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This oven roasted chicken breast is crispy-skinned, tender and juicy on the inside, and very flavorful. It’s very easy to make and hard to mess up. I use this recipe to make bone-in, skin-on chicken breasts and whole chickens.
How to cook chicken breast?
The most important part in this recipe is to not overcook the meat. You want to pull the chicken out of the oven at 160F internal temperature and let it rest for 5 minutes. If you let it cook past that temperature, it will get hopelessly dry and rubbery.
Remember, when you pull the chicken breast out of the oven it will continue cooking and the temperature will continue rising by another 5 degrees or so. So, be careful and use an accurate instant read thermometer or, better yet, a BBQ thermometer, like the very popular and very good ThermoPro TP07 single probe or the ThermoPro TP08 dual probe thermometer.
My wife and I have recently started using our thermocouple BBQ thermometer in the kitchen. I normally use it for high heat grilling and smoking so this was something totally new for us. While this particular thermometer is an overkill for cooking in the kitchen oven, the idea is the same – it makes cooking chicken breast and other things so much easier. It’s pretty much a set it and forget it kind of thing. When the meat is ready the thermometer alerts you. Simple as that. No need to run back and forth with an instant read thermometer to catch the right temperature and let the heat out every time you check. No overcooked or burned meat.
I use seasonings sparsely in this recipe. You don’t need too much to get a very flavorful final product. I don’t add dry herbs as they tend to burn during medium-high heat pan frying and ruin the flavor and the appearance.
Do you need to brine chicken breasts?
Unlike my slow baked chicken breast which does not need brining, this roasted chicken breast definitely benefits from soaking in brine for a few hours. It’s great either way, tender and juicy, and I often skip brining when pressed for time. But if you have the time, brine your chicken breasts before roasting. The meat will be juicier, and more forgiving in case you let the internal temperature rise past the target temperature.
By the way, if you are looking for a slightly quicker, slightly healthier version of this fantastic recipe, check out my Pan-Seared Oven Baked Chicken Breast Recipe. It’s just as fantastic.
Looking for more crispy chicken recipes? Check these out:
- Extra Crispy Oven-Fried Chicken Thighs
- Extra Crispy Baked Chicken Wings
- Buffalo-Style Baked Chicken Drumsticks
- Crispy Oven Roasted Chicken Leg Quarters
Crispy Oven Roasted Bone-In Chicken Breast
- 2 bone-in, skin-on chicken breasts
- 1/2 Tbsp olive oil
- 1 tsp salt (1/2 tsp if the chicken is brined)
- 1/2 tsp garlic powder (or granulated garlic)
- 1/2 tsp black pepper (freshly ground)
- 1 tsp dark chili powder
- 1/2 cup cooking oil (e.g. canola or vegetable oil)
- If possible, prepare the chicken brine and brine the chicken breasts for 2 to 4 hours.
- Preheat oven to 400F.
- Dry chicken breasts with a paper towel and rub with olive oil all over. Evenly sprinkle salt and spices on each side and gently pat to make sure the seasoning properly adheres to the surface of the chicken.
- Line a baking sheet with aluminum foil. Fit a cooling rack inside the baking sheet and set aside.
- Heat 1/2 cup of cooking oil (you can use olive oil or any other oil you prefer) in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Place chicken breast skin side down on the skillet and cook for 2 minutes. Flip and continue cooking for another 2 minutes.
- Transfer the chicken breasts onto the baking sheet, skin side up. Pour about 1 Tbsp of the cooking oil from the skillet over each chicken breast.
- Bake at 400F for about 45 minutes, until internal temperature of the meat reaches 160F.
- Let rest for 5 minutes and serve.
Looking for more great baked chicken breast recipes? Check these out:
Tried this, but was disappointed.
I didn’t brine the chicken, and used my cast iron skillet in the oven, and it came out pretty dry.
I think a temp of 165 is too high and tends to dry the meat out.
(It seems the more I use my thermapen, and rely on temp alone, the worse of a cook I become.)
Sorry to hear it. We love this recipe and always have success with it. Thermapens can be tricky to use, they don’t register temps instantly and needs a few seconds to show the temp. And while you are waiting, the meat begins to col down and the temps drop. At least that’s what my impression was of the one I had. I switched to a Thermoworks thermocouple thermometer and like it a lot better.
165F is what USDA recommends, so technically, this is the safe cooking temp, you just need to make sure that the temp is really 165F, not higher. Actually, it’s 163F. This is the temp where harmful bacterial get eliminated instantly. I think 165F was just a nice round number they picked.
On top, I think 158-160F is totally appropriate to pull the meat out as the temp will continue rising by about 5 degrees due to residual heat.
Furthermore, poultry meat safety is not only a function of cooking temp, but also time. For example, you can cook chicken breasts to 155F and hold at that temp fo 55 seconds, and the meat will be perfectly safe to eat and very, very juicy. That’s why sous vide chicken breasts can be cooked at/to 145F and be safe to eat. It’s a matter of how long you cook them at that temp. Here is my Sous vide chicken breast recipe where I posted USDA’s table for poultry cooking temps and associated times. Hope this helps you improve your results. Happy cooking!
A thermapen IS a thermocouple.
I meant to say Type K Thermocouple. Like this one.
Glad you liked it; enjoy!
I love this site but there are two things that need improvements. One is a secured site so I can join and enjoy your recipes, and two, a recipe box where we can store and categorize all of the delicious ones that we want to try and make again as well as the ones you alluded to in the comments below. Can’t wait!
Thank you for feedback, Sherry. Those features, indeed, would be great to add. Perhaps sometime in the future.
Fantastic recipe and you can add 1 tsp of cumin if you like even more flavor. I never knew that chili powder could taste so good on chicken. Definitely brine the chicken meat for 3 hours before you cook it’s worth the extra prep time. The chicken is so moist and tasty even two days later!!
Olive Oil or Extra Virgin Olive oil????
Either will work. I use EVOO.
I don’t know if it was the seasoning combination or if I did something wrong but it had a very bitter taste. The skin was crisp and the meat was juicy but not the flavor I was hoping for.
Dianne, you are one of those ‘lucky’ people that have aluminum sensitivity… if you read the comments below my extra crispy chicken wings recipe, you will find a few comments about that. Unfortunately, a small percentage of people are affected by this. The solution is to buy aluminum-free baking powder. Enjoy!
Loved the flavor I made chicken salad with one breast and I ate the other piece by itself.
I add fresh lemon juice when rubbing the chicken breasts. I place the seasoned chicken breasts skin side down in a saute pan with bubbling butter, not oil. It browns quickly and then I transfer the entire pan to a 350 oven for about half hour. The temperature of the meat is 155 when I take it out, then I pour the juice and drippings over the chicken in a platter.
This recipe is the best. There is something magical here. I’ve brined chicken breasts before and wasn’t impressed. I don’t know how you dreamed this up, but it’s a winner. My family was stunned at how delicious it was! I’m not sure I’ve ever had such a perfect chicken breast. I followed the instructions, including brining–cooked to 160 and let it rest for 5 minutes. Soooooo good. I’m going to share with my favorite people. I’m also going to try more of your recipes. Thank you!!!
You are very welcome, enjoy!
So delicious and easy! I didn’t have time to brine my chicken breasts for the recommended 2-4 hours, but thought something was better than nothing. I brined the breasts in the seasoned water, absent any vegetables as I was low on time to chop them up, for approximately 1 hour, followed the rest of the cooking instructions, and had the most juicy and flavorful chicken I’ve ever made!
Omg! Yes!!!!! This was on point! Absolutely love it! Thank you for sharing
By far the best chicken recipe EVER! I have made this 5 times in the past month alone. My sister sent this to me and I was hesitant at first, 400 degreed, 45 min! Crazy! Until I made it. OMG….. everytime I make it, somone always asks for the recipe. When my neices and nephews call a week later, begging for me to send the recipe to my other sister, their mom (who is a phenomenal cook) you know this recipe is good. My son called me next day from work, telling me this is the best chicken he’s ever had. AGAIN, SO good! Thank you for the recipe!
You are very welcome, Yunia. Enjoy!
We just finished enjoying this crispy-skinned delicious chicken. I brined the chicken as suggested. The only thing I added was some Georgian seasoning to the salt/spice mix. it turned out so nice -moist & very tasty. My husband isn’t a big fan of chicken but thoroughly enjoyed tonight’s dinner. Thanks for sharing.
You are very welcome.
Best chicken ever!
Hands-down the best, most moist and delicious bone-in chicken breast I have ever made!
I changed up the seasoning a bit (Cajun salt in place of chili power, and as such less salt-salt) but otherwise stuck to the recipe! The exterior is like baked chicken but the meat is more like what you get with (well made) fried chicken. My wife and son devoured theirs and asked if there was more! Planning on trying this with thighs and/or drumsticks, or maybe leg quarters.
Side note, I brined them for ~4hrs (water, salt, brown sugar, ~2 tbsp cider vinegar) the night before, then drained off the brine and they sat in my fridge for nearly 24 hrs. No negative effects (that I could tell) from doing the brining ahead.
Best chicken breast recipe ever. Moist and juicy. Definitely brine in salt water. I did for 6 hours cuz I was gone all day.
Made this tonight for the first time. I used an olive oil infused with Mediterranean herbs, paprika instead of cayenne ( did not have it), and some garlic powder. I don’t have a meat thermometer so winged it by baking longer. It came out with slightly crispy skin and moist inside, despite slightly over baking. it was a hit!
Added some of my seasons, but this turned out amazing!!!!!!!
Happy to hear it. Enjoy!
Just wondering if I can skip the 2 minutes each side in skillet , & just roast with this recipe?
Yes, you can but it won’t be nearly as crispy and flavorful.
How do I brine my chicken
Hi Michelle, here is my go-to chicken brine recipe. Let me know if you have any questions.
I have been brining my chicken, turkey and pork for many years and it always makes the meat very moist and tender, even if you overcook it some it still comes out moist. Use Diamond Crystal kosher salt as it dissolves, very fast, in tap water without having to heat up the water. Most kosher salt needs heated water or a lot of stirring to dissolve. Even if you are in a hurry and don’t have a lot of time, brining 15 to 30 minutes will make a big difference. But always try for at least 1 hour. It also works good on fish.
