Datasets:
Tasks:
Token Classification
Modalities:
Text
Formats:
text
Languages:
English
Size:
10K - 100K
ArXiv:
Tags:
climate
License:
Upload 3 files
Browse filesAdd train, test, and evaluation files of Climate Change NER dataset
- en.test.txt +6104 -0
- en.train.txt +0 -0
- en.val.txt +6711 -0
en.test.txt
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|
| 1 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f87ba000ebbffd8dfc076b693bce3397
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
Particularly O
|
| 4 |
+
, O
|
| 5 |
+
air B-climate-nature
|
| 6 |
+
– I-climate-nature
|
| 7 |
+
surface I-climate-nature
|
| 8 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
| 9 |
+
of O
|
| 10 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 11 |
+
and O
|
| 12 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 13 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 14 |
+
are O
|
| 15 |
+
of O
|
| 16 |
+
interest O
|
| 17 |
+
as O
|
| 18 |
+
recent O
|
| 19 |
+
observations O
|
| 20 |
+
suggest O
|
| 21 |
+
that O
|
| 22 |
+
the O
|
| 23 |
+
vast O
|
| 24 |
+
stores O
|
| 25 |
+
of O
|
| 26 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
| 27 |
+
carbon I-climate-nature
|
| 28 |
+
found O
|
| 29 |
+
in O
|
| 30 |
+
the O
|
| 31 |
+
Arctic O
|
| 32 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
| 33 |
+
are O
|
| 34 |
+
becoming O
|
| 35 |
+
more O
|
| 36 |
+
available O
|
| 37 |
+
to O
|
| 38 |
+
release O
|
| 39 |
+
to O
|
| 40 |
+
the O
|
| 41 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 42 |
+
in O
|
| 43 |
+
the O
|
| 44 |
+
form O
|
| 45 |
+
of O
|
| 46 |
+
these O
|
| 47 |
+
greenhouse O
|
| 48 |
+
gases O
|
| 49 |
+
. O
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
We O
|
| 52 |
+
present O
|
| 53 |
+
here O
|
| 54 |
+
a O
|
| 55 |
+
two O
|
| 56 |
+
- O
|
| 57 |
+
year O
|
| 58 |
+
micrometeorological O
|
| 59 |
+
data O
|
| 60 |
+
set O
|
| 61 |
+
of O
|
| 62 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 63 |
+
and O
|
| 64 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 65 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 66 |
+
fluxes O
|
| 67 |
+
, O
|
| 68 |
+
along O
|
| 69 |
+
with O
|
| 70 |
+
supporting O
|
| 71 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
| 72 |
+
pore I-climate-nature
|
| 73 |
+
gas I-climate-nature
|
| 74 |
+
profiles O
|
| 75 |
+
, O
|
| 76 |
+
that O
|
| 77 |
+
provide O
|
| 78 |
+
near O
|
| 79 |
+
- O
|
| 80 |
+
continuous O
|
| 81 |
+
data O
|
| 82 |
+
throughout O
|
| 83 |
+
the O
|
| 84 |
+
active O
|
| 85 |
+
summer O
|
| 86 |
+
and O
|
| 87 |
+
cold O
|
| 88 |
+
winter O
|
| 89 |
+
seasons O
|
| 90 |
+
. O
|
| 91 |
+
|
| 92 |
+
Net O
|
| 93 |
+
emission O
|
| 94 |
+
of O
|
| 95 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 96 |
+
and O
|
| 97 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 98 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 99 |
+
in O
|
| 100 |
+
one O
|
| 101 |
+
of O
|
| 102 |
+
the O
|
| 103 |
+
study O
|
| 104 |
+
years O
|
| 105 |
+
totalled O
|
| 106 |
+
3.7 O
|
| 107 |
+
and O
|
| 108 |
+
89 O
|
| 109 |
+
g O
|
| 110 |
+
C O
|
| 111 |
+
m O
|
| 112 |
+
−2 O
|
| 113 |
+
a O
|
| 114 |
+
−1 O
|
| 115 |
+
respectively O
|
| 116 |
+
, O
|
| 117 |
+
with O
|
| 118 |
+
cold O
|
| 119 |
+
- O
|
| 120 |
+
season O
|
| 121 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 122 |
+
emission O
|
| 123 |
+
representing O
|
| 124 |
+
54 O
|
| 125 |
+
% O
|
| 126 |
+
of O
|
| 127 |
+
the O
|
| 128 |
+
annual O
|
| 129 |
+
total O
|
| 130 |
+
. O
|
| 131 |
+
|
| 132 |
+
In O
|
| 133 |
+
the O
|
| 134 |
+
other O
|
| 135 |
+
year O
|
| 136 |
+
, O
|
| 137 |
+
net O
|
| 138 |
+
emission O
|
| 139 |
+
totals O
|
| 140 |
+
of O
|
| 141 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 142 |
+
and O
|
| 143 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 144 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 145 |
+
were O
|
| 146 |
+
4.9 O
|
| 147 |
+
and O
|
| 148 |
+
485 O
|
| 149 |
+
g O
|
| 150 |
+
C O
|
| 151 |
+
m O
|
| 152 |
+
−2 O
|
| 153 |
+
a O
|
| 154 |
+
−1 O
|
| 155 |
+
respectively O
|
| 156 |
+
, O
|
| 157 |
+
with O
|
| 158 |
+
cold O
|
| 159 |
+
- O
|
| 160 |
+
season O
|
| 161 |
+
methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 162 |
+
emission O
|
| 163 |
+
here O
|
| 164 |
+
representing O
|
| 165 |
+
82 O
|
| 166 |
+
% O
|
| 167 |
+
of O
|
| 168 |
+
the O
|
| 169 |
+
annual O
|
| 170 |
+
total O
|
| 171 |
+
– O
|
| 172 |
+
a O
|
| 173 |
+
larger O
|
| 174 |
+
proportion O
|
| 175 |
+
than O
|
| 176 |
+
has O
|
| 177 |
+
been O
|
| 178 |
+
previously O
|
| 179 |
+
reported O
|
| 180 |
+
in O
|
| 181 |
+
the O
|
| 182 |
+
Arctic O
|
| 183 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
| 184 |
+
. O
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 2760046c24e54b018c304556bbdb7057
|
| 187 |
+
|
| 188 |
+
Within O
|
| 189 |
+
the O
|
| 190 |
+
literature O
|
| 191 |
+
, O
|
| 192 |
+
concerns O
|
| 193 |
+
have O
|
| 194 |
+
been O
|
| 195 |
+
raised O
|
| 196 |
+
that O
|
| 197 |
+
centralised O
|
| 198 |
+
urban B-climate-assets
|
| 199 |
+
water I-climate-assets
|
| 200 |
+
systems I-climate-assets
|
| 201 |
+
are O
|
| 202 |
+
maladapted O
|
| 203 |
+
to O
|
| 204 |
+
challenges O
|
| 205 |
+
associated O
|
| 206 |
+
with O
|
| 207 |
+
climate O
|
| 208 |
+
change O
|
| 209 |
+
, O
|
| 210 |
+
population B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 211 |
+
growth I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 212 |
+
and O
|
| 213 |
+
other O
|
| 214 |
+
socio O
|
| 215 |
+
- O
|
| 216 |
+
economic O
|
| 217 |
+
and O
|
| 218 |
+
environmental O
|
| 219 |
+
strains O
|
| 220 |
+
. O
|
| 221 |
+
|
| 222 |
+
This O
|
| 223 |
+
paper O
|
| 224 |
+
provides O
|
| 225 |
+
a O
|
| 226 |
+
critical O
|
| 227 |
+
assessment O
|
| 228 |
+
of O
|
| 229 |
+
the O
|
| 230 |
+
discourse O
|
| 231 |
+
that O
|
| 232 |
+
surrounds O
|
| 233 |
+
emerging O
|
| 234 |
+
approaches O
|
| 235 |
+
to O
|
| 236 |
+
urban B-climate-mitigations
|
| 237 |
+
water I-climate-mitigations
|
| 238 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 239 |
+
and O
|
| 240 |
+
infrastructure B-climate-assets
|
| 241 |
+
provision O
|
| 242 |
+
. O
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 41d1e197a02e34c72fa789e401bb03ef
|
| 245 |
+
|
| 246 |
+
AbstractThis O
|
| 247 |
+
paper O
|
| 248 |
+
compares O
|
| 249 |
+
three O
|
| 250 |
+
existing O
|
| 251 |
+
Palmer B-climate-properties
|
| 252 |
+
Drought I-climate-properties
|
| 253 |
+
Severity I-climate-properties
|
| 254 |
+
Index I-climate-properties
|
| 255 |
+
( O
|
| 256 |
+
PDSI B-climate-properties
|
| 257 |
+
) O
|
| 258 |
+
formulations O
|
| 259 |
+
for O
|
| 260 |
+
simulating O
|
| 261 |
+
summer O
|
| 262 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
| 263 |
+
variability I-climate-properties
|
| 264 |
+
in O
|
| 265 |
+
western O
|
| 266 |
+
Canada O
|
| 267 |
+
and O
|
| 268 |
+
a O
|
| 269 |
+
preliminary O
|
| 270 |
+
analysis O
|
| 271 |
+
of O
|
| 272 |
+
climate O
|
| 273 |
+
change O
|
| 274 |
+
impacts O
|
| 275 |
+
on O
|
| 276 |
+
summer O
|
| 277 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
| 278 |
+
anomalies O
|
| 279 |
+
. O
|
| 280 |
+
|
| 281 |
+
In O
|
| 282 |
+
all O
|
| 283 |
+
formulations O
|
| 284 |
+
, O
|
| 285 |
+
potential B-climate-properties
|
| 286 |
+
evapotranspiration I-climate-properties
|
| 287 |
+
was O
|
| 288 |
+
parameterized O
|
| 289 |
+
by O
|
| 290 |
+
the O
|
| 291 |
+
Penman B-climate-models
|
| 292 |
+
– I-climate-models
|
| 293 |
+
Monteith I-climate-models
|
| 294 |
+
method I-climate-models
|
| 295 |
+
instead O
|
| 296 |
+
of O
|
| 297 |
+
the O
|
| 298 |
+
traditional O
|
| 299 |
+
Thornthwaite B-climate-models
|
| 300 |
+
method I-climate-models
|
| 301 |
+
. O
|
| 302 |
+
|
| 303 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 5265c1e7188eed477bb316eca09e5f3f
|
| 304 |
+
|
| 305 |
+
An O
|
| 306 |
+
important O
|
| 307 |
+
result O
|
| 308 |
+
is O
|
| 309 |
+
that O
|
| 310 |
+
the O
|
| 311 |
+
possibility O
|
| 312 |
+
of O
|
| 313 |
+
a O
|
| 314 |
+
climate B-climate-impacts
|
| 315 |
+
catastrophe I-climate-impacts
|
| 316 |
+
is O
|
| 317 |
+
a O
|
| 318 |
+
major O
|
| 319 |
+
argument O
|
| 320 |
+
for O
|
| 321 |
+
greenhouse B-climate-mitigations
|
| 322 |
+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
| 323 |
+
abatement I-climate-mitigations
|
| 324 |
+
even O
|
| 325 |
+
in O
|
| 326 |
+
absence O
|
| 327 |
+
of O
|
| 328 |
+
continuous B-climate-impacts
|
| 329 |
+
damage I-climate-impacts
|
| 330 |
+
. O
|
| 331 |
+
|
| 332 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O cd2b3ae0c9c4c7ca08d5c899dda238f7
|
| 333 |
+
|
| 334 |
+
We O
|
| 335 |
+
focus O
|
| 336 |
+
on O
|
| 337 |
+
the O
|
| 338 |
+
impacts O
|
| 339 |
+
of O
|
| 340 |
+
irrigation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 341 |
+
on O
|
| 342 |
+
the O
|
| 343 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
| 344 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
| 345 |
+
cycle I-climate-nature
|
| 346 |
+
and O
|
| 347 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 348 |
+
feedback I-climate-nature
|
| 349 |
+
in O
|
| 350 |
+
arid B-climate-nature
|
| 351 |
+
and O
|
| 352 |
+
semi B-climate-nature
|
| 353 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
| 354 |
+
arid I-climate-nature
|
| 355 |
+
cities O
|
| 356 |
+
. O
|
| 357 |
+
|
| 358 |
+
Our O
|
| 359 |
+
objective O
|
| 360 |
+
is O
|
| 361 |
+
to O
|
| 362 |
+
build O
|
| 363 |
+
upon O
|
| 364 |
+
previous O
|
| 365 |
+
work O
|
| 366 |
+
, O
|
| 367 |
+
focusing O
|
| 368 |
+
on O
|
| 369 |
+
improving O
|
| 370 |
+
the O
|
| 371 |
+
representation O
|
| 372 |
+
of O
|
| 373 |
+
irrigated B-climate-mitigations
|
| 374 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
| 375 |
+
vegetation I-climate-nature
|
| 376 |
+
in O
|
| 377 |
+
the O
|
| 378 |
+
numerical O
|
| 379 |
+
weather O
|
| 380 |
+
prediction O
|
| 381 |
+
models O
|
| 382 |
+
which O
|
| 383 |
+
are O
|
| 384 |
+
now O
|
| 385 |
+
standard O
|
| 386 |
+
tools O
|
| 387 |
+
to O
|
| 388 |
+
study O
|
| 389 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
| 390 |
+
- O
|
| 391 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 392 |
+
interactions O
|
| 393 |
+
. O
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
Our O
|
| 396 |
+
results O
|
| 397 |
+
demonstrate O
|
| 398 |
+
a O
|
| 399 |
+
significant O
|
| 400 |
+
sensitivity O
|
| 401 |
+
of O
|
| 402 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
| 403 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 404 |
+
UCM I-climate-models
|
| 405 |
+
simulated O
|
| 406 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
| 407 |
+
turbulent I-climate-nature
|
| 408 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
| 409 |
+
to O
|
| 410 |
+
the O
|
| 411 |
+
incorporation O
|
| 412 |
+
of O
|
| 413 |
+
irrigation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 414 |
+
. O
|
| 415 |
+
|
| 416 |
+
The O
|
| 417 |
+
evaluation O
|
| 418 |
+
of O
|
| 419 |
+
the O
|
| 420 |
+
model O
|
| 421 |
+
performance O
|
| 422 |
+
via O
|
| 423 |
+
comparison O
|
| 424 |
+
against O
|
| 425 |
+
CIMIS B-climate-datasets
|
| 426 |
+
based O
|
| 427 |
+
reference O
|
| 428 |
+
ET B-climate-nature
|
| 429 |
+
indicates O
|
| 430 |
+
that O
|
| 431 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
| 432 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 433 |
+
UCM I-climate-models
|
| 434 |
+
, O
|
| 435 |
+
after O
|
| 436 |
+
adding O
|
| 437 |
+
irrigation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 438 |
+
, O
|
| 439 |
+
performs O
|
| 440 |
+
reasonably O
|
| 441 |
+
during O
|
| 442 |
+
the O
|
| 443 |
+
course O
|
| 444 |
+
of O
|
| 445 |
+
the O
|
| 446 |
+
month O
|
| 447 |
+
, O
|
| 448 |
+
tracking O
|
| 449 |
+
day O
|
| 450 |
+
to O
|
| 451 |
+
day O
|
| 452 |
+
variability O
|
| 453 |
+
of O
|
| 454 |
+
ET B-climate-nature
|
| 455 |
+
with O
|
| 456 |
+
notable O
|
| 457 |
+
fidelity O
|
| 458 |
+
. O
|
| 459 |
+
|
| 460 |
+
soil B-climate-hazards
|
| 461 |
+
moisture I-climate-hazards
|
| 462 |
+
depletion I-climate-hazards
|
| 463 |
+
leads O
|
| 464 |
+
to O
|
| 465 |
+
reduced O
|
| 466 |
+
latent O
|
| 467 |
+
heating O
|
| 468 |
+
and O
|
| 469 |
+
cooling O
|
| 470 |
+
effects O
|
| 471 |
+
of O
|
| 472 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
| 473 |
+
vegetation I-climate-nature
|
| 474 |
+
. O
|
| 475 |
+
|
| 476 |
+
Analysis O
|
| 477 |
+
of O
|
| 478 |
+
these O
|
| 479 |
+
results O
|
| 480 |
+
indicates O
|
| 481 |
+
the O
|
| 482 |
+
importance O
|
| 483 |
+
of O
|
| 484 |
+
accurate O
|
| 485 |
+
representation O
|
| 486 |
+
of O
|
| 487 |
+
urban B-climate-mitigations
|
| 488 |
+
irrigation I-climate-mitigations
|
| 489 |
+
in O
|
| 490 |
+
water O
|
| 491 |
+
scarce O
|
| 492 |
+
regions O
|
| 493 |
+
such O
|
| 494 |
+
as O
|
| 495 |
+
Los O
|
| 496 |
+
Angeles O
|
| 497 |
+
metropolitan O
|
| 498 |
+
area O
|
| 499 |
+
. O
|
| 500 |
+
|
| 501 |
+
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|
| 502 |
+
|
| 503 |
+
Nutrient B-climate-assets
|
| 504 |
+
management O
|
| 505 |
+
planning O
|
| 506 |
+
is O
|
| 507 |
+
necessary O
|
| 508 |
+
for O
|
| 509 |
+
many O
|
| 510 |
+
livestock B-climate-assets
|
| 511 |
+
producers O
|
| 512 |
+
. O
|
| 513 |
+
|
| 514 |
+
Manure B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 515 |
+
nutrients B-climate-assets
|
| 516 |
+
( O
|
| 517 |
+
e.g. O
|
| 518 |
+
, O
|
| 519 |
+
N O
|
| 520 |
+
, O
|
| 521 |
+
P O
|
| 522 |
+
, O
|
| 523 |
+
and O
|
| 524 |
+
K O
|
| 525 |
+
) O
|
| 526 |
+
equal O
|
| 527 |
+
the O
|
| 528 |
+
amounts O
|
| 529 |
+
in O
|
| 530 |
+
feed B-climate-assets
|
| 531 |
+
consumed O
|
| 532 |
+
minus O
|
| 533 |
+
the O
|
| 534 |
+
amounts O
|
| 535 |
+
in O
|
| 536 |
+
products O
|
| 537 |
+
produced O
|
| 538 |
+
( O
|
| 539 |
+
e.g. O
|
| 540 |
+
, O
|
| 541 |
+
milk B-climate-assets
|
| 542 |
+
, O
|
| 543 |
+
eggs B-climate-assets
|
| 544 |
+
, O
|
| 545 |
+
meat B-climate-assets
|
| 546 |
+
, O
|
| 547 |
+
or O
|
| 548 |
+
offspring B-climate-assets
|
| 549 |
+
) O
|
| 550 |
+
whereas O
|
| 551 |
+
, O
|
| 552 |
+
the O
|
| 553 |
+
amount O
|
| 554 |
+
of O
|
| 555 |
+
manure B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 556 |
+
dry O
|
| 557 |
+
matter O
|
| 558 |
+
is O
|
| 559 |
+
an O
|
| 560 |
+
inverse O
|
| 561 |
+
function O
|
| 562 |
+
of O
|
| 563 |
+
the O
|
| 564 |
+
ration O
|
| 565 |
+
digestibility O
|
| 566 |
+
. O
|
| 567 |
+
|
| 568 |
+
The O
|
| 569 |
+
percentage O
|
| 570 |
+
compositions O
|
| 571 |
+
of O
|
| 572 |
+
nutrients B-climate-assets
|
| 573 |
+
in O
|
| 574 |
+
manure B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 575 |
+
recovered O
|
| 576 |
+
( O
|
| 577 |
+
accounting O
|
| 578 |
+
for O
|
| 579 |
+
nutrient B-climate-assets
|
| 580 |
+
losses O
|
| 581 |
+
as O
|
| 582 |
+
well O
|
| 583 |
+
as O
|
| 584 |
+
uncollected O
|
| 585 |
+
portions O
|
| 586 |
+
) O
|
| 587 |
+
are O
|
| 588 |
+
much O
|
| 589 |
+
more O
|
| 590 |
+
difficult O
|
| 591 |
+
to O
|
| 592 |
+
predict O
|
| 593 |
+
than O
|
| 594 |
+
total O
|
| 595 |
+
amounts O
|
| 596 |
+
that O
|
| 597 |
+
should O
|
| 598 |
+
be O
|
| 599 |
+
collected O
|
| 600 |
+
because O
|
| 601 |
+
anaerobic B-climate-mitigations
|
| 602 |
+
digestion I-climate-mitigations
|
| 603 |
+
of O
|
| 604 |
+
carbon O
|
| 605 |
+
- O
|
| 606 |
+
containing O
|
| 607 |
+
compounds O
|
| 608 |
+
that O
|
| 609 |
+
was O
|
| 610 |
+
initiated O
|
| 611 |
+
in O
|
| 612 |
+
the O
|
| 613 |
+
large O
|
| 614 |
+
intestines B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 615 |
+
of I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 616 |
+
animals I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 617 |
+
continues O
|
| 618 |
+
after O
|
| 619 |
+
excretion O
|
| 620 |
+
or O
|
| 621 |
+
the O
|
| 622 |
+
fermentation O
|
| 623 |
+
shifts O
|
| 624 |
+
to O
|
| 625 |
+
aerobic O
|
| 626 |
+
. O
|
| 627 |
+
|
| 628 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O cc560f5c553e1b60e054abe1578227ff
|
| 629 |
+
|
| 630 |
+
Non O
|
| 631 |
+
- O
|
| 632 |
+
identifiable O
|
| 633 |
+
RHH O
|
| 634 |
+
emergency O
|
| 635 |
+
department O
|
| 636 |
+
data O
|
| 637 |
+
and O
|
| 638 |
+
climate O
|
| 639 |
+
data O
|
| 640 |
+
from O
|
| 641 |
+
the O
|
| 642 |
+
Australian B-climate-organizations
|
| 643 |
+
Bureau I-climate-organizations
|
| 644 |
+
of I-climate-organizations
|
| 645 |
+
Meteorology I-climate-organizations
|
| 646 |
+
were O
|
| 647 |
+
obtained O
|
| 648 |
+
for O
|
| 649 |
+
the O
|
| 650 |
+
period O
|
| 651 |
+
2003 O
|
| 652 |
+
- O
|
| 653 |
+
2010 O
|
| 654 |
+
. O
|
| 655 |
+
|
| 656 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O c4296764da322a0b2b3dbbbbb4cf0c5f
|
| 657 |
+
|
| 658 |
+
The O
|
| 659 |
+
analysis O
|
| 660 |
+
is O
|
| 661 |
+
carried O
|
| 662 |
+
out O
|
| 663 |
+
using O
|
| 664 |
+
the O
|
| 665 |
+
E3ME B-climate-models
|
| 666 |
+
macro O
|
| 667 |
+
- O
|
| 668 |
+
econometric O
|
| 669 |
+
model O
|
| 670 |
+
, O
|
| 671 |
+
which O
|
| 672 |
+
provides O
|
| 673 |
+
information O
|
| 674 |
+
on O
|
| 675 |
+
sectoral O
|
| 676 |
+
impacts O
|
| 677 |
+
, O
|
| 678 |
+
together O
|
| 679 |
+
with O
|
| 680 |
+
the O
|
| 681 |
+
Warwick B-climate-models
|
| 682 |
+
Labour I-climate-models
|
| 683 |
+
Market I-climate-models
|
| 684 |
+
Extension I-climate-models
|
| 685 |
+
model O
|
| 686 |
+
for O
|
| 687 |
+
occupational O
|
| 688 |
+
analysis O
|
| 689 |
+
. O
|
| 690 |
+
|
| 691 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O c6dcfd09a4d1dd9d6f1026b75a0b8ecf
|
| 692 |
+
|
| 693 |
+
multi O
|
| 694 |
+
- O
|
| 695 |
+
centennial O
|
| 696 |
+
variability O
|
| 697 |
+
of O
|
| 698 |
+
open O
|
| 699 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
| 700 |
+
deep B-climate-nature
|
| 701 |
+
convection I-climate-nature
|
| 702 |
+
in O
|
| 703 |
+
the O
|
| 704 |
+
Atlantic O
|
| 705 |
+
sector O
|
| 706 |
+
of O
|
| 707 |
+
the O
|
| 708 |
+
Southern O
|
| 709 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 710 |
+
impacts O
|
| 711 |
+
the O
|
| 712 |
+
strength O
|
| 713 |
+
of O
|
| 714 |
+
the O
|
| 715 |
+
Atlantic B-climate-nature
|
| 716 |
+
Meridional I-climate-nature
|
| 717 |
+
Overturning I-climate-nature
|
| 718 |
+
Circulation I-climate-nature
|
| 719 |
+
( O
|
| 720 |
+
AMOC B-climate-nature
|
| 721 |
+
) O
|
| 722 |
+
in O
|
| 723 |
+
the O
|
| 724 |
+
Kiel B-climate-models
|
| 725 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
| 726 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 727 |
+
. O
|
| 728 |
+
|
| 729 |
+
The O
|
| 730 |
+
northward O
|
| 731 |
+
extent O
|
| 732 |
+
of O
|
| 733 |
+
Antarctic B-climate-nature
|
| 734 |
+
Bottom I-climate-nature
|
| 735 |
+
Water I-climate-nature
|
| 736 |
+
( O
|
| 737 |
+
AABW B-climate-nature
|
| 738 |
+
) O
|
| 739 |
+
strongly O
|
| 740 |
+
depends O
|
| 741 |
+
on O
|
| 742 |
+
the O
|
| 743 |
+
state O
|
| 744 |
+
of O
|
| 745 |
+
Weddell O
|
| 746 |
+
Sea O
|
| 747 |
+
deep B-climate-nature
|
| 748 |
+
convection I-climate-nature
|
| 749 |
+
. O
|
| 750 |
+
|
| 751 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 5f205022e0de68ef4ac90326c705a0ff
|
| 752 |
+
|
| 753 |
+
Simulations O
|
| 754 |
+
were O
|
| 755 |
+
conducted O
|
| 756 |
+
using O
|
| 757 |
+
the O
|
| 758 |
+
Weather B-climate-models
|
| 759 |
+
Research I-climate-models
|
| 760 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 761 |
+
Forecasting I-climate-models
|
| 762 |
+
model O
|
| 763 |
+
using O
|
| 764 |
+
the O
|
| 765 |
+
pseudo O
|
| 766 |
+
global O
|
| 767 |
+
warming O
|
| 768 |
+
method O
|
| 769 |
+
. O
|
| 770 |
+
|
| 771 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O d1b647e644b72e73320e0c53e1613c17
|
| 772 |
+
|
| 773 |
+
spatial O
|
| 774 |
+
resolutions O
|
| 775 |
+
( O
|
| 776 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
| 777 |
+
GCM O
|
| 778 |
+
and O
|
| 779 |
+
EURO B-climate-models
|
| 780 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 781 |
+
CORDEX I-climate-models
|
| 782 |
+
regional O
|
| 783 |
+
climate O
|
| 784 |
+
models O
|
| 785 |
+
|
| 786 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 9b83a413f9801d5a3beea9245e0ff2b7
|
| 787 |
+
|
| 788 |
+
The O
|
| 789 |
+
Multivariate O
|
| 790 |
+
Probit O
|
| 791 |
+
model O
|
| 792 |
+
was O
|
| 793 |
+
preferred O
|
| 794 |
+
as O
|
| 795 |
+
it O
|
| 796 |
+
takes O
|
| 797 |
+
into O
|
| 798 |
+
account O
|
| 799 |
+
the O
|
| 800 |
+
inter O
|
| 801 |
+
- O
|
| 802 |
+
relationships O
|
| 803 |
+
of O
|
| 804 |
+
the O
|
| 805 |
+
technologies O
|
| 806 |
+
as O
|
| 807 |
+
well O
|
| 808 |
+
as O
|
| 809 |
+
heterogeneity O
|
| 810 |
+
of O
|
| 811 |
+
the O
|
| 812 |
+
smallholder O
|
| 813 |
+
farmers B-climate-assets
|
| 814 |
+
for O
|
| 815 |
+
more O
|
| 816 |
+
robust O
|
| 817 |
+
estimates O
|
| 818 |
+
. O
|
| 819 |
+
|
| 820 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 796915b6f1ded244f22d40e48746dc8f
|
| 821 |
+
|
| 822 |
+
Fires B-climate-hazards
|
| 823 |
+
are O
|
| 824 |
+
an O
|
| 825 |
+
important O
|
| 826 |
+
component O
|
| 827 |
+
in O
|
| 828 |
+
Earth O
|
| 829 |
+
system O
|
| 830 |
+
models O
|
| 831 |
+
( O
|
| 832 |
+
ESMs O
|
| 833 |
+
) O
|
| 834 |
+
, O
|
| 835 |
+
they O
|
| 836 |
+
impact O
|
| 837 |
+
vegetation B-climate-properties
|
| 838 |
+
carbon I-climate-properties
|
| 839 |
+
storage I-climate-properties
|
| 840 |
+
, O
|
| 841 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
| 842 |
+
distribution O
|
| 843 |
+
, O
|
| 844 |
+
atmospheric O
|
| 845 |
+
composition O
|
| 846 |
+
and O
|
| 847 |
+
cloud B-climate-nature
|
| 848 |
+
formation O
|
| 849 |
+
. O
|
| 850 |
+
|
| 851 |
+
The O
|
| 852 |
+
representation O
|
| 853 |
+
of O
|
| 854 |
+
fires B-climate-hazards
|
| 855 |
+
in O
|
| 856 |
+
ESMs O
|
| 857 |
+
contributing O
|
| 858 |
+
to O
|
| 859 |
+
CMIP B-climate-models
|
| 860 |
+
phase I-climate-models
|
| 861 |
+
5 I-climate-models
|
| 862 |
+
was O
|
| 863 |
+
still O
|
| 864 |
+
very O
|
| 865 |
+
simplified O
|
| 866 |
+
. O
|
| 867 |
+
|
| 868 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 2520bf6bd55457f37edfc2e0234aff97
|
| 869 |
+
|
| 870 |
+
A O
|
| 871 |
+
major O
|
| 872 |
+
part O
|
| 873 |
+
of O
|
| 874 |
+
the O
|
| 875 |
+
analysis O
|
| 876 |
+
is O
|
| 877 |
+
based O
|
| 878 |
+
on O
|
| 879 |
+
aircraft O
|
| 880 |
+
measurements O
|
| 881 |
+
from O
|
| 882 |
+
the O
|
| 883 |
+
campaign B-climate-observations
|
| 884 |
+
STABLE I-climate-observations
|
| 885 |
+
, O
|
| 886 |
+
which O
|
| 887 |
+
was O
|
| 888 |
+
carried O
|
| 889 |
+
out O
|
| 890 |
+
over O
|
| 891 |
+
the O
|
| 892 |
+
pack B-climate-nature
|
| 893 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
| 894 |
+
in O
|
| 895 |
+
the O
|
| 896 |
+
northern O
|
| 897 |
+
Fram O
|
| 898 |
+
Strait O
|
| 899 |
+
in O
|
| 900 |
+
March O
|
| 901 |
+
2013 O
|
| 902 |
+
. O
|
| 903 |
+
|
| 904 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 62607400b7b50dec7253657cbd8419cf
|
| 905 |
+
|
| 906 |
+
DryFlux B-climate-models
|
| 907 |
+
explicitly O
|
| 908 |
+
accounts O
|
| 909 |
+
for O
|
| 910 |
+
intra O
|
| 911 |
+
- O
|
| 912 |
+
annual O
|
| 913 |
+
variation O
|
| 914 |
+
in O
|
| 915 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
| 916 |
+
availability I-climate-assets
|
| 917 |
+
, O
|
| 918 |
+
and O
|
| 919 |
+
accurately O
|
| 920 |
+
predicts O
|
| 921 |
+
interannual O
|
| 922 |
+
and O
|
| 923 |
+
seasonal O
|
| 924 |
+
variability O
|
| 925 |
+
in O
|
| 926 |
+
carbon O
|
| 927 |
+
uptake O
|
| 928 |
+
. O
|
| 929 |
+
|
| 930 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 40371c0f311f8cafba444400245525b7
|
| 931 |
+
|
| 932 |
+
Global O
|
| 933 |
+
emission O
|
| 934 |
+
estimates O
|
| 935 |
+
based O
|
| 936 |
+
on O
|
| 937 |
+
new O
|
| 938 |
+
atmospheric O
|
| 939 |
+
observations O
|
| 940 |
+
are O
|
| 941 |
+
presented O
|
| 942 |
+
for O
|
| 943 |
+
the O
|
| 944 |
+
acylic B-climate-properties
|
| 945 |
+
high B-climate-properties
|
| 946 |
+
molecular I-climate-properties
|
| 947 |
+
weight I-climate-properties
|
| 948 |
+
perfluorocarbons B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 949 |
+
( O
|
| 950 |
+
PFCs B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 951 |
+
): O
|
| 952 |
+
decafluorobutane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 953 |
+
( O
|
| 954 |
+
C4F10 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 955 |
+
) O
|
| 956 |
+
, O
|
| 957 |
+
dodecafluoropentane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 958 |
+
( O
|
| 959 |
+
C B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 960 |
+
5F12 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 961 |
+
) O
|
| 962 |
+
, O
|
| 963 |
+
tetradecafluorohexane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 964 |
+
( O
|
| 965 |
+
C6F14 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 966 |
+
) O
|
| 967 |
+
, O
|
| 968 |
+
hexadecafluoroheptane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 969 |
+
( O
|
| 970 |
+
C B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 971 |
+
7F16 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 972 |
+
) O
|
| 973 |
+
and O
|
| 974 |
+
octadecafluorooctane B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 975 |
+
( O
|
| 976 |
+
C B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 977 |
+
8F18 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 978 |
+
) O
|
| 979 |
+
. O
|
| 980 |
+
|
| 981 |
+
We O
|
| 982 |
+
used O
|
| 983 |
+
random O
|
| 984 |
+
forests O
|
| 985 |
+
( O
|
| 986 |
+
RF O
|
| 987 |
+
) O
|
| 988 |
+
and O
|
| 989 |
+
logistic O
|
| 990 |
+
regression O
|
| 991 |
+
( O
|
| 992 |
+
GLM O
|
| 993 |
+
) O
|
| 994 |
+
to O
|
| 995 |
+
model O
|
| 996 |
+
current O
|
| 997 |
+
and O
|
| 998 |
+
potential O
|
| 999 |
+
future O
|
| 1000 |
+
distributions O
|
| 1001 |
+
for O
|
| 1002 |
+
2050 O
|
| 1003 |
+
. O
|
| 1004 |
+
|
| 1005 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 618857223ba9983c21debc305967b9af
|
| 1006 |
+
|
| 1007 |
+
Recent O
|
| 1008 |
+
climate B-climate-mitigations
|
| 1009 |
+
regulations I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1010 |
+
include O
|
| 1011 |
+
increased O
|
| 1012 |
+
utilization O
|
| 1013 |
+
of O
|
| 1014 |
+
natural B-climate-mitigations
|
| 1015 |
+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1016 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1017 |
+
fired I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1018 |
+
combined I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1019 |
+
cycle I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1020 |
+
( O
|
| 1021 |
+
NGCC B-climate-mitigations
|
| 1022 |
+
) O
|
| 1023 |
+
generators O
|
| 1024 |
+
as O
|
| 1025 |
+
a O
|
| 1026 |
+
means O
|
| 1027 |
+
for O
|
| 1028 |
+
offsetting O
|
| 1029 |
+
coal B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 1030 |
+
generation O
|
| 1031 |
+
to O
|
| 1032 |
+
reduce O
|
| 1033 |
+
carbon O
|
| 1034 |
+
emissions O
|
| 1035 |
+
. O
|
| 1036 |
+
|
| 1037 |
+
Both O
|
| 1038 |
+
low O
|
| 1039 |
+
natural O
|
| 1040 |
+
gas O
|
| 1041 |
+
prices O
|
| 1042 |
+
and O
|
| 1043 |
+
the O
|
| 1044 |
+
Clean B-climate-mitigations
|
| 1045 |
+
Air I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1046 |
+
Interstate I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1047 |
+
Rule I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1048 |
+
( O
|
| 1049 |
+
CAIR B-climate-mitigations
|
| 1050 |
+
) O
|
| 1051 |
+
drive O
|
| 1052 |
+
increases O
|
| 1053 |
+
in O
|
| 1054 |
+
utilization O
|
| 1055 |
+
. O
|
| 1056 |
+
|
| 1057 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 81b3b8707268d2acfbce324fc937d437
|
| 1058 |
+
|
| 1059 |
+
Reynolds O
|
| 1060 |
+
- O
|
| 1061 |
+
Averaged O
|
| 1062 |
+
Navier O
|
| 1063 |
+
- O
|
| 1064 |
+
Stokes O
|
| 1065 |
+
and O
|
| 1066 |
+
energy O
|
| 1067 |
+
equations O
|
| 1068 |
+
have O
|
| 1069 |
+
been O
|
| 1070 |
+
considered O
|
| 1071 |
+
, O
|
| 1072 |
+
where O
|
| 1073 |
+
ANSYS B-climate-models
|
| 1074 |
+
FLUENT I-climate-models
|
| 1075 |
+
code O
|
| 1076 |
+
has O
|
| 1077 |
+
been O
|
| 1078 |
+
employed O
|
| 1079 |
+
to O
|
| 1080 |
+
solve O
|
| 1081 |
+
the O
|
| 1082 |
+
resulting O
|
| 1083 |
+
mathematical O
|
| 1084 |
+
model O
|
| 1085 |
+
. O
|
| 1086 |
+
|
| 1087 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O bfe31a2677c6bd4527ca9fa248ba3bff
|
| 1088 |
+
|
| 1089 |
+
It O
|
| 1090 |
+
uses O
|
| 1091 |
+
the O
|
| 1092 |
+
GLobal B-climate-models
|
| 1093 |
+
BIOsphere I-climate-models
|
| 1094 |
+
Management I-climate-models
|
| 1095 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 1096 |
+
, O
|
| 1097 |
+
a O
|
| 1098 |
+
partial O
|
| 1099 |
+
equilibrium O
|
| 1100 |
+
model O
|
| 1101 |
+
of O
|
| 1102 |
+
the O
|
| 1103 |
+
global O
|
| 1104 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
| 1105 |
+
and O
|
| 1106 |
+
forestry B-climate-assets
|
| 1107 |
+
sectors O
|
| 1108 |
+
. O
|
| 1109 |
+
|
| 1110 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O dbba14715dd4bce458b65b2142c584af
|
| 1111 |
+
|
| 1112 |
+
model O
|
| 1113 |
+
algorithms O
|
| 1114 |
+
for O
|
| 1115 |
+
explanation O
|
| 1116 |
+
of O
|
| 1117 |
+
the O
|
| 1118 |
+
relationship O
|
| 1119 |
+
between O
|
| 1120 |
+
the O
|
| 1121 |
+
emergence O
|
| 1122 |
+
of O
|
| 1123 |
+
biological B-climate-organisms
|
| 1124 |
+
species I-climate-organisms
|
| 1125 |
+
and O
|
| 1126 |
+
habitat B-climate-organisms
|
| 1127 |
+
environments O
|
| 1128 |
+
were O
|
| 1129 |
+
reviewed O
|
| 1130 |
+
to O
|
| 1131 |
+
construct O
|
| 1132 |
+
the O
|
| 1133 |
+
environmental O
|
| 1134 |
+
data O
|
| 1135 |
+
suitable O
|
| 1136 |
+
for O
|
| 1137 |
+
the O
|
| 1138 |
+
six O
|
| 1139 |
+
models(GLM O
|
| 1140 |
+
, O
|
| 1141 |
+
GAM O
|
| 1142 |
+
, O
|
| 1143 |
+
RF O
|
| 1144 |
+
, O
|
| 1145 |
+
MaxEnt O
|
| 1146 |
+
, O
|
| 1147 |
+
ANN O
|
| 1148 |
+
, O
|
| 1149 |
+
and O
|
| 1150 |
+
SVM O
|
| 1151 |
+
) O
|
| 1152 |
+
. O
|
| 1153 |
+
|
| 1154 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 10b50e3df8fe5848881f09b55f3333a7
|
| 1155 |
+
|
| 1156 |
+
This O
|
| 1157 |
+
study O
|
| 1158 |
+
developed O
|
| 1159 |
+
a O
|
| 1160 |
+
dynamic B-climate-models
|
| 1161 |
+
copula I-climate-models
|
| 1162 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 1163 |
+
based I-climate-models
|
| 1164 |
+
simulation I-climate-models
|
| 1165 |
+
model I-climate-models
|
| 1166 |
+
( O
|
| 1167 |
+
DCSM B-climate-models
|
| 1168 |
+
) O
|
| 1169 |
+
for O
|
| 1170 |
+
single O
|
| 1171 |
+
- O
|
| 1172 |
+
site O
|
| 1173 |
+
seasonal O
|
| 1174 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 1175 |
+
generation O
|
| 1176 |
+
, O
|
| 1177 |
+
observed O
|
| 1178 |
+
at O
|
| 1179 |
+
Beijing B-climate-observations
|
| 1180 |
+
Station I-climate-observations
|
| 1181 |
+
in O
|
| 1182 |
+
Haihe O
|
| 1183 |
+
River O
|
| 1184 |
+
basin O
|
| 1185 |
+
, O
|
| 1186 |
+
China O
|
| 1187 |
+
. O
|
| 1188 |
+
|
| 1189 |
+
The O
|
| 1190 |
+
model O
|
| 1191 |
+
entailed O
|
| 1192 |
+
four O
|
| 1193 |
+
phases O
|
| 1194 |
+
: O
|
| 1195 |
+
( O
|
| 1196 |
+
1 O
|
| 1197 |
+
) O
|
| 1198 |
+
nonstationary O
|
| 1199 |
+
modelling O
|
| 1200 |
+
of O
|
| 1201 |
+
the O
|
| 1202 |
+
margins O
|
| 1203 |
+
by O
|
| 1204 |
+
the O
|
| 1205 |
+
Generalized B-climate-models
|
| 1206 |
+
Additive I-climate-models
|
| 1207 |
+
Models I-climate-models
|
| 1208 |
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for I-climate-models
|
| 1209 |
+
Location I-climate-models
|
| 1210 |
+
, I-climate-models
|
| 1211 |
+
Scale I-climate-models
|
| 1212 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 1213 |
+
Shape I-climate-models
|
| 1214 |
+
( O
|
| 1215 |
+
GAMLSS B-climate-models
|
| 1216 |
+
) O
|
| 1217 |
+
; O
|
| 1218 |
+
( O
|
| 1219 |
+
2 O
|
| 1220 |
+
) O
|
| 1221 |
+
dynamical O
|
| 1222 |
+
copula O
|
| 1223 |
+
method O
|
| 1224 |
+
to O
|
| 1225 |
+
describe O
|
| 1226 |
+
the O
|
| 1227 |
+
nonstationary O
|
| 1228 |
+
temporal O
|
| 1229 |
+
dependence O
|
| 1230 |
+
structure O
|
| 1231 |
+
of O
|
| 1232 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 1233 |
+
observed O
|
| 1234 |
+
at O
|
| 1235 |
+
adjacent O
|
| 1236 |
+
two O
|
| 1237 |
+
seasons O
|
| 1238 |
+
; O
|
| 1239 |
+
( O
|
| 1240 |
+
3 O
|
| 1241 |
+
) O
|
| 1242 |
+
a O
|
| 1243 |
+
dynamic O
|
| 1244 |
+
copula O
|
| 1245 |
+
- O
|
| 1246 |
+
based O
|
| 1247 |
