income countries, such as France, Italy, and Japan. Consequently, the United States has been falling steadily in the world rankings for level of female life expectancy, and the gap between the United States and countries with the highest achieved life expectancies has been widening. International comparisons of various measures of self-reported health and biological markers of disease reveal similar patterns of U.S. disadvantage. The relatively poor performance of the United States over the past 25 years is surprising given that the country spends far more on health care than any other nation in the world, both absolutely and as a percentage of gross national product. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on possible causes. The panel concluded that a history of heavy smoking and current levels of obesity are two factors that are playing a substantial role in the relatively poor performance of the United States. All of the data in the following figures comes from the panel’s report Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries (National Academies Press, 2011).
U.S. women trailing in life expectancy
In 1980, women in the United States, Japan, France, and Italy who reached the age of 50 could all expect to live an additional 30-31 years. Today, women aged 50 in Japan can expect to live an additional 37 years, whereas women in the United States can expect to live only an additional 33 years.
Heart disease and lung cancer are leading culprits
International comparative analysis of cause-of-death data is complicated by variation in coding practice across countries and over time. Nevertheless, it is clear that all four countries have made significant progress in reducing certain leading causes of death such as heart disease over the past 25 years. In contrast, deaths due to lung cancer—a reliable marker of the damage from smoking—have been increasing in the United States.
U.S. women finally foregoing smoking
Three to five decades ago, smoking was much more widespread in the United States than in Europe or Japan, and the health consequences of this prior behavior are still playing out in today’s mortality rates.
It’s the cigarettes, stupid
The yellow line shows the actual trend in female life-expectancy, and the orange line represents what the trend would hypothetically look like if smoking-related mortality were removed. The difference between the two trend lines remained small until around 1975, when it began increasing rapidly. By 2005 it had grown to 2.3 years.
Obesity, the next cause for concern
Other factors, particularly the rapid rise in the level of obesity in the United States, also appear to have contributed to lagging life-expectancy in the United States, but there is still a good deal of uncertainty about the mortality consequences of obesity and how it is changing over time.

domain: statistics


text:
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By using focused ion beam lithography, high performance 1.55 μm emitting distributed Bragg reflector lasers were realized suitable for high speed optical telecommunication. Threshold currents of 8 mA and continuous wave efficiencies of 0.37 W/A for 600 μm long devices were achieved. Stable single mode emission with side mode suppression ratios of > 40 dB were observed for the entire operation range. By using 3-sectional DBR-lasers, we could increase the output power of the lasers up to 68 mW. Also we achieved a higher single mode yield with side mode suppression ratios of more than 60 dB and a higher thermal stability.

domain: physics


Clayton Fire Station 1 and 2 Addition
80 sqft addition to Fire Station 1 to house new sprinkler system and renovation to existing fire station for new sprinkler system. Fire Station 2 will be a 1,200 sqft addition including riser room, storage, and exercise room. Renovations to the existing fire station will be for installation of the new sprinkler system.
Plans (click to expand/collapse)


Linden Ave & Traymore St has a Walk Score of 85 out of 100. This location is Very Walkable so most errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in the North Park neighborhood in Buffalo. Nearby parks include Delaware Park, The Buffalo Zoo and Delaware Park.
Nearby schools include Elmwood-franklin School, Frederick Olmstead #64 Elementary School and EduKids.
The closest grocery stores are Family Mart Inc,, City Grocery and The House Of Olives Inc.
Nearby coffee shops include Romeo & Juliet's Bakery & Cafe, Tim Hortons and Dunkin' Donuts. There are 34 restaurants within a 15 minute walk including Buffalo Bagpiper for Hire, Shish Kabab Express and Denny's.
Linden Ave & Traymore St is near Delaware Park, Delaware Park and Medaille College.
There are minimal bike lanes and the terrain is flat as a pancake. Linden Ave & Traymore St is bikeable, there is some bike infrastructure.