How to make this dish when on a very low sodium diet? 1500 mg daily
One way I know is to bump up the seasonings and add some hot pepper like cayenne. The more the meat is seasoned the less you miss the salt. I would add some extra seasonings after cooking.
Best recipe ever!! Absolutely love it.
Ok so I was reluctant to bribe the chicken. It seemed like a lot of work. But man. It turned out amazing. Thank you so much for the recipe!!!! So tasty!!
Chisun S Chun
Can you roast in a cast iron after browning it instead of a baking sheet? Do I put a rack to create space between pan and the chicken?
Yes, you absolutely can. I actually have a recipe similar to this one on my blog where I do what you are asking about.
Victor, I love this recipe and have made it several times, but can you also link us to the other recipe (roasting in the sauté pan)? Thank you!
Glad to hear it, Lucy. Here is the link to the pan-roasted chicken breast recipe. I think it’s the one you are asking about, if not, let me know.
This was perfect. Looks exactly like the picture, too. Don’t skip the brining..(. salt and brown sugar dissolved in water) . Prior browning worked well. Served with sliced roasted potatoes tossed in Lipton’s onion mix and olive oil. Basted it all while turning potatoes half-way in, No need for gravy.
I’ve been brining turkey breasts for ages, but never really though about chicken breasts. This is a game changer. I did not use carrots which I will next time but other than that followed the recipe exactly. I used a freshly broken down Jidori chicken, non GMO, free range. The skin was not crispy, not soggy, but not super crispy although still very tasty. The flesh was super tasty and very moist. It’s a winner! Maybe a flash broil or propane torch to crisp the skin right before serving?
Usual safe internal temperature for poultry is 185, so I think this may be a typo in the instruction. Minimum 180 for safe eating!
That’s INCORRECT. USDA recommends 165F as the generic safe temperature for chicken. However, if you look at USDA’s time-temperature table for cooking ready-to-eat poultry products, the safe poultry temperature depends on the time the food spends at that temperature. That’s why sous vide chicken cooked at 145F or 150F is perfectly safe to eat.
Temperature Holding Time
140°F (60°C) 35 minutes
145°F (62.8°C) 13 minutes
148°F (64.4°C) 6.8 minutes
150°F (65.6°C) 4.2 minutes
152°F (66.7°C) 2.3 minutes
155°F (68.3°C) 54.4 seconds
157°F (69.4°C) 34 seconds
160°F (71.1°C) 16.9 seconds
162°F (72.3°C) 10.5 seconds
163°F (72.8°C) 1 second
165°F (73.9°C) 1 second
Juicy chicken breasts are no longer my nemesis. This recipe is perfect. Only thing I didn’t understand was the cooling rack set up.
Absolute perfection! My first time brining and now I always will!
Glad to hear it, Shelly. Happy cooking!
Not gonna lie, I was a little apprehensive about the whole idea of brining chicken. But I’m stuck at home because of the pandemic and decided to try it.
I will NEVER cook chicken a different way. I don’t even really like chicken. This was literally the best I’ve ever had. Thank you for the recipe!
You are very welcome! Happy cooking!
I used this cooking method, but with a seasoning blend I already had in the cupboard. It was the best roasted chicken I’ve ever had – and that crispy skin!! 😋 Thanks for sharing!
Totally agree…great just the way it’s written. Thanks!!
Absolutely delicious. Flavorful. Moist & tender. I usually try a recipe once as written and then adjust seasonings. Don’t need to touch this one at all.
Excellent recipe … will be doing my bone in chicken breast using this method! Used the seasoning recommended in the recipe however will experiment with others in the future.
Question: I am using a dry brining method. Do I still add the 1 tsp salt the original recipe calls for? Thank you!
If you brine, no need to add additional salt it should be salty enough.
Hi, should i double the receipt, for 4 chicken breasts.
Yes, double the recipe. The amount of cooking oil specified should be enough for 4.
I just made this tonight. Juicy and full of flavor! The fam loved it. I did brine my chicken, which I think also made it even more wonderful!
Will this work for bone-in chicken thighs as well? I have some thighs and some breasts.
Yes, it this recipe will work for bone-in, skin-on thighs as well.
Absolutely delicious. My baked chicken is normally dry, and this was amazing (if I do say so myself). Thank you!
I hardly ever cook bone in chicken but this was SO good! My grocery store had skin on, bone in chicken breast and I am so grateful I found your recipe. Perfect timing and the chicken was amazing. Super moist and great flavor!
This is a great recipe! The chicken was very moist. I did the brine step with the water/salt ratio you recommended and added about a 1/2 cup of pancake syrup. It added just a hint of sweetness to the chicken. It was well worth the extra steps of brining, frying and then baking. Thank you for this “keeper”!
Does one bake this covered or uncovered?
Made it for dinner. Delicious and juicy! Followed recipe to the tee! Thank you
You are very welcome!
What if there skinless will it work??
No, not in this recipe. For skinless I highly recommend my fried chicken breast, pan-seared chicken breast, or broiled skinless chicken breast.
I bought some bone-in split breasts from the meat counter that are seasoned with Caribbean Jerk spices. Do you think the pan-frying step will burn this type of seasoning?
It’s hard to say without seeing it but you should be fine. Just remove excess seasoning and lower the temp a bit and it should be OK. It most likely has sugar so watch the breasts closely and flip frequently.
Great Roast Chicken ideas, Looks lovely and delicious, Thanks for sharing!
I made this and it was the best baked chicken breast I’ve ever made and I’ve been cooking for 50 years! In the past mine was either too dry or not done in the middle. This was perfect, moist and tender. I’m sharing the recipe with my daughters. Thanks so much! Judy
So happy to hear it, Judy. And thank you for taking time to post your feedback.
Do you have a recommendation on if you’re making this ahead? If I wanted to bake it now, but eat it later?
Please include your Recipe for brine. Thank uou
The brine recipe is linked to in the first instruction and in the post above the recipe.
What if I don’t have a rack?
Hi there – thanks for your quick response. I’ll check your blog for the recipe you reference. Thx!
Greetings – is there any difference if you use boneless / skin on? (Instead of bone-in?). Thanks!
Hi! Yes, there is a difference. The skin and the bone protect the meat, which is what makes this chicken so tender and juicy given how it’s cooked. And the crispy skin adds a lot of flavor. This recipe was designed for bone-in, skin-on breasts. It doesn’t work well for boneless. If you search my blog, there is a really good one that I like a lot for boneless and skinless breasts.
Super delicious chicken! Thanks
I made this chicken last tonight and I was blown away with how good it was. Made it exactly as written and it turned out soooo good. I gave it 5 stars but it really should be 10!
Do you cook them on the cooling rack that’s places on the cookie sheet?
Yes. I also like to line the baking sheet with foil do I don’t have to clean it afterwards but that’s optional.
Made these crispy chicken breasts with mashed potatoes today and they were an instant hit. My family loved them. Will be making more and more of them in the future.
Greetings from NC! 🙂 I made this last night and it was wonderful! I can’t wait to try more of your recipes.
Glad to hear it, Rhonda. I hope you like my other recipes too.
A++++! Will definitely be making this again!
Thumbs up on the recipe! Made this chicken for dinner last night and everyone really liked it.
Very good recipe. The chicken is very flavorful and moist inside.
Major thanks for the recipe! I’ve never tasted chicken this good before. Loved it!
You are very welcome!
Major thanks for the great recipe.Really thank you!
You are very welcome!
I made this wonderful chicken last night for guests,
They couldn’t compliment it enough.
I usually make a recipe from Barefoot Contessa, but yours is better! Thanks for this keeper of a recipe.
Thank you! Your comment just made my day!
As one who usually detests most oven-baked chicken, I didn’t expect much from this recipe. What a pleasant surprise! It turned out exactly as described, crispy on the outside and moist on the inside. I followed the recipe as written and brined the chicken beforehand. Thank you for sharing this recipe. My husband and I loved it. It is a new addition to my RV cookbook of traveling recipes.
Wow! What a compliment! Thanks for taking time to leave a feedback. Much appreciated.
I used my cast iron pan so when I took the chicken out of the pan to rest, I poured off most of the oil, then deglazed the pan with about a 1/2 cup of white wine…let it sommer a bit, then spooned it over the chicken. It was so good!! Also made rice and put some on that too! It was a great meal!
What a great idea! I will try that myself. Thanks for taking time to leave your feedback, Nancy.
This is the most tender chicken breast that I have ever cooked on the bone! This will be my go to chicken recipe from now on!!!
👍thanks , tasted excellent before I read this my chicken was always dry fr over cooking it cause l got deathly sick once fr under cook chicken
Delicious! Didn’t have time to brine, but will do that next time. The chicken was so moist, tender and flavorful! I did 4 breasts and wound up with 1 1/2 left, so I pulled the meat off for chicken salad and tossed the bones in my crockpot overnight for broth!
I have young children who won’t eat anything. I changed the chili for an “in invisible ” dusting of chipotle/garlic flakes. All three had seconds! Thank you!
That’s just fantastic! So happy to hear I could help out a little. Thank you for posting your feedback.
I made this recipe tonight, and it was absolutely delicious. Did not have time to brine, but the chicken still came put tender, juicy and flavorful. The crispy skin was sooo good.
If cooking with a cast iron, can you just leave the chicken in the skillet when putting it in the oven?
Definitely. I’ve done it and it worked fine.
What about the oil? Just leave it in the pan?
Yes, you can leave it in the pan. When done baking, place the chicken on paper towels to remove excess oil.
I made the roasted chicken breasts this eve, they were delicious!! I had time this morning to make the brine and have them soak for a few hours before dinner, my husband was impressed, thank you
You are very welcome.
Nov 7, 2016
I made the roasted chicken breasts this eve, delicious!! I I had to make the brine and have the breasts soak for a few hours..moist, tender, divine..Thank-you
Do I have to have the skin on the chicken? Will this work for skinless chicken?
Skin is very important in this recipe. Skinless won’t work. For skinless try this Baked Chicken Breast recipe. It’s my absolute favorite for skinless breasts.
Can I use this recipe with boneless, skin on chicken?
Yes, boneless, skin-on will work.
I love my chicken breasts grilled, but this turned out really good. Very moist inside and very flavorful just like grilled.
Glad you liked it. Pan searing is where all that flavor comes from. A quick, but very important step.
That chicken looks really good, so moist and soft. I’m getting hungry just looking at it.