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conditional O
|
| 1248 |
+
quantile O
|
| 1249 |
+
function O
|
| 1250 |
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to O
|
| 1251 |
+
generate O
|
| 1252 |
+
simulated O
|
| 1253 |
+
series O
|
| 1254 |
+
; O
|
| 1255 |
+
( O
|
| 1256 |
+
4 O
|
| 1257 |
+
) O
|
| 1258 |
+
performance O
|
| 1259 |
+
assessment O
|
| 1260 |
+
of O
|
| 1261 |
+
the O
|
| 1262 |
+
simulated O
|
| 1263 |
+
series O
|
| 1264 |
+
by O
|
| 1265 |
+
the O
|
| 1266 |
+
proposed O
|
| 1267 |
+
DCSM B-climate-models
|
| 1268 |
+
model O
|
| 1269 |
+
with O
|
| 1270 |
+
the O
|
| 1271 |
+
preservation O
|
| 1272 |
+
of O
|
| 1273 |
+
basic O
|
| 1274 |
+
statistics O
|
| 1275 |
+
of O
|
| 1276 |
+
each O
|
| 1277 |
+
sequence O
|
| 1278 |
+
and O
|
| 1279 |
+
simulation O
|
| 1280 |
+
accuracy O
|
| 1281 |
+
at O
|
| 1282 |
+
each O
|
| 1283 |
+
data O
|
| 1284 |
+
point O
|
| 1285 |
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. O
|
| 1286 |
+
|
| 1287 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O d0a4f7389c82fd46522218fcc5175d37
|
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|
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Reference B-climate-properties
|
| 1290 |
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evapotranspiration I-climate-properties
|
| 1291 |
+
( O
|
| 1292 |
+
ETref B-climate-properties
|
| 1293 |
+
) O
|
| 1294 |
+
is O
|
| 1295 |
+
an O
|
| 1296 |
+
important O
|
| 1297 |
+
study O
|
| 1298 |
+
object O
|
| 1299 |
+
for O
|
| 1300 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
| 1301 |
+
cycle I-climate-nature
|
| 1302 |
+
processes O
|
| 1303 |
+
in O
|
| 1304 |
+
the O
|
| 1305 |
+
context O
|
| 1306 |
+
of O
|
| 1307 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 1308 |
+
- O
|
| 1309 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 1310 |
+
risks O
|
| 1311 |
+
of O
|
| 1312 |
+
the O
|
| 1313 |
+
Huai O
|
| 1314 |
+
River O
|
| 1315 |
+
Basin O
|
| 1316 |
+
( O
|
| 1317 |
+
HRB O
|
| 1318 |
+
) O
|
| 1319 |
+
. O
|
| 1320 |
+
|
| 1321 |
+
In O
|
| 1322 |
+
this O
|
| 1323 |
+
study O
|
| 1324 |
+
, O
|
| 1325 |
+
the O
|
| 1326 |
+
FAO-56 B-climate-models
|
| 1327 |
+
Penman I-climate-models
|
| 1328 |
+
– I-climate-models
|
| 1329 |
+
Monteith I-climate-models
|
| 1330 |
+
( O
|
| 1331 |
+
PM B-climate-models
|
| 1332 |
+
) O
|
| 1333 |
+
model O
|
| 1334 |
+
was O
|
| 1335 |
+
employed O
|
| 1336 |
+
to O
|
| 1337 |
+
calculate O
|
| 1338 |
+
seasonal O
|
| 1339 |
+
and O
|
| 1340 |
+
annual O
|
| 1341 |
+
ETref B-climate-properties
|
| 1342 |
+
based O
|
| 1343 |
+
on O
|
| 1344 |
+
137 O
|
| 1345 |
+
meteorological O
|
| 1346 |
+
station O
|
| 1347 |
+
data O
|
| 1348 |
+
points O
|
| 1349 |
+
in O
|
| 1350 |
+
HRB O
|
| 1351 |
+
from O
|
| 1352 |
+
1961 O
|
| 1353 |
+
to O
|
| 1354 |
+
2014 O
|
| 1355 |
+
. O
|
| 1356 |
+
|
| 1357 |
+
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|
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|
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The O
|
| 1360 |
+
effective B-climate-properties
|
| 1361 |
+
density I-climate-properties
|
| 1362 |
+
( O
|
| 1363 |
+
ρeff B-climate-properties
|
| 1364 |
+
) O
|
| 1365 |
+
of O
|
| 1366 |
+
refractory O
|
| 1367 |
+
black B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 1368 |
+
carbon I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 1369 |
+
( O
|
| 1370 |
+
rBC B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 1371 |
+
) O
|
| 1372 |
+
is O
|
| 1373 |
+
a O
|
| 1374 |
+
key O
|
| 1375 |
+
parameter O
|
| 1376 |
+
relevant O
|
| 1377 |
+
to O
|
| 1378 |
+
their O
|
| 1379 |
+
mixing O
|
| 1380 |
+
state O
|
| 1381 |
+
that O
|
| 1382 |
+
imposes O
|
| 1383 |
+
great O
|
| 1384 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 1385 |
+
when O
|
| 1386 |
+
evaluating O
|
| 1387 |
+
the O
|
| 1388 |
+
direct O
|
| 1389 |
+
radiation B-climate-properties
|
| 1390 |
+
forcing I-climate-properties
|
| 1391 |
+
effect I-climate-properties
|
| 1392 |
+
. O
|
| 1393 |
+
|
| 1394 |
+
In O
|
| 1395 |
+
this O
|
| 1396 |
+
study O
|
| 1397 |
+
, O
|
| 1398 |
+
a O
|
| 1399 |
+
novel O
|
| 1400 |
+
tandem O
|
| 1401 |
+
DMA B-climate-observations
|
| 1402 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
| 1403 |
+
CPMA I-climate-observations
|
| 1404 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
| 1405 |
+
SP2 I-climate-observations
|
| 1406 |
+
system O
|
| 1407 |
+
was O
|
| 1408 |
+
used O
|
| 1409 |
+
to O
|
| 1410 |
+
investigate O
|
| 1411 |
+
the O
|
| 1412 |
+
relationship O
|
| 1413 |
+
between O
|
| 1414 |
+
the O
|
| 1415 |
+
effective B-climate-properties
|
| 1416 |
+
density I-climate-properties
|
| 1417 |
+
( O
|
| 1418 |
+
ρeff B-climate-properties
|
| 1419 |
+
) O
|
| 1420 |
+
and O
|
| 1421 |
+
the O
|
| 1422 |
+
mixing O
|
| 1423 |
+
state O
|
| 1424 |
+
of O
|
| 1425 |
+
rBC B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 1426 |
+
particles O
|
| 1427 |
+
during O
|
| 1428 |
+
the O
|
| 1429 |
+
winter O
|
| 1430 |
+
of O
|
| 1431 |
+
2018 O
|
| 1432 |
+
in O
|
| 1433 |
+
the O
|
| 1434 |
+
Beijing O
|
| 1435 |
+
mega O
|
| 1436 |
+
- O
|
| 1437 |
+
city O
|
| 1438 |
+
. O
|
| 1439 |
+
|
| 1440 |
+
During O
|
| 1441 |
+
the O
|
| 1442 |
+
experiment O
|
| 1443 |
+
, O
|
| 1444 |
+
aerosols B-climate-nature
|
| 1445 |
+
with O
|
| 1446 |
+
a O
|
| 1447 |
+
known O
|
| 1448 |
+
mobility B-climate-properties
|
| 1449 |
+
diameter I-climate-properties
|
| 1450 |
+
( O
|
| 1451 |
+
Dmob B-climate-properties
|
| 1452 |
+
) O
|
| 1453 |
+
and O
|
| 1454 |
+
known O
|
| 1455 |
+
ρeff B-climate-properties
|
| 1456 |
+
values O
|
| 1457 |
+
( O
|
| 1458 |
+
0.8 O
|
| 1459 |
+
, O
|
| 1460 |
+
1.0 O
|
| 1461 |
+
, O
|
| 1462 |
+
1.2 O
|
| 1463 |
+
, O
|
| 1464 |
+
1.4 O
|
| 1465 |
+
, O
|
| 1466 |
+
1.6 O
|
| 1467 |
+
, O
|
| 1468 |
+
and O
|
| 1469 |
+
1.8 O
|
| 1470 |
+
g O
|
| 1471 |
+
/ O
|
| 1472 |
+
cm3 O
|
| 1473 |
+
) O
|
| 1474 |
+
were O
|
| 1475 |
+
selected O
|
| 1476 |
+
and O
|
| 1477 |
+
measured O
|
| 1478 |
+
by O
|
| 1479 |
+
the O
|
| 1480 |
+
SP2 B-climate-observations
|
| 1481 |
+
to O
|
| 1482 |
+
obtain O
|
| 1483 |
+
their O
|
| 1484 |
+
corresponding O
|
| 1485 |
+
mixing O
|
| 1486 |
+
states O
|
| 1487 |
+
. O
|
| 1488 |
+
|
| 1489 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 4516817256e64da95dd92cf0fe0be66f
|
| 1490 |
+
|
| 1491 |
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play O
|
| 1492 |
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important O
|
| 1493 |
+
roles O
|
| 1494 |
+
in O
|
| 1495 |
+
ecosystem O
|
| 1496 |
+
due O
|
| 1497 |
+
to O
|
| 1498 |
+
their O
|
| 1499 |
+
extensive O
|
| 1500 |
+
geographical O
|
| 1501 |
+
coverage O
|
| 1502 |
+
on O
|
| 1503 |
+
the O
|
| 1504 |
+
Qinghai O
|
| 1505 |
+
- O
|
| 1506 |
+
Tibetan O
|
| 1507 |
+
Plateau O
|
| 1508 |
+
( O
|
| 1509 |
+
QTP O
|
| 1510 |
+
) O
|
| 1511 |
+
. O
|
| 1512 |
+
|
| 1513 |
+
The O
|
| 1514 |
+
key O
|
| 1515 |
+
environmental O
|
| 1516 |
+
factors O
|
| 1517 |
+
which O
|
| 1518 |
+
determined O
|
| 1519 |
+
Bryophytes B-climate-organisms
|
| 1520 |
+
’s O
|
| 1521 |
+
habitats B-climate-organisms
|
| 1522 |
+
and O
|
| 1523 |
+
range O
|
| 1524 |
+
shifts O
|
| 1525 |
+
were O
|
| 1526 |
+
also O
|
| 1527 |
+
examined O
|
| 1528 |
+
. O
|
| 1529 |
+
|
| 1530 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O e286f3e2a40021cf3d440580a95573af
|
| 1531 |
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|
| 1532 |
+
Agreeing O
|
| 1533 |
+
with O
|
| 1534 |
+
geo O
|
| 1535 |
+
- O
|
| 1536 |
+
sciences O
|
| 1537 |
+
I O
|
| 1538 |
+
do O
|
| 1539 |
+
not O
|
| 1540 |
+
understand O
|
| 1541 |
+
natural O
|
| 1542 |
+
disasters O
|
| 1543 |
+
( O
|
| 1544 |
+
such O
|
| 1545 |
+
as O
|
| 1546 |
+
hurricanes B-climate-hazards
|
| 1547 |
+
, O
|
| 1548 |
+
earthquakes B-climate-hazards
|
| 1549 |
+
or O
|
| 1550 |
+
storm B-climate-hazards
|
| 1551 |
+
surges I-climate-hazards
|
| 1552 |
+
) O
|
| 1553 |
+
as O
|
| 1554 |
+
single O
|
| 1555 |
+
events O
|
| 1556 |
+
, O
|
| 1557 |
+
like O
|
| 1558 |
+
journalism O
|
| 1559 |
+
mainly O
|
| 1560 |
+
covers O
|
| 1561 |
+
them O
|
| 1562 |
+
. O
|
| 1563 |
+
|
| 1564 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 4f06b511e3b4a73b5ac2ba66171df7c7
|
| 1565 |
+
|
| 1566 |
+
Abstract O
|
| 1567 |
+
Study O
|
| 1568 |
+
region O
|
| 1569 |
+
The O
|
| 1570 |
+
Chancay O
|
| 1571 |
+
- O
|
| 1572 |
+
Huaral O
|
| 1573 |
+
( O
|
| 1574 |
+
CH O
|
| 1575 |
+
) O
|
| 1576 |
+
coastal B-climate-nature
|
| 1577 |
+
river I-climate-nature
|
| 1578 |
+
basin I-climate-nature
|
| 1579 |
+
in O
|
| 1580 |
+
the O
|
| 1581 |
+
Lima O
|
| 1582 |
+
Region O
|
| 1583 |
+
, O
|
| 1584 |
+
Peru O
|
| 1585 |
+
, O
|
| 1586 |
+
between O
|
| 1587 |
+
the O
|
| 1588 |
+
Pacific O
|
| 1589 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 1590 |
+
and O
|
| 1591 |
+
the O
|
| 1592 |
+
Andean O
|
| 1593 |
+
Cordillera O
|
| 1594 |
+
. O
|
| 1595 |
+
|
| 1596 |
+
Therefore O
|
| 1597 |
+
, O
|
| 1598 |
+
bias O
|
| 1599 |
+
- O
|
| 1600 |
+
corrected O
|
| 1601 |
+
time O
|
| 1602 |
+
series O
|
| 1603 |
+
of O
|
| 1604 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 1605 |
+
and O
|
| 1606 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 1607 |
+
from O
|
| 1608 |
+
31 O
|
| 1609 |
+
General O
|
| 1610 |
+
Circulation O
|
| 1611 |
+
Models O
|
| 1612 |
+
( O
|
| 1613 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 1614 |
+
) O
|
| 1615 |
+
with O
|
| 1616 |
+
the O
|
| 1617 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 1618 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 1619 |
+
RCP4.5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 1620 |
+
and O
|
| 1621 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 1622 |
+
( O
|
| 1623 |
+
Representative O
|
| 1624 |
+
Concentration O
|
| 1625 |
+
Pathways O
|
| 1626 |
+
) O
|
| 1627 |
+
were O
|
| 1628 |
+
used O
|
| 1629 |
+
as O
|
| 1630 |
+
inputs O
|
| 1631 |
+
for O
|
| 1632 |
+
the O
|
| 1633 |
+
Water B-climate-models
|
| 1634 |
+
Evaluation I-climate-models
|
| 1635 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 1636 |
+
Planning I-climate-models
|
| 1637 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
| 1638 |
+
model O
|
| 1639 |
+
( O
|
| 1640 |
+
WEAP B-climate-models
|
| 1641 |
+
) O
|
| 1642 |
+
. O
|
| 1643 |
+
|
| 1644 |
+
Bias O
|
| 1645 |
+
correction O
|
| 1646 |
+
and O
|
| 1647 |
+
downscaling O
|
| 1648 |
+
of O
|
| 1649 |
+
the O
|
| 1650 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 1651 |
+
were O
|
| 1652 |
+
implemented O
|
| 1653 |
+
using O
|
| 1654 |
+
a O
|
| 1655 |
+
quantile O
|
| 1656 |
+
mapping O
|
| 1657 |
+
method O
|
| 1658 |
+
. O
|
| 1659 |
+
|
| 1660 |
+
New O
|
| 1661 |
+
hydrological O
|
| 1662 |
+
insights O
|
| 1663 |
+
for O
|
| 1664 |
+
the O
|
| 1665 |
+
region O
|
| 1666 |
+
On O
|
| 1667 |
+
average O
|
| 1668 |
+
, O
|
| 1669 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 1670 |
+
indicate O
|
| 1671 |
+
increased O
|
| 1672 |
+
annual B-climate-properties
|
| 1673 |
+
mean I-climate-properties
|
| 1674 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
| 1675 |
+
by O
|
| 1676 |
+
3.1 O
|
| 1677 |
+
° O
|
| 1678 |
+
C O
|
| 1679 |
+
( O
|
| 1680 |
+
RCP4.5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 1681 |
+
) O
|
| 1682 |
+
and O
|
| 1683 |
+
by O
|
| 1684 |
+
4.3 O
|
| 1685 |
+
° O
|
| 1686 |
+
C O
|
| 1687 |
+
( O
|
| 1688 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 1689 |
+
) O
|
| 1690 |
+
and O
|
| 1691 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 1692 |
+
sum I-climate-properties
|
| 1693 |
+
by O
|
| 1694 |
+
20 O
|
| 1695 |
+
% O
|
| 1696 |
+
( O
|
| 1697 |
+
RCP4.5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 1698 |
+
) O
|
| 1699 |
+
and O
|
| 1700 |
+
by O
|
| 1701 |
+
28 O
|
| 1702 |
+
% O
|
| 1703 |
+
( O
|
| 1704 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 1705 |
+
) O
|
| 1706 |
+
. O
|
| 1707 |
+
|
| 1708 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 28767921addeb63241b498b7080d1807
|
| 1709 |
+
|
| 1710 |
+
The O
|
| 1711 |
+
kinetic O
|
| 1712 |
+
formalism O
|
| 1713 |
+
developed O
|
| 1714 |
+
includes O
|
| 1715 |
+
the O
|
| 1716 |
+
coupling O
|
| 1717 |
+
of O
|
| 1718 |
+
the O
|
| 1719 |
+
rate O
|
| 1720 |
+
equations O
|
| 1721 |
+
of O
|
| 1722 |
+
each O
|
| 1723 |
+
of O
|
| 1724 |
+
the O
|
| 1725 |
+
different O
|
| 1726 |
+
species O
|
| 1727 |
+
considered O
|
| 1728 |
+
( O
|
| 1729 |
+
electrons O
|
| 1730 |
+
, O
|
| 1731 |
+
ions O
|
| 1732 |
+
, O
|
| 1733 |
+
atoms O
|
| 1734 |
+
and O
|
| 1735 |
+
molecules O
|
| 1736 |
+
) O
|
| 1737 |
+
with O
|
| 1738 |
+
the O
|
| 1739 |
+
Boltzmann O
|
| 1740 |
+
transport O
|
| 1741 |
+
equation O
|
| 1742 |
+
so O
|
| 1743 |
+
that O
|
| 1744 |
+
, O
|
| 1745 |
+
in O
|
| 1746 |
+
this O
|
| 1747 |
+
way O
|
| 1748 |
+
, O
|
| 1749 |
+
all O
|
| 1750 |
+
the O
|
| 1751 |
+
kinetics O
|
| 1752 |
+
is O
|
| 1753 |
+
self O
|
| 1754 |
+
- O
|
| 1755 |
+
consistent O
|
| 1756 |
+
, O
|
| 1757 |
+
although O
|
| 1758 |
+
, O
|
| 1759 |
+
in O
|
| 1760 |
+
the O
|
| 1761 |
+
present O
|
| 1762 |
+
approach O
|
| 1763 |
+
, O
|
| 1764 |
+
the O
|
| 1765 |
+
electrodynamics O
|
| 1766 |
+
( O
|
| 1767 |
+
no O
|
| 1768 |
+
Poisson O
|
| 1769 |
+
equation O
|
| 1770 |
+
is O
|
| 1771 |
+
considered O
|
| 1772 |
+
) O
|
| 1773 |
+
is O
|
| 1774 |
+
not O
|
| 1775 |
+
coupled O
|
| 1776 |
+
. O
|
| 1777 |
+
|
| 1778 |
+
The O
|
| 1779 |
+
chemical O
|
| 1780 |
+
model O
|
| 1781 |
+
set O
|
| 1782 |
+
up O
|
| 1783 |
+
for O
|
| 1784 |
+
air O
|
| 1785 |
+
plasmas B-climate-nature
|
| 1786 |
+
includes O
|
| 1787 |
+
more O
|
| 1788 |
+
than O
|
| 1789 |
+
75 O
|
| 1790 |
+
species O
|
| 1791 |
+
and O
|
| 1792 |
+
almost O
|
| 1793 |
+
500 O
|
| 1794 |
+
reactions O
|
| 1795 |
+
. O
|
| 1796 |
+
|
| 1797 |
+
This O
|
| 1798 |
+
study O
|
| 1799 |
+
also O
|
| 1800 |
+
considers O
|
| 1801 |
+
the O
|
| 1802 |
+
vibrational O
|
| 1803 |
+
kinetics O
|
| 1804 |
+
of O
|
| 1805 |
+
N2 O
|
| 1806 |
+
and O
|
| 1807 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 1808 |
+
and O
|
| 1809 |
+
explicitly O
|
| 1810 |
+
evaluates O
|
| 1811 |
+
the O
|
| 1812 |
+
optical B-climate-properties
|
| 1813 |
+
emissions I-climate-properties
|
| 1814 |
+
associated O
|
| 1815 |
+
with O
|
| 1816 |
+
a O
|
| 1817 |
+
number O
|
| 1818 |
+
of O
|
| 1819 |
+
excited O
|
| 1820 |
+
states O
|
| 1821 |
+
of O
|
| 1822 |
+
N2 O
|
| 1823 |
+
, O
|
| 1824 |
+
O O
|
| 1825 |
+
2 O
|
| 1826 |
+
, O
|
| 1827 |
+
O O
|
| 1828 |
+
in O
|
| 1829 |
+
the O
|
| 1830 |
+
visible O
|
| 1831 |
+
, O
|
| 1832 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 1833 |
+
in O
|
| 1834 |
+
the O
|
| 1835 |
+
infrared O
|
| 1836 |
+
( O
|
| 1837 |
+
IR O
|
| 1838 |
+
) O
|
| 1839 |
+
and O
|
| 1840 |
+
ultraviolet O
|
| 1841 |
+
( O
|
| 1842 |
+
UV O
|
| 1843 |
+
) O
|
| 1844 |
+
emissions O
|
| 1845 |
+
of O
|
| 1846 |
+
sprite O
|
| 1847 |
+
streamers O
|
| 1848 |
+
due O
|
| 1849 |
+
to O
|
| 1850 |
+
the O
|
| 1851 |
+
N2 O
|
| 1852 |
+
Lyman B-climate-observations
|
| 1853 |
+
– I-climate-observations
|
| 1854 |
+
Birge I-climate-observations
|
| 1855 |
+
– I-climate-observations
|
| 1856 |
+
Hopfield I-climate-observations
|
| 1857 |
+
( O
|
| 1858 |
+
LBH B-climate-observations
|
| 1859 |
+
) O
|
| 1860 |
+
and O
|
| 1861 |
+
the O
|
| 1862 |
+
NO O
|
| 1863 |
+
- O
|
| 1864 |
+
γ O
|
| 1865 |
+
band B-climate-observations
|
| 1866 |
+
systems I-climate-observations
|
| 1867 |
+
. O
|
| 1868 |
+
|
| 1869 |
+
All O
|
| 1870 |
+
the O
|
| 1871 |
+
calculations O
|
| 1872 |
+
are O
|
| 1873 |
+
conducted O
|
| 1874 |
+
for O
|
| 1875 |
+
midnight O
|
| 1876 |
+
conditions O
|
| 1877 |
+
in O
|
| 1878 |
+
mid O
|
| 1879 |
+
- O
|
| 1880 |
+
latitude B-climate-properties
|
| 1881 |
+
regions O
|
| 1882 |
+
( O
|
| 1883 |
+
+38 O
|
| 1884 |
+
◦ O
|
| 1885 |
+
N O
|
| 1886 |
+
) O
|
| 1887 |
+
and O
|
| 1888 |
+
0 O
|
| 1889 |
+
◦ O
|
| 1890 |
+
longitude B-climate-properties
|
| 1891 |
+
, O
|
| 1892 |
+
using O
|
| 1893 |
+
as O
|
| 1894 |
+
initial O
|
| 1895 |
+
values O
|
| 1896 |
+
for O
|
| 1897 |
+
the O
|
| 1898 |
+
neutral O
|
| 1899 |
+
species O
|
| 1900 |
+
those O
|
| 1901 |
+
provided O
|
| 1902 |
+
by O
|
| 1903 |
+
the O
|
| 1904 |
+
latest O
|
| 1905 |
+
version O
|
| 1906 |
+
of O
|
| 1907 |
+
the O
|
| 1908 |
+
Whole B-climate-models
|
| 1909 |
+
Atmosphere I-climate-models
|
| 1910 |
+
Community I-climate-models
|
| 1911 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
| 1912 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 1913 |
+
( O
|
| 1914 |
+
WACCM B-climate-models
|
| 1915 |
+
) O
|
| 1916 |
+
. O
|
| 1917 |
+
|
| 1918 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 7fb6a223b2a349c2300a6e3e959b4b67
|
| 1919 |
+
|
| 1920 |
+
The O
|
| 1921 |
+
Biosphere B-climate-models
|
| 1922 |
+
Energy I-climate-models
|
| 1923 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 1924 |
+
Transfer I-climate-models
|
| 1925 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 1926 |
+
Hydrology I-climate-models
|
| 1927 |
+
model O
|
| 1928 |
+
( O
|
| 1929 |
+
BETHY B-climate-models
|
| 1930 |
+
) O
|
| 1931 |
+
is O
|
| 1932 |
+
used O
|
| 1933 |
+
to O
|
| 1934 |
+
simulate O
|
| 1935 |
+
global O
|
| 1936 |
+
photosynthesis B-climate-nature
|
| 1937 |
+
, O
|
| 1938 |
+
and O
|
| 1939 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
| 1940 |
+
and O
|
| 1941 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
| 1942 |
+
respiration I-climate-nature
|
| 1943 |
+
embedded O
|
| 1944 |
+
within O
|
| 1945 |
+
the O
|
| 1946 |
+
full O
|
| 1947 |
+
energy O
|
| 1948 |
+
and O
|
| 1949 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 1950 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
| 1951 |
+
, O
|
| 1952 |
+
based O
|
| 1953 |
+
on O
|
| 1954 |
+
13 O
|
| 1955 |
+
years O
|
| 1956 |
+
of O
|
| 1957 |
+
meteorological O
|
| 1958 |
+
data O
|
| 1959 |
+
. O
|
| 1960 |
+
|
| 1961 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O b8e14d567da2c96c1d9126b6418075ef
|
| 1962 |
+
|
| 1963 |
+
Fires B-climate-hazards
|
| 1964 |
+
in O
|
| 1965 |
+
the O
|
| 1966 |
+
boreal B-climate-nature
|
| 1967 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
| 1968 |
+
of O
|
| 1969 |
+
North O
|
| 1970 |
+
America O
|
| 1971 |
+
are O
|
| 1972 |
+
generally O
|
| 1973 |
+
severe O
|
| 1974 |
+
, O
|
| 1975 |
+
killing B-climate-impacts
|
| 1976 |
+
the O
|
| 1977 |
+
majority O
|
| 1978 |
+
of O
|
| 1979 |
+
trees B-climate-organisms
|
| 1980 |
+
and O
|
| 1981 |
+
initiating O
|
| 1982 |
+
succession O
|
| 1983 |
+
that O
|
| 1984 |
+
may O
|
| 1985 |
+
last O
|
| 1986 |
+
over O
|
| 1987 |
+
a O
|
| 1988 |
+
century O
|
| 1989 |
+
. O
|
| 1990 |
+
|
| 1991 |
+
Burn B-climate-impacts
|
| 1992 |
+
area I-climate-impacts
|
| 1993 |
+
across O
|
| 1994 |
+
Alaska O
|
| 1995 |
+
and O
|
| 1996 |
+
Canada O
|
| 1997 |
+
has O
|
| 1998 |
+
increased O
|
| 1999 |
+
in O
|
| 2000 |
+
the O
|
| 2001 |
+
last O
|
| 2002 |
+
few O
|
| 2003 |
+
decades O
|
| 2004 |
+
, O
|
| 2005 |
+
and O
|
| 2006 |
+
is O
|
| 2007 |
+
projected O
|
| 2008 |
+
to O
|
| 2009 |
+
be O
|
| 2010 |
+
substantially O
|
| 2011 |
+
higher O
|
| 2012 |
+
by O
|
| 2013 |
+
the O
|
| 2014 |
+
end O
|
| 2015 |
+
of O
|
| 2016 |
+
the O
|
| 2017 |
+
21st O
|
| 2018 |
+
century O
|
| 2019 |
+
due O
|
| 2020 |
+
to O
|
| 2021 |
+
a O
|
| 2022 |
+
warmer O
|
| 2023 |
+
climate O
|
| 2024 |
+
with O
|
| 2025 |
+
longer O
|
| 2026 |
+
growing O
|
| 2027 |
+
seasons O
|
| 2028 |
+
. O
|
| 2029 |
+
|
| 2030 |
+
Further O
|
| 2031 |
+
work O
|
| 2032 |
+
is O
|
| 2033 |
+
needed O
|
| 2034 |
+
to O
|
| 2035 |
+
integrate O
|
| 2036 |
+
all O
|
| 2037 |
+
the O
|
| 2038 |
+
climate O
|
| 2039 |
+
drivers O
|
| 2040 |
+
from O
|
| 2041 |
+
boreal O
|
| 2042 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
| 2043 |
+
fires I-climate-hazards
|
| 2044 |
+
, O
|
| 2045 |
+
including O
|
| 2046 |
+
aerosols B-climate-nature
|
| 2047 |
+
and O
|
| 2048 |
+
greenhouse O
|
| 2049 |
+
gasses O
|
| 2050 |
+
, O
|
| 2051 |
+
and O
|
| 2052 |
+
to O
|
| 2053 |
+
incorporate O
|
| 2054 |
+
Eurasia O
|
| 2055 |
+
. O
|
| 2056 |
+
|
| 2057 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O d5ed4d64bd716ca943bfbee19177a4ef
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|
| 2059 |
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Here O
|
| 2060 |
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we O
|
| 2061 |
+
assess O
|
| 2062 |
+
the O
|
| 2063 |
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analytic O
|
| 2064 |
+
utility O
|
| 2065 |
+
of O
|
| 2066 |
+
the O
|
| 2067 |
+
well O
|
| 2068 |
+
- O
|
| 2069 |
+
known O
|
| 2070 |
+
IPAT B-climate-models
|
| 2071 |
+
identity I-climate-models
|
| 2072 |
+
, O
|
| 2073 |
+
the O
|
| 2074 |
+
newly O
|
| 2075 |
+
developed O
|
| 2076 |
+
ImPACT B-climate-models
|
| 2077 |
+
identity I-climate-models
|
| 2078 |
+
, O
|
| 2079 |
+
and O
|
| 2080 |
+
their O
|
| 2081 |
+
stochastic O
|
| 2082 |
+
cousin O
|
| 2083 |
+
, O
|
| 2084 |
+
the O
|
| 2085 |
+
STIRPAT B-climate-models
|
| 2086 |
+
model O
|
| 2087 |
+
. O
|
| 2088 |
+
|
| 2089 |
+
We O
|
| 2090 |
+
then O
|
| 2091 |
+
refine O
|
| 2092 |
+
the O
|
| 2093 |
+
STIRPAT B-climate-models
|
| 2094 |
+
model O
|
| 2095 |
+
by O
|
| 2096 |
+
developing O
|
| 2097 |
+
the O
|
| 2098 |
+
concept O
|
| 2099 |
+
of O
|
| 2100 |
+
ecological B-climate-properties
|
| 2101 |
+
elasticity I-climate-properties
|
| 2102 |
+
( O
|
| 2103 |
+
EE B-climate-properties
|
| 2104 |
+
) O
|
| 2105 |
+
. O
|
| 2106 |
+
|
| 2107 |
+
To O
|
| 2108 |
+
illustrate O
|
| 2109 |
+
the O
|
| 2110 |
+
application O
|
| 2111 |
+
of O
|
| 2112 |
+
STIRPAT B-climate-models
|
| 2113 |
+
and O
|
| 2114 |
+
EE B-climate-properties
|
| 2115 |
+
, O
|
| 2116 |
+
we O
|
| 2117 |
+
compute O
|
| 2118 |
+
the O
|
| 2119 |
+
ecological B-climate-properties
|
| 2120 |
+
elasticities I-climate-properties
|
| 2121 |
+
of O
|
| 2122 |
+
population B-climate-properties
|
| 2123 |
+
, O
|
| 2124 |
+
affluence B-climate-properties
|
| 2125 |
+
and O
|
| 2126 |
+
other O
|
| 2127 |
+
factors O
|
| 2128 |
+
for O
|
| 2129 |
+
cross B-climate-properties
|
| 2130 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
| 2131 |
+
national I-climate-properties
|
| 2132 |
+
emissions I-climate-properties
|
| 2133 |
+
of O
|
| 2134 |
+
carbon B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 2135 |
+
dioxide I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 2136 |
+
( O
|
| 2137 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 2138 |
+
) O
|
| 2139 |
+
from O
|
| 2140 |
+
fossil B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2141 |
+
fuel I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2142 |
+
combustion I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2143 |
+
and O
|
| 2144 |
+
for O
|
| 2145 |
+
the O
|
| 2146 |
+
energy O
|
| 2147 |
+
footprint O
|
| 2148 |
+
, O
|
| 2149 |
+
a O
|
| 2150 |
+
composite O
|
| 2151 |
+
measure O
|
| 2152 |
+
comprising O
|
| 2153 |
+
impacts O
|
| 2154 |
+
from O
|
| 2155 |
+
fossil B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2156 |
+
fuel I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2157 |
+
combustion I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2158 |
+
, O
|
| 2159 |
+
fuel B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2160 |
+
wood I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2161 |
+
, O
|
| 2162 |
+
hydropower B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2163 |
+
and O
|
| 2164 |
+
nuclear B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2165 |
+
power I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2166 |
+
. O
|
| 2167 |
+
|
| 2168 |
+
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|
| 2169 |
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|
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Measured O
|
| 2171 |
+
data O
|
| 2172 |
+
on O
|
| 2173 |
+
space B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2174 |
+
heating I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2175 |
+
is O
|
| 2176 |
+
not O
|
| 2177 |
+
available O
|
| 2178 |
+
on O
|
| 2179 |
+
country O
|
| 2180 |
+
scale O
|
| 2181 |
+
, O
|
| 2182 |
+
nor O
|
| 2183 |
+
are O
|
| 2184 |
+
highly O
|
| 2185 |
+
granular O
|
| 2186 |
+
estimates O
|
| 2187 |
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. O
|
| 2188 |
+
|
| 2189 |
+
The O
|
| 2190 |
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method O
|
| 2191 |
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is O
|
| 2192 |
+
presented O
|
| 2193 |
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in O
|
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+
the O
|
| 2195 |
+
paper O
|
| 2196 |
+
" O
|
| 2197 |
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Estimating O
|
| 2198 |
+
country O
|
| 2199 |
+
- O
|
| 2200 |
+
specific O
|
| 2201 |
+
space O
|
| 2202 |
+
heating B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2203 |
+
threshold B-climate-properties
|
| 2204 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
| 2205 |
+
from O
|
| 2206 |
+
national O
|
| 2207 |
+
gas B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2208 |
+
and I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2209 |
+
electricity I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2210 |
+
consumption I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2211 |
+
data O
|
| 2212 |
+
" O
|
| 2213 |
+
, O
|
| 2214 |
+
and O
|
| 2215 |
+
shows O
|
| 2216 |
+
that O
|
| 2217 |
+
current O
|
| 2218 |
+
results O
|
| 2219 |
+
can O
|
| 2220 |
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improve O
|
| 2221 |
+
significantly O
|
| 2222 |
+
by O
|
| 2223 |
+
including O
|
| 2224 |
+
weather O
|
| 2225 |
+
and O
|
| 2226 |
+
primary O
|
| 2227 |
+
energy O
|
| 2228 |
+
use O
|
| 2229 |
+
. O
|
| 2230 |
+
|
| 2231 |
+
With O
|
| 2232 |
+
a O
|
| 2233 |
+
careful O
|
| 2234 |
+
modelling O
|
| 2235 |
+
of O
|
| 2236 |
+
the O
|
| 2237 |
+
coefficient B-climate-properties
|
| 2238 |
+
of I-climate-properties
|
| 2239 |
+
performance I-climate-properties
|
| 2240 |
+
, O
|
| 2241 |
+
I O
|
| 2242 |
+
show O
|
| 2243 |
+
that O
|
| 2244 |
+
heat B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2245 |
+
pumps I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2246 |
+
become O
|
| 2247 |
+
more O
|
| 2248 |
+
economically O
|
| 2249 |
+
feasible O
|
| 2250 |
+
with O
|
| 2251 |
+
rising O
|
| 2252 |
+
ambient B-climate-properties
|
| 2253 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
| 2254 |
+
. O
|
| 2255 |
+
|
| 2256 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O93e8e89fbf2e0a69cfad0f8acbd47dbc
|
| 2257 |
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|
| 2258 |
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The O
|
| 2259 |
+
design O
|
| 2260 |
+
of O
|
| 2261 |
+
pavement B-climate-assets
|
| 2262 |
+
structure O
|
| 2263 |
+
is O
|
| 2264 |
+
as O
|
| 2265 |
+
a O
|
| 2266 |
+
set O
|
| 2267 |
+
of O
|
| 2268 |
+
several O
|
| 2269 |
+
activities O
|
| 2270 |
+
related O
|
| 2271 |
+
to O
|
| 2272 |
+
the O
|
| 2273 |
+
design O
|
| 2274 |
+
of O
|
| 2275 |
+
road B-climate-assets
|
| 2276 |
+
construction O
|
| 2277 |
+
, O
|
| 2278 |
+
dimension O
|
| 2279 |
+
and O
|
| 2280 |
+
model O
|
| 2281 |
+
calculations O
|
| 2282 |
+
. O
|
| 2283 |
+
|
| 2284 |
+
An O
|
| 2285 |
+
increase O
|
| 2286 |
+
in O
|
| 2287 |
+
air B-climate-properties
|
| 2288 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 2289 |
+
is O
|
| 2290 |
+
assumed O
|
| 2291 |
+
, O
|
| 2292 |
+
with O
|
| 2293 |
+
an O
|
| 2294 |
+
increase O
|
| 2295 |
+
in O
|
| 2296 |
+
average B-climate-properties
|
| 2297 |
+
monthly I-climate-properties
|
| 2298 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
| 2299 |
+
of O
|
| 2300 |
+
2.0 O
|
| 2301 |
+
to O
|
| 2302 |
+
4.8 O
|
| 2303 |
+
° O
|
| 2304 |
+
C O
|
| 2305 |
+
. O
|
| 2306 |
+
|
| 2307 |
+
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|
| 2308 |
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|
| 2309 |
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Oklahoma O
|
| 2310 |
+
watersheds B-climate-nature
|
| 2311 |
+
and O
|
| 2312 |
+
urban O
|
| 2313 |
+
areas O
|
| 2314 |
+
are O
|
| 2315 |
+
subject O
|
| 2316 |
+
to O
|
| 2317 |
+
increased O
|
| 2318 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
| 2319 |
+
shortages I-climate-hazards
|
| 2320 |
+
, O
|
| 2321 |
+
woody B-climate-hazards
|
| 2322 |
+
plant I-climate-hazards
|
| 2323 |
+
encroachment I-climate-hazards
|
| 2324 |
+
, O
|
| 2325 |
+
and O
|
| 2326 |
+
other O
|
| 2327 |
+
socio O
|
| 2328 |
+
- O
|
| 2329 |
+
environmental O
|
| 2330 |
+
issues O
|
| 2331 |
+
. O
|
| 2332 |
+
|
| 2333 |
+
Our O
|
| 2334 |
+
three O
|
| 2335 |
+
study O
|
| 2336 |
+
areas O
|
| 2337 |
+
represent O
|
| 2338 |
+
the O
|
| 2339 |
+
diversity O
|
| 2340 |
+
within O
|
| 2341 |
+
Oklahoma O
|
| 2342 |
+
: O
|
| 2343 |
+
Oklahoma O
|
| 2344 |
+
City O
|
| 2345 |
+
( O
|
| 2346 |
+
urban O
|
| 2347 |
+
) O
|
| 2348 |
+
, O
|
| 2349 |
+
Kiamichi O
|
| 2350 |
+
watershed O
|
| 2351 |
+
( O
|
| 2352 |
+
timber B-climate-assets
|
| 2353 |
+
, O
|
| 2354 |
+
reservoir B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2355 |
+
) O
|
| 2356 |
+
, O
|
| 2357 |
+
and O
|
| 2358 |
+
Cimarron O
|
| 2359 |
+
watershed O
|
| 2360 |
+
( O
|
| 2361 |
+
agriculture B-climate-assets
|
| 2362 |
+
, O
|
| 2363 |
+
grassland B-climate-nature
|
| 2364 |
+
) O
|
| 2365 |
+
. O
|
| 2366 |
+
|
| 2367 |
+
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|
| 2368 |
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|
| 2369 |
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Besides O
|
| 2370 |
+
the O
|
| 2371 |
+
factors O
|
| 2372 |
+
of O
|
| 2373 |
+
climate O
|
| 2374 |
+
change O
|
| 2375 |
+
, O
|
| 2376 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
| 2377 |
+
, O
|
| 2378 |
+
plant B-climate-impacts
|
| 2379 |
+
diseases I-climate-impacts
|
| 2380 |
+
and O
|
| 2381 |
+
insect B-climate-hazards
|
| 2382 |
+
pests I-climate-hazards
|
| 2383 |
+
, O
|
| 2384 |
+
human B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2385 |
+
damage I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2386 |
+
activities I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2387 |
+
, O
|
| 2388 |
+
the O
|
| 2389 |
+
influences O
|
| 2390 |
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of O
|
| 2391 |
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adaptive B-climate-mitigations
|
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management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2393 |
+
methods I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2394 |
+
to O
|
| 2395 |
+
the O
|
| 2396 |
+
factors O
|
| 2397 |
+
of O
|
| 2398 |
+
productivity O
|
| 2399 |
+
were O
|
| 2400 |
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firstly O
|
| 2401 |
+
considered O
|
| 2402 |
+
in O
|
| 2403 |
+
the O
|
| 2404 |
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model O
|
| 2405 |
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. O
|
| 2406 |
+
|
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|
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|
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Life O
|
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cycle O
|
| 2411 |
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assessment O
|
| 2412 |
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( O
|
| 2413 |
+
LCA O
|
| 2414 |
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) O
|
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framework O
|
| 2416 |
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will O
|
| 2417 |
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be O
|
| 2418 |
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utilised O
|
| 2419 |
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as O
|
| 2420 |
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a O
|
| 2421 |
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method O
|
| 2422 |
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for O
|
| 2423 |
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both O
|
| 2424 |
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economic O
|
| 2425 |
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feasibility O
|
| 2426 |
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and O
|
| 2427 |
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climate O