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steil.steiler.BEINHOAT | be there in Dorfgastein
The aim is to cover the distance from the valley station Gipfelbahn Fulseck to the mountain station Gipfelbahn Fulseck, over 1200 meters in altitude, as fast as possible. The route can be freely chosen by the runners.
All vacation information at a glance, view online or order.
The best offers, events, which you should not miss at all.

domain: geography


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MATLAB codes from the "Lessons from Nanoelectronics"
10 Dec 2015 | Downloads | Contributor(s): Supriyo Datta
The .zip archive contains all the codes from the book.
You can download and unzip the file to access the codes organized in folders (titled by the Lecture number).
You can run this on MATLAB or...
3D Topological Insulator Nanowire NEGF Simulation on GPU
28 May 2015 | Downloads | Contributor(s): Gaurav Gupta
This code developed in C and CUDA simulates the carrier transport in three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) nanowire, with Bi2Se3 as exemplar material, with or...
Quantum Point Contact
02 Feb 2015 | Tools | Contributor(s): Richard Akis, Shaikh S. Ahmed, Mohammad Zunaidur Rashid, Richard Akis
Simulates the conductance and associated wavefunctions of Quantum Point Contacts.
Efficiency Enhancement for Nanoelectronic Transport Simulations
02 Feb 2014 | Papers | Contributor(s): Jun Huang
PhD thesis of Jun Huang
Continual technology innovations make it possible to fabricate electronic devices on the order of 10nm. In this nanoscale regime, quantum physics becomes critically...
Modeling Quantum Transport in Nanoscale Transistors
28 Jun 2013 | Papers | Contributor(s): Ramesh Venugopal
As critical transistor dimensions scale below the 100 nm (nanoscale) regime, quantum mechanical effects begin to manifest themselves and affect important device performance metrics. Therefore,...
Nanoscale MOSFETS: Physics, Simulation and Design
28 Jun 2013 | Papers | Contributor(s): Zhibin Ren
This thesis discusses device physics, modeling and design issues of nanoscale transistors at the quantum level. The principle topics addressed in this report are 1) an implementation of...
NEMO5 Latest Version Source
19 Mar 2013 | Downloads | Contributor(s): James Fonseca, Michael Povolotskyi, Tillmann Christoph Kubis, Jean Michel D Sellier
Revision 24185 uploaded on December 16th, 2016.
Revision 23455 updated on August 8th, 2016
Revision 21229 updated on Sept 2, 2015.
Use this if you want to build NEMO5 from...
ECE 606 Lecture 25: Modern MOSFETs
03 Dec 2012 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Gerhard Klimeck
Nanoscale Transistors Lecture 5: Transport - ballistic, diffusive, non-local, and quantum
19 Jul 2012 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Lundstrom
NEMO5 Tutorial 6B: Device Simulation - Quantum Transport in GaSb/InAs Tunneling FET
16 Jul 2012 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Yu He
NEMO5 Materials Database
25 Mar 2012 | Downloads
Revision 21229 for use on Conte August 4th, 2015
NEMO5 Public Examples
07 Mar 2012 | Downloads | Contributor(s): James Fonseca
Public examples have been removed. Please see the regression test resource https://nanohub.org/resources/19171
Updated August 8, 2012
NEMO 5 Latest Version Executable
13 Feb 2012 | Downloads | Contributor(s): Gerhard Klimeck
This tarball contains the latest version of a statically compiled NEMO5 for x86 64 bit linux. It also includes the materials database.
revision 13611 uploaded Jan 10, 2014
ECE 656 Lecture 35: Introduction to Quantum Transport in Devices
25 Jan 2012 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Mark Lundstrom
Semiclassical ballistic transport
Quantum ballistic transport
Carrier scattering in quantum transport
Dissipative Quantum Transport in Semiconductor Nanostructures
28 Dec 2011 | Papers | Contributor(s): Peter Greck
In this work, we investigate dissipative quantum transport properties of an open system. After presenting the background of ballistic quantum transport calculations, a simple scattering mechanism,...
What are the proper transport models at the nanoscale?
30 Jun 2011 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Dragica Vasileska, Gerhard Klimeck
This presentation is part of the series Nanoelectronics and Modeling at the Nanoscale
Additional Tutorials on Selected Topics in Nanotechnology
29 Mar 2011 | Workshops | Contributor(s): Gerhard Klimeck, Umesh V. Waghmare, Timothy S Fisher, N. S. Vidhyadhiraja
Select tutorials in nanotechnology, a part of the
2010 NCN@Purdue Summer School: Electronics from the Bottom Up.
Tutorial 4: Far-From-Equilibrium Quantum Transport
29 Mar 2011 | Courses | Contributor(s): Gerhard Klimeck
These lectures focus on the application of the theories using the nanoelectronic modeling tools NEMO 1- D, NEMO 3-D, and OMEN to realistically extended devices. Topics to be covered are realistic...
Tutorial 4a: High Bias Quantum Transport in Resonant Tunneling Diodes
29 Mar 2011 | Online Presentations | Contributor(s): Gerhard Klimeck
Resonant Tunneling Diodes - NEMO1D: Motivation / History / Key Insights
Open 1D Systems: Transmission through Double Barrier Structures - Resonant Tunneling
Introduction to RTDs:...
Tutorial 4b: Introduction to the NEMO3D Tool - Electronic Structure and Transport in 3D
Electronic Structure and Transport in 3D - Quantum Dots, Nanowires and Ultra-Thin Body Transistors