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text:
4 мая 2022 г.
The professor and tasks were very engaging. I truly looked forward to tuning in and working through the lessons and assignments. My interest in poetry is further stoked and I can't wait to learn more.
11 июня 2020 г.
Loved the course. Douglas Kearney is amazing as an instructor. I love poetry and this workshop has made me happy during the times of COVID 19. I thank CalArts for the encouragement and appreciation.
автор: Sreelakshmi C G 1 9•
5 мар. 2021 г.
It was a great experience. With such a short time you covered most topics and more importantly stressed on the practical part, the writing! Thanks to you I brushed up my writings....
автор: Marilyn A•
16 апр. 2018 г.
This was a brilliant course. Loved having to write poems for it. Loved the guy taking it. Just had trouble getting in to put assignments in and talk to people. Otherwise I loved it.
автор: Shimbo P W•
10 авг. 2021 г.
Prof. Douglas is the best at it. The course has been very informative. It has indeed transformed y rendition as well as appreciation of poetry. Much love from Tanzania, East Africa.
автор: Muhsina K I•
19 мар. 2020 г.
Sharpened visions was a wonderful course. Thanks to the mentors who worked behind it. thank you so much for sharing your knowledge with us. a must do course who wants to be a poet.
автор: Cristofer C L•
9 авг. 2016 г.
Douglas Kearney is the best teacher I ever had. He really knows his stuff. His video lectures are so much fun to watch that I find myself wishing that his course would last forever.
автор: Justyna A•
11 мая 2017 г.
I wish all of my professors passed on knowledge like you did!!! It was theoretical and it was fun, it was practical and stimulating! I definitely wanna keep on writing, so thanks!
автор: Deleted A•
20 июля 2020 г.
I thoroughly enjoyed this course. I learned many poetry writing techniques and was adequately challenged with the assignments.
The professor was pretty funny and engaging as well.
автор: ummu s e•
1 февр. 2019 г.
Amazing course, very well structured. Helped develop my poetic voice and provided technical knowledge as well. Experimented in poetic forms I'd never heard of. Thank you so much.
автор: Shelly K•
11 окт. 2020 г.
I got so much out of this class that I never expected. Doug made it fun, interesting, and challenging. I couldn't wait until it was time to get to my class every day. Thank you!
автор: Zoe C•
28 окт. 2016 г.
Fun and concise bite sized lectures. Challenging yet manageable tasks to complete. If you want to begin to explore the basics of poetry in a fun way, this is the course for you!
автор: Anneli W•
5 июля 2022 г.
It was a very creative way of learning. It has added another layer to my writing (and thinking) as I write in Swedish most of the time. Challenging but fun! Thank You so much!
автор: Óscar R•
29 июня 2020 г.
Excellent Course! I took this course as an introduction, because i really didn't know anything about poetry and now i am interested in learning more and trying to write poems.
автор: Steven M•
7 июля 2021 г.
This was a very good course, very enjoyable. I was especially blown away by Doug's session on revision. It was very much an aha moment for me. I highly recommend this course.
автор: Vinesh B•
16 авг. 2020 г.
Really enjoyed this course along with coursework which involved submitting poems and reviewing other participants' submissions. Very good introduction to the subject matter.
автор: lisa r•
10 июня 2016 г.
I loved every part of this course. The tutorials were brilliant, the assignments were fun but the most important thing is that the course made me want to write more poetry.
автор: Sonali G•
28 авг. 2020 г.
I absolutely loved this course. This course was thorough and designed in a structured way. After finishing this course I am more confident about my work. Fully recommended.
2 дек. 2021 г.
It is a very good course and the workshop thing is very beneficial as it gives you real reviews from your peers. You get to know the strong and loose points of your work.
автор: Rajni M•
16 нояб. 2020 г.
Exceptional Course ! Much gratitude to Doug who is a great teacher. The peers enriched the experience too. My pandemic hobby turned out to be a great learning experience.
автор: Michelle C C•
4 янв. 2019 г.
This course has so much substance in it, very engaging and lively. I loved the way Doug teaches and passes across lessons! Perhaps I should come take a course at CALARTS.
автор: Karen J•
13 янв. 2017 г.
A very easy yet enlightening course.. Doug is a great professor..funny too! Assignments were very easy and fun to do.. got a lot to learn in a short time... Great course!
автор: Dan B•
17 нояб. 2015 г.
This was an excellent course. The material was relevant, the assignments were meaningful, and the instructor was effective and motivating. I highly recommend this course.
автор: Elisabeth S•
30 дек. 2020 г.
Brilliant course! Although it is short and manageable, I feel like I learned a lot. And I feel so much better in general for having deepened my relationship with poetry!
автор: Jesus J L•
15 дек. 2016 г.
This course was very helpful to me in understanding poetry a little better. The professor was very engaging and I hope he will teach another poetry course in the future.
автор: nandiya n•
30 апр. 2021 г.
Appreciated the opportunity to take the course. TOTAL. ENJOYMENT.
Wish it were longer -- this is just a wee taste and now am mightily hankering for more.
More please ...
автор: Hannah G•
4 мар. 2021 г.
I really enjoyed this course all the way through. I learned a lot and will continue to keep challenging myself to write poetry, using what I’ve learned here. Thank you!