|
| 2428 |
+
impact O
|
| 2429 |
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evaluation O
|
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. O
|
| 2431 |
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|
| 2432 |
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| 2433 |
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|
| 2434 |
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Renewable B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2435 |
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energy I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2436 |
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( O
|
| 2437 |
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RE B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2438 |
+
) O
|
| 2439 |
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generation O
|
| 2440 |
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including O
|
| 2441 |
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wind B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2442 |
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and I-climate-mitigations
|
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solar I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2444 |
+
farms I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2445 |
+
has O
|
| 2446 |
+
experienced O
|
| 2447 |
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significant O
|
| 2448 |
+
growth O
|
| 2449 |
+
due O
|
| 2450 |
+
to O
|
| 2451 |
+
the O
|
| 2452 |
+
challenge O
|
| 2453 |
+
of O
|
| 2454 |
+
climate O
|
| 2455 |
+
and O
|
| 2456 |
+
energy O
|
| 2457 |
+
crisis O
|
| 2458 |
+
. O
|
| 2459 |
+
|
| 2460 |
+
In O
|
| 2461 |
+
this O
|
| 2462 |
+
paper O
|
| 2463 |
+
, O
|
| 2464 |
+
voltage B-climate-properties
|
| 2465 |
+
stability I-climate-properties
|
| 2466 |
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L I-climate-properties
|
| 2467 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
| 2468 |
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index I-climate-properties
|
| 2469 |
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is O
|
| 2470 |
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proposed O
|
| 2471 |
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as O
|
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the O
|
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constraint O
|
| 2474 |
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of O
|
| 2475 |
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the O
|
| 2476 |
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primal O
|
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- O
|
| 2478 |
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dual O
|
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interior O
|
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point O
|
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method O
|
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for O
|
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optimal O
|
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power O
|
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flow O
|
| 2486 |
+
by O
|
| 2487 |
+
considering O
|
| 2488 |
+
the O
|
| 2489 |
+
integration O
|
| 2490 |
+
of O
|
| 2491 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
| 2492 |
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and O
|
| 2493 |
+
photovoltaic B-climate-mitigations
|
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+
cell I-climate-mitigations
|
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+
power I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2496 |
+
on O
|
| 2497 |
+
system O
|
| 2498 |
+
. O
|
| 2499 |
+
|
| 2500 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O495412548716e741c1758bcffe9fe929
|
| 2501 |
+
|
| 2502 |
+
The O
|
| 2503 |
+
paper O
|
| 2504 |
+
( O
|
| 2505 |
+
i O
|
| 2506 |
+
) O
|
| 2507 |
+
describes O
|
| 2508 |
+
the O
|
| 2509 |
+
conceptual O
|
| 2510 |
+
design O
|
| 2511 |
+
of O
|
| 2512 |
+
the O
|
| 2513 |
+
Elbe B-climate-models
|
| 2514 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 2515 |
+
DSS I-climate-models
|
| 2516 |
+
, O
|
| 2517 |
+
( O
|
| 2518 |
+
ii O
|
| 2519 |
+
) O
|
| 2520 |
+
demonstrates O
|
| 2521 |
+
the O
|
| 2522 |
+
applicability O
|
| 2523 |
+
of O
|
| 2524 |
+
the O
|
| 2525 |
+
integrated O
|
| 2526 |
+
catchment O
|
| 2527 |
+
model O
|
| 2528 |
+
by O
|
| 2529 |
+
running O
|
| 2530 |
+
three O
|
| 2531 |
+
different O
|
| 2532 |
+
management O
|
| 2533 |
+
options O
|
| 2534 |
+
for O
|
| 2535 |
+
phosphate B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2536 |
+
discharge I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2537 |
+
reduction I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2538 |
+
( O
|
| 2539 |
+
reforestation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2540 |
+
, O
|
| 2541 |
+
erosion B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2542 |
+
control I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2543 |
+
and O
|
| 2544 |
+
ecological B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2545 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2546 |
+
farming I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2547 |
+
) O
|
| 2548 |
+
under O
|
| 2549 |
+
the O
|
| 2550 |
+
assumption O
|
| 2551 |
+
of O
|
| 2552 |
+
regional O
|
| 2553 |
+
climate O
|
| 2554 |
+
change O
|
| 2555 |
+
based O
|
| 2556 |
+
on O
|
| 2557 |
+
IPCC O
|
| 2558 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 2559 |
+
, O
|
| 2560 |
+
( O
|
| 2561 |
+
iii O
|
| 2562 |
+
) O
|
| 2563 |
+
evaluates O
|
| 2564 |
+
the O
|
| 2565 |
+
effectiveness O
|
| 2566 |
+
of O
|
| 2567 |
+
the O
|
| 2568 |
+
management O
|
| 2569 |
+
options O
|
| 2570 |
+
, O
|
| 2571 |
+
and O
|
| 2572 |
+
( O
|
| 2573 |
+
iv O
|
| 2574 |
+
) O
|
| 2575 |
+
provides O
|
| 2576 |
+
some O
|
| 2577 |
+
lessons O
|
| 2578 |
+
for O
|
| 2579 |
+
the O
|
| 2580 |
+
DSS O
|
| 2581 |
+
- O
|
| 2582 |
+
development O
|
| 2583 |
+
in O
|
| 2584 |
+
similar O
|
| 2585 |
+
settings O
|
| 2586 |
+
. O
|
| 2587 |
+
|
| 2588 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc5cfe2ae2494e461d69e06ee6bd260f8
|
| 2589 |
+
|
| 2590 |
+
CIERA B-climate-organizations
|
| 2591 |
+
is O
|
| 2592 |
+
building B-climate-assets
|
| 2593 |
+
an O
|
| 2594 |
+
international O
|
| 2595 |
+
community O
|
| 2596 |
+
to O
|
| 2597 |
+
catalyze O
|
| 2598 |
+
emissions O
|
| 2599 |
+
research O
|
| 2600 |
+
by O
|
| 2601 |
+
facilitating O
|
| 2602 |
+
: O
|
| 2603 |
+
the O
|
| 2604 |
+
consistent O
|
| 2605 |
+
, O
|
| 2606 |
+
timely O
|
| 2607 |
+
, O
|
| 2608 |
+
and O
|
| 2609 |
+
transparent O
|
| 2610 |
+
development O
|
| 2611 |
+
of O
|
| 2612 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2613 |
+
inventories O
|
| 2614 |
+
at O
|
| 2615 |
+
all O
|
| 2616 |
+
scales O
|
| 2617 |
+
; O
|
| 2618 |
+
evaluations O
|
| 2619 |
+
and O
|
| 2620 |
+
analyses O
|
| 2621 |
+
of O
|
| 2622 |
+
emissions B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2623 |
+
datasets O
|
| 2624 |
+
; O
|
| 2625 |
+
and O
|
| 2626 |
+
the O
|
| 2627 |
+
exchange O
|
| 2628 |
+
and O
|
| 2629 |
+
communication O
|
| 2630 |
+
of O
|
| 2631 |
+
emissions B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2632 |
+
information O
|
| 2633 |
+
. O
|
| 2634 |
+
|
| 2635 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oa30e7ccfd008ac09618c2fa028f6675c
|
| 2636 |
+
|
| 2637 |
+
Abstract O
|
| 2638 |
+
Understanding O
|
| 2639 |
+
the O
|
| 2640 |
+
impact O
|
| 2641 |
+
of O
|
| 2642 |
+
climate O
|
| 2643 |
+
change O
|
| 2644 |
+
on O
|
| 2645 |
+
borehole B-climate-assets
|
| 2646 |
+
yields I-climate-assets
|
| 2647 |
+
from O
|
| 2648 |
+
fractured O
|
| 2649 |
+
aquifers B-climate-nature
|
| 2650 |
+
is O
|
| 2651 |
+
essential O
|
| 2652 |
+
for O
|
| 2653 |
+
future O
|
| 2654 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2655 |
+
resources I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2656 |
+
planning I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2657 |
+
and I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2658 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2659 |
+
. O
|
| 2660 |
+
|
| 2661 |
+
We O
|
| 2662 |
+
developed O
|
| 2663 |
+
a O
|
| 2664 |
+
simple O
|
| 2665 |
+
two O
|
| 2666 |
+
- O
|
| 2667 |
+
layered O
|
| 2668 |
+
radial B-climate-nature
|
| 2669 |
+
groundwater I-climate-nature
|
| 2670 |
+
flow I-climate-nature
|
| 2671 |
+
model O
|
| 2672 |
+
of O
|
| 2673 |
+
an O
|
| 2674 |
+
idealised O
|
| 2675 |
+
pumping B-climate-assets
|
| 2676 |
+
borehole I-climate-assets
|
| 2677 |
+
in O
|
| 2678 |
+
the O
|
| 2679 |
+
fractured O
|
| 2680 |
+
Chalk B-climate-nature
|
| 2681 |
+
aquifer I-climate-nature
|
| 2682 |
+
of O
|
| 2683 |
+
south O
|
| 2684 |
+
- O
|
| 2685 |
+
east O
|
| 2686 |
+
England O
|
| 2687 |
+
, O
|
| 2688 |
+
and O
|
| 2689 |
+
applied O
|
| 2690 |
+
11 O
|
| 2691 |
+
VKD B-climate-properties
|
| 2692 |
+
profiles O
|
| 2693 |
+
based O
|
| 2694 |
+
on O
|
| 2695 |
+
a O
|
| 2696 |
+
simple O
|
| 2697 |
+
conceptual O
|
| 2698 |
+
representation O
|
| 2699 |
+
of O
|
| 2700 |
+
variation B-climate-properties
|
| 2701 |
+
in I-climate-properties
|
| 2702 |
+
hydraulic I-climate-properties
|
| 2703 |
+
conductivity I-climate-properties
|
| 2704 |
+
with I-climate-properties
|
| 2705 |
+
depth I-climate-properties
|
| 2706 |
+
in O
|
| 2707 |
+
the O
|
| 2708 |
+
Chalk B-climate-nature
|
| 2709 |
+
. O
|
| 2710 |
+
|
| 2711 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O095139ddcef03ac156752c6cb1bfe90a
|
| 2712 |
+
|
| 2713 |
+
For O
|
| 2714 |
+
thousands O
|
| 2715 |
+
of O
|
| 2716 |
+
years O
|
| 2717 |
+
, O
|
| 2718 |
+
the O
|
| 2719 |
+
Huang O
|
| 2720 |
+
- O
|
| 2721 |
+
Hai O
|
| 2722 |
+
Plain O
|
| 2723 |
+
in O
|
| 2724 |
+
northeast O
|
| 2725 |
+
China O
|
| 2726 |
+
has O
|
| 2727 |
+
been O
|
| 2728 |
+
one O
|
| 2729 |
+
of O
|
| 2730 |
+
the O
|
| 2731 |
+
most O
|
| 2732 |
+
productive O
|
| 2733 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
| 2734 |
+
regions O
|
| 2735 |
+
of O
|
| 2736 |
+
the O
|
| 2737 |
+
country O
|
| 2738 |
+
. O
|
| 2739 |
+
|
| 2740 |
+
The O
|
| 2741 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
| 2742 |
+
estimates O
|
| 2743 |
+
that O
|
| 2744 |
+
40 O
|
| 2745 |
+
Pg O
|
| 2746 |
+
of O
|
| 2747 |
+
C O
|
| 2748 |
+
could O
|
| 2749 |
+
be O
|
| 2750 |
+
sequestered O
|
| 2751 |
+
in O
|
| 2752 |
+
cropland B-climate-assets
|
| 2753 |
+
soils B-climate-nature
|
| 2754 |
+
worldwide O
|
| 2755 |
+
over O
|
| 2756 |
+
the O
|
| 2757 |
+
next O
|
| 2758 |
+
several O
|
| 2759 |
+
decades O
|
| 2760 |
+
; O
|
| 2761 |
+
however O
|
| 2762 |
+
, O
|
| 2763 |
+
changes O
|
| 2764 |
+
in O
|
| 2765 |
+
global O
|
| 2766 |
+
climate O
|
| 2767 |
+
may O
|
| 2768 |
+
impact O
|
| 2769 |
+
this O
|
| 2770 |
+
potential O
|
| 2771 |
+
. O
|
| 2772 |
+
|
| 2773 |
+
To O
|
| 2774 |
+
assess O
|
| 2775 |
+
the O
|
| 2776 |
+
influence O
|
| 2777 |
+
of O
|
| 2778 |
+
these O
|
| 2779 |
+
management O
|
| 2780 |
+
practices O
|
| 2781 |
+
under O
|
| 2782 |
+
a O
|
| 2783 |
+
changing O
|
| 2784 |
+
climate O
|
| 2785 |
+
, O
|
| 2786 |
+
we O
|
| 2787 |
+
use O
|
| 2788 |
+
two O
|
| 2789 |
+
climate O
|
| 2790 |
+
change O
|
| 2791 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 2792 |
+
( O
|
| 2793 |
+
A2 B-climate-datasets
|
| 2794 |
+
and O
|
| 2795 |
+
B2 B-climate-datasets
|
| 2796 |
+
) O
|
| 2797 |
+
at O
|
| 2798 |
+
two O
|
| 2799 |
+
time O
|
| 2800 |
+
periods O
|
| 2801 |
+
in O
|
| 2802 |
+
the O
|
| 2803 |
+
EPIC B-climate-models
|
| 2804 |
+
agro O
|
| 2805 |
+
- O
|
| 2806 |
+
ecosystem O
|
| 2807 |
+
simulation O
|
| 2808 |
+
model O
|
| 2809 |
+
. O
|
| 2810 |
+
|
| 2811 |
+
The O
|
| 2812 |
+
EPIC B-climate-models
|
| 2813 |
+
model O
|
| 2814 |
+
indicates O
|
| 2815 |
+
that O
|
| 2816 |
+
winter B-climate-assets
|
| 2817 |
+
wheat I-climate-assets
|
| 2818 |
+
yields O
|
| 2819 |
+
would O
|
| 2820 |
+
increase O
|
| 2821 |
+
on O
|
| 2822 |
+
average O
|
| 2823 |
+
by O
|
| 2824 |
+
0.2 O
|
| 2825 |
+
Mg O
|
| 2826 |
+
ha O
|
| 2827 |
+
� O
|
| 2828 |
+
1 O
|
| 2829 |
+
in O
|
| 2830 |
+
the O
|
| 2831 |
+
earlier O
|
| 2832 |
+
period O
|
| 2833 |
+
and O
|
| 2834 |
+
by O
|
| 2835 |
+
0.8 O
|
| 2836 |
+
Mg O
|
| 2837 |
+
ha O
|
| 2838 |
+
� O
|
| 2839 |
+
1 O
|
| 2840 |
+
in O
|
| 2841 |
+
the O
|
| 2842 |
+
later O
|
| 2843 |
+
period O
|
| 2844 |
+
due O
|
| 2845 |
+
to O
|
| 2846 |
+
warmer O
|
| 2847 |
+
nighttime B-climate-properties
|
| 2848 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
| 2849 |
+
and O
|
| 2850 |
+
higher O
|
| 2851 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 2852 |
+
. O
|
| 2853 |
+
|
| 2854 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Od4ce990cf7cf6d1b9b33810c03c9e558
|
| 2855 |
+
|
| 2856 |
+
In O
|
| 2857 |
+
this O
|
| 2858 |
+
paper O
|
| 2859 |
+
, O
|
| 2860 |
+
we O
|
| 2861 |
+
evaluate O
|
| 2862 |
+
the O
|
| 2863 |
+
impact O
|
| 2864 |
+
of O
|
| 2865 |
+
mineral B-climate-nature
|
| 2866 |
+
dust I-climate-nature
|
| 2867 |
+
( O
|
| 2868 |
+
MD B-climate-nature
|
| 2869 |
+
) O
|
| 2870 |
+
on O
|
| 2871 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
| 2872 |
+
radiative O
|
| 2873 |
+
properties O
|
| 2874 |
+
in O
|
| 2875 |
+
the O
|
| 2876 |
+
European O
|
| 2877 |
+
Alps O
|
| 2878 |
+
at O
|
| 2879 |
+
ground O
|
| 2880 |
+
, O
|
| 2881 |
+
aerial O
|
| 2882 |
+
, O
|
| 2883 |
+
and O
|
| 2884 |
+
satellite O
|
| 2885 |
+
scale O
|
| 2886 |
+
. O
|
| 2887 |
+
|
| 2888 |
+
A O
|
| 2889 |
+
field O
|
| 2890 |
+
survey O
|
| 2891 |
+
was O
|
| 2892 |
+
conducted O
|
| 2893 |
+
to O
|
| 2894 |
+
acquire O
|
| 2895 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
| 2896 |
+
spectral B-climate-properties
|
| 2897 |
+
reflectance I-climate-properties
|
| 2898 |
+
measurements O
|
| 2899 |
+
with O
|
| 2900 |
+
an O
|
| 2901 |
+
Analytical B-climate-observations
|
| 2902 |
+
Spectral I-climate-observations
|
| 2903 |
+
Device I-climate-observations
|
| 2904 |
+
( I-climate-observations
|
| 2905 |
+
ASD I-climate-observations
|
| 2906 |
+
) I-climate-observations
|
| 2907 |
+
Field I-climate-observations
|
| 2908 |
+
Spec I-climate-observations
|
| 2909 |
+
Pro I-climate-observations
|
| 2910 |
+
spectroradiometer O
|
| 2911 |
+
. O
|
| 2912 |
+
|
| 2913 |
+
An O
|
| 2914 |
+
overflight O
|
| 2915 |
+
of O
|
| 2916 |
+
a O
|
| 2917 |
+
four O
|
| 2918 |
+
- O
|
| 2919 |
+
rotor O
|
| 2920 |
+
Unmanned O
|
| 2921 |
+
Aerial O
|
| 2922 |
+
Vehicle O
|
| 2923 |
+
( O
|
| 2924 |
+
UAV O
|
| 2925 |
+
) O
|
| 2926 |
+
equipped O
|
| 2927 |
+
with O
|
| 2928 |
+
an O
|
| 2929 |
+
RGB O
|
| 2930 |
+
digital O
|
| 2931 |
+
camera O
|
| 2932 |
+
sensor O
|
| 2933 |
+
was O
|
| 2934 |
+
carried O
|
| 2935 |
+
out O
|
| 2936 |
+
during O
|
| 2937 |
+
the O
|
| 2938 |
+
field O
|
| 2939 |
+
operations O
|
| 2940 |
+
. O
|
| 2941 |
+
|
| 2942 |
+
Finally O
|
| 2943 |
+
, O
|
| 2944 |
+
Landsat B-climate-observations
|
| 2945 |
+
8 I-climate-observations
|
| 2946 |
+
Operational I-climate-observations
|
| 2947 |
+
Land I-climate-observations
|
| 2948 |
+
Imager I-climate-observations
|
| 2949 |
+
( O
|
| 2950 |
+
OLI B-climate-observations
|
| 2951 |
+
) O
|
| 2952 |
+
data O
|
| 2953 |
+
covering O
|
| 2954 |
+
the O
|
| 2955 |
+
central O
|
| 2956 |
+
European O
|
| 2957 |
+
Alps O
|
| 2958 |
+
were O
|
| 2959 |
+
analyzed O
|
| 2960 |
+
. O
|
| 2961 |
+
|
| 2962 |
+
We O
|
| 2963 |
+
also O
|
| 2964 |
+
estimated O
|
| 2965 |
+
a O
|
| 2966 |
+
positive O
|
| 2967 |
+
instantaneous O
|
| 2968 |
+
radiative B-climate-properties
|
| 2969 |
+
forcing I-climate-properties
|
| 2970 |
+
that O
|
| 2971 |
+
reaches O
|
| 2972 |
+
values O
|
| 2973 |
+
up O
|
| 2974 |
+
to O
|
| 2975 |
+
153 O
|
| 2976 |
+
W O
|
| 2977 |
+
/ O
|
| 2978 |
+
m2 O
|
| 2979 |
+
for O
|
| 2980 |
+
the O
|
| 2981 |
+
most O
|
| 2982 |
+
concentrated O
|
| 2983 |
+
sampling O
|
| 2984 |
+
area O
|
| 2985 |
+
. O
|
| 2986 |
+
|
| 2987 |
+
These O
|
| 2988 |
+
maps O
|
| 2989 |
+
show O
|
| 2990 |
+
the O
|
| 2991 |
+
spatial O
|
| 2992 |
+
distribution O
|
| 2993 |
+
of O
|
| 2994 |
+
MD O
|
| 2995 |
+
in O
|
| 2996 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
| 2997 |
+
after O
|
| 2998 |
+
a O
|
| 2999 |
+
natural O
|
| 3000 |
+
deposition O
|
| 3001 |
+
from O
|
| 3002 |
+
the O
|
| 3003 |
+
Saharan O
|
| 3004 |
+
desert O
|
| 3005 |
+
. O
|
| 3006 |
+
|
| 3007 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8188cbe873246fbee7885c7009446024
|
| 3008 |
+
|
| 3009 |
+
Previous O
|
| 3010 |
+
studies O
|
| 3011 |
+
have O
|
| 3012 |
+
confirmed O
|
| 3013 |
+
the O
|
| 3014 |
+
positive O
|
| 3015 |
+
influence O
|
| 3016 |
+
of O
|
| 3017 |
+
increasing O
|
| 3018 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 3019 |
+
on O
|
| 3020 |
+
photosynthesis O
|
| 3021 |
+
and O
|
| 3022 |
+
survival O
|
| 3023 |
+
of O
|
| 3024 |
+
the O
|
| 3025 |
+
temperate O
|
| 3026 |
+
eelgrass B-climate-organisms
|
| 3027 |
+
Zostera B-climate-organisms
|
| 3028 |
+
marina I-climate-organisms
|
| 3029 |
+
L. I-climate-organisms
|
| 3030 |
+
, O
|
| 3031 |
+
but O
|
| 3032 |
+
the O
|
| 3033 |
+
acclimation O
|
| 3034 |
+
of O
|
| 3035 |
+
photoprotective O
|
| 3036 |
+
mechanisms O
|
| 3037 |
+
in O
|
| 3038 |
+
this O
|
| 3039 |
+
context O
|
| 3040 |
+
has O
|
| 3041 |
+
not O
|
| 3042 |
+
been O
|
| 3043 |
+
characterized O
|
| 3044 |
+
. O
|
| 3045 |
+
|
| 3046 |
+
This O
|
| 3047 |
+
study O
|
| 3048 |
+
aimed O
|
| 3049 |
+
to O
|
| 3050 |
+
quantify O
|
| 3051 |
+
the O
|
| 3052 |
+
long O
|
| 3053 |
+
- O
|
| 3054 |
+
term O
|
| 3055 |
+
impacts O
|
| 3056 |
+
of O
|
| 3057 |
+
ocean B-climate-hazards
|
| 3058 |
+
acidification I-climate-hazards
|
| 3059 |
+
on O
|
| 3060 |
+
photochemical O
|
| 3061 |
+
control O
|
| 3062 |
+
mechanisms O
|
| 3063 |
+
that O
|
| 3064 |
+
promote O
|
| 3065 |
+
photosynthesis O
|
| 3066 |
+
while O
|
| 3067 |
+
simultaneously O
|
| 3068 |
+
protecting O
|
| 3069 |
+
eelgrass B-climate-organisms
|
| 3070 |
+
from O
|
| 3071 |
+
photodamage O
|
| 3072 |
+
. O
|
| 3073 |
+
|
| 3074 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O40cf3e88ecb323889a7e33322c6de2c0
|
| 3075 |
+
|
| 3076 |
+
RegCM4 B-climate-models
|
| 3077 |
+
is O
|
| 3078 |
+
driven O
|
| 3079 |
+
with O
|
| 3080 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
| 3081 |
+
Centre I-climate-organizations
|
| 3082 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
| 3083 |
+
Medium I-climate-organizations
|
| 3084 |
+
- I-climate-organizations
|
| 3085 |
+
Range I-climate-organizations
|
| 3086 |
+
Weather I-climate-organizations
|
| 3087 |
+
Forecasts I-climate-organizations
|
| 3088 |
+
( O
|
| 3089 |
+
ECMWF B-climate-organizations
|
| 3090 |
+
) O
|
| 3091 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
| 3092 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 3093 |
+
Interim I-climate-datasets
|
| 3094 |
+
6 I-climate-datasets
|
| 3095 |
+
- O
|
| 3096 |
+
hourly O
|
| 3097 |
+
boundary O
|
| 3098 |
+
condition O
|
| 3099 |
+
fields O
|
| 3100 |
+
for O
|
| 3101 |
+
the O
|
| 3102 |
+
CORDEX B-climate-models
|
| 3103 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 3104 |
+
MENA I-climate-models
|
| 3105 |
+
/ O
|
| 3106 |
+
Arab O
|
| 3107 |
+
domain O
|
| 3108 |
+
. O
|
| 3109 |
+
|
| 3110 |
+
Besides O
|
| 3111 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
| 3112 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 3113 |
+
Interim I-climate-datasets
|
| 3114 |
+
lateral O
|
| 3115 |
+
boundary O
|
| 3116 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3117 |
+
data O
|
| 3118 |
+
, O
|
| 3119 |
+
the O
|
| 3120 |
+
Climatic B-climate-organizations
|
| 3121 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
| 3122 |
+
Unit I-climate-organizations
|
| 3123 |
+
( O
|
| 3124 |
+
CRU B-climate-organizations
|
| 3125 |
+
) O
|
| 3126 |
+
data O
|
| 3127 |
+
is O
|
| 3128 |
+
also O
|
| 3129 |
+
used O
|
| 3130 |
+
to O
|
| 3131 |
+
assess O
|
| 3132 |
+
the O
|
| 3133 |
+
performance O
|
| 3134 |
+
of O
|
| 3135 |
+
RegCM4 B-climate-models
|
| 3136 |
+
. O
|
| 3137 |
+
|
| 3138 |
+
Overall O
|
| 3139 |
+
, O
|
| 3140 |
+
RegCM4 B-climate-models
|
| 3141 |
+
simulates O
|
| 3142 |
+
large O
|
| 3143 |
+
pressure B-climate-properties
|
| 3144 |
+
and O
|
| 3145 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 3146 |
+
vapor I-climate-nature
|
| 3147 |
+
values O
|
| 3148 |
+
along O
|
| 3149 |
+
with O
|
| 3150 |
+
lower O
|
| 3151 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
| 3152 |
+
speeds I-climate-properties
|
| 3153 |
+
compared O
|
| 3154 |
+
to O
|
| 3155 |
+
the O
|
| 3156 |
+
driving O
|
| 3157 |
+
fields O
|
| 3158 |
+
, O
|
| 3159 |
+
which O
|
| 3160 |
+
are O
|
| 3161 |
+
the O
|
| 3162 |
+
key O
|
| 3163 |
+
sources O
|
| 3164 |
+
of O
|
| 3165 |
+
bias O
|
| 3166 |
+
in O
|
| 3167 |
+
simulating O
|
| 3168 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 3169 |
+
and O
|
| 3170 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 3171 |
+
. O
|
| 3172 |
+
|
| 3173 |
+
The O
|
| 3174 |
+
most O
|
| 3175 |
+
suitable O
|
| 3176 |
+
option O
|
| 3177 |
+
Grell B-climate-models
|
| 3178 |
+
over I-climate-models
|
| 3179 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
| 3180 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 3181 |
+
Emanuel I-climate-models
|
| 3182 |
+
over I-climate-models
|
| 3183 |
+
Ocean I-climate-models
|
| 3184 |
+
in O
|
| 3185 |
+
wet O
|
| 3186 |
+
( O
|
| 3187 |
+
GLEO B-climate-models
|
| 3188 |
+
wet O
|
| 3189 |
+
) O
|
| 3190 |
+
delivers O
|
| 3191 |
+
a O
|
| 3192 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 3193 |
+
wet B-climate-properties
|
| 3194 |
+
bias I-climate-properties
|
| 3195 |
+
of O
|
| 3196 |
+
2.96 O
|
| 3197 |
+
% O
|
| 3198 |
+
and O
|
| 3199 |
+
a O
|
| 3200 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 3201 |
+
cold B-climate-properties
|
| 3202 |
+
bias I-climate-properties
|
| 3203 |
+
of O
|
| 3204 |
+
0.26 O
|
| 3205 |
+
° O
|
| 3206 |
+
C O
|
| 3207 |
+
, O
|
| 3208 |
+
compared O
|
| 3209 |
+
to O
|
| 3210 |
+
CRU B-climate-datasets
|
| 3211 |
+
data O
|
| 3212 |
+
. O
|
| 3213 |
+
|
| 3214 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oa274dcc6a7364222319b75f364dd5655
|
| 3215 |
+
|
| 3216 |
+
The O
|
| 3217 |
+
rich O
|
| 3218 |
+
mountain B-climate-nature
|
| 3219 |
+
- O
|
| 3220 |
+
top O
|
| 3221 |
+
natural O
|
| 3222 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
| 3223 |
+
base O
|
| 3224 |
+
was O
|
| 3225 |
+
a O
|
| 3226 |
+
potential O
|
| 3227 |
+
livelihood B-climate-assets
|
| 3228 |
+
asset O
|
| 3229 |
+
( O
|
| 3230 |
+
93.2 O
|
| 3231 |
+
% O
|
| 3232 |
+
) O
|
| 3233 |
+
. O
|
| 3234 |
+
|
| 3235 |
+
Food B-climate-impacts
|
| 3236 |
+
insecurity I-climate-impacts
|
| 3237 |
+
and O
|
| 3238 |
+
income B-climate-assets
|
| 3239 |
+
poverty B-climate-impacts
|
| 3240 |
+
contributes O
|
| 3241 |
+
to O
|
| 3242 |
+
unsustainable B-climate-impacts
|
| 3243 |
+
livelihoods I-climate-impacts
|
| 3244 |
+
( O
|
| 3245 |
+
94.7 O
|
| 3246 |
+
% O
|
| 3247 |
+
) O
|
| 3248 |
+
. O
|
| 3249 |
+
|
| 3250 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Od1e811320192266eb659bbb9ecd31b8d
|
| 3251 |
+
|
| 3252 |
+
Thus O
|
| 3253 |
+
, O
|
| 3254 |
+
this O
|
| 3255 |
+
study O
|
| 3256 |
+
tries O
|
| 3257 |
+
to O
|
| 3258 |
+
identify O
|
| 3259 |
+
the O
|
| 3260 |
+
in O
|
| 3261 |
+
- O
|
| 3262 |
+
built O
|
| 3263 |
+
crop B-climate-assets
|
| 3264 |
+
production O
|
| 3265 |
+
technology O
|
| 3266 |
+
related O
|
| 3267 |
+
adaptation O
|
| 3268 |
+
and/or O
|
| 3269 |
+
risk O
|
| 3270 |
+
management O
|
| 3271 |
+
strategies O
|
| 3272 |
+
with O
|
| 3273 |
+
smallholder B-climate-assets
|
| 3274 |
+
farmers O
|
| 3275 |
+
’ O
|
| 3276 |
+
perception O
|
| 3277 |
+
in O
|
| 3278 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
| 3279 |
+
- O
|
| 3280 |
+
stressed O
|
| 3281 |
+
areas O
|
| 3282 |
+
of O
|
| 3283 |
+
the O
|
| 3284 |
+
central O
|
| 3285 |
+
rift O
|
| 3286 |
+
valley O
|
| 3287 |
+
of O
|
| 3288 |
+
Ethiopia O
|
| 3289 |
+
. O
|
| 3290 |
+
|
| 3291 |
+
Results O
|
| 3292 |
+
of O
|
| 3293 |
+
descriptive O
|
| 3294 |
+
analysis O
|
| 3295 |
+
showed O
|
| 3296 |
+
that O
|
| 3297 |
+
high O
|
| 3298 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 3299 |
+
, O
|
| 3300 |
+
short O
|
| 3301 |
+
rain B-climate-nature
|
| 3302 |
+
and O
|
| 3303 |
+
pests B-climate-hazards
|
| 3304 |
+
( O
|
| 3305 |
+
indirectly O
|
| 3306 |
+
) O
|
| 3307 |
+
have O
|
| 3308 |
+
been O
|
| 3309 |
+
the O
|
| 3310 |
+
most O
|
| 3311 |
+
important O
|
| 3312 |
+
phenomena O
|
| 3313 |
+
of O
|
| 3314 |
+
climate O
|
| 3315 |
+
change O
|
| 3316 |
+
causing O
|
| 3317 |
+
loss B-climate-impacts
|
| 3318 |
+
of I-climate-impacts
|
| 3319 |
+
crop I-climate-impacts
|
| 3320 |
+
production O
|
| 3321 |
+
, O
|
| 3322 |
+
exhaustion B-climate-impacts
|
| 3323 |
+
and O
|
| 3324 |
+
illness B-climate-impacts
|
| 3325 |
+
. O
|
| 3326 |
+
|
| 3327 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O708121b86d8c0d1450b80e52981a0ce5
|
| 3328 |
+
|
| 3329 |
+
The O
|
| 3330 |
+
Providing B-climate-models
|
| 3331 |
+
Regional I-climate-models
|
| 3332 |
+
Climates I-climate-models
|
| 3333 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
| 3334 |
+
Impacts I-climate-models
|
| 3335 |
+
Studies I-climate-models
|
| 3336 |
+
( O
|
| 3337 |
+
PRECIS B-climate-models
|
| 3338 |
+
) O
|
| 3339 |
+
regional O
|
| 3340 |
+
modeling O
|
| 3341 |
+
system O
|
| 3342 |
+
is O
|
| 3343 |
+
adopted O
|
| 3344 |
+
to O
|
| 3345 |
+
conduct O
|
| 3346 |
+
ensemble O
|
| 3347 |
+
simulations O
|
| 3348 |
+
in O
|
| 3349 |
+
a O
|
| 3350 |
+
continuous O
|
| 3351 |
+
run O
|
| 3352 |
+
from O
|
| 3353 |
+
1950 O
|
| 3354 |
+
to O
|
| 3355 |
+
2099 O
|
| 3356 |
+
, O
|
| 3357 |
+
driven O
|
| 3358 |
+
by O
|
| 3359 |
+
the O
|
| 3360 |
+
boundary O
|
| 3361 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3362 |
+
from O
|
| 3363 |
+
a O
|
| 3364 |
+
HadCM3 B-climate-models
|
| 3365 |
+
- O
|
| 3366 |
+
based O
|
| 3367 |
+
perturbed O
|
| 3368 |
+
physics O
|
| 3369 |
+
ensemble O
|
| 3370 |
+
. O
|
| 3371 |
+
|
| 3372 |
+
Simulations O
|
| 3373 |
+
of O
|
| 3374 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 3375 |
+
and O
|
| 3376 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 3377 |
+
for O
|
| 3378 |
+
the O
|
| 3379 |
+
baseline O
|
| 3380 |
+
period O
|
| 3381 |
+
are O
|
| 3382 |
+
first O
|
| 3383 |
+
compared O
|
| 3384 |
+
to O
|
| 3385 |
+
the O
|
| 3386 |
+
observed O
|
| 3387 |
+
values O
|
| 3388 |
+
to O
|
| 3389 |
+
validate O
|
| 3390 |
+
the O
|
| 3391 |
+
performance O
|
| 3392 |
+
of O
|
| 3393 |
+
the O
|
| 3394 |
+
ensemble O
|
| 3395 |
+
in O
|
| 3396 |
+
capturing O
|
| 3397 |
+
the O
|
| 3398 |
+
current O
|
| 3399 |
+
climatology O
|
| 3400 |
+
over O
|
| 3401 |
+
Ontario O
|
| 3402 |
+
. O
|
| 3403 |
+
|
| 3404 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O0be4db59e5d250a53f4c444057e5989b
|
| 3405 |
+
|
| 3406 |
+
Inland O
|
| 3407 |
+
- O
|
| 3408 |
+
penetrating O
|
| 3409 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 3410 |
+
rivers I-climate-nature
|
| 3411 |
+
( O
|
| 3412 |
+
ARs B-climate-nature
|
| 3413 |
+
) O
|
| 3414 |
+
affect O
|
| 3415 |
+
the O
|
| 3416 |
+
United O
|
| 3417 |
+
States O
|
| 3418 |
+
Southwest O
|
| 3419 |
+
and O
|
| 3420 |
+
significantly O
|
| 3421 |
+
contribute O
|
| 3422 |
+
to O
|
| 3423 |
+
cool O
|
| 3424 |
+
season O
|
| 3425 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 3426 |
+
. O
|
| 3427 |
+
|
| 3428 |
+
In O
|
| 3429 |
+
this O
|
| 3430 |
+
study O
|
| 3431 |
+
, O
|
| 3432 |
+
we O
|
| 3433 |
+
examine O
|
| 3434 |
+
the O
|
| 3435 |
+
results O
|
| 3436 |
+
from O
|
| 3437 |
+
an O
|
| 3438 |
+
ensemble O
|
| 3439 |
+
of O
|
| 3440 |
+
dynamically O
|
| 3441 |
+
downscaled O
|
| 3442 |
+
simulations O
|
| 3443 |
+
from O
|
| 3444 |
+
the O
|
| 3445 |
+
North B-climate-organizations
|
| 3446 |
+
American I-climate-organizations
|
| 3447 |
+
Regional I-climate-organizations
|
| 3448 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
| 3449 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
| 3450 |
+
Assessment I-climate-organizations
|
| 3451 |
+
Program I-climate-organizations
|
| 3452 |
+
( O
|
| 3453 |
+
NARCCAP B-climate-organizations
|
| 3454 |
+
) O
|
| 3455 |
+
and O
|
| 3456 |
+
their O
|
| 3457 |
+
driving O
|
| 3458 |
+
general O
|
| 3459 |
+
circulation O
|
| 3460 |
+
models O
|
| 3461 |
+
( O
|
| 3462 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 3463 |
+
) O
|
| 3464 |
+
in O
|
| 3465 |
+
order O
|
| 3466 |
+
to O
|
| 3467 |
+
determine O
|
| 3468 |
+
statistically O
|
| 3469 |
+
significant O
|
| 3470 |
+
changes O
|
| 3471 |
+
in O
|
| 3472 |
+
the O
|
| 3473 |
+
intensity O
|
| 3474 |
+
of O
|
| 3475 |
+
the O
|
| 3476 |
+
cool O
|
| 3477 |
+
season O
|
| 3478 |
+
ARs O
|
| 3479 |
+
impacting O
|
| 3480 |
+
Arizona O
|
| 3481 |
+
and O
|
| 3482 |
+
the O
|
| 3483 |
+
associated O
|
| 3484 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 3485 |
+
. O
|
| 3486 |
+
|
| 3487 |
+
Future O
|
| 3488 |
+
greenhouse O
|
| 3489 |
+
gas O
|
| 3490 |
+
emissions O
|
| 3491 |
+
follow O
|
| 3492 |
+
the O
|
| 3493 |
+
A2 B-climate-datasets
|
| 3494 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 3495 |
+
scenario O
|
| 3496 |
+
from O
|
| 3497 |
+
the O
|
| 3498 |
+
Intergovernmental B-climate-organizations
|
| 3499 |
+
Panel I-climate-organizations
|
| 3500 |
+
on I-climate-organizations
|
| 3501 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
| 3502 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
| 3503 |
+
Fourth B-climate-datasets
|
| 3504 |
+
Assessment I-climate-datasets
|
| 3505 |
+
Report I-climate-datasets
|
| 3506 |
+
simulations O
|
| 3507 |
+
. O
|
| 3508 |
+
|
| 3509 |
+
We O
|
| 3510 |
+
find O
|
| 3511 |
+
that O
|
| 3512 |
+
there O
|
| 3513 |
+
is O
|
| 3514 |
+
a O
|
| 3515 |
+
consistent O
|
| 3516 |
+
and O
|
| 3517 |
+
clear O
|
| 3518 |
+
intensification O
|
| 3519 |
+
of O
|
| 3520 |
+
the O
|
| 3521 |
+
AR O
|
| 3522 |
+
- O
|
| 3523 |
+
related O
|
| 3524 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 3525 |
+
vapor I-climate-nature
|
| 3526 |
+
transport O
|
| 3527 |
+
in O
|
| 3528 |
+
both O
|
| 3529 |
+
the O
|
| 3530 |
+
global O
|
| 3531 |
+
and O
|
| 3532 |
+
regional O
|
| 3533 |
+
simulations O
|
| 3534 |
+
which O
|
| 3535 |
+
reflects O
|
| 3536 |
+
the O
|
| 3537 |
+
increase O
|
| 3538 |
+
in O
|
| 3539 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 3540 |
+
vapor I-climate-nature
|
| 3541 |
+
content O
|
| 3542 |
+
due O
|
| 3543 |
+
to O
|
| 3544 |
+
warmer O
|
| 3545 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-properties
|
| 3546 |
+
temperatures I-climate-properties
|
| 3547 |
+
, O
|
| 3548 |
+
according O
|
| 3549 |
+
to O
|
| 3550 |
+
the O
|
| 3551 |
+
Clausius O
|
| 3552 |
+
- O
|
| 3553 |
+
Clapeyron O
|
| 3554 |
+
relationship O
|
| 3555 |
+
. O
|
| 3556 |
+
|
| 3557 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O30ee93b474fc6b121913a273233158b4
|
| 3558 |
+
|
| 3559 |
+
Visual O
|
| 3560 |
+
performance O
|
| 3561 |
+
related O
|
| 3562 |
+
simulations O
|
| 3563 |
+
are O
|
| 3564 |
+
executed O
|
| 3565 |
+
in O
|
| 3566 |
+
Grasshopper B-climate-models
|
| 3567 |
+
, O
|
| 3568 |
+
a O
|
| 3569 |
+
graphical O
|
| 3570 |
+
algorithm O
|
| 3571 |
+
editor O
|
| 3572 |
+
which O
|
| 3573 |
+
uses O
|
| 3574 |
+
plug O
|
| 3575 |
+
- O
|
| 3576 |
+
ins O
|
| 3577 |
+
to O
|
| 3578 |
+
apply O
|
| 3579 |
+
performance O
|
| 3580 |
+
simulations O
|
| 3581 |
+
. O
|
| 3582 |
+
|
| 3583 |
+
These O
|
| 3584 |
+
simulations O
|
| 3585 |
+
showed O
|
| 3586 |
+
that O
|
| 3587 |
+
vertical O
|
| 3588 |
+
blinds B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3589 |
+
perform O
|
| 3590 |
+
well O
|
| 3591 |
+
with O
|
| 3592 |
+
low O
|
| 3593 |
+
angled O
|
| 3594 |
+
sun O
|
| 3595 |
+
( O
|
| 3596 |
+
winter O
|
| 3597 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3598 |
+
) O
|
| 3599 |
+
and O
|
| 3600 |
+
horizontal O
|
| 3601 |
+
blinds O
|
| 3602 |
+
with O
|
| 3603 |
+
high O
|
| 3604 |
+
angled O
|
| 3605 |
+
sun O
|
| 3606 |
+
( O
|
| 3607 |
+
summer O
|
| 3608 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3609 |
+
) O
|
| 3610 |
+
. O
|
| 3611 |
+
|
| 3612 |
+
Polycarbonate O
|
| 3613 |
+
has O
|
| 3614 |
+
been O
|
| 3615 |
+
selected O
|
| 3616 |
+
in O
|
| 3617 |
+