text:
Two effective methods of reducing distortion in audio amplifiers are overall negative feedback and error feedforward. Occasionally alternative methods are proposed, and two of these are considered here. There is a very simple method of understanding the circuit operation, which I first encountered many years ago in the letters pages of Wireless World (R.G.Mellish July 1973 p334) used there to explain the operation of a distortion reduction design, and used here to explain both nested feedback loops and error feedback.
1. Nested Feedback Loops.
First is the use of 'nested feedback loops'. This term appears to be applied to several different arrangements, but all versions I have seen can be analysed in a similar way to the following example.
Here negative feedback is taken from the output back to several points in the circuit. To see why there is no necessary difference compared to a single feedback loop it is helpful to simplify the analysis by putting part of the circuit in a separate box, drawn in red.
In the next diagram the contents of the red box are not shown. From the point of view of the output stage it makes no difference what is inside that box provided its output Vx is the same function of Vi and Vo. The effect on output stage distortion alone can be considered if we assume the contents of the red box to be linear. What this means is that Vx is a function of Vo plus a function of Vi, and the two can be separated as in the third diagram, into two boxes A and B.
What we now have is just a single overall feedback loop reducing the distortion of the output stage, differing in no fundamental way from any other overall feedback amplifier. The contents of A and B may be more complex than is usually the case, but the same limitations of feedback loop gain and stability margins apply as for a normal overall negative feedback loop. If it is assumed that the primary purpose of the feedback from the output is to reduce output stage distortion then in this respect there is therefore no necessary advantage in using the original multi-loop circuit. Distortion in other parts of the circuit can more readily be reduced by local feedback, so output stage distortion is generally the problem to be solved by feedback from the output.
2. Error Feedback.
The 'error feedback' method is regularly rediscovered, though the general principle has been known for many years. The first published version I am aware of was 'Distortion Cancellation in Audio Amplifiers' by W.Baggally, in The Wireless Engineer & Experimental Wireless, Aug. 1933, p.413-419, the article being submitted for publication in Oct.1932. (I have not personally read this, so if anyone can locate it I would be grateful for a copy.) The first time I became aware of this sort of technique was through reading 'Distortion Reducer' by D.Bollen in Wireless World, Feb 1973, p54-57. The variation shown below is a little different, using subtraction of output stage input and output signals rather than subtraction of the whole amplifier input and output, but the method of understanding the operation proposed by Mellish applies equally well to all the variations I have seen.
This version can be analysed to show that the output error can be reduced to zero. As with error feedforward exact component values or gains are needed to achieve zero distortion, and in practice distortion reduction by typically 20dB to 40dB is achieved.
If we again put part of the circuit in a red box and assume linearity of the enclosed circuit, then it again has an output Vx which is a linear function of the two inputs Vi and Vo, so we can again arrive at the same equivalent circuit as before with a single overall feedback loop. This at first appears to be impossible because it is known that overall negative feedback will at best only reduce distortion in proportion to the loop gain, not to zero. The explanation is shown by following the loop shown in blue. This is a positive feedback loop, and the gain round this loop is unity. A unity gain positive feedback loop in theory gives infinite gain, and so a negative feedback loop including this infinite gain element will reduce distortion by a factor of infinity, to zero. The box B in the equivalent circuit must include such a positive feedback loop and have infinite gain. (It is also necessary to have infinite gain for A otherwise there would be zero output from the amplifier, and so this is not a very practical equivalent. Putting a single positive feedback loop after the summation of A and B would be better, but the important point is that zero distortion is only achieved by the use of infinite gain in the feedback loop.)