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The subject of Jacques Thomann’s work is the expression of the human condition with its furies, its wounds and its fantasies.
His work is based on analyzing the images by observing his everyday life. He is taking his inspiration in many sources : newspaper, magazines, music, tv etc …
He is using all the possibilities of color, mixing the various tints of colors in a sort of patchwork, in an explosion of light.
Jacques Thomann's work crosses certain currents of the paint of the end of the XXth century, among them, in the 1970s, that of the narrative representation. He finds with Leonardo Cremonini, Henri Cueco, Bacon, David Hockney, Lucian Freund among others, the impulse of his creation.
Jacques Thomann's privileged theme is apparently the alive reality of the human being: a representation of the man in his social or natural environment on the scale of the infinitesimal or big. He takes up, by his perception of the alive, with the tradition of the paint of history.
He often represents regular people and he celebrates the humble objects which accompany the man in his daily life and which are within reach of his hand. He draws the attention on the most ordinary elements of the existence, perpetuates what risks to disappear, saves from the oversight what is threatened. The spontaneity of these journey diaries reveals a very personal and particuliar relationship with the color.
Jacques Thomann's painting is the adventure of a thought and a sensibility which uses the power of the color to make perceptible the mystery of people and objects which are familiar to us.
Jacques Thomann was born in Paris (France) in 1951
Solo Shows (Selection)
Group shows (Selection)