this O
|
| 3618 |
+
case O
|
| 3619 |
+
based O
|
| 3620 |
+
on O
|
| 3621 |
+
its O
|
| 3622 |
+
transparent O
|
| 3623 |
+
, O
|
| 3624 |
+
tough O
|
| 3625 |
+
and O
|
| 3626 |
+
non O
|
| 3627 |
+
- O
|
| 3628 |
+
flammable O
|
| 3629 |
+
character O
|
| 3630 |
+
. O
|
| 3631 |
+
|
| 3632 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O47466fc6d8cd80070ea97f11efc3a2a2
|
| 3633 |
+
|
| 3634 |
+
The O
|
| 3635 |
+
main O
|
| 3636 |
+
objective O
|
| 3637 |
+
of O
|
| 3638 |
+
this O
|
| 3639 |
+
study O
|
| 3640 |
+
was O
|
| 3641 |
+
to O
|
| 3642 |
+
develop O
|
| 3643 |
+
past O
|
| 3644 |
+
and O
|
| 3645 |
+
present O
|
| 3646 |
+
vulnerability O
|
| 3647 |
+
index O
|
| 3648 |
+
using O
|
| 3649 |
+
climate O
|
| 3650 |
+
and O
|
| 3651 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
| 3652 |
+
data O
|
| 3653 |
+
at O
|
| 3654 |
+
district O
|
| 3655 |
+
level O
|
| 3656 |
+
in O
|
| 3657 |
+
Nepal O
|
| 3658 |
+
based O
|
| 3659 |
+
on O
|
| 3660 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
| 3661 |
+
2007 O
|
| 3662 |
+
framework O
|
| 3663 |
+
of O
|
| 3664 |
+
vulnerability O
|
| 3665 |
+
. O
|
| 3666 |
+
|
| 3667 |
+
The O
|
| 3668 |
+
assessment O
|
| 3669 |
+
was O
|
| 3670 |
+
carried O
|
| 3671 |
+
out O
|
| 3672 |
+
from O
|
| 3673 |
+
1975 O
|
| 3674 |
+
to O
|
| 3675 |
+
2012 O
|
| 3676 |
+
at O
|
| 3677 |
+
a O
|
| 3678 |
+
decadal O
|
| 3679 |
+
scale O
|
| 3680 |
+
. O
|
| 3681 |
+
|
| 3682 |
+
NASA B-climate-organizations
|
| 3683 |
+
climate O
|
| 3684 |
+
and O
|
| 3685 |
+
land B-climate-properties
|
| 3686 |
+
cover I-climate-properties
|
| 3687 |
+
datasets O
|
| 3688 |
+
were O
|
| 3689 |
+
leveraged O
|
| 3690 |
+
to O
|
| 3691 |
+
advance O
|
| 3692 |
+
the O
|
| 3693 |
+
climate O
|
| 3694 |
+
change O
|
| 3695 |
+
portion O
|
| 3696 |
+
of O
|
| 3697 |
+
the O
|
| 3698 |
+
vulnerability O
|
| 3699 |
+
assessment O
|
| 3700 |
+
. O
|
| 3701 |
+
|
| 3702 |
+
The O
|
| 3703 |
+
resultant O
|
| 3704 |
+
climate O
|
| 3705 |
+
change O
|
| 3706 |
+
and O
|
| 3707 |
+
geographic O
|
| 3708 |
+
vulnerability O
|
| 3709 |
+
index O
|
| 3710 |
+
were O
|
| 3711 |
+
combined O
|
| 3712 |
+
in O
|
| 3713 |
+
ArcMap B-climate-models
|
| 3714 |
+
to O
|
| 3715 |
+
derive O
|
| 3716 |
+
the O
|
| 3717 |
+
overall O
|
| 3718 |
+
vulnerability O
|
| 3719 |
+
index O
|
| 3720 |
+
. O
|
| 3721 |
+
|
| 3722 |
+
Monitoring O
|
| 3723 |
+
potential O
|
| 3724 |
+
climate O
|
| 3725 |
+
change O
|
| 3726 |
+
using O
|
| 3727 |
+
NASA B-climate-organizations
|
| 3728 |
+
satellite O
|
| 3729 |
+
data O
|
| 3730 |
+
and O
|
| 3731 |
+
ESRI B-climate-models
|
| 3732 |
+
ArcGIS I-climate-models
|
| 3733 |
+
software O
|
| 3734 |
+
could O
|
| 3735 |
+
save O
|
| 3736 |
+
innumerable O
|
| 3737 |
+
in O
|
| 3738 |
+
situ O
|
| 3739 |
+
man O
|
| 3740 |
+
hours O
|
| 3741 |
+
and O
|
| 3742 |
+
expedite O
|
| 3743 |
+
the O
|
| 3744 |
+
environmental O
|
| 3745 |
+
monitoring O
|
| 3746 |
+
required O
|
| 3747 |
+
for O
|
| 3748 |
+
natural O
|
| 3749 |
+
hazard O
|
| 3750 |
+
early B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3751 |
+
warning I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3752 |
+
systems I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3753 |
+
. O
|
| 3754 |
+
|
| 3755 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O565d8b22ade8a2a4b4c6813844447ee5
|
| 3756 |
+
|
| 3757 |
+
The O
|
| 3758 |
+
impact O
|
| 3759 |
+
of O
|
| 3760 |
+
climate O
|
| 3761 |
+
change O
|
| 3762 |
+
on O
|
| 3763 |
+
the O
|
| 3764 |
+
stability O
|
| 3765 |
+
of O
|
| 3766 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
| 3767 |
+
organic I-climate-nature
|
| 3768 |
+
carbon I-climate-nature
|
| 3769 |
+
( O
|
| 3770 |
+
SOC B-climate-nature
|
| 3771 |
+
) O
|
| 3772 |
+
remains O
|
| 3773 |
+
a O
|
| 3774 |
+
major O
|
| 3775 |
+
source O
|
| 3776 |
+
of O
|
| 3777 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 3778 |
+
in O
|
| 3779 |
+
predicting O
|
| 3780 |
+
future O
|
| 3781 |
+
changes O
|
| 3782 |
+
in O
|
| 3783 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 3784 |
+
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 3785 |
+
levels O
|
| 3786 |
+
. O
|
| 3787 |
+
|
| 3788 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe8f5743d6eb66fb5f32501efbcc541f0
|
| 3789 |
+
|
| 3790 |
+
The O
|
| 3791 |
+
challenge O
|
| 3792 |
+
of O
|
| 3793 |
+
recent O
|
| 3794 |
+
years O
|
| 3795 |
+
is O
|
| 3796 |
+
represented O
|
| 3797 |
+
by O
|
| 3798 |
+
the O
|
| 3799 |
+
possibility O
|
| 3800 |
+
to O
|
| 3801 |
+
confer O
|
| 3802 |
+
a O
|
| 3803 |
+
sustainable O
|
| 3804 |
+
approach O
|
| 3805 |
+
to O
|
| 3806 |
+
disaster B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3807 |
+
relief I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3808 |
+
strategies I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3809 |
+
. O
|
| 3810 |
+
|
| 3811 |
+
The O
|
| 3812 |
+
consequences O
|
| 3813 |
+
of O
|
| 3814 |
+
the O
|
| 3815 |
+
destruction B-climate-impacts
|
| 3816 |
+
of O
|
| 3817 |
+
Typhoon O
|
| 3818 |
+
Yolanda O
|
| 3819 |
+
in O
|
| 3820 |
+
the O
|
| 3821 |
+
Philip O
|
| 3822 |
+
- O
|
| 3823 |
+
pines O
|
| 3824 |
+
have O
|
| 3825 |
+
been O
|
| 3826 |
+
raised O
|
| 3827 |
+
as O
|
| 3828 |
+
case O
|
| 3829 |
+
study O
|
| 3830 |
+
for O
|
| 3831 |
+
the O
|
| 3832 |
+
rethinking O
|
| 3833 |
+
of O
|
| 3834 |
+
the O
|
| 3835 |
+
strategies O
|
| 3836 |
+
of O
|
| 3837 |
+
governments O
|
| 3838 |
+
with O
|
| 3839 |
+
respect O
|
| 3840 |
+
to O
|
| 3841 |
+
serious O
|
| 3842 |
+
calamities B-climate-impacts
|
| 3843 |
+
. O
|
| 3844 |
+
|
| 3845 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3c4e976a9f6a5ccc8eeda54436bde7cd
|
| 3846 |
+
|
| 3847 |
+
The O
|
| 3848 |
+
paper O
|
| 3849 |
+
examines O
|
| 3850 |
+
innovative O
|
| 3851 |
+
and O
|
| 3852 |
+
promising O
|
| 3853 |
+
trends O
|
| 3854 |
+
in O
|
| 3855 |
+
in O
|
| 3856 |
+
the O
|
| 3857 |
+
design O
|
| 3858 |
+
of O
|
| 3859 |
+
high B-climate-assets
|
| 3860 |
+
- I-climate-assets
|
| 3861 |
+
rise I-climate-assets
|
| 3862 |
+
buildings O
|
| 3863 |
+
that O
|
| 3864 |
+
challenge O
|
| 3865 |
+
traditional O
|
| 3866 |
+
typologies O
|
| 3867 |
+
and O
|
| 3868 |
+
are O
|
| 3869 |
+
adapted O
|
| 3870 |
+
for O
|
| 3871 |
+
specific O
|
| 3872 |
+
climatic O
|
| 3873 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3874 |
+
. O
|
| 3875 |
+
|
| 3876 |
+
The O
|
| 3877 |
+
purpose O
|
| 3878 |
+
of O
|
| 3879 |
+
the O
|
| 3880 |
+
study O
|
| 3881 |
+
is O
|
| 3882 |
+
to O
|
| 3883 |
+
investigate O
|
| 3884 |
+
modern O
|
| 3885 |
+
methods O
|
| 3886 |
+
of O
|
| 3887 |
+
designing O
|
| 3888 |
+
building B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3889 |
+
envelopes I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3890 |
+
for O
|
| 3891 |
+
bioclimatic O
|
| 3892 |
+
skyscrapers B-climate-assets
|
| 3893 |
+
taking O
|
| 3894 |
+
into O
|
| 3895 |
+
account O
|
| 3896 |
+
heat O
|
| 3897 |
+
impact O
|
| 3898 |
+
of O
|
| 3899 |
+
climate O
|
| 3900 |
+
on O
|
| 3901 |
+
the O
|
| 3902 |
+
thermal O
|
| 3903 |
+
balance O
|
| 3904 |
+
of O
|
| 3905 |
+
buildings B-climate-assets
|
| 3906 |
+
. O
|
| 3907 |
+
|
| 3908 |
+
The O
|
| 3909 |
+
authors O
|
| 3910 |
+
analyze O
|
| 3911 |
+
the O
|
| 3912 |
+
efficiency B-climate-properties
|
| 3913 |
+
of O
|
| 3914 |
+
using O
|
| 3915 |
+
double B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3916 |
+
facades I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3917 |
+
in O
|
| 3918 |
+
different O
|
| 3919 |
+
climatic O
|
| 3920 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3921 |
+
with O
|
| 3922 |
+
account O
|
| 3923 |
+
of O
|
| 3924 |
+
their O
|
| 3925 |
+
interaction O
|
| 3926 |
+
with O
|
| 3927 |
+
other O
|
| 3928 |
+
technological O
|
| 3929 |
+
, O
|
| 3930 |
+
constructive O
|
| 3931 |
+
and O
|
| 3932 |
+
planning O
|
| 3933 |
+
elements O
|
| 3934 |
+
, O
|
| 3935 |
+
such O
|
| 3936 |
+
as O
|
| 3937 |
+
" O
|
| 3938 |
+
solar B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3939 |
+
chimney I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3940 |
+
" O
|
| 3941 |
+
, O
|
| 3942 |
+
passive B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3943 |
+
and I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3944 |
+
active I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3945 |
+
solar I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3946 |
+
control I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3947 |
+
systems I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3948 |
+
, O
|
| 3949 |
+
landscaping O
|
| 3950 |
+
, O
|
| 3951 |
+
intelligence O
|
| 3952 |
+
control O
|
| 3953 |
+
systems O
|
| 3954 |
+
of O
|
| 3955 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 3956 |
+
and O
|
| 3957 |
+
humidity B-climate-properties
|
| 3958 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3959 |
+
in O
|
| 3960 |
+
premises O
|
| 3961 |
+
and O
|
| 3962 |
+
buildings B-climate-assets
|
| 3963 |
+
, O
|
| 3964 |
+
etc O
|
| 3965 |
+
. O
|
| 3966 |
+
|
| 3967 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O59c54f8589aedb493dad2fa676e25453
|
| 3968 |
+
|
| 3969 |
+
The O
|
| 3970 |
+
functional O
|
| 3971 |
+
composition O
|
| 3972 |
+
of O
|
| 3973 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
| 3974 |
+
communities O
|
| 3975 |
+
is O
|
| 3976 |
+
a O
|
| 3977 |
+
critical O
|
| 3978 |
+
modulator O
|
| 3979 |
+
of O
|
| 3980 |
+
climate O
|
| 3981 |
+
change O
|
| 3982 |
+
impacts O
|
| 3983 |
+
on O
|
| 3984 |
+
ecosystems O
|
| 3985 |
+
, O
|
| 3986 |
+
but O
|
| 3987 |
+
it O
|
| 3988 |
+
is O
|
| 3989 |
+
not O
|
| 3990 |
+
a O
|
| 3991 |
+
simple O
|
| 3992 |
+
function O
|
| 3993 |
+
of O
|
| 3994 |
+
regional O
|
| 3995 |
+
climate O
|
| 3996 |
+
. O
|
| 3997 |
+
|
| 3998 |
+
In O
|
| 3999 |
+
the O
|
| 4000 |
+
Arctic O
|
| 4001 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
| 4002 |
+
, O
|
| 4003 |
+
where O
|
| 4004 |
+
climate O
|
| 4005 |
+
change O
|
| 4006 |
+
is O
|
| 4007 |
+
proceeding O
|
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+
the O
|
| 4009 |
+
most O
|
| 4010 |
+
rapidly O
|
| 4011 |
+
, O
|
| 4012 |
+
communities O
|
| 4013 |
+
have O
|
| 4014 |
+
not O
|
| 4015 |
+
shifted O
|
| 4016 |
+
their O
|
| 4017 |
+
trait O
|
| 4018 |
+
composition O
|
| 4019 |
+
as O
|
| 4020 |
+
predicted O
|
| 4021 |
+
by O
|
| 4022 |
+
spatial O
|
| 4023 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 4024 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
| 4025 |
+
trait I-climate-properties
|
| 4026 |
+
relationships I-climate-properties
|
| 4027 |
+
. O
|
| 4028 |
+
|
| 4029 |
+
We O
|
| 4030 |
+
consider O
|
| 4031 |
+
the O
|
| 4032 |
+
community O
|
| 4033 |
+
weighted O
|
| 4034 |
+
means O
|
| 4035 |
+
of O
|
| 4036 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
| 4037 |
+
vegetative B-climate-properties
|
| 4038 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
| 4039 |
+
, O
|
| 4040 |
+
as O
|
| 4041 |
+
well O
|
| 4042 |
+
as O
|
| 4043 |
+
two O
|
| 4044 |
+
traits O
|
| 4045 |
+
related O
|
| 4046 |
+
to O
|
| 4047 |
+
the O
|
| 4048 |
+
leaf O
|
| 4049 |
+
economic O
|
| 4050 |
+
spectrum O
|
| 4051 |
+
. O
|
| 4052 |
+
|
| 4053 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O6879cc830ada3560be00e542b477a2f2
|
| 4054 |
+
|
| 4055 |
+
resulted O
|
| 4056 |
+
in O
|
| 4057 |
+
humid O
|
| 4058 |
+
bias O
|
| 4059 |
+
, O
|
| 4060 |
+
i.e. O
|
| 4061 |
+
, O
|
| 4062 |
+
an O
|
| 4063 |
+
increase O
|
| 4064 |
+
in O
|
| 4065 |
+
evapotranspiration B-climate-properties
|
| 4066 |
+
by O
|
| 4067 |
+
+ O
|
| 4068 |
+
0.5 O
|
| 4069 |
+
mm O
|
| 4070 |
+
d O
|
| 4071 |
+
−1 O
|
| 4072 |
+
( O
|
| 4073 |
+
latent B-climate-properties
|
| 4074 |
+
heat I-climate-properties
|
| 4075 |
+
flux I-climate-properties
|
| 4076 |
+
is O
|
| 4077 |
+
1.3 O
|
| 4078 |
+
MJ O
|
| 4079 |
+
m O
|
| 4080 |
+
−2 O
|
| 4081 |
+
d O
|
| 4082 |
+
−1 O
|
| 4083 |
+
) O
|
| 4084 |
+
, O
|
| 4085 |
+
|
| 4086 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O7a02bd13025e5ee7c7012981b03d60a9
|
| 4087 |
+
|
| 4088 |
+
Bovine B-climate-impacts
|
| 4089 |
+
tuberculosis I-climate-impacts
|
| 4090 |
+
is O
|
| 4091 |
+
a O
|
| 4092 |
+
zoonosis B-climate-impacts
|
| 4093 |
+
which O
|
| 4094 |
+
affects O
|
| 4095 |
+
the O
|
| 4096 |
+
livestock B-climate-assets
|
| 4097 |
+
industry O
|
| 4098 |
+
, O
|
| 4099 |
+
the O
|
| 4100 |
+
public O
|
| 4101 |
+
health B-climate-assets
|
| 4102 |
+
sector O
|
| 4103 |
+
and O
|
| 4104 |
+
wildlife B-climate-mitigations
|
| 4105 |
+
reservoirs I-climate-mitigations
|
| 4106 |
+
. O
|
| 4107 |
+
|
| 4108 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O47f520c8c659afe5603cd16b92ddb6fa
|
| 4109 |
+
|
| 4110 |
+
Assessment O
|
| 4111 |
+
of O
|
| 4112 |
+
outdoor O
|
| 4113 |
+
thermal B-climate-properties
|
| 4114 |
+
comfort I-climate-properties
|
| 4115 |
+
provides O
|
| 4116 |
+
a O
|
| 4117 |
+
valuable O
|
| 4118 |
+
insight O
|
| 4119 |
+
into O
|
| 4120 |
+
the O
|
| 4121 |
+
performance O
|
| 4122 |
+
of O
|
| 4123 |
+
outdoor O
|
| 4124 |
+
built B-climate-assets
|
| 4125 |
+
environments I-climate-assets
|
| 4126 |
+
. O
|
| 4127 |
+
|
| 4128 |
+
During O
|
| 4129 |
+
the O
|
| 4130 |
+
last O
|
| 4131 |
+
four O
|
| 4132 |
+
decades O
|
| 4133 |
+
the O
|
| 4134 |
+
number O
|
| 4135 |
+
of O
|
| 4136 |
+
the O
|
| 4137 |
+
thermal B-climate-properties
|
| 4138 |
+
comfort I-climate-properties
|
| 4139 |
+
studies O
|
| 4140 |
+
focused O
|
| 4141 |
+
on O
|
| 4142 |
+
the O
|
| 4143 |
+
impact O
|
| 4144 |
+
of O
|
| 4145 |
+
microclimate O
|
| 4146 |
+
parameters O
|
| 4147 |
+
on O
|
| 4148 |
+
human O
|
| 4149 |
+
health B-climate-assets
|
| 4150 |
+
and O
|
| 4151 |
+
wellbeing B-climate-assets
|
| 4152 |
+
has O
|
| 4153 |
+
increased O
|
| 4154 |
+
. O
|
| 4155 |
+
|
| 4156 |
+
The O
|
| 4157 |
+
data O
|
| 4158 |
+
used O
|
| 4159 |
+
in O
|
| 4160 |
+
this O
|
| 4161 |
+
study O
|
| 4162 |
+
was O
|
| 4163 |
+
collected O
|
| 4164 |
+
during O
|
| 4165 |
+
three O
|
| 4166 |
+
rounds O
|
| 4167 |
+
of O
|
| 4168 |
+
the O
|
| 4169 |
+
field O
|
| 4170 |
+
surveys O
|
| 4171 |
+
consisting O
|
| 4172 |
+
of O
|
| 4173 |
+
measurement O
|
| 4174 |
+
and O
|
| 4175 |
+
questionnaire O
|
| 4176 |
+
surveys O
|
| 4177 |
+
. O
|
| 4178 |
+
|
| 4179 |
+
Using O
|
| 4180 |
+
a O
|
| 4181 |
+
Socio O
|
| 4182 |
+
- O
|
| 4183 |
+
ecological O
|
| 4184 |
+
System O
|
| 4185 |
+
Model O
|
| 4186 |
+
( O
|
| 4187 |
+
SESM O
|
| 4188 |
+
) O
|
| 4189 |
+
as O
|
| 4190 |
+
the O
|
| 4191 |
+
research O
|
| 4192 |
+
framework O
|
| 4193 |
+
, O
|
| 4194 |
+
this O
|
| 4195 |
+
study O
|
| 4196 |
+
aimed O
|
| 4197 |
+
to O
|
| 4198 |
+
investigate O
|
| 4199 |
+
the O
|
| 4200 |
+
role O
|
| 4201 |
+
of O
|
| 4202 |
+
non O
|
| 4203 |
+
- O
|
| 4204 |
+
thermal O
|
| 4205 |
+
factors O
|
| 4206 |
+
that O
|
| 4207 |
+
are O
|
| 4208 |
+
classified O
|
| 4209 |
+
under O
|
| 4210 |
+
the O
|
| 4211 |
+
individual O
|
| 4212 |
+
environment O
|
| 4213 |
+
( O
|
| 4214 |
+
gender B-climate-properties
|
| 4215 |
+
, O
|
| 4216 |
+
age B-climate-properties
|
| 4217 |
+
group O
|
| 4218 |
+
, O
|
| 4219 |
+
exposure B-climate-properties
|
| 4220 |
+
to I-climate-properties
|
| 4221 |
+
sun I-climate-properties
|
| 4222 |
+
, O
|
| 4223 |
+
level O
|
| 4224 |
+
of O
|
| 4225 |
+
activity O
|
| 4226 |
+
and O
|
| 4227 |
+
clothing B-climate-mitigations
|
| 4228 |
+
insulation I-climate-mitigations
|
| 4229 |
+
. O
|
| 4230 |
+
|
| 4231 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O28a8b130cae164fdd877f50443c2675d
|
| 4232 |
+
|
| 4233 |
+
Sea B-climate-hazards
|
| 4234 |
+
level I-climate-hazards
|
| 4235 |
+
rise I-climate-hazards
|
| 4236 |
+
( O
|
| 4237 |
+
SLR B-climate-hazards
|
| 4238 |
+
) O
|
| 4239 |
+
is O
|
| 4240 |
+
one O
|
| 4241 |
+
of O
|
| 4242 |
+
the O
|
| 4243 |
+
major O
|
| 4244 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
| 4245 |
+
risks O
|
| 4246 |
+
associated O
|
| 4247 |
+
with O
|
| 4248 |
+
global O
|
| 4249 |
+
warming O
|
| 4250 |
+
. O
|
| 4251 |
+
|
| 4252 |
+
Mass O
|
| 4253 |
+
losses O
|
| 4254 |
+
from O
|
| 4255 |
+
the O
|
| 4256 |
+
Greenland O
|
| 4257 |
+
ice O
|
| 4258 |
+
sheet O
|
| 4259 |
+
( O
|
| 4260 |
+
GrIS O
|
| 4261 |
+
) O
|
| 4262 |
+
will O
|
| 4263 |
+
be O
|
| 4264 |
+
partially O
|
| 4265 |
+
responsible O
|
| 4266 |
+
for O
|
| 4267 |
+
future O
|
| 4268 |
+
SLR B-climate-hazards
|
| 4269 |
+
, O
|
| 4270 |
+
although O
|
| 4271 |
+
there O
|
| 4272 |
+
are O
|
| 4273 |
+
large O
|
| 4274 |
+
uncertainties O
|
| 4275 |
+
in O
|
| 4276 |
+
modeled O
|
| 4277 |
+
climate O
|
| 4278 |
+
and O
|
| 4279 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
| 4280 |
+
sheet I-climate-nature
|
| 4281 |
+
behavior O
|
| 4282 |
+
. O
|
| 4283 |
+
|
| 4284 |
+
We O
|
| 4285 |
+
used O
|
| 4286 |
+
the O
|
| 4287 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
| 4288 |
+
sheet I-climate-nature
|
| 4289 |
+
model O
|
| 4290 |
+
SICOPOLIS B-climate-models
|
| 4291 |
+
( O
|
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+
SImulation B-climate-models
|
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COde I-climate-models
|
| 4294 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
| 4295 |
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POLythermal I-climate-models
|
| 4296 |
+
Ice I-climate-models
|
| 4297 |
+
Sheets I-climate-models
|
| 4298 |
+
) O
|
| 4299 |
+
driven O
|
| 4300 |
+
by O
|
| 4301 |
+
climate O
|
| 4302 |
+
projections O
|
| 4303 |
+
from O
|
| 4304 |
+
20 O
|
| 4305 |
+
models O
|
| 4306 |
+
in O
|
| 4307 |
+
the O
|
| 4308 |
+
fifth O
|
| 4309 |
+
phase O
|
| 4310 |
+
of O
|
| 4311 |
+
the O
|
| 4312 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
| 4313 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 4314 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
| 4315 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
| 4316 |
+
( O
|
| 4317 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
| 4318 |
+
) O
|
| 4319 |
+
to O
|
| 4320 |
+
estimate O
|
| 4321 |
+
the O
|
| 4322 |
+
GrIS O
|
| 4323 |
+
contribution O
|
| 4324 |
+
to O
|
| 4325 |
+
global O
|
| 4326 |
+
SLR B-climate-hazards
|
| 4327 |
+
. O
|
| 4328 |
+
|
| 4329 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob9c65823fe403a7497046cc548b28a40
|
| 4330 |
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|
| 4331 |
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The O
|
| 4332 |
+
Tangxun O
|
| 4333 |
+
Lake O
|
| 4334 |
+
was O
|
| 4335 |
+
used O
|
| 4336 |
+
as O
|
| 4337 |
+
a O
|
| 4338 |
+
testbed O
|
| 4339 |
+
here O
|
| 4340 |
+
, O
|
| 4341 |
+
and O
|
| 4342 |
+
the O
|
| 4343 |
+
impacts O
|
| 4344 |
+
of O
|
| 4345 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 4346 |
+
intensity O
|
| 4347 |
+
and O
|
| 4348 |
+
urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 4349 |
+
on O
|
| 4350 |
+
lake B-climate-nature
|
| 4351 |
+
water O
|
| 4352 |
+
quality O
|
| 4353 |
+
was O
|
| 4354 |
+
discussed O
|
| 4355 |
+
through O
|
| 4356 |
+
the O
|
| 4357 |
+
scenario O
|
| 4358 |
+
analysis O
|
| 4359 |
+
. O
|
| 4360 |
+
|
| 4361 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob5bb465968307ca3532597ed20842ac5
|
| 4362 |
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|
| 4363 |
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The O
|
| 4364 |
+
proposed O
|
| 4365 |
+
approach O
|
| 4366 |
+
was O
|
| 4367 |
+
applied O
|
| 4368 |
+
to O
|
| 4369 |
+
the O
|
| 4370 |
+
20 O
|
| 4371 |
+
- O
|
| 4372 |
+
county O
|
| 4373 |
+
Atlanta O
|
| 4374 |
+
metropolitan O
|
| 4375 |
+
area O
|
| 4376 |
+
using O
|
| 4377 |
+
regional O
|
| 4378 |
+
climate O
|
| 4379 |
+
model O
|
| 4380 |
+
( O
|
| 4381 |
+
RCM O
|
| 4382 |
+
) O
|
| 4383 |
+
simulations O
|
| 4384 |
+
from O
|
| 4385 |
+
the O
|
| 4386 |
+
North B-climate-organizations
|
| 4387 |
+
American I-climate-organizations
|
| 4388 |
+
Regional I-climate-organizations
|
| 4389 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
| 4390 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
| 4391 |
+
Assessment I-climate-organizations
|
| 4392 |
+
Program I-climate-organizations
|
| 4393 |
+
. O
|
| 4394 |
+
|
| 4395 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O999875b15180b9673bb91a78afa8ccba
|
| 4396 |
+
|
| 4397 |
+
The O
|
| 4398 |
+
ReCiPe B-climate-models
|
| 4399 |
+
2016 I-climate-models
|
| 4400 |
+
Midpoint O
|
| 4401 |
+
and O
|
| 4402 |
+
Endpoint O
|
| 4403 |
+
characterization O
|
| 4404 |
+
model O
|
| 4405 |
+
was O
|
| 4406 |
+
used O
|
| 4407 |
+
for O
|
| 4408 |
+
the O
|
| 4409 |
+
data O
|
| 4410 |
+
expression O
|
| 4411 |
+
. O
|
| 4412 |
+
|
| 4413 |
+
In O
|
| 4414 |
+
the O
|
| 4415 |
+
assessed O
|
| 4416 |
+
framework O
|
| 4417 |
+
, O
|
| 4418 |
+
pea B-climate-assets
|
| 4419 |
+
monocrops B-climate-assets
|
| 4420 |
+
or O
|
| 4421 |
+
intensively O
|
| 4422 |
+
fertilized O
|
| 4423 |
+
oat B-climate-assets
|
| 4424 |
+
monocrops B-climate-assets
|
| 4425 |
+
can O
|
| 4426 |
+
also O
|
| 4427 |
+
be O
|
| 4428 |
+
considered O
|
| 4429 |
+
as O
|
| 4430 |
+
alternatives O
|
| 4431 |
+
with O
|
| 4432 |
+
relatively O
|
| 4433 |
+
low O
|
| 4434 |
+
impact O
|
| 4435 |
+
on O
|
| 4436 |
+
the O
|
| 4437 |
+
environment O
|
| 4438 |
+
. O
|
| 4439 |
+
|
| 4440 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3222950539971fa07f01a3625a1020c4
|
| 4441 |
+
|
| 4442 |
+
The O
|
| 4443 |
+
Antarctic O
|
| 4444 |
+
Peninsula O
|
| 4445 |
+
is O
|
| 4446 |
+
one O
|
| 4447 |
+
of O
|
| 4448 |
+
the O
|
| 4449 |
+
regions O
|
| 4450 |
+
on O
|
| 4451 |
+
the O
|
| 4452 |
+
Earth O
|
| 4453 |
+
with O
|
| 4454 |
+
the O
|
| 4455 |
+
clearest O
|
| 4456 |
+
evidence O
|
| 4457 |
+
of O
|
| 4458 |
+
recent O
|
| 4459 |
+
and O
|
| 4460 |
+
fast O
|
| 4461 |
+
air O
|
| 4462 |
+
warming O
|
| 4463 |
+
. O
|
| 4464 |
+
|
| 4465 |
+
The O
|
| 4466 |
+
model O
|
| 4467 |
+
takes O
|
| 4468 |
+
into O
|
| 4469 |
+
account O
|
| 4470 |
+
sediment B-climate-nature
|
| 4471 |
+
and O
|
| 4472 |
+
population B-climate-properties
|
| 4473 |
+
dynamics I-climate-properties
|
| 4474 |
+
with O
|
| 4475 |
+
Lotka B-climate-models
|
| 4476 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 4477 |
+
Volterra I-climate-models
|
| 4478 |
+
competition I-climate-models
|
| 4479 |
+
, O
|
| 4480 |
+
a O
|
| 4481 |
+
sediment B-climate-nature
|
| 4482 |
+
- O
|
| 4483 |
+
dependent O
|
| 4484 |
+
mortality B-climate-impacts
|
| 4485 |
+
term O
|
| 4486 |
+
and O
|
| 4487 |
+
a O
|
| 4488 |
+
randomized O
|
| 4489 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
| 4490 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
| 4491 |
+
scouring I-climate-nature
|
| 4492 |
+
biomass O
|
| 4493 |
+
removal O
|
| 4494 |
+
. O
|
| 4495 |
+
|
| 4496 |
+
With O
|
| 4497 |
+
the O
|
| 4498 |
+
developed O
|
| 4499 |
+
algorithm O
|
| 4500 |
+
, O
|
| 4501 |
+
and O
|
| 4502 |
+
using O
|
| 4503 |
+
a O
|
| 4504 |
+
MATLAB B-climate-models
|
| 4505 |
+
environment O
|
| 4506 |
+
, O
|
| 4507 |
+
numerical O
|
| 4508 |
+
simulations O
|
| 4509 |
+
for O
|
| 4510 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 4511 |
+
with O
|
| 4512 |
+
different O
|
| 4513 |
+
sedimentation B-climate-properties
|
| 4514 |
+
and O
|
| 4515 |
+
ice B-climate-properties
|
| 4516 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
| 4517 |
+
impact I-climate-properties
|
| 4518 |
+
rates I-climate-properties
|
| 4519 |
+
were O
|
| 4520 |
+
undertaken O
|
| 4521 |
+
in O
|
| 4522 |
+
order O
|
| 4523 |
+
to O
|
| 4524 |
+
evaluate O
|
| 4525 |
+
the O
|
| 4526 |
+
effect O
|
| 4527 |
+
of O
|
| 4528 |
+
this O
|
| 4529 |
+
phenomenon O
|
| 4530 |
+
on O
|
| 4531 |
+
biological O
|
| 4532 |
+
dynamics O
|
| 4533 |
+
. O
|
| 4534 |
+
|
| 4535 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O595ea9c60e8faf5fb99fc08b809e05c0
|
| 4536 |
+
|
| 4537 |
+
In O
|
| 4538 |
+
the O
|
| 4539 |
+
current O
|
| 4540 |
+
study O
|
| 4541 |
+
, O
|
| 4542 |
+
we O
|
| 4543 |
+
present O
|
| 4544 |
+
and O
|
| 4545 |
+
document O
|
| 4546 |
+
the O
|
| 4547 |
+
development O
|
| 4548 |
+
of O
|
| 4549 |
+
a O
|
| 4550 |
+
new O
|
| 4551 |
+
simplified O
|
| 4552 |
+
set O
|
| 4553 |
+
- O
|
| 4554 |
+
up O
|
| 4555 |
+
within O
|
| 4556 |
+
the O
|
| 4557 |
+
ECHAM B-climate-models
|
| 4558 |
+
/ O
|
| 4559 |
+
MESSy B-climate-models
|
| 4560 |
+
model O
|
| 4561 |
+
, O
|
| 4562 |
+
namely O
|
| 4563 |
+
the O
|
| 4564 |
+
dry O
|
| 4565 |
+
dynamical O
|
| 4566 |
+
core O
|
| 4567 |
+
model O
|
| 4568 |
+
set O
|
| 4569 |
+
- O
|
| 4570 |
+
up O
|
| 4571 |
+
ECHAM B-climate-models
|
| 4572 |
+
/ I-climate-models
|
| 4573 |
+
MESSy I-climate-models
|
| 4574 |
+
IdeaLized I-climate-models
|
| 4575 |
+
( O
|
| 4576 |
+
EMIL B-climate-models
|
| 4577 |
+
) O
|
| 4578 |
+
. O
|
| 4579 |
+
|
| 4580 |
+
The O
|
| 4581 |
+
set O
|
| 4582 |
+
- O
|
| 4583 |
+
up O
|
| 4584 |
+
is O
|
| 4585 |
+
achieved O
|
| 4586 |
+
by O
|
| 4587 |
+
the O
|
| 4588 |
+
implementation O
|
| 4589 |
+
of O
|
| 4590 |
+
a O
|
| 4591 |
+
new O
|
| 4592 |
+
submodel O
|
| 4593 |
+
for O
|
| 4594 |
+
relaxation O
|
| 4595 |
+
of O
|
| 4596 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 4597 |
+
and O
|
| 4598 |
+
horizontal O
|
| 4599 |
+
winds B-climate-nature
|
| 4600 |
+
to O
|
| 4601 |
+
given O
|
| 4602 |
+
background O
|
| 4603 |
+
values O
|
| 4604 |
+
( O
|
| 4605 |
+
the O
|
| 4606 |
+
RELAX B-climate-models
|
| 4607 |
+
submodel O
|
| 4608 |
+
) O
|
| 4609 |
+
, O
|
| 4610 |
+
which O
|
| 4611 |
+
replaces O
|
| 4612 |
+
all O
|
| 4613 |
+
other O
|
| 4614 |
+
physics O
|
| 4615 |
+
submodels O
|
| 4616 |
+
in O
|
| 4617 |
+
the O
|
| 4618 |
+
EMIL B-climate-models
|
| 4619 |
+
set O
|
| 4620 |
+
- O
|
| 4621 |
+
up O
|
| 4622 |
+
. O
|
| 4623 |
+
|
| 4624 |
+
The O
|
| 4625 |
+
RELAX B-climate-models
|
| 4626 |
+
submodel O
|
| 4627 |
+
incorporates O
|
| 4628 |
+
options O
|
| 4629 |
+
to O
|
| 4630 |
+
set O
|
| 4631 |
+
the O
|
| 4632 |
+
needed O
|
| 4633 |
+
parameters O
|
| 4634 |
+
( O
|
| 4635 |
+
e.g. O
|
| 4636 |
+
equilibrium B-climate-properties
|
| 4637 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 4638 |
+
, O
|
| 4639 |
+
relaxation O
|
| 4640 |
+
time O
|
| 4641 |
+
and O
|
| 4642 |
+
damping O
|
| 4643 |
+
coefficient O
|
| 4644 |
+
) O
|
| 4645 |
+
to O
|
| 4646 |
+
functions O
|
| 4647 |
+
used O
|
| 4648 |
+
frequently O
|
| 4649 |
+
in O
|
| 4650 |
+
the O
|
| 4651 |
+
past O
|
| 4652 |
+
( O
|
| 4653 |
+
given O
|
| 4654 |
+
by O
|
| 4655 |
+
Held O
|
| 4656 |
+
and O
|
| 4657 |
+
Suarez O
|
| 4658 |
+
, O
|
| 4659 |
+
1994 O
|
| 4660 |
+
; O
|
| 4661 |
+
Polvani O
|
| 4662 |
+
and O
|
| 4663 |
+
Kushner O
|
| 4664 |
+
, O
|
| 4665 |
+
2002 O
|
| 4666 |
+
) O
|
| 4667 |
+
. O
|
| 4668 |
+
|
| 4669 |
+
Test O
|
| 4670 |
+
simulations O
|
| 4671 |
+
with O
|
| 4672 |
+
the O
|
| 4673 |
+
EMIL B-climate-models
|
| 4674 |
+
model O
|
| 4675 |
+
set O
|
| 4676 |
+
- O
|
| 4677 |
+
up O
|
| 4678 |
+
show O
|
| 4679 |
+
that O
|
| 4680 |
+
results O
|
| 4681 |
+
from O
|
| 4682 |
+
earlier O
|
| 4683 |
+
studies O
|
| 4684 |
+
with O
|
| 4685 |
+
other O
|
| 4686 |
+
dry O
|
| 4687 |
+
dynamical O
|
| 4688 |
+
core O
|
| 4689 |
+
models O
|
| 4690 |
+
are O
|
| 4691 |
+
reproduced O
|
| 4692 |
+
under O
|
| 4693 |
+
same O
|
| 4694 |
+
set O
|
| 4695 |
+
- O
|
| 4696 |
+
ups O
|
| 4697 |
+
. O
|
| 4698 |
+
|
| 4699 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oab6cb78bf43eabd2596856f21fdc4c1d
|
| 4700 |
+
|
| 4701 |
+
A O
|
| 4702 |
+
majority O
|
| 4703 |
+
of O
|
| 4704 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
| 4705 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 4706 |
+
show O
|
| 4707 |
+
that O
|
| 4708 |
+
often O
|
| 4709 |
+
very O
|
| 4710 |
+
significant O
|
| 4711 |
+
amounts O
|
| 4712 |
+
( O
|
| 4713 |
+
20 O
|
| 4714 |
+
Gt O
|
| 4715 |
+
CO2e O
|
| 4716 |
+
/ O
|
| 4717 |
+
yr O
|
| 4718 |
+
) O
|
| 4719 |
+
of O
|
| 4720 |
+
Greenhouse O
|
| 4721 |
+
Gas O
|
| 4722 |
+
Removal O
|
| 4723 |
+
technologies O
|
| 4724 |
+
( O
|
| 4725 |
+
GGRs O
|
| 4726 |
+
) O
|
| 4727 |
+
are O
|
| 4728 |
+
required O
|
| 4729 |
+
to O
|
| 4730 |
+
reach O
|
| 4731 |
+
a O
|
| 4732 |
+
2 O
|
| 4733 |
+
° O
|
| 4734 |
+
C O
|
| 4735 |
+
target O
|
| 4736 |
+
by O
|
| 4737 |
+
2100 O
|
| 4738 |
+
. O
|
| 4739 |
+
|
| 4740 |
+
Given O
|
| 4741 |
+
that O
|
| 4742 |
+
most O
|
| 4743 |
+
models O
|
| 4744 |
+
fail O
|
| 4745 |
+
to O
|
| 4746 |
+
reach O
|
| 4747 |
+
a O
|
| 4748 |
+
2 O
|
| 4749 |
+
° O
|
| 4750 |
+
C O
|
| 4751 |
+
target O
|
| 4752 |
+
without O
|
| 4753 |
+
GGRs O
|
| 4754 |
+
, O
|
| 4755 |
+
it O
|
| 4756 |
+
seems O
|
| 4757 |
+
impossible O
|
| 4758 |
+
that O
|
| 4759 |
+
the O
|
| 4760 |
+
aspirational O
|
| 4761 |
+
target O
|
| 4762 |
+
of O
|
| 4763 |
+
1.5 O
|
| 4764 |
+
° O
|
| 4765 |
+
C O
|
| 4766 |
+
of O
|
| 4767 |
+
the O
|
| 4768 |
+
Paris B-climate-mitigations
|
| 4769 |
+
Agreement I-climate-mitigations
|
| 4770 |
+
could O
|
| 4771 |
+
be O
|
| 4772 |
+
met O
|
| 4773 |
+
without O
|
| 4774 |
+
GGRs O
|
| 4775 |
+
. O
|
| 4776 |
+
|
| 4777 |
+
It O
|
| 4778 |
+
appears O
|
| 4779 |
+
that O
|
| 4780 |
+
sequestration O
|
| 4781 |
+
in O
|
| 4782 |
+
soils B-climate-nature
|
| 4783 |
+
and O
|
| 4784 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
| 4785 |
+
have O
|
| 4786 |
+
significant O
|
| 4787 |
+
potential O
|
| 4788 |
+
for O
|
| 4789 |
+
GGR O
|
| 4790 |
+
, O
|
| 4791 |
+
and O
|
| 4792 |
+
may O
|
| 4793 |
+
do O
|
| 4794 |
+
so O
|
| 4795 |
+
with O
|
| 4796 |
+
much O
|
| 4797 |
+
less O
|
| 4798 |
+
competition O
|
| 4799 |
+
for O
|
| 4800 |
+
land O
|
| 4801 |
+
, O
|
| 4802 |
+
water O
|
| 4803 |
+
and O
|
| 4804 |
+
nutrients O
|
| 4805 |
+
than O
|
| 4806 |
+
, O
|
| 4807 |
+
for O
|
| 4808 |
+
example O
|
| 4809 |
+
, O
|
| 4810 |
+
Bioenergy O
|
| 4811 |
+
with O
|
| 4812 |
+
Carbon O
|
| 4813 |
+
Capture O
|
| 4814 |
+
and O
|
| 4815 |
+
Storage O
|
| 4816 |
+
( O
|
| 4817 |
+
BECCS O
|
| 4818 |
+
) O
|
| 4819 |
+
. O
|
| 4820 |
+
|
| 4821 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf FROM HERE ON LOOKED FOR MODELS (but not everything was one)
|
| 4822 |
+
|
| 4823 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Of76923e191ef686464ec0a15330975d4
|
| 4824 |
+
|
| 4825 |
+
Skills O
|
| 4826 |
+
in O
|
| 4827 |
+
reproducing O
|
| 4828 |
+
monthly O
|
| 4829 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 4830 |
+
over O
|
| 4831 |
+
Calabria O
|
| 4832 |
+
( O
|
| 4833 |
+
southern O
|
| 4834 |
+
Italy O
|
| 4835 |
+
) O
|
| 4836 |
+
have O
|
| 4837 |
+
been O
|
| 4838 |
+
validated O
|
| 4839 |
+
for O
|
| 4840 |
+
the O
|
| 4841 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
| 4842 |
+
Hazards I-climate-datasets
|
| 4843 |
+
group I-climate-datasets
|
| 4844 |
+
InfraRed I-climate-datasets
|
| 4845 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
| 4846 |
+
with I-climate-datasets
|
| 4847 |
+
Station I-climate-datasets
|
| 4848 |
+
data I-climate-datasets
|
| 4849 |
+
( O
|
| 4850 |
+
CHIRPS B-climate-datasets
|
| 4851 |
+
) O
|
| 4852 |
+
satellite O
|
| 4853 |
+
data O
|
| 4854 |
+
, O
|
| 4855 |
+
the O
|
| 4856 |
+
E B-climate-datasets
|
| 4857 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 4858 |
+
OBS I-climate-datasets
|
| 4859 |
+
dataset O
|
| 4860 |
+
and O
|
| 4861 |
+
13 O
|
| 4862 |
+
Global O
|
| 4863 |
+
Climate O
|
| 4864 |
+
Model O
|
| 4865 |
+
- O
|
| 4866 |
+
Regional O
|
| 4867 |
+
Climate O
|
| 4868 |
+
Model O
|
| 4869 |
+
( O
|
| 4870 |
+
GCM O
|
| 4871 |
+
- O
|
| 4872 |
+
RCM O
|
| 4873 |
+
) O
|
| 4874 |
+
combinations O
|
| 4875 |
+
, O
|
| 4876 |
+
belonging O
|
| 4877 |
+
to O
|
| 4878 |
+
the O
|
| 4879 |
+
ENSEMBLES B-climate-organizations
|
| 4880 |
+
project I-climate-organizations
|
| 4881 |
+
output O
|
| 4882 |
+
set O
|
| 4883 |
+
. O
|
| 4884 |
+
|
| 4885 |
+
The O
|
| 4886 |
+
relative O
|
| 4887 |
+
mean O
|
| 4888 |
+
and O
|
| 4889 |
+
standard O
|
| 4890 |
+
deviation O
|
| 4891 |
+
errors O
|
| 4892 |
+
, O
|
| 4893 |
+
and O
|
| 4894 |
+
the O
|
| 4895 |
+
Pearson O
|
| 4896 |
+
correlation O
|
| 4897 |
+
coefficient O
|
| 4898 |
+
have O
|
| 4899 |
+
been O
|
| 4900 |
+
used O
|
| 4901 |
+
as O
|
| 4902 |
+
validation O
|
| 4903 |
+
metrics O
|
| 4904 |
+
. O
|
| 4905 |
+
|
| 4906 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O851b71730174981ade32c27fda772d3d
|
| 4907 |
+
|
| 4908 |
+
Keeping O
|
| 4909 |
+
this O
|
| 4910 |
+
in O
|
| 4911 |
+
mind O
|
| 4912 |
+
, O
|
| 4913 |
+
phase O
|
| 4914 |
+
five O