To see that infinite gain really is needed for perfect error cancellation, consider what happens with zero input signal Vi. With perfect error nulling the output Vo will also be zero. Suppose the output stage without error correction picks up an error signal D from supply line breakthrough, or some other source independant of the input signal. For the output to be zero the input to the output stage, Vx, must be the non-zero voltage needed to cancel the effect of D. The big question is, if we consider the circuit in the red box, with two inputs both zero how does it produce an output? The output for an ideal circuit will only be a function of the two input voltages, so where does Vx come from? Only with infinite gain can a non-zero output be produced by an input theoretically zero.
Using positive feedback to give infinite loop gain requires exactly unity loop gain, which is impossible in practice, and close to unity gain small component value drift can give wide gain variations. It is possible to use positive feedback to increase gain in a more predictable way, and an example of how to do this is my MJR-7 mosfet amplifier, which surprisingly can be interpreted as an error feedback circuit. Starting with the basic circuit above, shown again here, with distortion added by the output stage represented by D:
Instead of the differential amplifier used to extract the error D we could use two amplifiers, one inverting and the other non-inverting, and add their outputs to give the differential function. The addition could be done with two resistors or two current sources, or as shown next with a resistor and a current source.
It can be seen that the input and output of the output stage are again compared, the positive and negative paths being shown by arrows, and with suitable choice of R and gm they can be subtracted and the difference extracted. Input Vi is applied through the inverting amplifier, but this will not affect the error cancellation effect. Working out Vo as a function of Vi and output stage distortion D, the non-inverting feedback amplifier is taken to have gain (1 - e) rather than 1 to demonstrate what happens as the gain approaches 1. The result is:
Vo = -( gmRVi + eD)/(gmR + e)
Let gmR = K, and assume e is very small compared to K, then:
Vo = -Vi + eD/K
From this we can see that if e is reduced to zero, or if K is increased to infinity, then Vo = -Vi, and so output distortion is zero. Increasing K is the conventional way of increasing negative feedback loop gain, and infinite loop gain is needed to reduce distortion to zero. The error feedback method however merely requires an accurate unity gain stage to reduce e to zero and achieve zero distortion, which at least appears to be possible in principle.
Compared to the original error feedback circuit something different is the fact that the differential function is not accurate. The non-inverting part still needs to be accurately unity gain, but there is no requirement for any particular gain (K) for the inverting path. This shows that it is the unity gain positive feedback loop which is essential for zero distortion, not the exact subtraction of two voltages. This is equally true of the original circuit with the differential feedback amplifier, and putting more or less gain in the inverting feedback path does not prevent error nulling. (See footnote.)
The next diagrams show why this particular arrangement is interesting. If we use a common-emitter stage Tr1 for the input amplifier and inverting feedback path, and emitter-follower Tr2 as the unity gain buffer stage, then we arrive at the first of the next diagrams:
The resistor R has virtually zero signal across it, so if we connect it direct to the emitter of Tr2 without the unity gain stage, as in the second diagram, it has little loading effect on Tr2, so a buffer stage is not needed. The two differential feedback paths are shown with arrows, and they sum at the point P. Tr1 alone is not a very high impedance current source, but can be improved considerably by using a cascode stage. With this addition to the second diagram, and using a current source as emitter load for Tr2, and a series CR for high frequency compensation, we arrive at the MJR-7 circuit, and have shown an equivalent circuit and analysis which demonstrate that it is actually an 'error-feedback amplifier', provided we ignore the requirement for unity gain in the inverting feedback path, which appears to be unnecessary. (Again, see footnote.)
In contrast, the MJR-6 circuit has no positive feedback path, and is just a conventional negative feedback amplifier.
This is another demonstration that error feedback is nothing more than negative feedback with high loop gain achieved by the use of positive feedback. The positive feedback in this case is what is commonly known as 'bootstrapping', a well known method of increasing gain, which effectively increases the resistance of resistor R. To see how well this works suppose there was no positive feedback, and R was instead connected to signal earth. In the MJR-7 circuit the loop gain would then only be about 10dB. With R bootstrapped the loop gain at low frequencies becomes 80dB. The distortion reduction is therefore 70dB, far more than usually claimed for error feedback circuits, and achieved with a relatively simple circuit requiring no accurate component values or adjustment, and with predictable stability. The resistor R could be replaced by a high impedance current source instead of using bootstrapping, and similar results could be achieved. The positive feedback is therefore largely irrelevant, it is the negative feedback together with high loop gain, however achieved, which reduce the distortion so effectively.