domain: painting


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A trio of comedies come out on DVD this week. Two are of the romantic variety, while one is of the stupid variety. Here's a closer look at all three:
P.S. I Love You
Stars: Hilary Swank, Gerard Butler
Why you should rent it: How often can you find a pleasant movie about a husband dying young?
Over Her Dead Body
Stars: Eva Longoria, Jason Biggs
Why you should rent it: Because the first movie listed here might not satisfy your need for deceased lovers that haunt their loved ones.
Stars: Ice Cube, Tracy Morgan
Why you should rent it: Because you you refuse to let 30 Rock convince you that Morgan is actually entertaining.

domain: entertainment


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domain: celebrity


The determination of the three-dimensional structure of hadrons in terms of the fundamental quark and gluon (or parton) degrees of freedom of QCD is a central mission of the Jefferson Lab science program. The Theory Center plays a leading role in the development of new formalisms and techniques to quantify this structure through various quantum correlation functions (QCFs), such as parton distribution functions (PDFs), fragmentation functions (FFs), transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMDs), generalized parton distributions (GPDs), and multi-parton correlation functions.
As well as developing the theoretical foundations of the QCF studies through collinear or TMD factorization, a critical part of this program is the extraction of the partonic structures from the experimental data. This is achieved through global QCD analyses, using modern Bayesian inference techniques, in close collaboration with experimental physicists. The Jefferson Lab Angular Momentum (JAM) Collaboration is pioneering a multi-step Monte Carlo approach [1,2] to the analysis of spin-averaged and spin-dependent PDFs, FFs and TMDs (see figure), to reliably sample Bayesian posterior distributions for parameters and produce robust uncertainty quantification, while the CTEQ-Jefferson Lab (CJ) Collaboration  utilizes extensive experience with single fit technology to focus in particular on spin-averaged PDFs at large parton momentum fractions, x. An important feature of the JAM analyses is the simultaneous determination of various QCFs which are interdependent in some observables, such as semi-inclusive DIS.
Comparison of the JAM19 Monte Carlo analysis of unpolarized PDFs for various flavors with recent other PDF determinations .
Extensions of the global QCD analysis paradigm have recently explored using lattice QCD data as an additional constraint on QCFs, especially in cases where there are limitations on what experimental data can constrain. This has synergies with recent developments in the calculations of the x dependence of QCFs, through the quasi-PDFs, pseudo-PDFs or lattice cross sections approaches .
For nuclei, studies have focused on nuclear medium modifications in light nuclei, for which the nuclear wave functions are better determined. The possible role of short-range correlations and nucleon off-shell effects is being examined in phenomenological and theoretical approaches to ascertain their role in the nuclear EMC effect .
The JLab Theory Center also plays a leading role in developing the physics case, including detailed impact studies, for next-generation studies of partonic structure with the EIC .
 N. Sato, C. Andres, J. J. Ethier, W. Melnitchouk, Phys. Rev. D 101, 074020 (2020).
 P. C. Barry, N. Sato, W. Melnitchouk and C.-R. Ji, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 152001 (2018).
 A. Accardi et al., Phys. Lett. B 801, 135143 (2020).
 J. Bringewatt, N. Sato, W. Melnitchouk, J. W. Qiu, F. Steffens and M. Constantinou, Phys. Rev. D 103, 016003 (2021).
 X. G. Wang, A. W. Thomas and W. Melnitchouk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 262002 (2020).
 R. Abdul Khalek et al., arXiv:2103.05419 [physics.ins-det].