|
| 4915 |
+
of O
|
| 4916 |
+
the O
|
| 4917 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
| 4918 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 4919 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
| 4920 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
| 4921 |
+
( O
|
| 4922 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
| 4923 |
+
) O
|
| 4924 |
+
, O
|
| 4925 |
+
for O
|
| 4926 |
+
the O
|
| 4927 |
+
first O
|
| 4928 |
+
time O
|
| 4929 |
+
, O
|
| 4930 |
+
provides O
|
| 4931 |
+
10–30 O
|
| 4932 |
+
years O
|
| 4933 |
+
predictions O
|
| 4934 |
+
obtained O
|
| 4935 |
+
from O
|
| 4936 |
+
the O
|
| 4937 |
+
General O
|
| 4938 |
+
Circulation O
|
| 4939 |
+
Models O
|
| 4940 |
+
( O
|
| 4941 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 4942 |
+
) O
|
| 4943 |
+
. O
|
| 4944 |
+
|
| 4945 |
+
This O
|
| 4946 |
+
study O
|
| 4947 |
+
aims O
|
| 4948 |
+
to O
|
| 4949 |
+
analyse O
|
| 4950 |
+
the O
|
| 4951 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
| 4952 |
+
decadal O
|
| 4953 |
+
predictions O
|
| 4954 |
+
for O
|
| 4955 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 4956 |
+
over O
|
| 4957 |
+
five O
|
| 4958 |
+
sub O
|
| 4959 |
+
- O
|
| 4960 |
+
basins O
|
| 4961 |
+
of O
|
| 4962 |
+
river O
|
| 4963 |
+
Brahmaputra O
|
| 4964 |
+
. O
|
| 4965 |
+
|
| 4966 |
+
Daily O
|
| 4967 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 4968 |
+
data O
|
| 4969 |
+
of O
|
| 4970 |
+
five O
|
| 4971 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 4972 |
+
, O
|
| 4973 |
+
namely O
|
| 4974 |
+
F B-climate-models
|
| 4975 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 4976 |
+
GOALS I-climate-models
|
| 4977 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 4978 |
+
g2 I-climate-models
|
| 4979 |
+
, O
|
| 4980 |
+
BCC B-climate-models
|
| 4981 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 4982 |
+
CSM1 I-climate-models
|
| 4983 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 4984 |
+
1 I-climate-models
|
| 4985 |
+
, O
|
| 4986 |
+
IPSL B-climate-models
|
| 4987 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 4988 |
+
CM5A I-climate-models
|
| 4989 |
+
, O
|
| 4990 |
+
CanCM4 B-climate-models
|
| 4991 |
+
and O
|
| 4992 |
+
MRI B-climate-models
|
| 4993 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 4994 |
+
CGCM3 I-climate-models
|
| 4995 |
+
are O
|
| 4996 |
+
used O
|
| 4997 |
+
for O
|
| 4998 |
+
this O
|
| 4999 |
+
assessment O
|
| 5000 |
+
. O
|
| 5001 |
+
|
| 5002 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Of79aef571d4f68304c875988c3a99763
|
| 5003 |
+
|
| 5004 |
+
Reliability O
|
| 5005 |
+
and O
|
| 5006 |
+
accuracy O
|
| 5007 |
+
of O
|
| 5008 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
| 5009 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
| 5010 |
+
datasets O
|
| 5011 |
+
are O
|
| 5012 |
+
essential O
|
| 5013 |
+
for O
|
| 5014 |
+
understanding O
|
| 5015 |
+
changes O
|
| 5016 |
+
in O
|
| 5017 |
+
regional O
|
| 5018 |
+
climate O
|
| 5019 |
+
such O
|
| 5020 |
+
as O
|
| 5021 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 5022 |
+
and O
|
| 5023 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 5024 |
+
. O
|
| 5025 |
+
|
| 5026 |
+
Soil B-climate-properties
|
| 5027 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
| 5028 |
+
datasets O
|
| 5029 |
+
from O
|
| 5030 |
+
the O
|
| 5031 |
+
Essential O
|
| 5032 |
+
Climate O
|
| 5033 |
+
Variable O
|
| 5034 |
+
( O
|
| 5035 |
+
ECV O
|
| 5036 |
+
) O
|
| 5037 |
+
, O
|
| 5038 |
+
the O
|
| 5039 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
| 5040 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 5041 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
| 5042 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
| 5043 |
+
Phase I-climate-models
|
| 5044 |
+
5 I-climate-models
|
| 5045 |
+
( O
|
| 5046 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
| 5047 |
+
) O
|
| 5048 |
+
, O
|
| 5049 |
+
the O
|
| 5050 |
+
Inter B-climate-models
|
| 5051 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5052 |
+
Sectoral I-climate-models
|
| 5053 |
+
Impact I-climate-models
|
| 5054 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 5055 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
| 5056 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
| 5057 |
+
( O
|
| 5058 |
+
ISIMIP B-climate-models
|
| 5059 |
+
) O
|
| 5060 |
+
, O
|
| 5061 |
+
the O
|
| 5062 |
+
Global B-climate-models
|
| 5063 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
| 5064 |
+
Data I-climate-models
|
| 5065 |
+
Assimilation I-climate-models
|
| 5066 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
| 5067 |
+
( O
|
| 5068 |
+
GLDAS B-climate-models
|
| 5069 |
+
) O
|
| 5070 |
+
, O
|
| 5071 |
+
and O
|
| 5072 |
+
reanalysis O
|
| 5073 |
+
products O
|
| 5074 |
+
are O
|
| 5075 |
+
widely O
|
| 5076 |
+
used O
|
| 5077 |
+
. O
|
| 5078 |
+
|
| 5079 |
+
In O
|
| 5080 |
+
terms O
|
| 5081 |
+
of O
|
| 5082 |
+
unbiased O
|
| 5083 |
+
Root O
|
| 5084 |
+
- O
|
| 5085 |
+
Mean O
|
| 5086 |
+
- O
|
| 5087 |
+
Square O
|
| 5088 |
+
Difference O
|
| 5089 |
+
( O
|
| 5090 |
+
unRMSE O
|
| 5091 |
+
, O
|
| 5092 |
+
i.e. O
|
| 5093 |
+
, O
|
| 5094 |
+
removing O
|
| 5095 |
+
the O
|
| 5096 |
+
differences O
|
| 5097 |
+
in O
|
| 5098 |
+
absolute O
|
| 5099 |
+
values O
|
| 5100 |
+
) O
|
| 5101 |
+
, O
|
| 5102 |
+
all O
|
| 5103 |
+
modeled O
|
| 5104 |
+
datasets O
|
| 5105 |
+
obtain O
|
| 5106 |
+
performances O
|
| 5107 |
+
comparable O
|
| 5108 |
+
with O
|
| 5109 |
+
ECV O
|
| 5110 |
+
observations O
|
| 5111 |
+
. O
|
| 5112 |
+
|
| 5113 |
+
In O
|
| 5114 |
+
winter O
|
| 5115 |
+
, O
|
| 5116 |
+
GLDAS B-climate-models
|
| 5117 |
+
performs O
|
| 5118 |
+
the O
|
| 5119 |
+
best O
|
| 5120 |
+
in O
|
| 5121 |
+
the O
|
| 5122 |
+
east O
|
| 5123 |
+
of O
|
| 5124 |
+
south O
|
| 5125 |
+
China O
|
| 5126 |
+
, O
|
| 5127 |
+
followed O
|
| 5128 |
+
by O
|
| 5129 |
+
the O
|
| 5130 |
+
Reanalysis O
|
| 5131 |
+
dataset O
|
| 5132 |
+
. O
|
| 5133 |
+
|
| 5134 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe61cef21ed616e4f9aa537388eef6b49
|
| 5135 |
+
|
| 5136 |
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We O
|
| 5137 |
+
study O
|
| 5138 |
+
the O
|
| 5139 |
+
Sarychev O
|
| 5140 |
+
Peak O
|
| 5141 |
+
eruption O
|
| 5142 |
+
, O
|
| 5143 |
+
using O
|
| 5144 |
+
the O
|
| 5145 |
+
Community B-climate-models
|
| 5146 |
+
Earth I-climate-models
|
| 5147 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
| 5148 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 5149 |
+
version I-climate-models
|
| 5150 |
+
1.0 I-climate-models
|
| 5151 |
+
( O
|
| 5152 |
+
CESM1 B-climate-models
|
| 5153 |
+
) O
|
| 5154 |
+
Whole B-climate-models
|
| 5155 |
+
Atmosphere I-climate-models
|
| 5156 |
+
Community I-climate-models
|
| 5157 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
| 5158 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 5159 |
+
( O
|
| 5160 |
+
WACCM B-climate-models
|
| 5161 |
+
) O
|
| 5162 |
+
– O
|
| 5163 |
+
Community B-climate-models
|
| 5164 |
+
Aerosol I-climate-models
|
| 5165 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 5166 |
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Radiation I-climate-models
|
| 5167 |
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Model I-climate-models
|
| 5168 |
+
for I-climate-models
|
| 5169 |
+
Atmospheres I-climate-models
|
| 5170 |
+
( O
|
| 5171 |
+
CARMA B-climate-models
|
| 5172 |
+
) O
|
| 5173 |
+
sectional O
|
| 5174 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
| 5175 |
+
microphysics O
|
| 5176 |
+
model O
|
| 5177 |
+
( O
|
| 5178 |
+
with O
|
| 5179 |
+
no O
|
| 5180 |
+
a O
|
| 5181 |
+
priori O
|
| 5182 |
+
assumption O
|
| 5183 |
+
on O
|
| 5184 |
+
particle B-climate-properties
|
| 5185 |
+
size I-climate-properties
|
| 5186 |
+
) O
|
| 5187 |
+
. O
|
| 5188 |
+
|
| 5189 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O40515d17c1cb65c678e559ed76118d08
|
| 5190 |
+
|
| 5191 |
+
Simulations O
|
| 5192 |
+
were O
|
| 5193 |
+
performed O
|
| 5194 |
+
for O
|
| 5195 |
+
maize B-climate-assets
|
| 5196 |
+
and O
|
| 5197 |
+
soybean B-climate-assets
|
| 5198 |
+
using O
|
| 5199 |
+
the O
|
| 5200 |
+
pSIMS B-climate-models
|
| 5201 |
+
platform O
|
| 5202 |
+
across O
|
| 5203 |
+
the O
|
| 5204 |
+
U.S O
|
| 5205 |
+
Midwest O
|
| 5206 |
+
by O
|
| 5207 |
+
incrementally O
|
| 5208 |
+
accounting O
|
| 5209 |
+
for O
|
| 5210 |
+
five O
|
| 5211 |
+
sources O
|
| 5212 |
+
of O
|
| 5213 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 5214 |
+
with O
|
| 5215 |
+
a O
|
| 5216 |
+
7 O
|
| 5217 |
+
km×7 O
|
| 5218 |
+
km O
|
| 5219 |
+
resolution O
|
| 5220 |
+
using O
|
| 5221 |
+
the O
|
| 5222 |
+
APSIM B-climate-models
|
| 5223 |
+
and O
|
| 5224 |
+
DSSAT B-climate-models
|
| 5225 |
+
crop B-climate-assets
|
| 5226 |
+
growth O
|
| 5227 |
+
models O
|
| 5228 |
+
. O
|
| 5229 |
+
|
| 5230 |
+
Then O
|
| 5231 |
+
, O
|
| 5232 |
+
a O
|
| 5233 |
+
series O
|
| 5234 |
+
of O
|
| 5235 |
+
nitrate B-climate-hazards
|
| 5236 |
+
leaching I-climate-hazards
|
| 5237 |
+
hotpots O
|
| 5238 |
+
were O
|
| 5239 |
+
identified O
|
| 5240 |
+
and O
|
| 5241 |
+
a O
|
| 5242 |
+
regional O
|
| 5243 |
+
maize B-climate-assets
|
| 5244 |
+
yield O
|
| 5245 |
+
productivity O
|
| 5246 |
+
index O
|
| 5247 |
+
was O
|
| 5248 |
+
estimated O
|
| 5249 |
+
by O
|
| 5250 |
+
decomposing O
|
| 5251 |
+
the O
|
| 5252 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 5253 |
+
in O
|
| 5254 |
+
the O
|
| 5255 |
+
same O
|
| 5256 |
+
scenario O
|
| 5257 |
+
using O
|
| 5258 |
+
a O
|
| 5259 |
+
hierarchical O
|
| 5260 |
+
Bayesian O
|
| 5261 |
+
random O
|
| 5262 |
+
- O
|
| 5263 |
+
effect O
|
| 5264 |
+
model O
|
| 5265 |
+
. O
|
| 5266 |
+
|
| 5267 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O540e95b9dd97f43e20971ddd6d625132
|
| 5268 |
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|
| 5269 |
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For O
|
| 5270 |
+
this O
|
| 5271 |
+
, O
|
| 5272 |
+
the O
|
| 5273 |
+
INteractive B-climate-models
|
| 5274 |
+
Fires I-climate-models
|
| 5275 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 5276 |
+
Emissions I-climate-models
|
| 5277 |
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algoRithm I-climate-models
|
| 5278 |
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for I-climate-models
|
| 5279 |
+
Natural I-climate-models
|
| 5280 |
+
environments I-climate-models
|
| 5281 |
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( O
|
| 5282 |
+
INFERNO B-climate-models
|
| 5283 |
+
) O
|
| 5284 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
| 5285 |
+
model O
|
| 5286 |
+
is O
|
| 5287 |
+
coupled O
|
| 5288 |
+
to O
|
| 5289 |
+
the O
|
| 5290 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 5291 |
+
- O
|
| 5292 |
+
only O
|
| 5293 |
+
configuration O
|
| 5294 |
+
of O
|
| 5295 |
+
the O
|
| 5296 |
+
UK B-climate-models
|
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+
’s I-climate-models
|
| 5298 |
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Earth I-climate-models
|
| 5299 |
+
System I-climate-models
|
| 5300 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 5301 |
+
( O
|
| 5302 |
+
UKESM1 B-climate-models
|
| 5303 |
+
) O
|
| 5304 |
+
. O
|
| 5305 |
+
|
| 5306 |
+
This O
|
| 5307 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
| 5308 |
+
- O
|
| 5309 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 5310 |
+
interaction O
|
| 5311 |
+
through O
|
| 5312 |
+
atmospheric O
|
| 5313 |
+
chemistry O
|
| 5314 |
+
and O
|
| 5315 |
+
aerosols B-climate-nature
|
| 5316 |
+
allows O
|
| 5317 |
+
for O
|
| 5318 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
| 5319 |
+
emissions I-climate-hazards
|
| 5320 |
+
to O
|
| 5321 |
+
influence O
|
| 5322 |
+
radiation O
|
| 5323 |
+
, O
|
| 5324 |
+
clouds B-climate-nature
|
| 5325 |
+
, O
|
| 5326 |
+
and O
|
| 5327 |
+
generally O
|
| 5328 |
+
weather O
|
| 5329 |
+
, O
|
| 5330 |
+
which O
|
| 5331 |
+
can O
|
| 5332 |
+
consequently O
|
| 5333 |
+
influence O
|
| 5334 |
+
the O
|
| 5335 |
+
meteorological O
|
| 5336 |
+
drivers O
|
| 5337 |
+
of O
|
| 5338 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
| 5339 |
+
. O
|
| 5340 |
+
|
| 5341 |
+
Additionally O
|
| 5342 |
+
, O
|
| 5343 |
+
INFERNO B-climate-models
|
| 5344 |
+
is O
|
| 5345 |
+
updated O
|
| 5346 |
+
based O
|
| 5347 |
+
on O
|
| 5348 |
+
recent O
|
| 5349 |
+
developments O
|
| 5350 |
+
in O
|
| 5351 |
+
the O
|
| 5352 |
+
literature O
|
| 5353 |
+
to O
|
| 5354 |
+
improve O
|
| 5355 |
+
the O
|
| 5356 |
+
representation O
|
| 5357 |
+
of O
|
| 5358 |
+
human O
|
| 5359 |
+
/ O
|
| 5360 |
+
economic O
|
| 5361 |
+
factors O
|
| 5362 |
+
in O
|
| 5363 |
+
the O
|
| 5364 |
+
anthropogenic B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 5365 |
+
ignition I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 5366 |
+
and O
|
| 5367 |
+
suppression B-climate-mitigations
|
| 5368 |
+
of I-climate-mitigations
|
| 5369 |
+
fire I-climate-mitigations
|
| 5370 |
+
. O
|
| 5371 |
+
|
| 5372 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O60825be4f200cb922765c1141fd1eaf8
|
| 5373 |
+
|
| 5374 |
+
DAMOCLES B-climate-organizations
|
| 5375 |
+
( O
|
| 5376 |
+
Developing B-climate-organizations
|
| 5377 |
+
Arctic I-climate-organizations
|
| 5378 |
+
Modeling I-climate-organizations
|
| 5379 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
| 5380 |
+
Observing I-climate-organizations
|
| 5381 |
+
Capabilities I-climate-organizations
|
| 5382 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
| 5383 |
+
Long I-climate-organizations
|
| 5384 |
+
- I-climate-organizations
|
| 5385 |
+
term I-climate-organizations
|
| 5386 |
+
Environmental I-climate-organizations
|
| 5387 |
+
Studies I-climate-organizations
|
| 5388 |
+
) O
|
| 5389 |
+
aimed O
|
| 5390 |
+
at O
|
| 5391 |
+
reducing O
|
| 5392 |
+
the O
|
| 5393 |
+
uncertainties O
|
| 5394 |
+
in O
|
| 5395 |
+
our O
|
| 5396 |
+
understanding O
|
| 5397 |
+
, O
|
| 5398 |
+
modeling O
|
| 5399 |
+
and O
|
| 5400 |
+
forecasting O
|
| 5401 |
+
of O
|
| 5402 |
+
climate O
|
| 5403 |
+
changes O
|
| 5404 |
+
in O
|
| 5405 |
+
the O
|
| 5406 |
+
Arctic O
|
| 5407 |
+
. O
|
| 5408 |
+
|
| 5409 |
+
DAMOCLES B-climate-organizations
|
| 5410 |
+
was O
|
| 5411 |
+
especially O
|
| 5412 |
+
concerned O
|
| 5413 |
+
with O
|
| 5414 |
+
a O
|
| 5415 |
+
significantly O
|
| 5416 |
+
reduced O
|
| 5417 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
| 5418 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
| 5419 |
+
ice I-climate-properties
|
| 5420 |
+
cover I-climate-properties
|
| 5421 |
+
and O
|
| 5422 |
+
the O
|
| 5423 |
+
impact O
|
| 5424 |
+
this O
|
| 5425 |
+
drastic O
|
| 5426 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
| 5427 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
| 5428 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
| 5429 |
+
retreat I-climate-nature
|
| 5430 |
+
might O
|
| 5431 |
+
have O
|
| 5432 |
+
on O
|
| 5433 |
+
the O
|
| 5434 |
+
environment O
|
| 5435 |
+
and O
|
| 5436 |
+
on O
|
| 5437 |
+
human O
|
| 5438 |
+
activities O
|
| 5439 |
+
both O
|
| 5440 |
+
regionally O
|
| 5441 |
+
and O
|
| 5442 |
+
globally O
|
| 5443 |
+
. O
|
| 5444 |
+
|
| 5445 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3caf6c2b344e0cab6ab0d65ac0b304ba
|
| 5446 |
+
|
| 5447 |
+
Highlights O
|
| 5448 |
+
during O
|
| 5449 |
+
SALTRACE B-climate-observations
|
| 5450 |
+
included O
|
| 5451 |
+
the O
|
| 5452 |
+
Lagrangian O
|
| 5453 |
+
sampling O
|
| 5454 |
+
of O
|
| 5455 |
+
a O
|
| 5456 |
+
dust B-climate-nature
|
| 5457 |
+
plume I-climate-nature
|
| 5458 |
+
in O
|
| 5459 |
+
the O
|
| 5460 |
+
Cape O
|
| 5461 |
+
Verde O
|
| 5462 |
+
area O
|
| 5463 |
+
on O
|
| 5464 |
+
17 O
|
| 5465 |
+
June O
|
| 5466 |
+
which O
|
| 5467 |
+
was O
|
| 5468 |
+
again O
|
| 5469 |
+
measured O
|
| 5470 |
+
with O
|
| 5471 |
+
the O
|
| 5472 |
+
same O
|
| 5473 |
+
instrumentation O
|
| 5474 |
+
on O
|
| 5475 |
+
21 O
|
| 5476 |
+
and O
|
| 5477 |
+
22 O
|
| 5478 |
+
June O
|
| 5479 |
+
2013 O
|
| 5480 |
+
near O
|
| 5481 |
+
Barbados O
|
| 5482 |
+
. O
|
| 5483 |
+
|
| 5484 |
+
The O
|
| 5485 |
+
event O
|
| 5486 |
+
was O
|
| 5487 |
+
also O
|
| 5488 |
+
captured O
|
| 5489 |
+
by O
|
| 5490 |
+
the O
|
| 5491 |
+
ground O
|
| 5492 |
+
- O
|
| 5493 |
+
based O
|
| 5494 |
+
lidar B-climate-observations
|
| 5495 |
+
and O
|
| 5496 |
+
in O
|
| 5497 |
+
- O
|
| 5498 |
+
situ O
|
| 5499 |
+
instrumentation O
|
| 5500 |
+
. O
|
| 5501 |
+
|
| 5502 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fa8d288a6b10e694b1243326af60f683d8ef3331
|
| 5503 |
+
|
| 5504 |
+
An O
|
| 5505 |
+
Assessment O
|
| 5506 |
+
of O
|
| 5507 |
+
Spatial O
|
| 5508 |
+
Distribution O
|
| 5509 |
+
of O
|
| 5510 |
+
Four O
|
| 5511 |
+
Different O
|
| 5512 |
+
Satellite O
|
| 5513 |
+
- O
|
| 5514 |
+
Derived O
|
| 5515 |
+
Rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 5516 |
+
Estimations O
|
| 5517 |
+
and O
|
| 5518 |
+
Observed O
|
| 5519 |
+
Precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 5520 |
+
over O
|
| 5521 |
+
Bangladesh O
|
| 5522 |
+
. O
|
| 5523 |
+
|
| 5524 |
+
Given O
|
| 5525 |
+
that O
|
| 5526 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 5527 |
+
is O
|
| 5528 |
+
a O
|
| 5529 |
+
major O
|
| 5530 |
+
component O
|
| 5531 |
+
of O
|
| 5532 |
+
the O
|
| 5533 |
+
earth O
|
| 5534 |
+
’s O
|
| 5535 |
+
water O
|
| 5536 |
+
and O
|
| 5537 |
+
energy O
|
| 5538 |
+
cycles O
|
| 5539 |
+
, O
|
| 5540 |
+
reliable O
|
| 5541 |
+
information O
|
| 5542 |
+
on O
|
| 5543 |
+
the O
|
| 5544 |
+
monthly O
|
| 5545 |
+
spatial O
|
| 5546 |
+
distribution O
|
| 5547 |
+
of O
|
| 5548 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 5549 |
+
is O
|
| 5550 |
+
also O
|
| 5551 |
+
crucial O
|
| 5552 |
+
for O
|
| 5553 |
+
climate O
|
| 5554 |
+
science O
|
| 5555 |
+
, O
|
| 5556 |
+
climatological O
|
| 5557 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 5558 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
| 5559 |
+
resource I-climate-nature
|
| 5560 |
+
research O
|
| 5561 |
+
studies O
|
| 5562 |
+
, O
|
| 5563 |
+
and O
|
| 5564 |
+
for O
|
| 5565 |
+
the O
|
| 5566 |
+
evaluation O
|
| 5567 |
+
of O
|
| 5568 |
+
regional O
|
| 5569 |
+
model O
|
| 5570 |
+
simulations O
|
| 5571 |
+
. O
|
| 5572 |
+
|
| 5573 |
+
In O
|
| 5574 |
+
this O
|
| 5575 |
+
paper O
|
| 5576 |
+
, O
|
| 5577 |
+
four O
|
| 5578 |
+
satellite O
|
| 5579 |
+
derived O
|
| 5580 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 5581 |
+
datasets O
|
| 5582 |
+
: O
|
| 5583 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
| 5584 |
+
Prediction I-climate-datasets
|
| 5585 |
+
Center I-climate-datasets
|
| 5586 |
+
MORPHING I-climate-datasets
|
| 5587 |
+
( O
|
| 5588 |
+
CMORPH B-climate-datasets
|
| 5589 |
+
) O
|
| 5590 |
+
, O
|
| 5591 |
+
Tropical B-climate-datasets
|
| 5592 |
+
Rainfall I-climate-datasets
|
| 5593 |
+
Measuring I-climate-datasets
|
| 5594 |
+
Mission I-climate-datasets
|
| 5595 |
+
( O
|
| 5596 |
+
TRMM B-climate-datasets
|
| 5597 |
+
) O
|
| 5598 |
+
, O
|
| 5599 |
+
the O
|
| 5600 |
+
Precipitation B-climate-datasets
|
| 5601 |
+
Estimation I-climate-datasets
|
| 5602 |
+
Algorithm I-climate-datasets
|
| 5603 |
+
from I-climate-datasets
|
| 5604 |
+
Remotely I-climate-datasets
|
| 5605 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 5606 |
+
Sensed I-climate-datasets
|
| 5607 |
+
Information I-climate-datasets
|
| 5608 |
+
using I-climate-datasets
|
| 5609 |
+
an I-climate-datasets
|
| 5610 |
+
Artificial I-climate-datasets
|
| 5611 |
+
Neural I-climate-datasets
|
| 5612 |
+
Network I-climate-datasets
|
| 5613 |
+
( O
|
| 5614 |
+
PERSIANN B-climate-datasets
|
| 5615 |
+
) O
|
| 5616 |
+
, O
|
| 5617 |
+
and O
|
| 5618 |
+
the O
|
| 5619 |
+
global B-climate-datasets
|
| 5620 |
+
Satellite I-climate-datasets
|
| 5621 |
+
Mapping I-climate-datasets
|
| 5622 |
+
of I-climate-datasets
|
| 5623 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
| 5624 |
+
( O
|
| 5625 |
+
GSMaP B-climate-datasets
|
| 5626 |
+
) O
|
| 5627 |
+
are O
|
| 5628 |
+
spatially O
|
| 5629 |
+
analyzed O
|
| 5630 |
+
and O
|
| 5631 |
+
compared O
|
| 5632 |
+
with O
|
| 5633 |
+
the O
|
| 5634 |
+
observed O
|
| 5635 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 5636 |
+
data O
|
| 5637 |
+
provided O
|
| 5638 |
+
by O
|
| 5639 |
+
Bangladesh B-climate-organizations
|
| 5640 |
+
Meteorological I-climate-organizations
|
| 5641 |
+
Department I-climate-organizations
|
| 5642 |
+
( O
|
| 5643 |
+
BMD B-climate-organizations
|
| 5644 |
+
) O
|
| 5645 |
+
. O
|
| 5646 |
+
|
| 5647 |
+
For O
|
| 5648 |
+
this O
|
| 5649 |
+
study O
|
| 5650 |
+
, O
|
| 5651 |
+
the O
|
| 5652 |
+
different O
|
| 5653 |
+
precipitations B-climate-properties
|
| 5654 |
+
data O
|
| 5655 |
+
sets O
|
| 5656 |
+
are O
|
| 5657 |
+
spatially O
|
| 5658 |
+
analyzed O
|
| 5659 |
+
from O
|
| 5660 |
+
2nd O
|
| 5661 |
+
May O
|
| 5662 |
+
2019 O
|
| 5663 |
+
to O
|
| 5664 |
+
4th O
|
| 5665 |
+
May O
|
| 5666 |
+
2019 O
|
| 5667 |
+
at O
|
| 5668 |
+
the O
|
| 5669 |
+
time O
|
| 5670 |
+
of O
|
| 5671 |
+
Cyclone O
|
| 5672 |
+
“ O
|
| 5673 |
+
FANI O
|
| 5674 |
+
” O
|
| 5675 |
+
. O
|
| 5676 |
+
|
| 5677 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/233313e25b6d9f4760ad29252fb44df3980c7f9f
|
| 5678 |
+
|
| 5679 |
+
Centennial O
|
| 5680 |
+
- O
|
| 5681 |
+
scale O
|
| 5682 |
+
variability O
|
| 5683 |
+
of O
|
| 5684 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
| 5685 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
| 5686 |
+
in O
|
| 5687 |
+
eastern O
|
| 5688 |
+
Australia O
|
| 5689 |
+
. O
|
| 5690 |
+
|
| 5691 |
+
Soil B-climate-properties
|
| 5692 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
| 5693 |
+
is O
|
| 5694 |
+
of O
|
| 5695 |
+
critical O
|
| 5696 |
+
importance O
|
| 5697 |
+
to O
|
| 5698 |
+
maintaining O
|
| 5699 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
| 5700 |
+
productivity I-climate-assets
|
| 5701 |
+
and O
|
| 5702 |
+
is O
|
| 5703 |
+
used O
|
| 5704 |
+
as O
|
| 5705 |
+
an O
|
| 5706 |
+
indicator O
|
| 5707 |
+
of O
|
| 5708 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
| 5709 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 5710 |
+
. O
|
| 5711 |
+
|
| 5712 |
+
In O
|
| 5713 |
+
- O
|
| 5714 |
+
situ O
|
| 5715 |
+
measurements O
|
| 5716 |
+
of O
|
| 5717 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
| 5718 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
| 5719 |
+
, O
|
| 5720 |
+
however O
|
| 5721 |
+
, O
|
| 5722 |
+
are O
|
| 5723 |
+
exceedingly O
|
| 5724 |
+
sparse O
|
| 5725 |
+
at O
|
| 5726 |
+
a O
|
| 5727 |
+
global O
|
| 5728 |
+
scale O
|
| 5729 |
+
compared O
|
| 5730 |
+
to O
|
| 5731 |
+
most O
|
| 5732 |
+
other O
|
| 5733 |
+
hydroclimatic B-climate-nature
|
| 5734 |
+
variables O
|
| 5735 |
+
, O
|
| 5736 |
+
and O
|
| 5737 |
+
the O
|
| 5738 |
+
temporal O
|
| 5739 |
+
coverage O
|
| 5740 |
+
of O
|
| 5741 |
+
most O
|
| 5742 |
+
records O
|
| 5743 |
+
is O
|
| 5744 |
+
limited O
|
| 5745 |
+
to O
|
| 5746 |
+
15–20 O
|
| 5747 |
+
years O
|
| 5748 |
+
at O
|
| 5749 |
+
best O
|
| 5750 |
+
. O
|
| 5751 |
+
|
| 5752 |
+
To O
|
| 5753 |
+
overcome O
|
| 5754 |
+
this O
|
| 5755 |
+
, O
|
| 5756 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 5757 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
| 5758 |
+
models O
|
| 5759 |
+
have O
|
| 5760 |
+
been O
|
| 5761 |
+
developed O
|
| 5762 |
+
and O
|
| 5763 |
+
applied O
|
| 5764 |
+
to O
|
| 5765 |
+
evaluate O
|
| 5766 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
| 5767 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
| 5768 |
+
availability I-climate-assets
|
| 5769 |
+
at O
|
| 5770 |
+
centennial O
|
| 5771 |
+
- O
|
| 5772 |
+
scales O
|
| 5773 |
+
. O
|
| 5774 |
+
|
| 5775 |
+
These O
|
| 5776 |
+
include O
|
| 5777 |
+
the O
|
| 5778 |
+
Australian B-climate-organizations
|
| 5779 |
+
Water I-climate-organizations
|
| 5780 |
+
Availability I-climate-organizations
|
| 5781 |
+
Project I-climate-organizations
|
| 5782 |
+
( O
|
| 5783 |
+
AWAP B-climate-organizations
|
| 5784 |
+
) O
|
| 5785 |
+
Waterdyn B-climate-models
|
| 5786 |
+
model O
|
| 5787 |
+
, O
|
| 5788 |
+
and O
|
| 5789 |
+
the O
|
| 5790 |
+
Australian B-climate-models
|
| 5791 |
+
Water I-climate-models
|
| 5792 |
+
Resource I-climate-models
|
| 5793 |
+
Assessment I-climate-models
|
| 5794 |
+
( O
|
| 5795 |
+
AWRA B-climate-models
|
| 5796 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5797 |
+
L I-climate-models
|
| 5798 |
+
) O
|
| 5799 |
+
models O
|
| 5800 |
+
; O
|
| 5801 |
+
two O
|
| 5802 |
+
of O
|
| 5803 |
+
the O
|
| 5804 |
+
major O
|
| 5805 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 5806 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
| 5807 |
+
models O
|
| 5808 |
+
used O
|
| 5809 |
+
in O
|
| 5810 |
+
Australia O
|
| 5811 |
+
. O
|
| 5812 |
+
|
| 5813 |
+
This O
|
| 5814 |
+
study O
|
| 5815 |
+
looks O
|
| 5816 |
+
to O
|
| 5817 |
+
extend O
|
| 5818 |
+
on O
|
| 5819 |
+
their O
|
| 5820 |
+
validation O
|
| 5821 |
+
and O
|
| 5822 |
+
application O
|
| 5823 |
+
using O
|
| 5824 |
+
a O
|
| 5825 |
+
unique O
|
| 5826 |
+
in O
|
| 5827 |
+
- O
|
| 5828 |
+
situ O
|
| 5829 |
+
soil B-climate-properties
|
| 5830 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
| 5831 |
+
data O
|
| 5832 |
+
set O
|
| 5833 |
+
from O
|
| 5834 |
+
the O
|
| 5835 |
+
Scaling B-climate-organizations
|
| 5836 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
| 5837 |
+
Assimilation I-climate-organizations
|
| 5838 |
+
of I-climate-organizations
|
| 5839 |
+
Soil I-climate-organizations
|
| 5840 |
+
Moisture I-climate-organizations
|
| 5841 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
| 5842 |
+
Streamflow I-climate-organizations
|
| 5843 |
+
( O
|
| 5844 |
+
SASMAS B-climate-organizations
|
| 5845 |
+
) O
|
| 5846 |
+
project O
|
| 5847 |
+
for O
|
| 5848 |
+
the O
|
| 5849 |
+
Krui O
|
| 5850 |
+
and O
|
| 5851 |
+
Merriwa O
|
| 5852 |
+
River O
|
| 5853 |
+
catchments O
|
| 5854 |
+
in O
|
| 5855 |
+
eastern O
|
| 5856 |
+
NSW O
|
| 5857 |
+
, O
|
| 5858 |
+
Australia O
|
| 5859 |
+
. O
|
| 5860 |
+
|
| 5861 |
+
Modelled O
|
| 5862 |
+
outputs O
|
| 5863 |
+
were O
|
| 5864 |
+
compared O
|
| 5865 |
+
against O
|
| 5866 |
+
catchment B-climate-nature
|
| 5867 |
+
average O
|
| 5868 |
+
in O
|
| 5869 |
+
- O
|
| 5870 |
+
situ O
|
| 5871 |
+
data O
|
| 5872 |
+
and O
|
| 5873 |
+
validated O
|
| 5874 |
+
using O
|
| 5875 |
+
correlation O
|
| 5876 |
+
analyses O
|
| 5877 |
+
. O
|
| 5878 |
+
|
| 5879 |
+
Many O
|
| 5880 |
+
studies O
|
| 5881 |
+
exist O
|
| 5882 |
+
that O
|
| 5883 |
+
look O
|
| 5884 |
+
at O
|
| 5885 |
+
this O
|
| 5886 |
+
issue O
|
| 5887 |
+
in O
|
| 5888 |
+
response O
|
| 5889 |
+
to O
|
| 5890 |
+
the O
|
| 5891 |
+
recent O
|
| 5892 |
+
Millennium O
|
| 5893 |
+
Drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 5894 |
+
across O
|
| 5895 |
+
the O
|
| 5896 |
+
MurrayDarling O
|
| 5897 |
+
Basin O
|
| 5898 |
+
, O
|
| 5899 |
+
however O
|
| 5900 |
+
, O
|
| 5901 |
+
the O
|
| 5902 |
+
East O
|
| 5903 |
+
Coast O
|
| 5904 |
+
of O
|
| 5905 |
+
Australia O
|
| 5906 |
+
is O
|
| 5907 |
+
identified O
|
| 5908 |
+
as O
|
| 5909 |
+
its O
|
| 5910 |
+
own O
|
| 5911 |
+
separate O
|
| 5912 |
+
climate O
|
| 5913 |
+
entity O
|
| 5914 |
+
. O
|
| 5915 |
+
|
| 5916 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9bbcf4d55d8e781724c0c4e8fda3f69886a3715b
|
| 5917 |
+
|
| 5918 |
+
Inundation B-climate-hazards
|
| 5919 |
+
mapping O
|
| 5920 |
+
using O
|
| 5921 |
+
C- B-climate-observations
|
| 5922 |
+
and I-climate-observations
|
| 5923 |
+
X I-climate-observations
|
| 5924 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
| 5925 |
+
band I-climate-observations
|
| 5926 |
+
SAR B-climate-observations
|
| 5927 |
+
data O
|
| 5928 |
+
: O
|
| 5929 |
+
From O
|
| 5930 |
+
algorithms O
|
| 5931 |
+
to O
|
| 5932 |
+
fully O
|
| 5933 |
+
- O
|
| 5934 |
+
automated O
|
| 5935 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 5936 |
+
services O
|
| 5937 |
+
. O
|
| 5938 |
+
|
| 5939 |
+
Since O
|
| 5940 |
+
the O
|
| 5941 |
+
establishment O
|
| 5942 |
+
of O
|
| 5943 |
+
the O
|
| 5944 |
+
ZKI B-climate-organizations
|
| 5945 |
+
( O
|
| 5946 |
+
Center B-climate-organizations
|
| 5947 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
| 5948 |
+
Satellite I-climate-organizations
|
| 5949 |
+
- I-climate-organizations
|
| 5950 |
+
Based I-climate-organizations
|
| 5951 |
+
Crisis I-climate-organizations
|
| 5952 |
+
Information I-climate-organizations
|
| 5953 |
+
) O
|
| 5954 |
+
at O
|
| 5955 |
+
the O
|
| 5956 |
+
German B-climate-organizations
|
| 5957 |
+
Aerospace I-climate-organizations
|
| 5958 |
+
Center I-climate-organizations
|
| 5959 |
+
( O
|
| 5960 |
+
DLR B-climate-organizations
|
| 5961 |
+
) O
|
| 5962 |
+
, O
|
| 5963 |
+
the O
|
| 5964 |
+
development O
|
| 5965 |
+
of O
|
| 5966 |
+
EO O
|
| 5967 |
+
- O
|
| 5968 |
+
based O
|
| 5969 |
+
methodologies O
|
| 5970 |
+
for O
|
| 5971 |
+
the O
|
| 5972 |
+
rapid O
|
| 5973 |
+
mapping O
|
| 5974 |
+
of O
|
| 5975 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 5976 |
+
situations O
|
| 5977 |
+
has O
|
| 5978 |
+
been O
|
| 5979 |
+
of O
|
| 5980 |
+
major O
|
| 5981 |
+
concern O
|
| 5982 |
+
. O
|
| 5983 |
+
|
| 5984 |
+
These O
|
| 5985 |
+
requirements O
|
| 5986 |
+
have O
|
| 5987 |
+
led O
|
| 5988 |
+
to O
|
| 5989 |
+
the O
|
| 5990 |
+
development O
|
| 5991 |
+
of O
|
| 5992 |
+
dedicated O
|
| 5993 |
+
SAR B-climate-observations
|
| 5994 |
+
- O
|
| 5995 |
+
based O
|
| 5996 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 5997 |
+
mapping O
|
| 5998 |
+
tools O
|
| 5999 |
+
which O
|
| 6000 |
+
have O
|
| 6001 |
+
been O
|
| 6002 |
+
utilized O
|
| 6003 |
+
during O
|
| 6004 |
+
numerous O
|
| 6005 |
+
rapid O
|
| 6006 |
+
mapping O
|
| 6007 |
+
activities O
|
| 6008 |
+
of O
|
| 6009 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 6010 |
+
situations O
|
| 6011 |
+
. O
|
| 6012 |
+
|
| 6013 |
+
With O
|
| 6014 |
+
respect O
|
| 6015 |
+
to O
|
| 6016 |
+
accuracy O
|
| 6017 |
+
and O
|
| 6018 |
+
computational O
|
| 6019 |
+
effort O
|
| 6020 |
+
, O
|
| 6021 |
+
experiments O
|
| 6022 |
+
performed O
|
| 6023 |
+
on O
|
| 6024 |
+
a O
|
| 6025 |
+
data O
|
| 6026 |
+
set O
|
| 6027 |
+
of O
|
| 6028 |
+
> O
|
| 6029 |
+
200 O
|
| 6030 |
+
different O
|
| 6031 |
+
TerraSAR B-climate-observations
|
| 6032 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
| 6033 |
+
X I-climate-observations
|
| 6034 |
+
scenes O
|
| 6035 |
+
acquired O
|
| 6036 |
+
during O
|
| 6037 |
+
flooding B-climate-hazards
|
| 6038 |
+
all O
|
| 6039 |
+
over O
|
| 6040 |
+
the O
|
| 6041 |
+
world O
|
| 6042 |
+
with O
|
| 6043 |
+
different O
|
| 6044 |
+
sensor O
|
| 6045 |
+
configurations O
|
| 6046 |
+
confirmed O
|
| 6047 |
+
the O
|
| 6048 |
+
robustness O
|
| 6049 |
+
and O
|
| 6050 |
+
effectiveness O
|
| 6051 |
+
of O
|
| 6052 |
+
the O
|
| 6053 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 6054 |
+
mapping O
|
| 6055 |
+
service O
|
| 6056 |
+
. O
|
| 6057 |
+
|
| 6058 |
+
processing O
|
| 6059 |
+
chain O
|
| 6060 |
+
has O
|
| 6061 |
+
recently O
|
| 6062 |
+
been O
|
| 6063 |
+
adapted O
|
| 6064 |
+
to O
|
| 6065 |
+
the O
|
| 6066 |
+
new O
|
| 6067 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
| 6068 |
+
Space I-climate-organizations
|
| 6069 |
+
Agency I-climate-organizations
|
| 6070 |
+
’s O
|
| 6071 |
+
C B-climate-observations
|
| 6072 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
| 6073 |
+
band I-climate-observations
|
| 6074 |
+
SAR B-climate-observations
|
| 6075 |
+
mission O
|
| 6076 |
+
Sentinel-1 B-climate-observations
|
| 6077 |
+
. O
|
| 6078 |
+
|
| 6079 |
+
In O
|
| 6080 |
+
contrast O
|
| 6081 |
+
to O
|
| 6082 |
+
the O
|
| 6083 |
+
current O
|
| 6084 |
+
TerraSAR B-climate-observations
|
| 6085 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
| 6086 |
+
X I-climate-observations
|
| 6087 |
+
based O
|
| 6088 |
+
thematic O
|
| 6089 |
+
service O
|
| 6090 |
+
, O
|
| 6091 |
+
Sentinel-1 B-climate-observations
|
| 6092 |
+
enables O
|
| 6093 |
+
a O
|
| 6094 |
+
systematic O
|
| 6095 |
+
disaster B-climate-impacts
|
| 6096 |
+
monitoring O
|
| 6097 |
+
with O
|
| 6098 |
+
high O
|
| 6099 |
+
spatial O
|
| 6100 |
+
and O
|
| 6101 |
+
temporal O
|
| 6102 |
+
resolutions O
|
| 6103 |
+
. O
|
| 6104 |
+
|
en.train.txt
ADDED
|
The diff for this file is too large to render.