If we adjusted the positive feedback in some way to increase the loop gain this would increase gain only at low frequencies, the CR compensation would still be needed to limit gain at high frequencies to keep the overall feedback stable. The next diagram shows what happens as the positive feedback loop gain approaches unity. There is virtually no possibility of the gain being exactly unity, but it could easily be made to exceed unity, and then instead of a high positive resistance R would become a high negative resistance, and the overall feedback loop of the amplifier would have high positive phase feedback. (Not the same thing as positive feedback, which in addition requires the loop gain to be close to unity so that the feedback increases the amplifier gain, - see part 3 of the 'feedback works' series. High positive phase feedback is still negative feedback, it reduces gain and distortion, but also inverts the distortion.) As the positive feedback loop increases beyond unity the low frequency gain falls again, so it is only close to unity where high gain and low distortion are achieved.
Our hearing has maximum sensitivity around 3kHz, so if we have achieved sufficient overall loop gain at this frequency to reduce distortion to inaudible levels there is probably nothing to be gained by increasing lower frequency loop gain much further. The final diagram shows a simple way to add adjustable positive feedback to the MJR-7 circuit (shown again in simplified form) for anyone who wants to experiment with this. The addition could make it possible to null out low frequency distortion, but measuring distortion already under 0.0002% at 1kHz to adjust for a minimum is not easy. The MJR-7 already has a small negative output impedance at low frequencies, so I think it is probably not a good idea to add positive feedback. There are other ways to reduce the distortion if required, some of these were mentioned near the end of the MJR-7 article.
The unity gain differential amplifier in the conventional error feedback circuit has unity gain for both inverting and non-inverting feedback paths, and as shown this is not essential for error cancellation, it is only the positive feedback loop which needs unity gain. With gain (1-e) non-inverting, and gain G inverting we get output:
Vo = Vi/G + eD/G,
so then distortion nulling requires only e=0. Using G=1 does not therefore contribute directly to minimising distortion. Without G=1 however there is a signal component in the differential amplifier output in addition to the distortion extracted, and I have seen it suggested that this is relevant to stability. I am not sure about this, but find it unconvincing. Any phase shift in the output stage is itself an error, and will contribute to D, so this will be fed back and potentially cause stability problems whatever the value of G. Adding a balancing phase shift to the non-inverting feedback path could cancel this effect, but then this reduces the positive feedback loop gain, and error nulling is no longer accurate. Perhaps the only real point of using G=1 is that we are then only feeding back the error, and so this justifies the name 'error feedback' and makes it appear to be something different to conventional and unfashionable negative feedback.
There was a fascinating discussion on DiyAudio about error feedback, which had reached 109 pages the last time I looked, and so goes deeper into the subject than I could in this one page. I have not had the time to go through it all, but the design which started that discussion used no less than 29 transistors, which personally I would regard as unnecessarily complex for an amplifier with a single pair of power mosfets in the output stage. My own MJR-7 amplifier has only slightly higher distortion level using only 7 transistors and conventional negative feedback. To be fair, I did cheat a little by making my design an inverting amplifier and using a capacitor coupled output, which avoids some of the problems of a non-inverting direct-coupled design. I did however use the lower gm lateral mosfets and lower quiescent current, which cause higher distortion.
My MJR-7 uses about 60dB overall feedback loop gain at 20kHz to reduce distortion to around 0.002% (latest measurement of Mk5 version) using lateral mosfets at Iq = 100mA, and this is certainly not the upper limit for conventional overall feedback. Using parallel devices or higher quiescent current, or just substituting higher gm vertical mosfets, could take the distortion down even further. Feedforward can be even more effective, and a recent example is the MJR9 for which initial tests reveal only audio frequency distortion components under -120dB (0.0001%)