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Famous Pole Poets - Famous Poets from Poland
This famous Pole poets section is an educational source of information and inspiration featuring reknown Pole poets. Here you will find famous poets of our time and times past from Poland.
Are we missing a(n) pole poet? Submit a(n) pole poet.

domain: literature


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Rural communities can be great places to relocate in retirement, advertising tells us. But they’re not so great for some of the local elderly already living there. We need to do something about that for the sake of the elderly, young people and community sustainability.
The plight of many rural elderly is a growing, albeit quiet, crisis that is reshaping rural communities, making them less livable for young and old alike. It’s a multifaceted challenge that a single newspaper column can’t begin to address, but we’ll aim to at least introduce it here.
Magazines and websites extoll rural communities as an ideal retirement move:
“11 Reasons to Consider Retiring Rural”
“Rural Retirement Can be Early and on the Cheap”
“Retire to a Simpler Life in a Small Town”
There are indeed positives. Besides rural values and open space, the main positives for newcomers and returning retirees in Pennsylvania are probably a lower cost of living and certain tax advantages. Incoming retirees bring significant economic benefits to rural communities too, because they’re often better off financially than home-grown retirees—at least at first: The progression of aging becomes something of an equalizer.
As we know, the elderly population is growing rapidly as boomers retire, and the rural elderly population is growing even more. About 18% of PA residents are over 65; in rural counties the number is over 20% and in specific communities it’s higher than that. It matches or exceeds the under-18 population. An increasing number of rural communities are becoming what sociologists call NORCs, or “naturally occurring retirement communities”—geographic areas where older populations are developing without the benefit of planned services, through a combination of older in-migration, aging in place, and young people moving out.
But there’s a dichotomy between well-off and poor/working class retirees that’s clear in counties like Franklin and Adams in south-central Pennsylvania. Incoming retirees with investment portfolios and federal pensions settle in over-55 and golf-course communities after careers in Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington, D.C.
At the other end of the spectrum, many local residents age in place, in old, often-deteriorating housing in small towns, or invisibly among farms and forests. From my experience delivering meals to the elderly in both 55-plus communities and ad hoc collections of trailers, I can attest that the more tenuous-looking the domicile, the more likely it is that an elderly person lives there.
One 94-year-old resident I visited lived for years without heat after her furnace broke down. She wore her winter coat, gloves, and hat indoors—and the women working at the post office next door took up a collection to buy her a small electric fireplace, which along with her oven, pots of water kept on the boil and judicious use of draft stoppers, kept her from freezing, if not comfortable.
For local retirees—who previously were self-employed, were farmers or worked for small businesses—living on a fixed income means having little-to-no income. Those fortunate enough to have a public pension are exceptions, although some public and private pensions are struggling. For many lifelong rural residents, retiring isn’t a choice you get to make so much as a fastball life throws at you when you least expect it. You just carry on, until you can’t.
A March 2022 analysis from the Employee Benefit Research Institute bears this out, showing that while rural residents are more likely than urban residents to own a home and vehicle (however dubious), they have less in savings, are more likely to lack a retirement plan, and more likely to have medical debt.
There are few solutions on the horizon. Proposals such as the American Savings Act, which would provide automatic enrollment in a universal savings plan for employees lacking an employer-sponsored plan, don’t seem that appealing in light of high inflation and market instability. And of course, that’s a future fix; there’s still the gathering storm.
At the very least, rural communities need incoming wealthier retirees as well as young people who can make enough money locally to support even minimal services for the aging. Additional legal immigration—if we could stop demagoging it—could be an economic lifeline.
It would be nice to hear our highest-profile politicians talk about a livable future for our rural elderly. Instead, too many are busy making scare-mongering direct-mail and TV appeals—I’ve seen them—begging the rural elderly who can’t afford food or heat to send a few grubby dollars to help them get reelected and “save America!” They rather extort the last bit of gold rural golden-agers possess.
Becky Bennett lives in south-central Pennsylvania and is a freelance writer and editor. She was editor of the Public Opinion newspaper in Chambersburg for 18 years and a journalist for over 40 years. “Across the Divide” examines rural perspectives on issues facing Pennsylvania and the nation. Email her at firstname.lastname@example.org.

domain: geography


text:
SUP Polo is a fun, action fuelled game that is fast paced and exciting to play or watch. It is a physical test of any paddler’s skills, working on core balance, coordination, reactions, stamina and agility.
SUP Polo is best described as a cross between Stand Up Paddle boarding, water polo and lacrosse all played out on inflatable boards on the sheltered waters of Margam Reservoir.
Sessions last an hour. Players are allocated to teams of five who battle it out to score the most goals in five minute games.
3 in stock
No Wetsuit Required, Age 8, Age 10, Age 12, Age 14, Small, Medium, Large, X Large, XX Large

domain: hobby


The application of frequency-modulated continuous waves (FMCW) to the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) is described. The technique provides a convenient way of separating specimen topography from reflectivity while enjoying the advantages of pulse compression. Furthermore, the system will enable sophisticated signal processing to be carried out at audio frequencies.
- Acoustic microscopy
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


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“Americans continue to cite dissatisfaction with government above all others as the United States’ top problem,” reports Gallup polling analyst Megan Brenan, citing a new survey from the pollster that places the faulty government in first place.
In second place: concern over racial tensions in the nation, followed by immigration and the lack of unity in America.
Some worries had equal weight. The state of health care, the economy and North Korean threats were tied for fifth place, followed by unemployment, the moral decline of the nation and natural disaster relief — all tied for sixth place.
The news media did not fare so well in the survey. On the top 10 list of problems, the media was ranked in seventh place — tied with concerns about crime and violence, and environmental or pollution issues. Americans, the poll found, worry less about drug use, poverty, terrorism, inflation, federal debt, the threat of war, the judicial system and national security than they do about the state of the media.
There is one aspect which could be considered a positive in the research, however. Concerns about the economy — which include worries about unemployment, taxes, the gap between rich and poor and the federal budget deficit — are the lowest in a decade.
Seventeen percent of the respondents said that was a concern, compared to highs of 86 percent when the survey was conducted in 2009, and 72 percent in 2013. The wide-ranging Gallup poll asked respondents to cite for themselves what worried them; the final list included just under 50 different concerns.
Who can solve our problems? The poll found that Democrats were cited by 41 percent of the respondents while 34 percent put their confidence in Republicans and 25 percent were undecided.
The survey of 1,022 U.S. adults was conducted September 6-10.