See raw diff
|
|
|
en.val.txt
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,6711 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
| 1 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 34f3da5c09f0dae6fa79f79176a6cc8f
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
The O
|
| 4 |
+
results O
|
| 5 |
+
of O
|
| 6 |
+
the O
|
| 7 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
| 8 |
+
retrieval O
|
| 9 |
+
for O
|
| 10 |
+
pollution B-climate-hazards
|
| 11 |
+
events O
|
| 12 |
+
featuring O
|
| 13 |
+
mineral B-climate-nature
|
| 14 |
+
dust I-climate-nature
|
| 15 |
+
, O
|
| 16 |
+
volcanic B-climate-nature
|
| 17 |
+
aerosol I-climate-nature
|
| 18 |
+
, O
|
| 19 |
+
biomass B-climate-hazards
|
| 20 |
+
burning I-climate-hazards
|
| 21 |
+
and O
|
| 22 |
+
pollution B-climate-hazards
|
| 23 |
+
associated O
|
| 24 |
+
with O
|
| 25 |
+
boreal O
|
| 26 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
| 27 |
+
fires I-climate-hazards
|
| 28 |
+
are O
|
| 29 |
+
compared O
|
| 30 |
+
to O
|
| 31 |
+
independent O
|
| 32 |
+
space O
|
| 33 |
+
borne O
|
| 34 |
+
and O
|
| 35 |
+
ground O
|
| 36 |
+
based O
|
| 37 |
+
observations O
|
| 38 |
+
and O
|
| 39 |
+
showed O
|
| 40 |
+
coinciding O
|
| 41 |
+
temporal O
|
| 42 |
+
and O
|
| 43 |
+
spatial O
|
| 44 |
+
dynamics O
|
| 45 |
+
of O
|
| 46 |
+
the O
|
| 47 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
| 48 |
+
distribution O
|
| 49 |
+
. O
|
| 50 |
+
|
| 51 |
+
Applied O
|
| 52 |
+
together O
|
| 53 |
+
, O
|
| 54 |
+
these O
|
| 55 |
+
methods O
|
| 56 |
+
allow O
|
| 57 |
+
for O
|
| 58 |
+
the O
|
| 59 |
+
first O
|
| 60 |
+
time O
|
| 61 |
+
the O
|
| 62 |
+
retrieval O
|
| 63 |
+
of O
|
| 64 |
+
aerosol B-climate-nature
|
| 65 |
+
amount O
|
| 66 |
+
over O
|
| 67 |
+
snow B-climate-nature
|
| 68 |
+
and O
|
| 69 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
| 70 |
+
on O
|
| 71 |
+
local O
|
| 72 |
+
to O
|
| 73 |
+
global O
|
| 74 |
+
scales O
|
| 75 |
+
. O
|
| 76 |
+
|
| 77 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f4b313679d2ed570e0dc147900b4c39f
|
| 78 |
+
|
| 79 |
+
The O
|
| 80 |
+
Qilian O
|
| 81 |
+
Mountains O
|
| 82 |
+
Scientific O
|
| 83 |
+
Expedition O
|
| 84 |
+
was O
|
| 85 |
+
launched O
|
| 86 |
+
under O
|
| 87 |
+
the O
|
| 88 |
+
framework O
|
| 89 |
+
of O
|
| 90 |
+
the O
|
| 91 |
+
Second O
|
| 92 |
+
Tibetan O
|
| 93 |
+
Plateau O
|
| 94 |
+
Scientific O
|
| 95 |
+
Expedition O
|
| 96 |
+
Program O
|
| 97 |
+
after O
|
| 98 |
+
tightening O
|
| 99 |
+
eco B-climate-mitigations
|
| 100 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
| 101 |
+
environmental I-climate-mitigations
|
| 102 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 103 |
+
in O
|
| 104 |
+
the O
|
| 105 |
+
Qilian O
|
| 106 |
+
Mountains O
|
| 107 |
+
. O
|
| 108 |
+
|
| 109 |
+
The O
|
| 110 |
+
expedition O
|
| 111 |
+
focused O
|
| 112 |
+
on O
|
| 113 |
+
three O
|
| 114 |
+
key O
|
| 115 |
+
areas O
|
| 116 |
+
: O
|
| 117 |
+
( O
|
| 118 |
+
1 O
|
| 119 |
+
) O
|
| 120 |
+
Ecosystem B-climate-organisms
|
| 121 |
+
diversity I-climate-organisms
|
| 122 |
+
and O
|
| 123 |
+
security O
|
| 124 |
+
, O
|
| 125 |
+
( O
|
| 126 |
+
2 O
|
| 127 |
+
) O
|
| 128 |
+
dynamic O
|
| 129 |
+
changes O
|
| 130 |
+
in O
|
| 131 |
+
glaciers B-climate-nature
|
| 132 |
+
and O
|
| 133 |
+
permafrost B-climate-nature
|
| 134 |
+
, O
|
| 135 |
+
and O
|
| 136 |
+
( O
|
| 137 |
+
3 O
|
| 138 |
+
) O
|
| 139 |
+
changes O
|
| 140 |
+
in O
|
| 141 |
+
human O
|
| 142 |
+
activities O
|
| 143 |
+
and O
|
| 144 |
+
their O
|
| 145 |
+
corresponding O
|
| 146 |
+
eco B-climate-impacts
|
| 147 |
+
- I-climate-impacts
|
| 148 |
+
livelihood I-climate-impacts
|
| 149 |
+
impacts I-climate-impacts
|
| 150 |
+
. O
|
| 151 |
+
|
| 152 |
+
More O
|
| 153 |
+
than O
|
| 154 |
+
200 O
|
| 155 |
+
researchers O
|
| 156 |
+
participated O
|
| 157 |
+
in O
|
| 158 |
+
this O
|
| 159 |
+
expedition O
|
| 160 |
+
that O
|
| 161 |
+
lasted O
|
| 162 |
+
for O
|
| 163 |
+
260 O
|
| 164 |
+
d O
|
| 165 |
+
and O
|
| 166 |
+
spanned O
|
| 167 |
+
47500 O
|
| 168 |
+
km O
|
| 169 |
+
. O
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
First O
|
| 172 |
+
, O
|
| 173 |
+
investigations O
|
| 174 |
+
were O
|
| 175 |
+
performed O
|
| 176 |
+
for O
|
| 177 |
+
changes O
|
| 178 |
+
in O
|
| 179 |
+
human O
|
| 180 |
+
activities O
|
| 181 |
+
before O
|
| 182 |
+
and O
|
| 183 |
+
after O
|
| 184 |
+
tightening O
|
| 185 |
+
eco B-climate-mitigations
|
| 186 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
| 187 |
+
environmental I-climate-mitigations
|
| 188 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 189 |
+
in O
|
| 190 |
+
the O
|
| 191 |
+
Qilian O
|
| 192 |
+
Mountains O
|
| 193 |
+
. O
|
| 194 |
+
|
| 195 |
+
The O
|
| 196 |
+
local O
|
| 197 |
+
eco B-climate-assets
|
| 198 |
+
- I-climate-assets
|
| 199 |
+
environmental I-climate-assets
|
| 200 |
+
benefits I-climate-assets
|
| 201 |
+
and O
|
| 202 |
+
economic B-climate-impacts
|
| 203 |
+
losses I-climate-impacts
|
| 204 |
+
after O
|
| 205 |
+
the O
|
| 206 |
+
tightening O
|
| 207 |
+
eco B-climate-mitigations
|
| 208 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
| 209 |
+
environmental I-climate-mitigations
|
| 210 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 211 |
+
were O
|
| 212 |
+
analyzed O
|
| 213 |
+
by O
|
| 214 |
+
adopting O
|
| 215 |
+
the O
|
| 216 |
+
Integrated B-climate-models
|
| 217 |
+
Valuation I-climate-models
|
| 218 |
+
of I-climate-models
|
| 219 |
+
Ecosystem I-climate-models
|
| 220 |
+
Services I-climate-models
|
| 221 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 222 |
+
Tradeoffs I-climate-models
|
| 223 |
+
model O
|
| 224 |
+
and O
|
| 225 |
+
the O
|
| 226 |
+
System B-climate-models
|
| 227 |
+
of I-climate-models
|
| 228 |
+
Integrated I-climate-models
|
| 229 |
+
Environmental I-climate-models
|
| 230 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 231 |
+
Economic I-climate-models
|
| 232 |
+
Accounting I-climate-models
|
| 233 |
+
method O
|
| 234 |
+
. O
|
| 235 |
+
|
| 236 |
+
Second O
|
| 237 |
+
, O
|
| 238 |
+
investigations O
|
| 239 |
+
were O
|
| 240 |
+
performed O
|
| 241 |
+
for O
|
| 242 |
+
several O
|
| 243 |
+
glaciers B-climate-nature
|
| 244 |
+
located O
|
| 245 |
+
in O
|
| 246 |
+
the O
|
| 247 |
+
Qilian O
|
| 248 |
+
Mountains O
|
| 249 |
+
to O
|
| 250 |
+
evaluate O
|
| 251 |
+
the O
|
| 252 |
+
characteristics O
|
| 253 |
+
of O
|
| 254 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
| 255 |
+
distribution O
|
| 256 |
+
and O
|
| 257 |
+
variations O
|
| 258 |
+
in O
|
| 259 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
| 260 |
+
changes O
|
| 261 |
+
. O
|
| 262 |
+
|
| 263 |
+
The O
|
| 264 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
| 265 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
| 266 |
+
storage I-climate-nature
|
| 267 |
+
and O
|
| 268 |
+
annual O
|
| 269 |
+
degradation O
|
| 270 |
+
rate O
|
| 271 |
+
were O
|
| 272 |
+
further O
|
| 273 |
+
estimated O
|
| 274 |
+
using O
|
| 275 |
+
data O
|
| 276 |
+
derived O
|
| 277 |
+
from O
|
| 278 |
+
a O
|
| 279 |
+
glacier B-climate-nature
|
| 280 |
+
inventory O
|
| 281 |
+
and O
|
| 282 |
+
Landsat B-climate-observations
|
| 283 |
+
images O
|
| 284 |
+
. O
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
Further O
|
| 287 |
+
, O
|
| 288 |
+
the O
|
| 289 |
+
spatial O
|
| 290 |
+
and O
|
| 291 |
+
temporal O
|
| 292 |
+
grassland B-climate-nature
|
| 293 |
+
patterns O
|
| 294 |
+
and O
|
| 295 |
+
the O
|
| 296 |
+
associated O
|
| 297 |
+
productivity O
|
| 298 |
+
were O
|
| 299 |
+
analyzed O
|
| 300 |
+
. O
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
Moreover O
|
| 303 |
+
, O
|
| 304 |
+
dynamic O
|
| 305 |
+
changes O
|
| 306 |
+
in O
|
| 307 |
+
the O
|
| 308 |
+
five O
|
| 309 |
+
main O
|
| 310 |
+
lakes B-climate-nature
|
| 311 |
+
in O
|
| 312 |
+
the O
|
| 313 |
+
Qilian O
|
| 314 |
+
Mountains O
|
| 315 |
+
were O
|
| 316 |
+
assessed O
|
| 317 |
+
at O
|
| 318 |
+
different O
|
| 319 |
+
spatial O
|
| 320 |
+
and O
|
| 321 |
+
temporal O
|
| 322 |
+
scales O
|
| 323 |
+
, O
|
| 324 |
+
and O
|
| 325 |
+
the O
|
| 326 |
+
activities O
|
| 327 |
+
of O
|
| 328 |
+
the O
|
| 329 |
+
key O
|
| 330 |
+
rare B-climate-organisms
|
| 331 |
+
species I-climate-organisms
|
| 332 |
+
such O
|
| 333 |
+
as O
|
| 334 |
+
the O
|
| 335 |
+
snow B-climate-organisms
|
| 336 |
+
leopard I-climate-organisms
|
| 337 |
+
were O
|
| 338 |
+
monitored O
|
| 339 |
+
regularly O
|
| 340 |
+
using O
|
| 341 |
+
infrared O
|
| 342 |
+
cameras O
|
| 343 |
+
. O
|
| 344 |
+
|
| 345 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 553120ff92ab4f5e2b219c82834aeea7
|
| 346 |
+
|
| 347 |
+
Aquatic O
|
| 348 |
+
biogeochemical O
|
| 349 |
+
models O
|
| 350 |
+
are O
|
| 351 |
+
widely O
|
| 352 |
+
used O
|
| 353 |
+
as O
|
| 354 |
+
tools O
|
| 355 |
+
for O
|
| 356 |
+
understanding O
|
| 357 |
+
aquatic B-climate-nature
|
| 358 |
+
ecosystems I-climate-nature
|
| 359 |
+
and O
|
| 360 |
+
predicting O
|
| 361 |
+
their O
|
| 362 |
+
response O
|
| 363 |
+
to O
|
| 364 |
+
various O
|
| 365 |
+
stimuli O
|
| 366 |
+
( O
|
| 367 |
+
e.g. O
|
| 368 |
+
, O
|
| 369 |
+
nutrient B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 370 |
+
loading I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 371 |
+
, O
|
| 372 |
+
toxic B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 373 |
+
substances I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 374 |
+
, O
|
| 375 |
+
climate O
|
| 376 |
+
change O
|
| 377 |
+
) O
|
| 378 |
+
. O
|
| 379 |
+
|
| 380 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O fcdda47218ada9f03ca02477a30d9ad7
|
| 381 |
+
|
| 382 |
+
Therefore O
|
| 383 |
+
, O
|
| 384 |
+
we O
|
| 385 |
+
calculated O
|
| 386 |
+
the O
|
| 387 |
+
start O
|
| 388 |
+
, O
|
| 389 |
+
end O
|
| 390 |
+
, O
|
| 391 |
+
and O
|
| 392 |
+
length B-climate-properties
|
| 393 |
+
of I-climate-properties
|
| 394 |
+
the I-climate-properties
|
| 395 |
+
thermal I-climate-properties
|
| 396 |
+
growing I-climate-properties
|
| 397 |
+
season I-climate-properties
|
| 398 |
+
( O
|
| 399 |
+
SOS B-climate-properties
|
| 400 |
+
, O
|
| 401 |
+
EOS B-climate-properties
|
| 402 |
+
, O
|
| 403 |
+
and O
|
| 404 |
+
LOS B-climate-properties
|
| 405 |
+
, O
|
| 406 |
+
respectively O
|
| 407 |
+
) O
|
| 408 |
+
, O
|
| 409 |
+
which O
|
| 410 |
+
are O
|
| 411 |
+
indicators O
|
| 412 |
+
of O
|
| 413 |
+
the O
|
| 414 |
+
theoretical O
|
| 415 |
+
plant B-climate-properties
|
| 416 |
+
growth I-climate-properties
|
| 417 |
+
season I-climate-properties
|
| 418 |
+
, O
|
| 419 |
+
based O
|
| 420 |
+
on O
|
| 421 |
+
the O
|
| 422 |
+
daily B-climate-properties
|
| 423 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
| 424 |
+
mean I-climate-properties
|
| 425 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 426 |
+
of O
|
| 427 |
+
the O
|
| 428 |
+
Princeton B-climate-datasets
|
| 429 |
+
Global I-climate-datasets
|
| 430 |
+
Forcing I-climate-datasets
|
| 431 |
+
dataset O
|
| 432 |
+
from O
|
| 433 |
+
1948 O
|
| 434 |
+
to O
|
| 435 |
+
2016 O
|
| 436 |
+
. O
|
| 437 |
+
|
| 438 |
+
However O
|
| 439 |
+
, O
|
| 440 |
+
not O
|
| 441 |
+
all O
|
| 442 |
+
the O
|
| 443 |
+
areas O
|
| 444 |
+
with O
|
| 445 |
+
higher O
|
| 446 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 447 |
+
tended O
|
| 448 |
+
to O
|
| 449 |
+
have O
|
| 450 |
+
a O
|
| 451 |
+
later O
|
| 452 |
+
SOS B-climate-properties
|
| 453 |
+
, O
|
| 454 |
+
later O
|
| 455 |
+
EOS B-climate-properties
|
| 456 |
+
, O
|
| 457 |
+
and O
|
| 458 |
+
shorter O
|
| 459 |
+
LOS B-climate-properties
|
| 460 |
+
. O
|
| 461 |
+
|
| 462 |
+
Among O
|
| 463 |
+
the O
|
| 464 |
+
seven O
|
| 465 |
+
ecoregions O
|
| 466 |
+
, O
|
| 467 |
+
spatial O
|
| 468 |
+
synchrony O
|
| 469 |
+
in O
|
| 470 |
+
the O
|
| 471 |
+
SOS B-climate-properties
|
| 472 |
+
in O
|
| 473 |
+
temperate B-climate-nature
|
| 474 |
+
broadleaf I-climate-nature
|
| 475 |
+
/ I-climate-nature
|
| 476 |
+
mixed I-climate-nature
|
| 477 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
| 478 |
+
and O
|
| 479 |
+
temperate B-climate-nature
|
| 480 |
+
conifer I-climate-nature
|
| 481 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
| 482 |
+
changed O
|
| 483 |
+
the O
|
| 484 |
+
most O
|
| 485 |
+
noticeably O
|
| 486 |
+
, O
|
| 487 |
+
decreasing O
|
| 488 |
+
in O
|
| 489 |
+
both O
|
| 490 |
+
regions O
|
| 491 |
+
. O
|
| 492 |
+
|
| 493 |
+
Conversely O
|
| 494 |
+
, O
|
| 495 |
+
spatial O
|
| 496 |
+
synchrony O
|
| 497 |
+
in O
|
| 498 |
+
the O
|
| 499 |
+
EOS O
|
| 500 |
+
in O
|
| 501 |
+
the O
|
| 502 |
+
taiga B-climate-nature
|
| 503 |
+
, O
|
| 504 |
+
temperate B-climate-nature
|
| 505 |
+
grasslands I-climate-nature
|
| 506 |
+
/ O
|
| 507 |
+
savannas B-climate-nature
|
| 508 |
+
/ O
|
| 509 |
+
shrublands B-climate-nature
|
| 510 |
+
and O
|
| 511 |
+
tundra B-climate-nature
|
| 512 |
+
changed O
|
| 513 |
+
the O
|
| 514 |
+
most O
|
| 515 |
+
noticeably O
|
| 516 |
+
, O
|
| 517 |
+
increasing O
|
| 518 |
+
in O
|
| 519 |
+
each O
|
| 520 |
+
region O
|
| 521 |
+
. O
|
| 522 |
+
|
| 523 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O e28a7a687f2752452efffab7e1a25517
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
Studies O
|
| 526 |
+
addressing O
|
| 527 |
+
climate O
|
| 528 |
+
variability O
|
| 529 |
+
during O
|
| 530 |
+
the O
|
| 531 |
+
last O
|
| 532 |
+
millennium O
|
| 533 |
+
generally O
|
| 534 |
+
focus O
|
| 535 |
+
on O
|
| 536 |
+
variables O
|
| 537 |
+
with O
|
| 538 |
+
a O
|
| 539 |
+
direct O
|
| 540 |
+
influence O
|
| 541 |
+
on O
|
| 542 |
+
climate O
|
| 543 |
+
variability O
|
| 544 |
+
, O
|
| 545 |
+
like O
|
| 546 |
+
the O
|
| 547 |
+
fast O
|
| 548 |
+
thermal O
|
| 549 |
+
response O
|
| 550 |
+
to O
|
| 551 |
+
varying O
|
| 552 |
+
radiative B-climate-nature
|
| 553 |
+
forcing I-climate-nature
|
| 554 |
+
, O
|
| 555 |
+
or O
|
| 556 |
+
the O
|
| 557 |
+
large O
|
| 558 |
+
- O
|
| 559 |
+
scale O
|
| 560 |
+
changes O
|
| 561 |
+
in O
|
| 562 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 563 |
+
dynamics O
|
| 564 |
+
( O
|
| 565 |
+
e.g. O
|
| 566 |
+
North B-climate-nature
|
| 567 |
+
Atlantic I-climate-nature
|
| 568 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
| 569 |
+
) O
|
| 570 |
+
. O
|
| 571 |
+
|
| 572 |
+
The O
|
| 573 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
| 574 |
+
responds O
|
| 575 |
+
to O
|
| 576 |
+
these O
|
| 577 |
+
variations O
|
| 578 |
+
by O
|
| 579 |
+
slowly O
|
| 580 |
+
integrating O
|
| 581 |
+
in O
|
| 582 |
+
depth O
|
| 583 |
+
the O
|
| 584 |
+
upper O
|
| 585 |
+
heat O
|
| 586 |
+
flux O
|
| 587 |
+
changes O
|
| 588 |
+
, O
|
| 589 |
+
thus O
|
| 590 |
+
producing O
|
| 591 |
+
a O
|
| 592 |
+
delayed O
|
| 593 |
+
influence O
|
| 594 |
+
on O
|
| 595 |
+
ocean B-climate-properties
|
| 596 |
+
heat I-climate-properties
|
| 597 |
+
content I-climate-properties
|
| 598 |
+
( O
|
| 599 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
| 600 |
+
) O
|
| 601 |
+
that O
|
| 602 |
+
can O
|
| 603 |
+
later O
|
| 604 |
+
impact O
|
| 605 |
+
low O
|
| 606 |
+
frequency O
|
| 607 |
+
SST B-climate-properties
|
| 608 |
+
( O
|
| 609 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
| 610 |
+
surface I-climate-properties
|
| 611 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 612 |
+
) O
|
| 613 |
+
variability O
|
| 614 |
+
through O
|
| 615 |
+
reemergence O
|
| 616 |
+
processes O
|
| 617 |
+
. O
|
| 618 |
+
|
| 619 |
+
In O
|
| 620 |
+
this O
|
| 621 |
+
study O
|
| 622 |
+
, O
|
| 623 |
+
both O
|
| 624 |
+
the O
|
| 625 |
+
externally O
|
| 626 |
+
and O
|
| 627 |
+
internally O
|
| 628 |
+
driven O
|
| 629 |
+
variations O
|
| 630 |
+
of O
|
| 631 |
+
the O
|
| 632 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
| 633 |
+
during O
|
| 634 |
+
the O
|
| 635 |
+
last O
|
| 636 |
+
millennium O
|
| 637 |
+
are O
|
| 638 |
+
investigated O
|
| 639 |
+
using O
|
| 640 |
+
a O
|
| 641 |
+
set O
|
| 642 |
+
of O
|
| 643 |
+
fully O
|
| 644 |
+
coupled O
|
| 645 |
+
simulations O
|
| 646 |
+
with O
|
| 647 |
+
the O
|
| 648 |
+
ECHO B-climate-models
|
| 649 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 650 |
+
G I-climate-models
|
| 651 |
+
( O
|
| 652 |
+
coupled O
|
| 653 |
+
climate O
|
| 654 |
+
model O
|
| 655 |
+
ECHAMA4 B-climate-models
|
| 656 |
+
and O
|
| 657 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
| 658 |
+
model O
|
| 659 |
+
HOPE B-climate-models
|
| 660 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 661 |
+
G I-climate-models
|
| 662 |
+
) O
|
| 663 |
+
atmosphere O
|
| 664 |
+
– O
|
| 665 |
+
ocean O
|
| 666 |
+
general O
|
| 667 |
+
circulation O
|
| 668 |
+
model O
|
| 669 |
+
( O
|
| 670 |
+
AOGCM O
|
| 671 |
+
) O
|
| 672 |
+
. O
|
| 673 |
+
|
| 674 |
+
When O
|
| 675 |
+
compared O
|
| 676 |
+
to O
|
| 677 |
+
observations O
|
| 678 |
+
for O
|
| 679 |
+
the O
|
| 680 |
+
last O
|
| 681 |
+
55 O
|
| 682 |
+
yr O
|
| 683 |
+
, O
|
| 684 |
+
the O
|
| 685 |
+
model O
|
| 686 |
+
tends O
|
| 687 |
+
to O
|
| 688 |
+
overestimate O
|
| 689 |
+
the O
|
| 690 |
+
global O
|
| 691 |
+
trends O
|
| 692 |
+
and O
|
| 693 |
+
underestimate O
|
| 694 |
+
the O
|
| 695 |
+
decadal O
|
| 696 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
| 697 |
+
variability I-climate-properties
|
| 698 |
+
. O
|
| 699 |
+
|
| 700 |
+
For O
|
| 701 |
+
instance O
|
| 702 |
+
, O
|
| 703 |
+
upper B-climate-properties
|
| 704 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 705 |
+
in O
|
| 706 |
+
the O
|
| 707 |
+
equatorial O
|
| 708 |
+
Pacific O
|
| 709 |
+
is O
|
| 710 |
+
controlled O
|
| 711 |
+
by O
|
| 712 |
+
ENSO B-climate-nature
|
| 713 |
+
( O
|
| 714 |
+
El B-climate-nature
|
| 715 |
+
Nino I-climate-nature
|
| 716 |
+
Southern I-climate-nature
|
| 717 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
| 718 |
+
) O
|
| 719 |
+
variability O
|
| 720 |
+
from O
|
| 721 |
+
interannual O
|
| 722 |
+
to O
|
| 723 |
+
multidecadal O
|
| 724 |
+
timescales O
|
| 725 |
+
. O
|
| 726 |
+
|
| 727 |
+
Also O
|
| 728 |
+
, O
|
| 729 |
+
both O
|
| 730 |
+
the O
|
| 731 |
+
Pacific B-climate-nature
|
| 732 |
+
Decadal I-climate-nature
|
| 733 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
| 734 |
+
( O
|
| 735 |
+
PDO B-climate-nature
|
| 736 |
+
) O
|
| 737 |
+
and O
|
| 738 |
+
the O
|
| 739 |
+
Atlantic B-climate-nature
|
| 740 |
+
Multidecadal I-climate-nature
|
| 741 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
| 742 |
+
( O
|
| 743 |
+
AMO B-climate-nature
|
| 744 |
+
) O
|
| 745 |
+
modulate O
|
| 746 |
+
intermittently O
|
| 747 |
+
the O
|
| 748 |
+
interdecadal O
|
| 749 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
| 750 |
+
variability I-climate-properties
|
| 751 |
+
in O
|
| 752 |
+
the O
|
| 753 |
+
North O
|
| 754 |
+
Pacific O
|
| 755 |
+
and O
|
| 756 |
+
Mid O
|
| 757 |
+
Atlantic O
|
| 758 |
+
, O
|
| 759 |
+
respectively O
|
| 760 |
+
. O
|
| 761 |
+
|
| 762 |
+
The O
|
| 763 |
+
NAO B-climate-nature
|
| 764 |
+
, O
|
| 765 |
+
through O
|
| 766 |
+
its O
|
| 767 |
+
influence O
|
| 768 |
+
on O
|
| 769 |
+
North O
|
| 770 |
+
Atlantic O
|
| 771 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
| 772 |
+
heat I-climate-nature
|
| 773 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
| 774 |
+
and O
|
| 775 |
+
convection B-climate-nature
|
| 776 |
+
, O
|
| 777 |
+
also O
|
| 778 |
+
plays O
|
| 779 |
+
an O
|
| 780 |
+
important O
|
| 781 |
+
role O
|
| 782 |
+
on O
|
| 783 |
+
the O
|
| 784 |
+
OHC B-climate-properties
|
| 785 |
+
at O
|
| 786 |
+
multiple O
|
| 787 |
+
timescales O
|
| 788 |
+
, O
|
| 789 |
+
leading O
|
| 790 |
+
first O
|
| 791 |
+
to O
|
| 792 |
+
a O
|
| 793 |
+
cooling O
|
| 794 |
+
in O
|
| 795 |
+
the O
|
| 796 |
+
Labrador O
|
| 797 |
+
and O
|
| 798 |
+
Irminger O
|
| 799 |
+
seas O
|
| 800 |
+
, O
|
| 801 |
+
and O
|
| 802 |
+
later O
|
| 803 |
+
on O
|
| 804 |
+
to O
|
| 805 |
+
a O
|
| 806 |
+
North O
|
| 807 |
+
Atlantic O
|
| 808 |
+
warming O
|
| 809 |
+
, O
|
| 810 |
+
associated O
|
| 811 |
+
with O
|
| 812 |
+
a O
|
| 813 |
+
delayed O
|
| 814 |
+
impact O
|
| 815 |
+
on O
|
| 816 |
+
the O
|
| 817 |
+
AMO B-climate-nature
|
| 818 |
+
. O
|
| 819 |
+
|
| 820 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O e4b5f45d2b7e71dae6b312237de6f857
|
| 821 |
+
|
| 822 |
+
To O
|
| 823 |
+
identify O
|
| 824 |
+
weather O
|
| 825 |
+
- O
|
| 826 |
+
related O
|
| 827 |
+
risk O
|
| 828 |
+
factors O
|
| 829 |
+
and O
|
| 830 |
+
their O
|
| 831 |
+
roles O
|
| 832 |
+
in O
|
| 833 |
+
Japanese O
|
| 834 |
+
encephalitis B-climate-impacts
|
| 835 |
+
transmission O
|
| 836 |
+
and O
|
| 837 |
+
to O
|
| 838 |
+
provide O
|
| 839 |
+
policy O
|
| 840 |
+
implications O
|
| 841 |
+
for O
|
| 842 |
+
local O
|
| 843 |
+
health O
|
| 844 |
+
authorities O
|
| 845 |
+
and O
|
| 846 |
+
communities O
|
| 847 |
+
. O
|
| 848 |
+
|
| 849 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 341c98bc38a3a14d5ef6fd8455a8eddf
|
| 850 |
+
|
| 851 |
+
Climate O
|
| 852 |
+
change O
|
| 853 |
+
is O
|
| 854 |
+
viewed O
|
| 855 |
+
as O
|
| 856 |
+
the O
|
| 857 |
+
major O
|
| 858 |
+
threat O
|
| 859 |
+
to O
|
| 860 |
+
the O
|
| 861 |
+
security O
|
| 862 |
+
of O
|
| 863 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
| 864 |
+
supplies I-climate-assets
|
| 865 |
+
in O
|
| 866 |
+
most O
|
| 867 |
+
parts O
|
| 868 |
+
of O
|
| 869 |
+
the O
|
| 870 |
+
world O
|
| 871 |
+
in O
|
| 872 |
+
the O
|
| 873 |
+
coming O
|
| 874 |
+
decades O
|
| 875 |
+
, O
|
| 876 |
+
and O
|
| 877 |
+
the O
|
| 878 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
| 879 |
+
resources I-climate-assets
|
| 880 |
+
literature O
|
| 881 |
+
continues O
|
| 882 |
+
to O
|
| 883 |
+
be O
|
| 884 |
+
dominated O
|
| 885 |
+
by O
|
| 886 |
+
impact O
|
| 887 |
+
and O
|
| 888 |
+
risk O
|
| 889 |
+
assessments O
|
| 890 |
+
based O
|
| 891 |
+
on O
|
| 892 |
+
the O
|
| 893 |
+
latest O
|
| 894 |
+
climate O
|
| 895 |
+
projections O
|
| 896 |
+
from O
|
| 897 |
+
General O
|
| 898 |
+
Circulation O
|
| 899 |
+
Models O
|
| 900 |
+
( O
|
| 901 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 902 |
+
) O
|
| 903 |
+
. O
|
| 904 |
+
|
| 905 |
+
More O
|
| 906 |
+
focus O
|
| 907 |
+
is O
|
| 908 |
+
needed O
|
| 909 |
+
on O
|
| 910 |
+
economic O
|
| 911 |
+
analyses O
|
| 912 |
+
that O
|
| 913 |
+
can O
|
| 914 |
+
inform O
|
| 915 |
+
the O
|
| 916 |
+
major O
|
| 917 |
+
investments O
|
| 918 |
+
in O
|
| 919 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
| 920 |
+
use I-climate-mitigations
|
| 921 |
+
efficiency I-climate-mitigations
|
| 922 |
+
measures O
|
| 923 |
+
which O
|
| 924 |
+
can O
|
| 925 |
+
deliver O
|
| 926 |
+
the O
|
| 927 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
| 928 |
+
savings I-climate-mitigations
|
| 929 |
+
needed O
|
| 930 |
+
to O
|
| 931 |
+
avert O
|
| 932 |
+
widespread O
|
| 933 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
| 934 |
+
scarcity I-climate-hazards
|
| 935 |
+
. O
|
| 936 |
+
|
| 937 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 74f64d675ff3d49210a6432b8ece5cc7
|
| 938 |
+
|
| 939 |
+
To O
|
| 940 |
+
characterize O
|
| 941 |
+
the O
|
| 942 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
| 943 |
+
flow I-climate-nature
|
| 944 |
+
, O
|
| 945 |
+
we O
|
| 946 |
+
chose O
|
| 947 |
+
a O
|
| 948 |
+
semi O
|
| 949 |
+
- O
|
| 950 |
+
empirical O
|
| 951 |
+
onedimensional O
|
| 952 |
+
model O
|
| 953 |
+
for O
|
| 954 |
+
the O
|
| 955 |
+
determination O
|
| 956 |
+
of O
|
| 957 |
+
urban B-climate-nature
|
| 958 |
+
wind I-climate-nature
|
| 959 |
+
speed I-climate-nature
|
| 960 |
+
profiles O
|
| 961 |
+
Nicholson O
|
| 962 |
+
( O
|
| 963 |
+
1975 O
|
| 964 |
+
) O
|
| 965 |
+
coupled O
|
| 966 |
+
with O
|
| 967 |
+
the O
|
| 968 |
+
AROME B-climate-models
|
| 969 |
+
model O
|
| 970 |
+
. O
|
| 971 |
+
|
| 972 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 82c4c8268087d7410e79e73fbcb2b4df
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| 973 |
+
|
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+
As O
|
| 975 |
+
compared O
|
| 976 |
+
with O
|
| 977 |
+
Coupled B-climate-models
|
| 978 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 979 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
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Project I-climate-models
|
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+
Phase I-climate-models
|
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+
5 I-climate-models
|
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+
( O
|
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+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
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+
) O
|
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+
models O
|
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+
, O
|
| 988 |
+
the O
|
| 989 |
+
future O
|
| 990 |
+
projection O
|
| 991 |
+
of O
|
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+
soil B-climate-properties
|
| 993 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
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+
based O
|
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+
on O
|
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+
the O
|
| 997 |
+
latest O
|
| 998 |
+
CMIP6 B-climate-models
|
| 999 |
+
shows O
|
| 1000 |
+
opposite O
|
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+
trends O
|
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+
over O
|
| 1003 |
+
parts O
|
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+
of O
|
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+
China O
|
| 1006 |
+
. O
|
| 1007 |
+
|
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+
Therefore O
|
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+
, O
|
| 1010 |
+
we O
|
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+
project O
|
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+
seasonal O
|
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+
soil B-climate-nature
|
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+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
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+
over O
|
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+
China O
|
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+
by O
|
| 1018 |
+
using O
|
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+
the O
|
| 1020 |
+
superensemble O
|
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+
that O
|
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includes O
|
| 1023 |
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a O
|
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+
set O
|
| 1025 |
+
of O
|
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+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
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+
and O
|
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+
CMIP6 B-climate-models
|
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+
soil B-climate-properties
|
| 1030 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
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+
data O
|
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+
, O
|
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+
high O
|
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+
resolution O
|
| 1035 |
+
land B-climate-nature
|
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+
surface I-climate-nature
|
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+
simulations O
|
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+
driven O
|
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+
by O
|
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+
bias O
|
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+
- O
|
| 1042 |
+
corrected O
|
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+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
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+
climate O
|
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+
forcings O
|
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+
, O
|
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+
as O
|
| 1048 |
+
wells O
|
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+
large O
|
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+
ensemble O
|
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+
( O
|
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+
LE O
|
| 1053 |
+
) O
|
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+
simulation O
|
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+
data O
|
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. O
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+
|
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|
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This O
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article O
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reports O
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a O
|
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+
case O
|
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study O
|
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+
that O
|
| 1067 |
+
integrated O
|
| 1068 |
+
traditional O
|
| 1069 |
+
and O
|
| 1070 |
+
scientific O
|
| 1071 |
+
knowledge O
|
| 1072 |
+
using O
|
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participatory B-climate-models
|
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three I-climate-models
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+
dimensional I-climate-models
|
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+
modeling I-climate-models
|
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( O
|
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+
P3DM B-climate-models
|
| 1080 |
+
) O
|
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+
in O
|
| 1082 |
+
BoeBoe O
|
| 1083 |
+
village O
|
| 1084 |
+
, O
|
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+
Solomon O
|
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+
Islands O
|
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+
. O
|
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+
|
| 1089 |
+
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|
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The O
|
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Australian B-climate-models
|
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+
Community I-climate-models
|
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+
Climate I-climate-models
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and I-climate-models
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Earth I-climate-models
|
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+
System I-climate-models
|
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+
Simulator I-climate-models
|
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+
( O
|
| 1100 |
+
ACCESS B-climate-models
|
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+
) O
|
| 1102 |
+
has O
|
| 1103 |
+
recently O
|
| 1104 |
+
been O
|
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+
coupled O
|
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+