What does code P015A mean?
What does OBD-II fault code P015A mean? OBD-II Code Decreased engine performance is defined as a O2 Sensor Delayed Response – Rich to Lean. The purpose of the oxygen sensor is to measure the oxygen content in the exhaust gases after they leave the combustion process of the engine.
How do you fix a delayed O2 sensor?
How To Correct P013E O2 Sensor Delayed Response – Rich to Lean (Bank 1 Sensor 2)
- Replacing of faulty Heated Oxygen Sensor.
- Repairing the broken, damaged and burnt circuit wiring of the sensor.
- Effectively checking the troubleshooting ECM/PCM and replacing the components if needed.
How do you fix p015b?
Usually just replacing the O2 sensor will take care of this issue; if it doesn’t, further testing will be necessary. Again, if you’re not familiar with auto repair, it is best to bring your vehicle to an auto repair shop.
What causes slow response from O2 sensor?
The slow response of an O2 sensor may be due to a sensor that is just getting old and over time may get contaminated with time with carbon and other contaminants that deteriorate the sensor over time.
How do I fix my fuel system too lean?
What repairs can fix the P0171 code?
- Replacing the fuel pump.
- Replacing the fuel filter.
- Replacing the fuel pressure regulator.
- Replacing the powertrain control module.
- Replacing one or more injectors.
- Replacing one or more oxygen sensors.
- Replacing the mass air flow sensor.
- Repairing a vacuum leak.
How do I fix my p15a1 code?
The p15a1 code on the Chevy Equinox is for a nonfunctioning fuel economy switch. This is almost certainly a bad fuse. To get to the fuse box look to the left of the steering wheel look for a small seam or crack along the dash. Using a screwdriver or prybar You will want to pop this open.
What does engine code P2096 mean?
In the simplest of terms, the P2096 fault code indicates the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) has received data from the oxygen sensors in the exhaust system that there is an excess of air and shortage of fuel within the number one cylinder.
How do you clean O2 sensors?
Zitat von Youtube: Take it out you know spray. It let it soak. Again you know rinse and repeat a couple of times try to get as much of the gunk out as possible. However you're very unlikely to be able to get.
What causes P0106 code?
Diagnostic trouble code (DTC) P0106 stands for “Manifold Absolute Pressure/BARO Sensor Range/Performance.” This code triggers when the powertrain control module (PCM) receives erratic MAP/BARO sensor readings.
What is code P0139?
Diagnostic trouble code (DTC) P0139 stands for “O2 Sensor Circuit Slow Response (Bank 1, sensor 2).” It indicates that the powertrain control module (PCM) has detected a potential issue with the signal from the rear oxygen sensor on bank 1.
What is P0521 engine code?
Engine code P0521 is defined as the “Engine Oil Pressure Sensor/Switch Range/Performance” error code. This diagnostic code is a generic OBD-II powertrain code triggered when there’s a problem with the engine oil pressure or oil pressure gauge readings.