domain: politics


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On August 6, Judge Magistrate Amos Maazant of U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas made many a headline when he became the first known United States government official to declare that Bitcoin-the non-government and non-bank currency, payments network, and anarchic digital phenomenon-is indeed money. In a ruling rejecting a defense argument that a certain Ponzi scheme was not in fact a Ponzi scheme because its shares were sold in Bitcoins, instead of "real" money, Maazant made this declaration: "Bitcoin is a currency or form of money, and investors wishing to invest in [the scheme] provided an investment of money."
The following week, the German Ministry of Finance also formally recognized Bitcoins as a private money. Germans can now use Bitcoins to buy bratwurst, sell lederhosen, or invest in Volkswagen. The government is developing rules to ensure Bitcoin transactions are taxed, just like those in euros.
So governments are slowly acknowledging the obvious: Bitcoins are money. But bureaucrats, like many observers since the digital currency burst on the scene in January 2009, are likely missing the larger implications. Bitcoin is much, much more than just money.
At its core, Bitcoin is a completely decentralized ledger system. It can be thought of as a massive online version of an accountant's book in which transactions are recorded by deducting from one account and adding to another. An accountant's ledger can be used to keep track not just of dollars, but also cows or bushels of corn or anything else, and Bitcoin is just as flexible. That means it can serve as the backbone for any online transaction that relies on a ledger, such as property registration, futures swapping, and bonded contracts. Because Bitcoin is decentralized, these applications can exist largely outside regulators' reach. And because Bitcoin is growing in popularity, financial regulators are beginning to make plans for dealing with it, much to the chagrin of those who see the private currency as a revolutionary force inherently unmanageable by statist forces.
The Mysterious Rise of Bitcoin
The Bitcoin concept was introduced in a remarkable academic paper published online in late 2008 by someone calling himself Satoshi Nakamoto. (So far, Nakamoto's true identity remains a mystery despite the attempts of several investigative reporters to uncover it.) The paper described a cryptographic breakthrough that for the first time made possible "a purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash [allowing] online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution."
In early 2009, Nakamoto released open-source software implementing the concept and launching the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network. After the launch, volunteer programmers from around the world began to work with Nakamoto to further develop the underlying software protocol, collaborating via email, forums, and chats. Nakamoto remained an active participant through mid-2010, when he turned over control of the project to a contributor named Gavin Andresen. In April 2011, when asked by a developer to explain his declining involvement, Nakamoto said that he had "moved on to other things." He hasn't been heard from since.
The mystery of Bitcoin's designer is fascinating, but the fact that we don't really know where Bitcoin came from does not undermine its security or stability. The Bitcoin protocol and software are completely open-source, open to inspection by anyone. Hundreds of programmers and cryptographers have pored over the code's thousands of lines, and volunteers are continuously adding innovations. By now most Bitcoin code has been written by people other than Nakamoto.
At first, Bitcoin attracted interest mostly from a small group of cryptographers and technology enthusiasts who casually traded the currency back and forth and even gave some away to attract new users. The currency's early value was commonly in the pennies. The first known Bitcoin purchase took place in May 2010, when one user paid another 10,000 Bitcoins for two pizzas. That sum would be worth around $1.2 million at today's exchange rate.
Merchants ranging from bars and restaurants to online specialty retailers began to accept Bitcoin for payment in 2010. Now businesses as big as WordPress, Reddit, and OKCupid accept the stuff. The most popular use of Bitcoin today is in online gambling at sites such as SatoshiDice.com.
As demand grew and the marketplace expanded, so did the exchange rate. Before settling at a relatively stable price of about $120 per Bitcoin over the last few months, Bitcoin experienced several bubbles and crashes. It reached an all-time high of $266 in April 2013-an increase of more than 1,000 percent over the previous three months-and then dropped to $105 before turning back up. Each bubble has largely been driven by media attention, which attracts new users and thus new demand. At some point in these cycles of publicity, a critical mass of speculators cashes out, sending the currency tumbling.
Such volatility is not surprising. The total value of all outstanding Bitcoins is still relatively low-about $1.5 billion. This means even a small increase in interest in Bitcoin can send prices soaring. Additionally, a large portion of existing Bitcoins are for the moment being held as a long-term investment, so the market is not very liquid. As more and more people begin to use them for everyday purchases, the exchange rate will likely increase.
The How of Bitcoin
Until the invention of Bitcoin, online digital payments had to rely on trusted third parties, such as PayPal or Visa, to keep a ledger of account-holder balances, or a record of who owns what. For example, if I send you $100 via PayPal, PayPal will deduct the amount from my account and add it to yours.
Without such ledgers, digital money could be spent twice. Imagine that digital cash is simply a computer file, just as digital documents such as spreadsheets or photos are computer files. I could send you $100 by attaching a "money file" to a message. But just as with email, sending you an attachment does not delete that file from my computer. I could send the same $100 file to a second person, essentially spending the same money twice. In computer science, this is known as the "double spending" problem. Until Bitcoin it could only be solved by employing a trusted, ledger-keeping third party.
What makes Bitcoin revolutionary is that for the first time the double-spending problem can be solved without a third party. Bitcoin accomplishes this by distributing the necessary ledger among all users of the system via a peer-to-peer network. Every transaction in the Bitcoin economy is registered in a public ledger called "the blockchain." Complete copies of the blockchain reside on the computers of everyone who uses Bitcoin. New transactions are checked against the blockchain to ensure that the same Bitcoins haven't been previously allocated, thus eliminating the double-spending problem.
Transactions are checked by users called "miners," who lend their computers' processing power for that purpose. Miners essentially solve the difficult cryptographic math problems that verify transactions, and they are awarded newly created Bitcoins for their trouble. This is how new Bitcoins are injected into the money supply. As more users become miners and the processing power that is dedicated to mining increases, the Bitcoin protocol also increases the difficulty of the cryptographic problem miners must solve to verify transactions, thus ensuring that new Bitcoins are always mined at a predictable and limited rate.
This mining process will not continue forever. Bitcoin was designed to mimic the extraction of gold or other precious metals from the earth-only a limited, known number of the coins can ever be dug up. The arbitrary number chosen to be the cap is 21 million Bitcoins. This certainty and predictability appeals to many because it makes artificial currency inflation impossible. In most countries, a central bank controls the money supply, and sometimes (such as during the recent economic crisis) it may decide to inject more money into an economy. A central bank does this essentially by printing more money. More cash in the system, however, means that the cash you already hold will be worth less. By contrast, because Bitcoin has no central authority, no one can decide to increase the money supply. The rate of new Bitcoins introduced to the system is based on a public algorithm and is therefore perfectly predictable.
Yet as interesting as Bitcoin's deflationary nature is, it is the decentralized design that makes the innovation truly revolutionary. It means you and I can transact online without PayPal or any other central authority between us, much in the same way we might exchange cash for goods on the street. This design has two important ramifications: First, because the ledger is decentralized, the Bitcoin protocol leaves governments with no intermediary to regulate or shut down. Second, the technology is potentially useful for many other types of transactions.
Censorship and Resistance
In late 2010, after WikiLeaks began releasing its trove of State Department cables, many individuals sought to show solidarity with the group by donating money. They found that many payment processors, including Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal, would not remit money to Julian Assange's organization, thanks to U.S. government pressure. PayPal even froze the group's account so that it could not access funds it had already collected.
"Hey, Visa, Mastercard, Paypal: It's MY money," media critic Jeff Jarvis tweeted at the time. "How DARE you tell me where I can and can't spend it?"
As long as you rely on intermediaries to transact, they can indeed tell you how you can and can't spend your money. This is why governments seeking to control online activity tend to regulate not end users but the facilitators in-between. For example, the rightfully defeated Stop Online Piracy Act would have worked not by going after digital pirates, but by requiring payment processors to block the transactions of people merely suspected of piracy.
Because it is a decentralized peer-to-peer network, Bitcoin is inherently resistant to censorship or control. There is no Bitcoin company to subpoena, no headquarters to raid, not even a server to shut down. Add to that its pseudonymous nature and Bitcoin becomes a real challenge to the state's ability to restrain or keep track of financial transactions.
Unlike cash, Bitcoin is not anonymous, since a public record is made of every transaction. But it is more private than traditional electronic payments, such as credit card transactions, because users' identities need not be tied to the exchanges. Security researchers have begun to develop techniques to unmask the identities of the persons behind transactions by analyzing the patterns of activity in the blockchain, and there is no doubt that law enforcement will soon adopt such schemes. While the state may be able to uncover the identity and punish the parties to a Bitcoin transaction, however, it will no longer be able to prevent those transactions from happening in the first place by regulating middlemen. That genie is out of the bottle.
With a little bit of effort, usually involving meeting a stranger in person, you can purchase Bitcoins anonymously with physical cash. From that moment, a whole universe of government-disfavored activities opens up. You could buy illegal drugs on the notorious "Silk Road," an encrypted website that has operated with impunity for the past two years, facilitating annual sales estimated at over $20 million (until federal agents shut it down and arrested its alleged operator as this story went to press). You could gamble at various casinos or prediction markets, buy contraband Cuban cigars, or-yes-give money to WikiLeaks. Dissidents in Iran or China can use Bitcoins to buy premium blogging services from WordPress. And perhaps more importantly, Bitcoin can potentially replace not just the intermediary payment processors, but the intermediary markets as well.
More than Money
Mike Hearn, an engineer at Google who serves as one of Bitcoin's core developers, likes to compare the currency's potential to the early Web. "The Web started out as scientists simply showing documents to each other," he says. "You could link documents and embed images, but the true potential of the Web really came when these pages became interactive and started gaining more and more features allowing people to build things like Facebook or online shops. Those things are not documents, and now probably half the time people use the Web they aren't really interacting with documents; they are actually using applications."
Bitcoin, Hearn says, is now only being employed for its most obvious use-money transmission. But its design supports any number of other applications, just like the Web.
"Ultimately Bitcoins are data, and you can use a data transit protocol to transit information other than just 'I'm sending you Bitcoins.' It could be 'I'm sending you a stock,' or it could be 'I'm sending you a bet,"Š" says Jeff Garzik, another core Bitcoin developer. Each of these applications would by definition be beyond government control.
One of the most interesting potential applications of the protocol is decentralized electronic markets. These could be for futures contracts, sports bets, or political predictions. J.R. Willett, author of a white paper proposing such a system, explains with a thought experiment. Suppose two parties, A and B, want to bet on the future price of Google stock; and suppose there is a third party, C, that publishes the price on the network every few minutes. A thinks the price of Google will go up, and publishes a message saying so, establishing how much he's willing to wager. B thinks it will go down and publishes a message accepting the bet.