to O
|
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+
the O
|
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+
Community B-climate-models
|
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+
Atmosphere I-climate-models
|
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+
Biosphere I-climate-models
|
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+
Land I-climate-models
|
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+
Exchange I-climate-models
|
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+
( O
|
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+
CABLE B-climate-models
|
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+
) O
|
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+
model O
|
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+
. O
|
| 1118 |
+
|
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+
We O
|
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+
examine O
|
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+
how O
|
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+
this O
|
| 1123 |
+
model O
|
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+
represents O
|
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+
climate B-climate-hazards
|
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+
extremes I-climate-hazards
|
| 1127 |
+
derived O
|
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+
by O
|
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+
the O
|
| 1130 |
+
Expert B-climate-organizations
|
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+
Team I-climate-organizations
|
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+
on I-climate-organizations
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Climate I-climate-organizations
|
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+
Change I-climate-organizations
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Detection I-climate-organizations
|
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+
and I-climate-organizations
|
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+
Indices I-climate-organizations
|
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+
( O
|
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+
ETCCDI B-climate-organizations
|
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+
) O
|
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+
and O
|
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+
compare O
|
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+
them O
|
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+
to O
|
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observational O
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+
data O
|
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+
sets O
|
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+
using O
|
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+
the O
|
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+
AMIP B-climate-models
|
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+
framework O
|
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+
. O
|
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+
|
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+
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This O
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paper O
|
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+
explores O
|
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+
the O
|
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+
drivers O
|
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+
of O
|
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+
adoption O
|
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+
of O
|
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+
climate B-climate-mitigations
|
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+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
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+
smart I-climate-mitigations
|
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+
agricultural I-climate-mitigations
|
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+
( O
|
| 1169 |
+
CSA B-climate-mitigations
|
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+
) O
|
| 1171 |
+
technologies O
|
| 1172 |
+
and O
|
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+
practices O
|
| 1174 |
+
, O
|
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+
taking O
|
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+
into O
|
| 1177 |
+
account O
|
| 1178 |
+
the O
|
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+
complementarity O
|
| 1180 |
+
among O
|
| 1181 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
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+
technologies O
|
| 1183 |
+
and O
|
| 1184 |
+
heterogeneity O
|
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+
of O
|
| 1186 |
+
the O
|
| 1187 |
+
farm B-climate-assets
|
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+
households O
|
| 1189 |
+
, O
|
| 1190 |
+
using O
|
| 1191 |
+
data O
|
| 1192 |
+
from O
|
| 1193 |
+
Lushoto O
|
| 1194 |
+
in O
|
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+
Tanzania O
|
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+
. O
|
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+
|
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+
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+
|
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+
This O
|
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+
study O
|
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+
utilizes O
|
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+
the O
|
| 1204 |
+
National B-climate-organizations
|
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+
Oceanic I-climate-organizations
|
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+
and I-climate-organizations
|
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+
Atmospheric I-climate-organizations
|
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+
Administration I-climate-organizations
|
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+
Geophysical I-climate-organizations
|
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+
Fluid I-climate-organizations
|
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+
Dynamics I-climate-organizations
|
| 1212 |
+
Laboratory I-climate-organizations
|
| 1213 |
+
three O
|
| 1214 |
+
- O
|
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+
dimensional O
|
| 1216 |
+
global O
|
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+
chemical O
|
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+
transport O
|
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+
model O
|
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+
to O
|
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+
quantify O
|
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+
the O
|
| 1223 |
+
impacts O
|
| 1224 |
+
of O
|
| 1225 |
+
biomass O
|
| 1226 |
+
burning O
|
| 1227 |
+
on O
|
| 1228 |
+
tropospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 1229 |
+
concentrations O
|
| 1230 |
+
of O
|
| 1231 |
+
carbon O
|
| 1232 |
+
monoxide O
|
| 1233 |
+
( O
|
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+
CO O
|
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+
) O
|
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+
, O
|
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+
nitrogen O
|
| 1238 |
+
oxides O
|
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+
( O
|
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+
NOx O
|
| 1241 |
+
) O
|
| 1242 |
+
, O
|
| 1243 |
+
and O
|
| 1244 |
+
ozone O
|
| 1245 |
+
( O
|
| 1246 |
+
O3 O
|
| 1247 |
+
) O
|
| 1248 |
+
. O
|
| 1249 |
+
|
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+
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|
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In O
|
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+
this O
|
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+
paper O
|
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+
we O
|
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+
present O
|
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+
a O
|
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+
non O
|
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+
- O
|
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+
linear O
|
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+
agricultural O
|
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+
supply O
|
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+
model O
|
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+
for O
|
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+
the O
|
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+
analysis O
|
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+
of O
|
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+
the O
|
| 1269 |
+
economic O
|
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+
impacts O
|
| 1271 |
+
of O
|
| 1272 |
+
changes O
|
| 1273 |
+
in O
|
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+
crop B-climate-assets
|
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+
yields I-climate-assets
|
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+
due O
|
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+
to O
|
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+
climate O
|
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+
change O
|
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+
. O
|
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+
|
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In O
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the O
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current O
|
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study O
|
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, O
|
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the O
|
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+
reliability O
|
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+
of O
|
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+
the O
|
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+
DiCaSM B-climate-models
|
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+
was O
|
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+
assessed O
|
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+
when O
|
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+
applied O
|
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+
to O
|
| 1299 |
+
the O
|
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+
Candelaro O
|
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+
catchment O
|
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+
; O
|
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+
those O
|
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+
parameters O
|
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+
that O
|
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+
may O
|
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+
cause O
|
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+
uncertainty O
|
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+
in O
|
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+
model O
|
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+
output O
|
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+
were O
|
| 1313 |
+
investigated O
|
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+
using O
|
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+
a O
|
| 1316 |
+
generalized O
|
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+
likelihood O
|
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+
uncertainty O
|
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+
estimation O
|
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+
( O
|
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GLUE)methodology O
|
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+
. O
|
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+
|
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+
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|
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Model O
|
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- O
|
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+
based O
|
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+
methods O
|
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+
are O
|
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+
very O
|
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+
time O
|
| 1333 |
+
- O
|
| 1334 |
+
consuming O
|
| 1335 |
+
to O
|
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+
set O
|
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+
up O
|
| 1338 |
+
and O
|
| 1339 |
+
require O
|
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+
a O
|
| 1341 |
+
good O
|
| 1342 |
+
understanding O
|
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+
of O
|
| 1344 |
+
human O
|
| 1345 |
+
processes O
|
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+
and O
|
| 1347 |
+
time O
|
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+
series O
|
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+
of O
|
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+
water B-climate-problem-origins
|
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+
abstraction I-climate-problem-origins
|
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+
, O
|
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+
land B-climate-problem-origins
|
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+
use I-climate-problem-origins
|
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+
change I-climate-problem-origins
|
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+
, O
|
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+
and O
|
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+
water B-climate-assets
|
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+
infrastructure I-climate-assets
|
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+
and O
|
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+
management O
|
| 1362 |
+
, O
|
| 1363 |
+
which O
|
| 1364 |
+
often O
|
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+
are O
|
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+
not O
|
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+
available O
|
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+
. O
|
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+
|
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+
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|
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|
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+
Three O
|
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+
internally O
|
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+
consistent O
|
| 1375 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
| 1376 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 1377 |
+
are O
|
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+
used O
|
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+
to O
|
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+
value O
|
| 1381 |
+
health B-climate-assets
|
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+
benefits I-climate-assets
|
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+
of O
|
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+
greenhouse B-climate-mitigations
|
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+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
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+
mitigation I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1387 |
+
policies I-climate-mitigations
|
| 1388 |
+
specifically O
|
| 1389 |
+
derived O
|
| 1390 |
+
from O
|
| 1391 |
+
slowing O
|
| 1392 |
+
climate O
|
| 1393 |
+
change O
|
| 1394 |
+
. O
|
| 1395 |
+
|
| 1396 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O c6215701d394cc52b35afd4d1ba4cbff
|
| 1397 |
+
|
| 1398 |
+
A O
|
| 1399 |
+
study O
|
| 1400 |
+
of O
|
| 1401 |
+
integrated O
|
| 1402 |
+
climate O
|
| 1403 |
+
change O
|
| 1404 |
+
impact O
|
| 1405 |
+
assessment O
|
| 1406 |
+
and O
|
| 1407 |
+
adaptation O
|
| 1408 |
+
study O
|
| 1409 |
+
for O
|
| 1410 |
+
agricultural B-climate-assets
|
| 1411 |
+
and O
|
| 1412 |
+
timbering B-climate-assets
|
| 1413 |
+
activities O
|
| 1414 |
+
in O
|
| 1415 |
+
Mackenzie O
|
| 1416 |
+
Basin O
|
| 1417 |
+
, O
|
| 1418 |
+
Canada O
|
| 1419 |
+
, O
|
| 1420 |
+
was O
|
| 1421 |
+
conducted O
|
| 1422 |
+
through O
|
| 1423 |
+
development O
|
| 1424 |
+
/ O
|
| 1425 |
+
application O
|
| 1426 |
+
of O
|
| 1427 |
+
an O
|
| 1428 |
+
inexact O
|
| 1429 |
+
dynamic O
|
| 1430 |
+
optimization O
|
| 1431 |
+
( O
|
| 1432 |
+
IDO O
|
| 1433 |
+
) O
|
| 1434 |
+
model O
|
| 1435 |
+
that O
|
| 1436 |
+
can O
|
| 1437 |
+
reflect O
|
| 1438 |
+
complex O
|
| 1439 |
+
system O
|
| 1440 |
+
features O
|
| 1441 |
+
and O
|
| 1442 |
+
a O
|
| 1443 |
+
related O
|
| 1444 |
+
fuzzy O
|
| 1445 |
+
relation O
|
| 1446 |
+
analysis O
|
| 1447 |
+
( O
|
| 1448 |
+
FRA O
|
| 1449 |
+
) O
|
| 1450 |
+
method O
|
| 1451 |
+
that O
|
| 1452 |
+
is O
|
| 1453 |
+
useful O
|
| 1454 |
+
for O
|
| 1455 |
+
comprehensive O
|
| 1456 |
+
assessment O
|
| 1457 |
+
of O
|
| 1458 |
+
impact O
|
| 1459 |
+
patterns O
|
| 1460 |
+
. O
|
| 1461 |
+
|
| 1462 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 29fc371b97724c977fbf79f0f60cb25f
|
| 1463 |
+
|
| 1464 |
+
Compared O
|
| 1465 |
+
to O
|
| 1466 |
+
CMIP3 B-climate-models
|
| 1467 |
+
, O
|
| 1468 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
| 1469 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 1470 |
+
show O
|
| 1471 |
+
higher O
|
| 1472 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 1473 |
+
and O
|
| 1474 |
+
wider O
|
| 1475 |
+
ranges O
|
| 1476 |
+
of O
|
| 1477 |
+
changes O
|
| 1478 |
+
in O
|
| 1479 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 1480 |
+
and O
|
| 1481 |
+
runoff B-climate-nature
|
| 1482 |
+
. O
|
| 1483 |
+
|
| 1484 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O a80229cef3430a1c5a868c11f2784cc7
|
| 1485 |
+
|
| 1486 |
+
Within O
|
| 1487 |
+
the O
|
| 1488 |
+
Interreg B-climate-organizations
|
| 1489 |
+
IVB I-climate-organizations
|
| 1490 |
+
project I-climate-organizations
|
| 1491 |
+
AMICE I-climate-organizations
|
| 1492 |
+
, O
|
| 1493 |
+
involving O
|
| 1494 |
+
17 O
|
| 1495 |
+
European O
|
| 1496 |
+
partners O
|
| 1497 |
+
, O
|
| 1498 |
+
such O
|
| 1499 |
+
studies O
|
| 1500 |
+
are O
|
| 1501 |
+
being O
|
| 1502 |
+
conducted O
|
| 1503 |
+
at O
|
| 1504 |
+
the O
|
| 1505 |
+
scale O
|
| 1506 |
+
of O
|
| 1507 |
+
the O
|
| 1508 |
+
international O
|
| 1509 |
+
catchment B-climate-nature
|
| 1510 |
+
of O
|
| 1511 |
+
river O
|
| 1512 |
+
Meuse O
|
| 1513 |
+
, O
|
| 1514 |
+
with O
|
| 1515 |
+
a O
|
| 1516 |
+
focus O
|
| 1517 |
+
on O
|
| 1518 |
+
the O
|
| 1519 |
+
Vesdre O
|
| 1520 |
+
reservoirs O
|
| 1521 |
+
in O
|
| 1522 |
+
Belgium O
|
| 1523 |
+
and O
|
| 1524 |
+
the O
|
| 1525 |
+
Rur O
|
| 1526 |
+
reservoirs O
|
| 1527 |
+
in O
|
| 1528 |
+
Germany O
|
| 1529 |
+
. O
|
| 1530 |
+
|
| 1531 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 7c519e0cf445c8b8223075909e478b77
|
| 1532 |
+
|
| 1533 |
+
We O
|
| 1534 |
+
analyzed O
|
| 1535 |
+
projected O
|
| 1536 |
+
climate O
|
| 1537 |
+
change O
|
| 1538 |
+
in O
|
| 1539 |
+
four O
|
| 1540 |
+
basins B-climate-nature
|
| 1541 |
+
, O
|
| 1542 |
+
quantified O
|
| 1543 |
+
climate O
|
| 1544 |
+
change O
|
| 1545 |
+
impact O
|
| 1546 |
+
on O
|
| 1547 |
+
annual O
|
| 1548 |
+
and O
|
| 1549 |
+
seasonal O
|
| 1550 |
+
runoff B-climate-nature
|
| 1551 |
+
based O
|
| 1552 |
+
on O
|
| 1553 |
+
the O
|
| 1554 |
+
Soil B-climate-models
|
| 1555 |
+
Water I-climate-models
|
| 1556 |
+
Assessment I-climate-models
|
| 1557 |
+
Tool I-climate-models
|
| 1558 |
+
, O
|
| 1559 |
+
and O
|
| 1560 |
+
estimated O
|
| 1561 |
+
the O
|
| 1562 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 1563 |
+
constrained O
|
| 1564 |
+
by O
|
| 1565 |
+
the O
|
| 1566 |
+
global O
|
| 1567 |
+
circulation O
|
| 1568 |
+
models O
|
| 1569 |
+
( O
|
| 1570 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 1571 |
+
) O
|
| 1572 |
+
structure O
|
| 1573 |
+
and O
|
| 1574 |
+
the O
|
| 1575 |
+
Representative O
|
| 1576 |
+
Concentration O
|
| 1577 |
+
Pathways O
|
| 1578 |
+
( O
|
| 1579 |
+
RCPs O
|
| 1580 |
+
) O
|
| 1581 |
+
. O
|
| 1582 |
+
|
| 1583 |
+
This O
|
| 1584 |
+
led O
|
| 1585 |
+
to O
|
| 1586 |
+
projected O
|
| 1587 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 1588 |
+
increase O
|
| 1589 |
+
by O
|
| 1590 |
+
about O
|
| 1591 |
+
2 O
|
| 1592 |
+
% O
|
| 1593 |
+
for O
|
| 1594 |
+
the O
|
| 1595 |
+
four O
|
| 1596 |
+
basins B-climate-nature
|
| 1597 |
+
, O
|
| 1598 |
+
and O
|
| 1599 |
+
to O
|
| 1600 |
+
a O
|
| 1601 |
+
decrease O
|
| 1602 |
+
in O
|
| 1603 |
+
simulated O
|
| 1604 |
+
annual O
|
| 1605 |
+
runoff I-climate-nature
|
| 1606 |
+
of O
|
| 1607 |
+
8 O
|
| 1608 |
+
% O
|
| 1609 |
+
and O
|
| 1610 |
+
1 O
|
| 1611 |
+
% O
|
| 1612 |
+
in O
|
| 1613 |
+
the O
|
| 1614 |
+
Shiyang O
|
| 1615 |
+
and O
|
| 1616 |
+
Huaihe O
|
| 1617 |
+
rivers O
|
| 1618 |
+
, O
|
| 1619 |
+
respectively O
|
| 1620 |
+
, O
|
| 1621 |
+
but O
|
| 1622 |
+
to O
|
| 1623 |
+
an O
|
| 1624 |
+
increase O
|
| 1625 |
+
of O
|
| 1626 |
+
4 O
|
| 1627 |
+
% O
|
| 1628 |
+
in O
|
| 1629 |
+
the O
|
| 1630 |
+
Chaobai O
|
| 1631 |
+
and O
|
| 1632 |
+
Fujiang O
|
| 1633 |
+
rivers O
|
| 1634 |
+
. O
|
| 1635 |
+
|
| 1636 |
+
The O
|
| 1637 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 1638 |
+
in O
|
| 1639 |
+
projected O
|
| 1640 |
+
annual B-climate-properties
|
| 1641 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 1642 |
+
was O
|
| 1643 |
+
dominated O
|
| 1644 |
+
by O
|
| 1645 |
+
the O
|
| 1646 |
+
GCMs O
|
| 1647 |
+
or O
|
| 1648 |
+
the O
|
| 1649 |
+
RCPs O
|
| 1650 |
+
; O
|
| 1651 |
+
however O
|
| 1652 |
+
, O
|
| 1653 |
+
that O
|
| 1654 |
+
of O
|
| 1655 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 1656 |
+
was O
|
| 1657 |
+
constrained O
|
| 1658 |
+
mainly O
|
| 1659 |
+
by O
|
| 1660 |
+
the O
|
| 1661 |
+
GCM O
|
| 1662 |
+
. O
|
| 1663 |
+
|
| 1664 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 16a36fd1c3c447dc736546bb7caa88a7
|
| 1665 |
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|
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In O
|
| 1667 |
+
the O
|
| 1668 |
+
second O
|
| 1669 |
+
, O
|
| 1670 |
+
the O
|
| 1671 |
+
existing O
|
| 1672 |
+
system O
|
| 1673 |
+
’s O
|
| 1674 |
+
response O
|
| 1675 |
+
to O
|
| 1676 |
+
both O
|
| 1677 |
+
today O
|
| 1678 |
+
’s O
|
| 1679 |
+
and O
|
| 1680 |
+
future O
|
| 1681 |
+
design O
|
| 1682 |
+
storms B-climate-nature
|
| 1683 |
+
are O
|
| 1684 |
+
simulated O
|
| 1685 |
+
by O
|
| 1686 |
+
a O
|
| 1687 |
+
coarse B-climate-models
|
| 1688 |
+
sewer I-climate-models
|
| 1689 |
+
model I-climate-models
|
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+
setup I-climate-models
|
| 1691 |
+
( O
|
| 1692 |
+
MOUSE B-climate-models
|
| 1693 |
+
) O
|
| 1694 |
+
and O
|
| 1695 |
+
a O
|
| 1696 |
+
detailed B-climate-models
|
| 1697 |
+
coupled I-climate-models
|
| 1698 |
+
surface I-climate-models
|
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- I-climate-models
|
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sewer I-climate-models
|
| 1701 |
+
model I-climate-models
|
| 1702 |
+
setup I-climate-models
|
| 1703 |
+
( O
|
| 1704 |
+
TSR B-climate-models
|
| 1705 |
+
) O
|
| 1706 |
+
. O
|
| 1707 |
+
|
| 1708 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O b2c46d82be9d48a2af518a7dbc1f0227
|
| 1709 |
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|
| 1710 |
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In O
|
| 1711 |
+
order O
|
| 1712 |
+
to O
|
| 1713 |
+
complete O
|
| 1714 |
+
the O
|
| 1715 |
+
analysis O
|
| 1716 |
+
, O
|
| 1717 |
+
the O
|
| 1718 |
+
downscaled O
|
| 1719 |
+
scenario O
|
| 1720 |
+
from O
|
| 1721 |
+
ENSEMBLES B-climate-models
|
| 1722 |
+
was O
|
| 1723 |
+
also O
|
| 1724 |
+
used O
|
| 1725 |
+
with O
|
| 1726 |
+
the O
|
| 1727 |
+
datasets O
|
| 1728 |
+
of O
|
| 1729 |
+
49 O
|
| 1730 |
+
weather O
|
| 1731 |
+
stations O
|
| 1732 |
+
from O
|
| 1733 |
+
FEM B-climate-organizations
|
| 1734 |
+
and O
|
| 1735 |
+
the O
|
| 1736 |
+
“ O
|
| 1737 |
+
RMAWGEN B-climate-models
|
| 1738 |
+
” O
|
| 1739 |
+
packages O
|
| 1740 |
+
( O
|
| 1741 |
+
Cordano O
|
| 1742 |
+
et O
|
| 1743 |
+
al O
|
| 1744 |
+
. O
|
| 1745 |
+
, O
|
| 1746 |
+
2012 O
|
| 1747 |
+
) O
|
| 1748 |
+
created O
|
| 1749 |
+
for O
|
| 1750 |
+
this O
|
| 1751 |
+
project O
|
| 1752 |
+
in O
|
| 1753 |
+
R O
|
| 1754 |
+
statistical O
|
| 1755 |
+
open O
|
| 1756 |
+
source O
|
| 1757 |
+
software O
|
| 1758 |
+
( O
|
| 1759 |
+
Gentleman O
|
| 1760 |
+
et O
|
| 1761 |
+
al O
|
| 1762 |
+
. O
|
| 1763 |
+
, O
|
| 1764 |
+
1997 O
|
| 1765 |
+
) O
|
| 1766 |
+
. O
|
| 1767 |
+
|
| 1768 |
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-DOCSTART- -X- O O f2ca4b0adb5d8b239b010cd0bcb7ae5f
|
| 1769 |
+
|
| 1770 |
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forced O
|
| 1771 |
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with O
|
| 1772 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
| 1773 |
+
surface I-climate-properties
|
| 1774 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 1775 |
+
and O
|
| 1776 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
| 1777 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
| 1778 |
+
for O
|
| 1779 |
+
the O
|
| 1780 |
+
period O
|
| 1781 |
+
2061 O
|
| 1782 |
+
- O
|
| 1783 |
+
2090 O
|
| 1784 |
+
from O
|
| 1785 |
+
the O
|
| 1786 |
+
CMIP3 B-climate-models
|
| 1787 |
+
HadGEM1 B-climate-models
|
| 1788 |
+
experiments O
|
| 1789 |
+
. O
|
| 1790 |
+
|
| 1791 |
+
Here O
|
| 1792 |
+
we O
|
| 1793 |
+
use O
|
| 1794 |
+
an O
|
| 1795 |
+
RCM O
|
| 1796 |
+
at O
|
| 1797 |
+
50 O
|
| 1798 |
+
km O
|
| 1799 |
+
resolution O
|
| 1800 |
+
over O
|
| 1801 |
+
the O
|
| 1802 |
+
Arctic O
|
| 1803 |
+
and O
|
| 1804 |
+
25 O
|
| 1805 |
+
km O
|
| 1806 |
+
over O
|
| 1807 |
+
Svalbard O
|
| 1808 |
+
, O
|
| 1809 |
+
which O
|
| 1810 |
+
captures O
|
| 1811 |
+
well O
|
| 1812 |
+
the O
|
| 1813 |
+
present O
|
| 1814 |
+
- O
|
| 1815 |
+
day O
|
| 1816 |
+
pattern O
|
| 1817 |
+
of O
|
| 1818 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 1819 |
+
and O
|
| 1820 |
+
provides O
|
| 1821 |
+
a O
|
| 1822 |
+
detailed O
|
| 1823 |
+
picture O
|
| 1824 |
+
of O
|
| 1825 |
+
the O
|
| 1826 |
+
projected O
|
| 1827 |
+
changes O
|
| 1828 |
+
in O
|
| 1829 |
+
the O
|
| 1830 |
+
behaviour O
|
| 1831 |
+
of O
|
| 1832 |
+
the O
|
| 1833 |
+
oceanic B-climate-nature
|
| 1834 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
| 1835 |
+
atmosphere I-climate-nature
|
| 1836 |
+
moisture I-climate-nature
|
| 1837 |
+
fluxes I-climate-nature
|
| 1838 |
+
and O
|
| 1839 |
+
how O
|
| 1840 |
+
they O
|
| 1841 |
+
affect O
|
| 1842 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 1843 |
+
. O
|
| 1844 |
+
|
| 1845 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O f5160c9383a19e501ba419589d9131af
|
| 1846 |
+
|
| 1847 |
+
Aim O
|
| 1848 |
+
Ixodes B-climate-hazards
|
| 1849 |
+
scapularis I-climate-hazards
|
| 1850 |
+
is O
|
| 1851 |
+
the O
|
| 1852 |
+
most O
|
| 1853 |
+
important O
|
| 1854 |
+
vector O
|
| 1855 |
+
of O
|
| 1856 |
+
human O
|
| 1857 |
+
tick B-climate-hazards
|
| 1858 |
+
- I-climate-hazards
|
| 1859 |
+
borne I-climate-hazards
|
| 1860 |
+
pathogens I-climate-hazards
|
| 1861 |
+
in O
|
| 1862 |
+
the O
|
| 1863 |
+
United O
|
| 1864 |
+
States O
|
| 1865 |
+
, O
|
| 1866 |
+
which O
|
| 1867 |
+
include O
|
| 1868 |
+
the O
|
| 1869 |
+
agents O
|
| 1870 |
+
of O
|
| 1871 |
+
Lyme B-climate-impacts
|
| 1872 |
+
disease I-climate-impacts
|
| 1873 |
+
, O
|
| 1874 |
+
human O
|
| 1875 |
+
babesiosis B-climate-impacts
|
| 1876 |
+
and O
|
| 1877 |
+
human O
|
| 1878 |
+
anaplasmosis B-climate-impacts
|
| 1879 |
+
, O
|
| 1880 |
+
among O
|
| 1881 |
+
others O
|
| 1882 |
+
. O
|
| 1883 |
+
|
| 1884 |
+
The O
|
| 1885 |
+
density B-climate-properties
|
| 1886 |
+
of O
|
| 1887 |
+
host O
|
| 1888 |
+
- O
|
| 1889 |
+
seeking O
|
| 1890 |
+
I. B-climate-hazards
|
| 1891 |
+
scapularis I-climate-hazards
|
| 1892 |
+
nymphs O
|
| 1893 |
+
is O
|
| 1894 |
+
an O
|
| 1895 |
+
important O
|
| 1896 |
+
component O
|
| 1897 |
+
of O
|
| 1898 |
+
human O
|
| 1899 |
+
risk O
|
| 1900 |
+
for O
|
| 1901 |
+
acquiring O
|
| 1902 |
+
Borrelia B-climate-hazards
|
| 1903 |
+
burgdorferi I-climate-hazards
|
| 1904 |
+
, O
|
| 1905 |
+
the O
|
| 1906 |
+
aetiological O
|
| 1907 |
+
agent O
|
| 1908 |
+
of O
|
| 1909 |
+
Lyme B-climate-impacts
|
| 1910 |
+
disease I-climate-impacts
|
| 1911 |
+
. O
|
| 1912 |
+
|
| 1913 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O dc537843e218b03825aaeb78140d0107
|
| 1914 |
+
|
| 1915 |
+
The O
|
| 1916 |
+
retrieval O
|
| 1917 |
+
of O
|
| 1918 |
+
both O
|
| 1919 |
+
height B-climate-properties
|
| 1920 |
+
and O
|
| 1921 |
+
velocity B-climate-properties
|
| 1922 |
+
of O
|
| 1923 |
+
a O
|
| 1924 |
+
volcanic B-climate-nature
|
| 1925 |
+
plume I-climate-nature
|
| 1926 |
+
is O
|
| 1927 |
+
an O
|
| 1928 |
+
important O
|
| 1929 |
+
issue O
|
| 1930 |
+
in O
|
| 1931 |
+
volcanology B-climate-hazards
|
| 1932 |
+
. O
|
| 1933 |
+
|
| 1934 |
+
As O
|
| 1935 |
+
an O
|
| 1936 |
+
example O
|
| 1937 |
+
, O
|
| 1938 |
+
it O
|
| 1939 |
+
is O
|
| 1940 |
+
known O
|
| 1941 |
+
that O
|
| 1942 |
+
large O
|
| 1943 |
+
volcanic B-climate-hazards
|
| 1944 |
+
eruptions I-climate-hazards
|
| 1945 |
+
can O
|
| 1946 |
+
temporarily O
|
| 1947 |
+
alter O
|
| 1948 |
+
the O
|
| 1949 |
+
climate O
|
| 1950 |
+
, O
|
| 1951 |
+
causing O
|
| 1952 |
+
global O
|
| 1953 |
+
cooling O
|
| 1954 |
+
and O
|
| 1955 |
+
shifting O
|
| 1956 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 1957 |
+
patterns O
|
| 1958 |
+
; O
|
| 1959 |
+
the O
|
| 1960 |
+
ash B-climate-nature
|
| 1961 |
+
/ I-climate-nature
|
| 1962 |
+
gas I-climate-nature
|
| 1963 |
+
dispersion I-climate-nature
|
| 1964 |
+
in O
|
| 1965 |
+
the O
|
| 1966 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 1967 |
+
, O
|
| 1968 |
+
their O
|
| 1969 |
+
impact O
|
| 1970 |
+
and O
|
| 1971 |
+
lifetime B-climate-properties
|
| 1972 |
+
around O
|
| 1973 |
+
the O
|
| 1974 |
+
globe O
|
| 1975 |
+
, O
|
| 1976 |
+
greatly O
|
| 1977 |
+
depends O
|
| 1978 |
+
on O
|
| 1979 |
+
the O
|
| 1980 |
+
injection B-climate-properties
|
| 1981 |
+
altitude I-climate-properties
|
| 1982 |
+
. O
|
| 1983 |
+
|
| 1984 |
+
Knowing O
|
| 1985 |
+
the O
|
| 1986 |
+
plume B-climate-properties
|
| 1987 |
+
altitude I-climate-properties
|
| 1988 |
+
is O
|
| 1989 |
+
also O
|
| 1990 |
+
important O
|
| 1991 |
+
to O
|
| 1992 |
+
get O
|
| 1993 |
+
the O
|
| 1994 |
+
correct O
|
| 1995 |
+
amount O
|
| 1996 |
+
of O
|
| 1997 |
+
SO O
|
| 1998 |
+
2 O
|
| 1999 |
+
concentration B-climate-properties
|
| 2000 |
+
from O
|
| 2001 |
+
dedicated O
|
| 2002 |
+
spaceborne O
|
| 2003 |
+
spectrometers O
|
| 2004 |
+