text:
Ethical dog breeders - What to look for
by Abby Miller, Paws in Work blogger.
Here at Paws in Work our mission is to improve the wellbeing of people and pups! Ensuring we are working with reputable, ethical dog breeders is at the forefront of what we do and we love to promote our breeder partner network. By promoting those doing it ethically, whilst also knowing the importance of socialising their puppies, we should be well on our way to eradicating puppy farms and hopefully can aid in a decrease of dogs being sent to rescue shelters.
what questions should I ask a dog breeder when buying my pup?
If you are as obsessed with puppies as we are, you will probably hear the phrase ‘ethical puppy breeding’ a lot, especially if you have been to one of our puppy therapy events.
But how on earth are you expected to spot an ethical dog breeder if you are not sure what you’re looking for? Research shows that one in three puppy buyers could not identify a reputable puppy breeder whilst a further 25% of puppy buyers admitted to spending less than 2 hours researching their puppy and where it is from. We have put together some questions you may want to ask, and things our puppy breeder partners do, to ensure their pups are healthy and confident before heading off to their forever homes.
do you have a council license?
If you are aware that a dog breeder is breeding 3 or more litters of puppies per year, (a commercial type dog breeder) you may want to ask them if they have a licence as this is required by the council.
are mum and dad both healthy?
Health tests for both mum and dad are recommended when it comes to purchasing your pup. Ensuring you are purchasing puppies with healthy blood lines is crucial and very important for the pups health and lifespan. Different breeds can be prone to particular health issues so research is key when it comes down to checking your future pooches health.
You may also want to ask the breeder what vaccinations and worming your puppy has had so you understand what’s expected of you when your new addition arrives home.
have you seen mum in her natural habitat?
It is important to see mum in her natural habitat, if at all possible, before she comes into season. This will give you the best opportunity to see how she looks and behaves before falling pregnant. We do, however, understand this isn’t always possible, so seeing mum with the litter before you place a deposit on a pup is advised. Ideally more than one visit would be great so you are super happy with the set up and can get to know your pup and breeder a lot better before bringing your puppy home. You may be familiar with ‘Lucy’s Law’ that was introduced earlier this year and explains the sheer importance of seeing a healthy bitch and how she is bred. This will all be an imperative part of us eradicating puppy farms once and for all! To put this into perspective, 37% of puppy buyers do not collect their puppy from where it was bred so will not be familiar with its surroundings or the bitch.
why did you choose dad?
Understanding why the dog breeder chose the stud dog they did is always a nice thing to understand. If you are able to see dad whilst visiting the litter of puppies that would be great, but we understand this isn't always possible if the stud dog doesn't live with the family.
how old is mum?
It has been advised that a bitch should be mated no younger than 18 months old in order to be completely confident that mum's welfare is at the forefront of the breeders mind, however, the age can sometimes vary depending on the breed/size of dog. Typically, the larger the breed of dog, the older she should be before having pups (18-24 months).
how many times has she given birth beforehand?
‘The Kennel Club’ suggests that bitches shouldn't be bred more than 4 times in her lifetime, less than 4 times is obviously fine, but it is advised no more than 4 in total.
The link above goes into more detail about factors that should be considered before breeding a bitch, ensuring that she is fit and healthy, copes well with her pregnancies and is producing healthy litters of pups.
how much are the pups?
Again, each breed of dog will differentiate in price quite dramatically so research is vital when it comes to ensuring you are paying the correct amount for your pup. Knowledge really is key here and you want to make sure you are paying the correct money for the breed you desire.
what characteristics does each pup have?
Something people may forget to consider is the temperament of each puppy. It’s always a good idea to ask the dog breeder for the characteristics of each pup so you can ensure they will fit perfectly into their new home.
You can test a puppies personality from as young as 7 weeks old however the breeder may have an indication of their traits from as early as 2 weeks old.
have the pups been socialised at all? if so, how and what practises?
According to Ewa, a well established dog behaviour consultant, puppy socialisation should primarily start at the breeders home. Ewa says ‘this is arguably the most important part of the socialisation process and it starts as early as from when the puppy is 2 weeks old. During this time they develop emotional ties to humans and they learn dog language. This time is crucial for the development of the puppy and how it will cope with later life’.
Paws in Work are the UK’s first fully licensed puppy therapy specialists and our puppy therapy events can play a fundamental part in the puppies socialisation. Puppies will experience car journeys, new environments, sounds and smells and are allowed to develop whilst being in the comfort of their siblings company. They gain confidence when leaving mum for the day and being reunited with her at the end of the sessions - making that final departure from her, all the less daunting.
Do not be afraid to ask questions! An ethical, reputable breeder will be happy to answer any questions you may have because, as much as you are looking for an ethical dog breeder, they are also looking for the best possible homes for their puppies.
For more help on sourcing your next puppy, be sure to check out the breeder match section on our website where your details are put in front of our pre vetted breeder partners.

domain: pet


text:
A lot of us spend large chunks of our day sitting. Although it might seem relaxing, sitting for such long periods damages our bodies. A recent study has discovered a correlation between sitting at work and psychological distress.
A study published in Mental Health and Physical Activity sampled over 3,000 government workers and discovered that respondents who sat for long periods (e.g., six hours or more) without getting up periodically and moving around suffered more psychological distress. Those people had more trouble dealing with day-to-day operations than respondents who sat for shorter periods (e.g., three hours) and had the opportunity to get up more often and move around.
Although the sitting and mental distress could be related, the correlation doesn't necessarily mean that sitting is the cause of mental distress. Either way, you might want to consider getting up more often and walking around a bit.
Cross-sectional associations between sitting at work and psychological distress: Reducing sitting time may benefit mental health | Mental Health and Physical Activity via The Science of Us
Photo by Petras Gagilas.

domain: sociology