Once that happens, both parties are committed to the transaction. The only question is who takes the pot. Others on the distributed network don't know the real-life identities of the bettors, but they can see that A said it would go up and that B said it would go down, and they can see C publish the price of Google shares. "If the price goes up, then the whole protocol recognizes that A won that bet; the whole protocol recognizes that A now owns B's coins," says Willett.
Bitcoin, then, may soon enable a world of decentralized electronic betting markets largely impervious to government sanction. The predictions market Intrade, a darling of academic economists and political scientists, closed down last year after the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) sued it for violating a ban on certain options trading. (See Katherine Mangu-Ward, "The Death of Intrade," page 44.) According to the CFTC, Intrade "unlawfully solicited and permitted U.S. customers to buy and sell options predicting whether specific future events would occur, including whether certain U.S. economic numbers or the prices of gold and currencies would reach a certain level by a certain future date, and whether specific acts of war would occur by a certain future date."
A predictions market built as a peer-to-peer network on top of Bitcoin could not be shut down so easily. And no operator could abscond with users' funds, as has also been rumored of Intrade in the wake of the CFTC action.
Eliminate the Middleman
When users don't rely on intermediaries to transact, governments have a much harder time restricting with whom users can engage and for what purpose. (It also makes it harder for tax collectors to grab a cut of the transaction.) Governments seeking to control online activity so far have tended to crack down on the intermediaries first. For example, online gambling and sports betting is perfectly legal in countries such as the U.K., Ireland, and Australia, and residents of the United States can easily access those websites. Placing a bet is another matter, however, because the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 requires payments processors, such as PayPal and Visa, to block transactions to online gambling sites. (See Jacob Sullum, "How Poker Became a Crime," page 62.)
Not only does Bitcoin remove the need to rely on third-party payments processors, it has the potential to remove the need to rely on third-party betting platforms altogether. Suddenly, the government can't regulate gambling either.
Another possible application of the protocol is to power decentralized crowdfunding without third-party intermediaries such as Kickstarter or Indiegogo. Bitcoin transactions can be structured in such a way that they are not finalized until the recipient has received a certain predetermined amount. If an entrepreneur promises to work on a project or produce a good if he raises a certain amount, contributors can pledge their support in any amount safe in the knowledge that Bitcoins will not leave their wallets unless and until the entrepreneur receives sufficient pledges to meet his goal.
This would make crowdfunding cheaper than it is now. Kickstarter, for example, takes 5 percent of the funds raised through its service. It would also make crowdfunding more resistant to censorship. Last year, Indiegogo suspended Defense Distributed's campaign to raise $20,000 to develop schematics for a 3D-printed plastic firearm. Using the Bitcoin protocol, there is no central authority or middleman that would have the power to suspend unpopular crowdfunding campaigns. (For more on 3D-printed guns, see Brian Doherty, "The Unstoppable Plastic Gun," page 24.)
Bitcoin's potential is not limited to transactions. One non-transactional use of the technology is as a decentralized notary service, allowing anyone to verify that a particular document existed at a certain point in time. Say you've written a movie screenplay, and before you shop it around Hollywood you want to record that you had it first. To accomplish this, you can add the document's cryptographic signature to the blockchain, the Bitcoin public ledger. If someone ever were to claim the screenplay as his own, you could point to the blockchain to prove you had it first. The website ProofOfExistence.com is a first attempt at creating this kind of service.
Another non-transactional application of Bitcoin is being developed by Joe Cascio, a semi-retired software engineer living in Connecticut. Cascio calls his innovation "collateralized identity," which he initially developed to address the problem of sockpuppetry on online forums. Because creating new accounts on online services is often free and easy, one individual can conjure up many different identities and use them to harass, spam, or otherwise annoy other users. Suspending sockpuppet accounts does little to address the problem because a malicious user will simply create new ones in their place.
Online forums have tried to defeat sockpuppetry by requiring account holders to use their real identities or by allowing pseudonymous usernames but charging a membership fee to deter one person from creating more than one account. But Cascio has developed a system allowing users to log into websites pseudonymously using Bitcoin addresses. What this means is that a website owner can restrict who can create an account based on the user's current Bitcoin balance, or even her balance history.
For example, a site might require that new users must have at least 30 days of a continuous balance of the Bitcoin equivalent of $100 associated with the address he is using for his ID. That $100 is not a membership fee you have to pay, only an average balance one has to carry for each account. That makes multiple accounts a very expensive proposition for malicious users, while remaining inexpensive for average users. Only because Bitcoin's ledger is public can the site verify that a user does indeed meet its collateral requirements.
"The fact that you can observe the history of a Bitcoin address is important because it means that you can't play Three Card Monte with IDs," says Cascio. Otherwise, a malicious user might simply move money around to different Bitcoin addresses before creating new accounts.
While Cascio only intended to address the sockpuppet issue, he has since discovered that his invention essentially leverages Bitcoin to create pseudonymous identities tied to something akin to publicly verifiable "credit histories"-something that has potential implications far beyond blocking Internet jerks.
The bottom line is that the Bitcoin protocol has the potential to be much more than just digital money. It is a platform for financial and informational innovation open to anyone and everyone, with no requirement to obtain a permit.
Bitcoin vs. the State
The potential benefits Bitcoin can bring to liberty and the broader economy are profound. But such a system obviously threatens the authority of the government. Just the few examples mentioned in this article touch on the regulatory jurisdictions of the Treasury Department, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the CFTC, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, various state regulators, and the Internal Revenue Service, for starters. Such entities are beginning to mobilize in response.
The state's main concern at the moment is that Bitcoin could be used for money laundering, for financing terrorism, and for trading in illicit goods. Traditional payments networks, such as PayPal or Western Union, are subject to the Bank Secrecy Act, which requires that companies verify customers' identities, keep records of financial transactions, and report suspicious transactions. This data facilitates investigation and prosecution of money laundering and other crimes. Because Bitcoin is a decentralized network, the government worries that no one is responsible for identifying users and reporting transactions.
While it's virtually impossible to regulate the Bitcoin network itself, many new businesses are now emerging to facilitate consumer adoption of the currency. Those companies will certainly be subject to regulation. For example, if you would like to convert dollars to Bitcoins, you could find a stranger on Craigslist willing to trade and meet him at a coffee shop to make the exchange. Such a transaction is virtually impossible to regulate, but it's also not very consumer-friendly.
As a result, there is a slew of venture-capital-backed startups setting up easy-to-use online exchanges, as well as so-called "wallet services" that help one easily store and spend Bitcoins, and processors that help merchants accept payment. These new middlemen of the Bitcoin ecosystem are just as susceptible to regulation as existing banks and other third-party payment networks.
In March, the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) issued a regulatory guidance determining that the businesses now developing Bitcoin's consumer infrastructure are to be classified as money transmitters who must register with the agency and comply with existing recordkeeping and reporting requirements. More onerous regulation will likely come from states that require money transmission businesses to be locally licensed before they can operate.
Today, a company that wants to launch a new Bitcoin exchange would have to spend at least $1 million dollars and labor for more than a year acquiring 48 different licenses before it could open for business (according to various entrepreneurs and compliance officers associated with the industry), since 48 states have their own money-transmitter license requirements. In August, New York State's Superintendent of Financial Services Benjamin Lawsky subpoenaed two dozen Bitcoin-related businesses to gather more information about their operations, and he is now conducting an inquiry to determine how to regulate virtual currency businesses.
What has struck some of Bitcoin's more ideological backers-who cherish the currency as a system apart from, and perhaps even against, the state-is how eager and willing these Bitcoin-ecosystem companies are to comply with regulators.
"A year or more ago there was very much an 'Occupy' type feel to Bitcoin, where this is the anti-establishment currency, and now the establishment is getting interested in Bitcoin," says Bitcoin developer Garzik. "There is a tension, and you definitely see the libertarian crypto-anarchist roots bang heads with the venture capital that's coming in right now."
Many entrepreneurs are inviting regulation as a way to legitimize virtual currencies. They are looking to get rich through what they rightly see as a disruptive technology, and ideology plays little part in that quest. If playing ball with regulators is what it takes, they figure, then so be it.
Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, the Facebook-cofounding twins who own about 1 percent of all Bitcoins, filed papers in September with the Securities and Exchange Commission seeking permission to launch a fund that would allow investors to easily speculate on the price of Bitcoins. They have been making a full-court press for regulation.
"I don't think anyone wants a fight-I think everyone here wants to build Bitcoin, to work with regulators," Cameron Winklevoss told the crowd at a Bitcoin conference in San Jose this May. "Cooperation is really the way forward." In June Winklevoss turned it up another notch, telling the NExT entrepreneurship and technology conference in Brooklyn that "in the Bitcoin world, we love regulation." He said regulation would confer legitimacy on Bitcoin, helping to stamp out illicit uses.
Ultimately, both camps-those who would like to see Bitcoin regulated, and those who see Bitcoin as a perfect escape from state control-will have to face facts. Regulators and law enforcement will have to come to terms with the fact that the Bitcoin protocol is beyond their reach, and while they may be able to spy on the vast majority of consumer transactions by regulating third-party Bitcoin businesses, they will not be able to stop individuals from transacting with each other directly on the network. Meanwhile, those who would rather have nothing to do with the state will have to face the fact that laws that ban money laundering and license money transmission exist, and that the choice before the Bitcoin community is not whether it should want regulation but what to do about it.
Given this inevitability, what matters is how onerous the ultimate regulatory structure around Bitcoin will be. Why should this matter to those who seek to opt out of the legacy financial system altogether? Because Bitcoin is a network and networks depend on network effects.
The more people use Bitcoin, the stronger it will grow; the stronger it grows, the more difficult it will be to regulate in the long run. Does Bitcoin need millions of average American consumers (or Chinese consumers, for that matter) to succeed? No, but that would surely help. Eventually, hopefully, more and more value will remain inside the Bitcoin economy, not requiring easily regulatable conversion to government currencies. But that process will take time. The more people transact with Bitcoins and are comfortable doing so, even under a regulated regime, the quicker the currency's full potential can be realized.
While governments can't kill Bitcoin, it would be naive to think that they could not substantially slow down its development and raise the cost of using it. "The choice is not whether to have digital currencies," Jim Harper wrote recently in Cato Unbound. "The choice is between adopting digital currencies the hard way or the easy way." Right now U.S. regulators seem to be choosing a middle path.
At the moment Washington is not interested in outlawing Bitcoin, especially since the currency's $1.5 billion economy is comparatively trivial. The government is interested, however, in forcing Bitcoin to fit within its existing bureaucratic buckets.
If regulators can avoid big-ticket prohibitions or mistakes early on, they may counterintuitively enable the growth of something they'll never be able to control. The stronger the network effects grow, the harder it will be for states to take more aggressive actions in the future. Before you know it, Bitcoin will never look trivial again.
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