. O
|
| 2005 |
+
|
| 2006 |
+
Satellite O
|
| 2007 |
+
remote O
|
| 2008 |
+
sensing O
|
| 2009 |
+
offers O
|
| 2010 |
+
a O
|
| 2011 |
+
comprehensive O
|
| 2012 |
+
and O
|
| 2013 |
+
safe O
|
| 2014 |
+
way O
|
| 2015 |
+
to O
|
| 2016 |
+
estimate O
|
| 2017 |
+
plume B-climate-properties
|
| 2018 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
| 2019 |
+
. O
|
| 2020 |
+
|
| 2021 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 3cf0b09fe9a344001226ada9481e10b7
|
| 2022 |
+
|
| 2023 |
+
Abstract O
|
| 2024 |
+
Three O
|
| 2025 |
+
extensive O
|
| 2026 |
+
global O
|
| 2027 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
| 2028 |
+
speed I-climate-properties
|
| 2029 |
+
and O
|
| 2030 |
+
wave B-climate-properties
|
| 2031 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
| 2032 |
+
datasets O
|
| 2033 |
+
( O
|
| 2034 |
+
altimeter O
|
| 2035 |
+
, O
|
| 2036 |
+
radiometer O
|
| 2037 |
+
, O
|
| 2038 |
+
model O
|
| 2039 |
+
reanalysis O
|
| 2040 |
+
) O
|
| 2041 |
+
are O
|
| 2042 |
+
analysed O
|
| 2043 |
+
to O
|
| 2044 |
+
investigate O
|
| 2045 |
+
the O
|
| 2046 |
+
global O
|
| 2047 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
| 2048 |
+
speed I-climate-properties
|
| 2049 |
+
and O
|
| 2050 |
+
wave B-climate-properties
|
| 2051 |
+
height I-climate-properties
|
| 2052 |
+
climate O
|
| 2053 |
+
. O
|
| 2054 |
+
|
| 2055 |
+
At O
|
| 2056 |
+
high O
|
| 2057 |
+
latitudes O
|
| 2058 |
+
both O
|
| 2059 |
+
altimeter O
|
| 2060 |
+
and O
|
| 2061 |
+
radiometer O
|
| 2062 |
+
winds B-climate-nature
|
| 2063 |
+
are O
|
| 2064 |
+
biased O
|
| 2065 |
+
high O
|
| 2066 |
+
compared O
|
| 2067 |
+
to O
|
| 2068 |
+
buoy O
|
| 2069 |
+
measurements O
|
| 2070 |
+
. O
|
| 2071 |
+
|
| 2072 |
+
As O
|
| 2073 |
+
winds B-climate-nature
|
| 2074 |
+
have O
|
| 2075 |
+
a O
|
| 2076 |
+
diurnal O
|
| 2077 |
+
variation O
|
| 2078 |
+
in O
|
| 2079 |
+
magnitude O
|
| 2080 |
+
, O
|
| 2081 |
+
this O
|
| 2082 |
+
preferential O
|
| 2083 |
+
measurement O
|
| 2084 |
+
time O
|
| 2085 |
+
can O
|
| 2086 |
+
also O
|
| 2087 |
+
bias O
|
| 2088 |
+
statistical O
|
| 2089 |
+
values O
|
| 2090 |
+
obtained O
|
| 2091 |
+
from O
|
| 2092 |
+
such O
|
| 2093 |
+
satellite O
|
| 2094 |
+
systems O
|
| 2095 |
+
. O
|
| 2096 |
+
|
| 2097 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 7e58ae12fa69f0ce7a4a033807fb04a7
|
| 2098 |
+
|
| 2099 |
+
An O
|
| 2100 |
+
intermediate O
|
| 2101 |
+
complexity O
|
| 2102 |
+
atmospheric O
|
| 2103 |
+
general O
|
| 2104 |
+
circulation O
|
| 2105 |
+
model O
|
| 2106 |
+
has O
|
| 2107 |
+
been O
|
| 2108 |
+
used O
|
| 2109 |
+
to O
|
| 2110 |
+
investigate O
|
| 2111 |
+
the O
|
| 2112 |
+
influence O
|
| 2113 |
+
of O
|
| 2114 |
+
the O
|
| 2115 |
+
South B-climate-nature
|
| 2116 |
+
Atlantic I-climate-nature
|
| 2117 |
+
Ocean I-climate-nature
|
| 2118 |
+
( I-climate-nature
|
| 2119 |
+
SAO I-climate-nature
|
| 2120 |
+
) I-climate-nature
|
| 2121 |
+
dipole I-climate-nature
|
| 2122 |
+
( O
|
| 2123 |
+
SAOD B-climate-nature
|
| 2124 |
+
) O
|
| 2125 |
+
on O
|
| 2126 |
+
summer O
|
| 2127 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 2128 |
+
over O
|
| 2129 |
+
the O
|
| 2130 |
+
Guinea O
|
| 2131 |
+
Coast O
|
| 2132 |
+
of O
|
| 2133 |
+
West O
|
| 2134 |
+
Africa O
|
| 2135 |
+
. O
|
| 2136 |
+
|
| 2137 |
+
Consistently O
|
| 2138 |
+
, O
|
| 2139 |
+
above O
|
| 2140 |
+
( O
|
| 2141 |
+
below O
|
| 2142 |
+
) O
|
| 2143 |
+
the O
|
| 2144 |
+
average O
|
| 2145 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 2146 |
+
is O
|
| 2147 |
+
simulated O
|
| 2148 |
+
over O
|
| 2149 |
+
the O
|
| 2150 |
+
Guinea O
|
| 2151 |
+
Coast O
|
| 2152 |
+
during O
|
| 2153 |
+
the O
|
| 2154 |
+
positive O
|
| 2155 |
+
( O
|
| 2156 |
+
negative O
|
| 2157 |
+
) O
|
| 2158 |
+
phase O
|
| 2159 |
+
of O
|
| 2160 |
+
the O
|
| 2161 |
+
SAOD B-climate-nature
|
| 2162 |
+
. O
|
| 2163 |
+
|
| 2164 |
+
During O
|
| 2165 |
+
the O
|
| 2166 |
+
SAOD B-climate-nature
|
| 2167 |
+
, O
|
| 2168 |
+
cool O
|
| 2169 |
+
SST B-climate-properties
|
| 2170 |
+
anomaly I-climate-properties
|
| 2171 |
+
in O
|
| 2172 |
+
the O
|
| 2173 |
+
extra B-climate-nature
|
| 2174 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
| 2175 |
+
tropical I-climate-nature
|
| 2176 |
+
SAO O
|
| 2177 |
+
off O
|
| 2178 |
+
the O
|
| 2179 |
+
Brazil O
|
| 2180 |
+
– O
|
| 2181 |
+
Uruguay O
|
| 2182 |
+
– O
|
| 2183 |
+
Argentina O
|
| 2184 |
+
coast O
|
| 2185 |
+
gives O
|
| 2186 |
+
rise O
|
| 2187 |
+
to O
|
| 2188 |
+
suppressed O
|
| 2189 |
+
convection B-climate-nature
|
| 2190 |
+
and O
|
| 2191 |
+
mass O
|
| 2192 |
+
divergence O
|
| 2193 |
+
. O
|
| 2194 |
+
|
| 2195 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 9438617e54eba9376866f3b132100bd7
|
| 2196 |
+
|
| 2197 |
+
island B-climate-nature
|
| 2198 |
+
of O
|
| 2199 |
+
Tenerife O
|
| 2200 |
+
, O
|
| 2201 |
+
a O
|
| 2202 |
+
UNESCO B-climate-organizations
|
| 2203 |
+
Biosphere B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2204 |
+
Reserve I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2205 |
+
in O
|
| 2206 |
+
the O
|
| 2207 |
+
Atlantic O
|
| 2208 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 2209 |
+
, O
|
| 2210 |
+
aims O
|
| 2211 |
+
to O
|
| 2212 |
+
be O
|
| 2213 |
+
energy O
|
| 2214 |
+
self O
|
| 2215 |
+
- O
|
| 2216 |
+
sufficient O
|
| 2217 |
+
in O
|
| 2218 |
+
order O
|
| 2219 |
+
to O
|
| 2220 |
+
reduce O
|
| 2221 |
+
its O
|
| 2222 |
+
carbon B-climate-properties
|
| 2223 |
+
footprint I-climate-properties
|
| 2224 |
+
. O
|
| 2225 |
+
|
| 2226 |
+
To O
|
| 2227 |
+
accomplish O
|
| 2228 |
+
this O
|
| 2229 |
+
goal O
|
| 2230 |
+
it O
|
| 2231 |
+
should O
|
| 2232 |
+
develop O
|
| 2233 |
+
the O
|
| 2234 |
+
renewable O
|
| 2235 |
+
sources O
|
| 2236 |
+
, O
|
| 2237 |
+
in O
|
| 2238 |
+
particular O
|
| 2239 |
+
wave B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2240 |
+
and I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2241 |
+
offshore I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2242 |
+
wind I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2243 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2244 |
+
. O
|
| 2245 |
+
|
| 2246 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O 0b6944158cf45f4e2eb8b0ba80c9035f
|
| 2247 |
+
|
| 2248 |
+
Droughts B-climate-hazards
|
| 2249 |
+
are O
|
| 2250 |
+
disproportionately O
|
| 2251 |
+
impacting O
|
| 2252 |
+
global O
|
| 2253 |
+
dryland B-climate-nature
|
| 2254 |
+
regions O
|
| 2255 |
+
where O
|
| 2256 |
+
ecosystem O
|
| 2257 |
+
health O
|
| 2258 |
+
and O
|
| 2259 |
+
function O
|
| 2260 |
+
are O
|
| 2261 |
+
tightly O
|
| 2262 |
+
coupled O
|
| 2263 |
+
to O
|
| 2264 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
| 2265 |
+
availability O
|
| 2266 |
+
. O
|
| 2267 |
+
|
| 2268 |
+
Drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 2269 |
+
severity O
|
| 2270 |
+
is O
|
| 2271 |
+
commonly O
|
| 2272 |
+
estimated O
|
| 2273 |
+
using O
|
| 2274 |
+
algorithms O
|
| 2275 |
+
such O
|
| 2276 |
+
as O
|
| 2277 |
+
the O
|
| 2278 |
+
standardized B-climate-properties
|
| 2279 |
+
precipitation I-climate-properties
|
| 2280 |
+
- I-climate-properties
|
| 2281 |
+
evapotranspiration I-climate-properties
|
| 2282 |
+
index I-climate-properties
|
| 2283 |
+
( O
|
| 2284 |
+
SPEI B-climate-properties
|
| 2285 |
+
) O
|
| 2286 |
+
, O
|
| 2287 |
+
which O
|
| 2288 |
+
can O
|
| 2289 |
+
estimate O
|
| 2290 |
+
climatic O
|
| 2291 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 2292 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
| 2293 |
+
impacts O
|
| 2294 |
+
at O
|
| 2295 |
+
various O
|
| 2296 |
+
hydrologic O
|
| 2297 |
+
scales O
|
| 2298 |
+
by O
|
| 2299 |
+
varying O
|
| 2300 |
+
computational O
|
| 2301 |
+
length O
|
| 2302 |
+
. O
|
| 2303 |
+
|
| 2304 |
+
In O
|
| 2305 |
+
this O
|
| 2306 |
+
study O
|
| 2307 |
+
, O
|
| 2308 |
+
we O
|
| 2309 |
+
tested O
|
| 2310 |
+
components O
|
| 2311 |
+
of O
|
| 2312 |
+
climatic O
|
| 2313 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 2314 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
| 2315 |
+
, O
|
| 2316 |
+
including O
|
| 2317 |
+
SPEI B-climate-properties
|
| 2318 |
+
and O
|
| 2319 |
+
SPEI B-climate-properties
|
| 2320 |
+
computation O
|
| 2321 |
+
lengths O
|
| 2322 |
+
, O
|
| 2323 |
+
to O
|
| 2324 |
+
recreate O
|
| 2325 |
+
multi O
|
| 2326 |
+
- O
|
| 2327 |
+
decadal O
|
| 2328 |
+
and O
|
| 2329 |
+
periodic O
|
| 2330 |
+
soilmoisture B-climate-nature
|
| 2331 |
+
patterns O
|
| 2332 |
+
across O
|
| 2333 |
+
soil O
|
| 2334 |
+
profiles O
|
| 2335 |
+
at O
|
| 2336 |
+
866 O
|
| 2337 |
+
sites O
|
| 2338 |
+
in O
|
| 2339 |
+
the O
|
| 2340 |
+
western O
|
| 2341 |
+
United O
|
| 2342 |
+
States O
|
| 2343 |
+
. O
|
| 2344 |
+
|
| 2345 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8472d27b2066e5fea960c17702d56df9
|
| 2346 |
+
|
| 2347 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
| 2348 |
+
Commission I-climate-organizations
|
| 2349 |
+
have O
|
| 2350 |
+
developed O
|
| 2351 |
+
a O
|
| 2352 |
+
long O
|
| 2353 |
+
- O
|
| 2354 |
+
term O
|
| 2355 |
+
energy O
|
| 2356 |
+
strategy O
|
| 2357 |
+
that O
|
| 2358 |
+
, O
|
| 2359 |
+
if O
|
| 2360 |
+
successful O
|
| 2361 |
+
, O
|
| 2362 |
+
will O
|
| 2363 |
+
result O
|
| 2364 |
+
in O
|
| 2365 |
+
net B-climate-mitigations
|
| 2366 |
+
- I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2367 |
+
zero I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2368 |
+
greenhouse I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2369 |
+
gas I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2370 |
+
emissions I-climate-mitigations
|
| 2371 |
+
in O
|
| 2372 |
+
Europe O
|
| 2373 |
+
. O
|
| 2374 |
+
|
| 2375 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Of6a9335da7820f8119c7fd81b0e1ce68
|
| 2376 |
+
|
| 2377 |
+
Estuaries B-climate-nature
|
| 2378 |
+
are O
|
| 2379 |
+
impacted O
|
| 2380 |
+
by O
|
| 2381 |
+
multiple O
|
| 2382 |
+
anthropogenic O
|
| 2383 |
+
stressors O
|
| 2384 |
+
from O
|
| 2385 |
+
eutrophication B-climate-hazards
|
| 2386 |
+
to O
|
| 2387 |
+
climate O
|
| 2388 |
+
change O
|
| 2389 |
+
. O
|
| 2390 |
+
|
| 2391 |
+
Long O
|
| 2392 |
+
- O
|
| 2393 |
+
term O
|
| 2394 |
+
observational O
|
| 2395 |
+
datasets O
|
| 2396 |
+
allow O
|
| 2397 |
+
the O
|
| 2398 |
+
determination O
|
| 2399 |
+
of O
|
| 2400 |
+
trends O
|
| 2401 |
+
in O
|
| 2402 |
+
estuarine B-climate-nature
|
| 2403 |
+
indicators O
|
| 2404 |
+
and O
|
| 2405 |
+
the O
|
| 2406 |
+
prediction O
|
| 2407 |
+
of O
|
| 2408 |
+
future O
|
| 2409 |
+
conditions O
|
| 2410 |
+
. O
|
| 2411 |
+
|
| 2412 |
+
Here O
|
| 2413 |
+
, O
|
| 2414 |
+
a O
|
| 2415 |
+
dataset O
|
| 2416 |
+
of O
|
| 2417 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
| 2418 |
+
quality I-climate-assets
|
| 2419 |
+
and O
|
| 2420 |
+
demersal B-climate-organisms
|
| 2421 |
+
fish I-climate-organisms
|
| 2422 |
+
community O
|
| 2423 |
+
composition O
|
| 2424 |
+
in O
|
| 2425 |
+
a O
|
| 2426 |
+
Long O
|
| 2427 |
+
Island O
|
| 2428 |
+
Sound O
|
| 2429 |
+
embayment O
|
| 2430 |
+
( O
|
| 2431 |
+
Norwalk O
|
| 2432 |
+
Harbor O
|
| 2433 |
+
, O
|
| 2434 |
+
Connecticut O
|
| 2435 |
+
) O
|
| 2436 |
+
from O
|
| 2437 |
+
1987 O
|
| 2438 |
+
to O
|
| 2439 |
+
2016 O
|
| 2440 |
+
was O
|
| 2441 |
+
examined O
|
| 2442 |
+
. O
|
| 2443 |
+
|
| 2444 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O35a1108710496848025f53ecd78137f1
|
| 2445 |
+
|
| 2446 |
+
The O
|
| 2447 |
+
aim O
|
| 2448 |
+
of O
|
| 2449 |
+
our O
|
| 2450 |
+
study O
|
| 2451 |
+
was O
|
| 2452 |
+
to O
|
| 2453 |
+
determine O
|
| 2454 |
+
global O
|
| 2455 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
| 2456 |
+
organic I-climate-nature
|
| 2457 |
+
carbon I-climate-nature
|
| 2458 |
+
( O
|
| 2459 |
+
SOC B-climate-nature
|
| 2460 |
+
) O
|
| 2461 |
+
change O
|
| 2462 |
+
patterns O
|
| 2463 |
+
after O
|
| 2464 |
+
LUC O
|
| 2465 |
+
and O
|
| 2466 |
+
to O
|
| 2467 |
+
assess O
|
| 2468 |
+
the O
|
| 2469 |
+
impacts O
|
| 2470 |
+
of O
|
| 2471 |
+
both O
|
| 2472 |
+
biophysical O
|
| 2473 |
+
and O
|
| 2474 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
| 2475 |
+
factors O
|
| 2476 |
+
that O
|
| 2477 |
+
influence O
|
| 2478 |
+
stocks O
|
| 2479 |
+
of O
|
| 2480 |
+
SOC B-climate-nature
|
| 2481 |
+
after O
|
| 2482 |
+
LUC O
|
| 2483 |
+
simultaneously O
|
| 2484 |
+
. O
|
| 2485 |
+
|
| 2486 |
+
However O
|
| 2487 |
+
, O
|
| 2488 |
+
also O
|
| 2489 |
+
, O
|
| 2490 |
+
socioeconomic O
|
| 2491 |
+
variables O
|
| 2492 |
+
such O
|
| 2493 |
+
as O
|
| 2494 |
+
indices O
|
| 2495 |
+
of O
|
| 2496 |
+
poverty B-climate-impacts
|
| 2497 |
+
, O
|
| 2498 |
+
population B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2499 |
+
growth I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2500 |
+
, O
|
| 2501 |
+
and O
|
| 2502 |
+
levels O
|
| 2503 |
+
of O
|
| 2504 |
+
corruption B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2505 |
+
were O
|
| 2506 |
+
important O
|
| 2507 |
+
. O
|
| 2508 |
+
|
| 2509 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O9c20de8788e8d7e01e05d3d8463edbb0
|
| 2510 |
+
|
| 2511 |
+
Urban B-climate-hazards
|
| 2512 |
+
heat I-climate-hazards
|
| 2513 |
+
island I-climate-hazards
|
| 2514 |
+
( O
|
| 2515 |
+
UHI B-climate-hazards
|
| 2516 |
+
) O
|
| 2517 |
+
effect O
|
| 2518 |
+
, O
|
| 2519 |
+
the O
|
| 2520 |
+
side O
|
| 2521 |
+
effect O
|
| 2522 |
+
of O
|
| 2523 |
+
rapid O
|
| 2524 |
+
urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 2525 |
+
, O
|
| 2526 |
+
has O
|
| 2527 |
+
become O
|
| 2528 |
+
an O
|
| 2529 |
+
obstacle O
|
| 2530 |
+
to O
|
| 2531 |
+
the O
|
| 2532 |
+
further O
|
| 2533 |
+
healthy O
|
| 2534 |
+
development O
|
| 2535 |
+
of O
|
| 2536 |
+
the O
|
| 2537 |
+
city O
|
| 2538 |
+
. O
|
| 2539 |
+
|
| 2540 |
+
For O
|
| 2541 |
+
this O
|
| 2542 |
+
purpose O
|
| 2543 |
+
, O
|
| 2544 |
+
the O
|
| 2545 |
+
geographically O
|
| 2546 |
+
- O
|
| 2547 |
+
weighted O
|
| 2548 |
+
regression O
|
| 2549 |
+
( O
|
| 2550 |
+
GWR O
|
| 2551 |
+
) O
|
| 2552 |
+
approach O
|
| 2553 |
+
is O
|
| 2554 |
+
used O
|
| 2555 |
+
to O
|
| 2556 |
+
explore O
|
| 2557 |
+
the O
|
| 2558 |
+
scale O
|
| 2559 |
+
effects O
|
| 2560 |
+
in O
|
| 2561 |
+
a O
|
| 2562 |
+
mountainous O
|
| 2563 |
+
city O
|
| 2564 |
+
, O
|
| 2565 |
+
namely O
|
| 2566 |
+
the O
|
| 2567 |
+
change O
|
| 2568 |
+
laws O
|
| 2569 |
+
and O
|
| 2570 |
+
characteristics O
|
| 2571 |
+
of O
|
| 2572 |
+
the O
|
| 2573 |
+
relationships O
|
| 2574 |
+
between O
|
| 2575 |
+
land B-climate-properties
|
| 2576 |
+
surface I-climate-properties
|
| 2577 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 2578 |
+
and O
|
| 2579 |
+
impact O
|
| 2580 |
+
factors O
|
| 2581 |
+
at O
|
| 2582 |
+
different O
|
| 2583 |
+
spatial O
|
| 2584 |
+
resolutions O
|
| 2585 |
+
( O
|
| 2586 |
+
30–960 O
|
| 2587 |
+
m O
|
| 2588 |
+
) O
|
| 2589 |
+
. O
|
| 2590 |
+
|
| 2591 |
+
The O
|
| 2592 |
+
impact O
|
| 2593 |
+
factors O
|
| 2594 |
+
include O
|
| 2595 |
+
the O
|
| 2596 |
+
Soil B-climate-datasets
|
| 2597 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 2598 |
+
adjusted I-climate-datasets
|
| 2599 |
+
Vegetation I-climate-datasets
|
| 2600 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
| 2601 |
+
( O
|
| 2602 |
+
SAVI B-climate-datasets
|
| 2603 |
+
) O
|
| 2604 |
+
, O
|
| 2605 |
+
the O
|
| 2606 |
+
Index B-climate-datasets
|
| 2607 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 2608 |
+
based I-climate-datasets
|
| 2609 |
+
Built I-climate-datasets
|
| 2610 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 2611 |
+
up I-climate-datasets
|
| 2612 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
| 2613 |
+
( O
|
| 2614 |
+
IBI B-climate-datasets
|
| 2615 |
+
) O
|
| 2616 |
+
, O
|
| 2617 |
+
and O
|
| 2618 |
+
the O
|
| 2619 |
+
Soil B-climate-datasets
|
| 2620 |
+
Brightness I-climate-datasets
|
| 2621 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
| 2622 |
+
( O
|
| 2623 |
+
NDSI B-climate-datasets
|
| 2624 |
+
) O
|
| 2625 |
+
, O
|
| 2626 |
+
which O
|
| 2627 |
+
indicate O
|
| 2628 |
+
the O
|
| 2629 |
+
coverage O
|
| 2630 |
+
of O
|
| 2631 |
+
the O
|
| 2632 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
| 2633 |
+
, O
|
| 2634 |
+
built B-climate-assets
|
| 2635 |
+
- I-climate-assets
|
| 2636 |
+
up I-climate-assets
|
| 2637 |
+
, O
|
| 2638 |
+
and O
|
| 2639 |
+
bare B-climate-nature
|
| 2640 |
+
land I-climate-nature
|
| 2641 |
+
, O
|
| 2642 |
+
respectively O
|
| 2643 |
+
. O
|
| 2644 |
+
|
| 2645 |
+
Results O
|
| 2646 |
+
from O
|
| 2647 |
+
the O
|
| 2648 |
+
experiment O
|
| 2649 |
+
exemplified O
|
| 2650 |
+
by O
|
| 2651 |
+
Chongqing O
|
| 2652 |
+
showed O
|
| 2653 |
+
that O
|
| 2654 |
+
the O
|
| 2655 |
+
GWR O
|
| 2656 |
+
approach O
|
| 2657 |
+
had O
|
| 2658 |
+
a O
|
| 2659 |
+
better O
|
| 2660 |
+
prediction O
|
| 2661 |
+
accuracy O
|
| 2662 |
+
and O
|
| 2663 |
+
a O
|
| 2664 |
+
better O
|
| 2665 |
+
ability O
|
| 2666 |
+
to O
|
| 2667 |
+
describe O
|
| 2668 |
+
spatial O
|
| 2669 |
+
non O
|
| 2670 |
+
- O
|
| 2671 |
+
stationarity O
|
| 2672 |
+
than O
|
| 2673 |
+
the O
|
| 2674 |
+
OLS O
|
| 2675 |
+
approach O
|
| 2676 |
+
judged O
|
| 2677 |
+
by O
|
| 2678 |
+
the O
|
| 2679 |
+
analysis O
|
| 2680 |
+
of O
|
| 2681 |
+
the O
|
| 2682 |
+
local O
|
| 2683 |
+
coefficient O
|
| 2684 |
+
of O
|
| 2685 |
+
determination O
|
| 2686 |
+
( O
|
| 2687 |
+
R2 O
|
| 2688 |
+
) O
|
| 2689 |
+
, O
|
| 2690 |
+
Corrected O
|
| 2691 |
+
Akaike O
|
| 2692 |
+
Information O
|
| 2693 |
+
Criterion O
|
| 2694 |
+
( O
|
| 2695 |
+
AICc O
|
| 2696 |
+
) O
|
| 2697 |
+
, O
|
| 2698 |
+
and O
|
| 2699 |
+
F O
|
| 2700 |
+
- O
|
| 2701 |
+
test O
|
| 2702 |
+
at O
|
| 2703 |
+
small O
|
| 2704 |
+
spatial O
|
| 2705 |
+
resolution O
|
| 2706 |
+
( O
|
| 2707 |
+
< O
|
| 2708 |
+
240 O
|
| 2709 |
+
m O
|
| 2710 |
+
) O
|
| 2711 |
+
; O
|
| 2712 |
+
however O
|
| 2713 |
+
, O
|
| 2714 |
+
when O
|
| 2715 |
+
the O
|
| 2716 |
+
spatial O
|
| 2717 |
+
scale O
|
| 2718 |
+
was O
|
| 2719 |
+
increased O
|
| 2720 |
+
to O
|
| 2721 |
+
480 O
|
| 2722 |
+
m O
|
| 2723 |
+
, O
|
| 2724 |
+
this O
|
| 2725 |
+
advantage O
|
| 2726 |
+
has O
|
| 2727 |
+
become O
|
| 2728 |
+
relatively O
|
| 2729 |
+
weak O
|
| 2730 |
+
. O
|
| 2731 |
+
|
| 2732 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O0db452927abef4a6d15c93618e068c7a
|
| 2733 |
+
|
| 2734 |
+
We O
|
| 2735 |
+
analyse O
|
| 2736 |
+
various O
|
| 2737 |
+
observational O
|
| 2738 |
+
data O
|
| 2739 |
+
sets O
|
| 2740 |
+
in O
|
| 2741 |
+
order O
|
| 2742 |
+
to O
|
| 2743 |
+
assess O
|
| 2744 |
+
and O
|
| 2745 |
+
to O
|
| 2746 |
+
compare O
|
| 2747 |
+
th O
|
| 2748 |
+
spatio O
|
| 2749 |
+
- O
|
| 2750 |
+
temporal O
|
| 2751 |
+
characteristics O
|
| 2752 |
+
and O
|
| 2753 |
+
intensity B-climate-properties
|
| 2754 |
+
of O
|
| 2755 |
+
the O
|
| 2756 |
+
Sahel O
|
| 2757 |
+
flood O
|
| 2758 |
+
in O
|
| 2759 |
+
2007 O
|
| 2760 |
+
and O
|
| 2761 |
+
the O
|
| 2762 |
+
associated O
|
| 2763 |
+
rain B-climate-nature
|
| 2764 |
+
events O
|
| 2765 |
+
. O
|
| 2766 |
+
|
| 2767 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc3c945c3bfd4abaf083821635cdf2025
|
| 2768 |
+
|
| 2769 |
+
This O
|
| 2770 |
+
report O
|
| 2771 |
+
gives O
|
| 2772 |
+
a O
|
| 2773 |
+
summary O
|
| 2774 |
+
of O
|
| 2775 |
+
the O
|
| 2776 |
+
results O
|
| 2777 |
+
of O
|
| 2778 |
+
the O
|
| 2779 |
+
research O
|
| 2780 |
+
project O
|
| 2781 |
+
“ O
|
| 2782 |
+
Future B-climate-organizations
|
| 2783 |
+
of I-climate-organizations
|
| 2784 |
+
Finnish I-climate-organizations
|
| 2785 |
+
energy I-climate-organizations
|
| 2786 |
+
business I-climate-organizations
|
| 2787 |
+
– I-climate-organizations
|
| 2788 |
+
scenarios I-climate-organizations
|
| 2789 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
| 2790 |
+
strategies I-climate-organizations
|
| 2791 |
+
” O
|
| 2792 |
+
( O
|
| 2793 |
+
SALKKU B-climate-organizations
|
| 2794 |
+
) O
|
| 2795 |
+
. O
|
| 2796 |
+
|
| 2797 |
+
The O
|
| 2798 |
+
SALKKU B-climate-organizations
|
| 2799 |
+
research O
|
| 2800 |
+
was O
|
| 2801 |
+
carried O
|
| 2802 |
+
out O
|
| 2803 |
+
as O
|
| 2804 |
+
a O
|
| 2805 |
+
joint O
|
| 2806 |
+
research O
|
| 2807 |
+
project O
|
| 2808 |
+
of O
|
| 2809 |
+
VTT B-climate-organizations
|
| 2810 |
+
Technical I-climate-organizations
|
| 2811 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
| 2812 |
+
Centre I-climate-organizations
|
| 2813 |
+
of O
|
| 2814 |
+
Finland O
|
| 2815 |
+
( O
|
| 2816 |
+
VTT B-climate-organizations
|
| 2817 |
+
) O
|
| 2818 |
+
and O
|
| 2819 |
+
MTT B-climate-organizations
|
| 2820 |
+
Agrifood I-climate-organizations
|
| 2821 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
| 2822 |
+
Finland O
|
| 2823 |
+
( O
|
| 2824 |
+
MTT B-climate-organizations
|
| 2825 |
+
) O
|
| 2826 |
+
. O
|
| 2827 |
+
|
| 2828 |
+
The O
|
| 2829 |
+
demand O
|
| 2830 |
+
for O
|
| 2831 |
+
energy O
|
| 2832 |
+
was O
|
| 2833 |
+
studied O
|
| 2834 |
+
on O
|
| 2835 |
+
a O
|
| 2836 |
+
global O
|
| 2837 |
+
, O
|
| 2838 |
+
an O
|
| 2839 |
+
EU B-climate-organizations
|
| 2840 |
+
, O
|
| 2841 |
+
and O
|
| 2842 |
+
especially O
|
| 2843 |
+
on O
|
| 2844 |
+
an O
|
| 2845 |
+
Asian O
|
| 2846 |
+
level O
|
| 2847 |
+
. O
|
| 2848 |
+
|
| 2849 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O9057f514442ca720550ed7157ed08eaa
|
| 2850 |
+
|
| 2851 |
+
Abstract O
|
| 2852 |
+
biodiversity B-climate-organisms
|
| 2853 |
+
in O
|
| 2854 |
+
the O
|
| 2855 |
+
Tropical O
|
| 2856 |
+
Andes O
|
| 2857 |
+
is O
|
| 2858 |
+
under O
|
| 2859 |
+
continuous O
|
| 2860 |
+
threat O
|
| 2861 |
+
from O
|
| 2862 |
+
anthropogenic O
|
| 2863 |
+
activities O
|
| 2864 |
+
. O
|
| 2865 |
+
|
| 2866 |
+
We O
|
| 2867 |
+
modeled O
|
| 2868 |
+
a O
|
| 2869 |
+
broad O
|
| 2870 |
+
range O
|
| 2871 |
+
of O
|
| 2872 |
+
taxa O
|
| 2873 |
+
( O
|
| 2874 |
+
11,012 O
|
| 2875 |
+
species O
|
| 2876 |
+
of O
|
| 2877 |
+
birds B-climate-organisms
|
| 2878 |
+
and O
|
| 2879 |
+
vascular B-climate-organisms
|
| 2880 |
+
plants I-climate-organisms
|
| 2881 |
+
) O
|
| 2882 |
+
, O
|
| 2883 |
+
including O
|
| 2884 |
+
both O
|
| 2885 |
+
endemic B-climate-organisms
|
| 2886 |
+
and O
|
| 2887 |
+
widespread O
|
| 2888 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
| 2889 |
+
and O
|
| 2890 |
+
provide O
|
| 2891 |
+
a O
|
| 2892 |
+
comprehensive O
|
| 2893 |
+
estimation O
|
| 2894 |
+
of O
|
| 2895 |
+
climate O
|
| 2896 |
+
change O
|
| 2897 |
+
impacts O
|
| 2898 |
+
on O
|
| 2899 |
+
the O
|
| 2900 |
+
Andes O
|
| 2901 |
+
. O
|
| 2902 |
+
|
| 2903 |
+
While O
|
| 2904 |
+
some O
|
| 2905 |
+
areas O
|
| 2906 |
+
appear O
|
| 2907 |
+
to O
|
| 2908 |
+
be O
|
| 2909 |
+
climatically O
|
| 2910 |
+
stable B-climate-properties
|
| 2911 |
+
( O
|
| 2912 |
+
e.g. O
|
| 2913 |
+
Pichincha O
|
| 2914 |
+
and O
|
| 2915 |
+
Imbabura O
|
| 2916 |
+
in O
|
| 2917 |
+
Ecuador O
|
| 2918 |
+
; O
|
| 2919 |
+
and O
|
| 2920 |
+
Narino O
|
| 2921 |
+
, O
|
| 2922 |
+
Cauca O
|
| 2923 |
+
, O
|
| 2924 |
+
Valle O
|
| 2925 |
+
del O
|
| 2926 |
+
Cauca O
|
| 2927 |
+
and O
|
| 2928 |
+
Putumayo O
|
| 2929 |
+
in O
|
| 2930 |
+
Colombia O
|
| 2931 |
+
) O
|
| 2932 |
+
and O
|
| 2933 |
+
hence O
|
| 2934 |
+
depict O
|
| 2935 |
+
little O
|
| 2936 |
+
diversity B-climate-hazards
|
| 2937 |
+
loss I-climate-hazards
|
| 2938 |
+
and/or O
|
| 2939 |
+
potential O
|
| 2940 |
+
species O
|
| 2941 |
+
gains O
|
| 2942 |
+
, O
|
| 2943 |
+
major O
|
| 2944 |
+
negative O
|
| 2945 |
+
impacts O
|
| 2946 |
+
were O
|
| 2947 |
+
also O
|
| 2948 |
+
observed O
|
| 2949 |
+
. O
|
| 2950 |
+
|
| 2951 |
+
Tropical B-climate-nature
|
| 2952 |
+
high O
|
| 2953 |
+
Andean O
|
| 2954 |
+
grasslands B-climate-nature
|
| 2955 |
+
( O
|
| 2956 |
+
paramos B-climate-nature
|
| 2957 |
+
and O
|
| 2958 |
+
punas B-climate-nature
|
| 2959 |
+
) O
|
| 2960 |
+
and O
|
| 2961 |
+
evergreen B-climate-nature
|
| 2962 |
+
montane I-climate-nature
|
| 2963 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
| 2964 |
+
, O
|
| 2965 |
+
two O
|
| 2966 |
+
key O
|
| 2967 |
+
ecosystems O
|
| 2968 |
+
for O
|
| 2969 |
+
the O
|
| 2970 |
+
provision O
|
| 2971 |
+
of O
|
| 2972 |
+
environmental O
|
| 2973 |
+
services O
|
| 2974 |
+
in O
|
| 2975 |
+
the O
|
| 2976 |
+
region O
|
| 2977 |
+
, O
|
| 2978 |
+
are O
|
| 2979 |
+
projected O
|
| 2980 |
+
to O
|
| 2981 |
+
experience O
|
| 2982 |
+
negative O
|
| 2983 |
+
changes O
|
| 2984 |
+
in O
|
| 2985 |
+
species O
|
| 2986 |
+
richness O
|
| 2987 |
+
and O
|
| 2988 |
+
high O
|
| 2989 |
+
rates O
|
| 2990 |
+
of O
|
| 2991 |
+
species O
|
| 2992 |
+
turnover O
|
| 2993 |
+
. O
|
| 2994 |
+
|
| 2995 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oed7cd9a511deddaadd13e3af6655675d
|
| 2996 |
+
|
| 2997 |
+
Every O
|
| 2998 |
+
year O
|
| 2999 |
+
hundreds O
|
| 3000 |
+
of O
|
| 3001 |
+
thousands O
|
| 3002 |
+
of O
|
| 3003 |
+
people B-climate-assets
|
| 3004 |
+
become O
|
| 3005 |
+
homeless B-climate-impacts
|
| 3006 |
+
due O
|
| 3007 |
+
to O
|
| 3008 |
+
natural O
|
| 3009 |
+
disasters O
|
| 3010 |
+
and O
|
| 3011 |
+
are O
|
| 3012 |
+
consequently O
|
| 3013 |
+
in O
|
| 3014 |
+
need O
|
| 3015 |
+
of O
|
| 3016 |
+
temporary O
|
| 3017 |
+
accommodation O
|
| 3018 |
+
until O
|
| 3019 |
+
they O
|
| 3020 |
+
can O
|
| 3021 |
+
return O
|
| 3022 |
+
to O
|
| 3023 |
+
their O
|
| 3024 |
+
reconstructed O
|
| 3025 |
+
homes B-climate-assets
|
| 3026 |
+
. O
|
| 3027 |
+
|
| 3028 |
+
An O
|
| 3029 |
+
example O
|
| 3030 |
+
of O
|
| 3031 |
+
this O
|
| 3032 |
+
is O
|
| 3033 |
+
the O
|
| 3034 |
+
Pakistan O
|
| 3035 |
+
earthquake B-climate-hazards
|
| 3036 |
+
in O
|
| 3037 |
+
2005 O
|
| 3038 |
+
where O
|
| 3039 |
+
no O
|
| 3040 |
+
appropriate O
|
| 3041 |
+
winterised B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3042 |
+
tents I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3043 |
+
were O
|
| 3044 |
+
available O
|
| 3045 |
+
and O
|
| 3046 |
+
thermal O
|
| 3047 |
+
comfort O
|
| 3048 |
+
could O
|
| 3049 |
+
not O
|
| 3050 |
+
be O
|
| 3051 |
+
gained O
|
| 3052 |
+
, O
|
| 3053 |
+
given O
|
| 3054 |
+
the O
|
| 3055 |
+
extremely O
|
| 3056 |
+
cold O
|
| 3057 |
+
winter O
|
| 3058 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3059 |
+
. O
|
| 3060 |
+
|
| 3061 |
+
In O
|
| 3062 |
+
its O
|
| 3063 |
+
second O
|
| 3064 |
+
part O
|
| 3065 |
+
the O
|
| 3066 |
+
work O
|
| 3067 |
+
responds O
|
| 3068 |
+
to O
|
| 3069 |
+
the O
|
| 3070 |
+
pressing O
|
| 3071 |
+
need O
|
| 3072 |
+
for O
|
| 3073 |
+
the O
|
| 3074 |
+
winterisation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3075 |
+
of O
|
| 3076 |
+
family O
|
| 3077 |
+
tents O
|
| 3078 |
+
by O
|
| 3079 |
+
presenting O
|
| 3080 |
+
a O
|
| 3081 |
+
number O
|
| 3082 |
+
of O
|
| 3083 |
+
different O
|
| 3084 |
+
options O
|
| 3085 |
+
for O
|
| 3086 |
+
a O
|
| 3087 |
+
floor O
|
| 3088 |
+
insulation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3089 |
+
. O
|
| 3090 |
+
|
| 3091 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc7e5398796e30f616a36d2c48d496b95
|
| 3092 |
+
|
| 3093 |
+
This O
|
| 3094 |
+
study O
|
| 3095 |
+
considers O
|
| 3096 |
+
the O
|
| 3097 |
+
Pan B-climate-models
|
| 3098 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 3099 |
+
European I-climate-models
|
| 3100 |
+
Soil I-climate-models
|
| 3101 |
+
Erosion I-climate-models
|
| 3102 |
+
Risk I-climate-models
|
| 3103 |
+
Assessment I-climate-models
|
| 3104 |
+
- O
|
| 3105 |
+
Desertification B-climate-models
|
| 3106 |
+
Mitigation I-climate-models
|
| 3107 |
+
Cost I-climate-models
|
| 3108 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 3109 |
+
Effectiveness I-climate-models
|
| 3110 |
+
modelling O
|
| 3111 |
+
approach O
|
| 3112 |
+
to O
|
| 3113 |
+
capture O
|
| 3114 |
+
a O
|
| 3115 |
+
greater O
|
| 3116 |
+
range O
|
| 3117 |
+
of O
|
| 3118 |
+
climatic O
|
| 3119 |
+
conditions O
|
| 3120 |
+
to O
|
| 3121 |
+
assess O
|
| 3122 |
+
the O
|
| 3123 |
+
potential O
|
| 3124 |
+
effect O
|
| 3125 |
+
of O
|
| 3126 |
+
an O
|
| 3127 |
+
improved O
|
| 3128 |
+
agricultural B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3129 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3130 |
+
practice I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3131 |
+
emerged O
|
| 3132 |
+
from O
|
| 3133 |
+
field O
|
| 3134 |
+
trials O
|
| 3135 |
+
as O
|
| 3136 |
+
a O
|
| 3137 |
+
promising O
|
| 3138 |
+
strategy O
|
| 3139 |
+
for O
|
| 3140 |
+
enhancing O
|
| 3141 |
+
food B-climate-assets
|
| 3142 |
+
security I-climate-assets
|
| 3143 |
+
and O
|
| 3144 |
+
reducing O
|
| 3145 |
+
soil B-climate-hazards
|
| 3146 |
+
and I-climate-hazards
|
| 3147 |
+
land I-climate-hazards
|
| 3148 |
+
degradation I-climate-hazards
|
| 3149 |
+
. O
|
| 3150 |
+
|
| 3151 |
+
The O
|
| 3152 |
+
model O
|
| 3153 |
+
considers O
|
| 3154 |
+
the O
|
| 3155 |
+
biophysical O
|
| 3156 |
+
and O
|
| 3157 |
+
socio O
|
| 3158 |
+
- O
|
| 3159 |
+
economic O
|
| 3160 |
+
benefits O
|
| 3161 |
+
of O
|
| 3162 |
+
the O
|
| 3163 |
+
improved O
|
| 3164 |
+
soil B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3165 |
+
conservation I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3166 |
+
technique I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3167 |
+
( O
|
| 3168 |
+
T3 O
|
| 3169 |
+
) O
|
| 3170 |
+
- O
|
| 3171 |
+
residue B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3172 |
+
mulch I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3173 |
+
combined O
|
| 3174 |
+
with O
|
| 3175 |
+
pigeon B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3176 |
+
pea I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3177 |
+
hedges I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3178 |
+
and O
|
| 3179 |
+
an O
|
| 3180 |
+
organic O
|
| 3181 |
+
amendment O
|
| 3182 |
+
, O
|
| 3183 |
+
against O
|
| 3184 |
+
a O
|
| 3185 |
+
local O
|
| 3186 |
+
baseline O
|
| 3187 |
+
practice O
|
| 3188 |
+
( O
|
| 3189 |
+
T0 O
|
| 3190 |
+
) O
|
| 3191 |
+
. O
|
| 3192 |
+
|
| 3193 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ocb6cfc0153e7593e9dd9d77c8b532b08
|
| 3194 |
+
|
| 3195 |
+
Wind B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3196 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3197 |
+
is O
|
| 3198 |
+
associated O
|
| 3199 |
+
with O
|
| 3200 |
+
many O
|
| 3201 |
+
geographical O
|
| 3202 |
+
factors O
|
| 3203 |
+
including O
|
| 3204 |
+
wind B-climate-properties
|
| 3205 |
+
speed I-climate-properties
|
| 3206 |
+
, O
|
| 3207 |
+
climate O
|
| 3208 |
+
change O
|
| 3209 |
+
, O
|
| 3210 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
| 3211 |
+
topography I-climate-nature
|
| 3212 |
+
, O
|
| 3213 |
+
environmental O
|
| 3214 |
+
impacts O
|
| 3215 |
+
, O
|
| 3216 |
+
and O
|
| 3217 |
+
several O
|
| 3218 |
+
economic O
|
| 3219 |
+
factors O
|
| 3220 |
+
, O
|
| 3221 |
+
most O
|
| 3222 |
+
notably O
|
| 3223 |
+
the O
|
| 3224 |
+
advancement O
|
| 3225 |
+
of O
|
| 3226 |
+
wind B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3227 |
+
technology I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3228 |
+
and O
|
| 3229 |
+
energy B-climate-properties
|
| 3230 |
+
prices I-climate-properties
|
| 3231 |
+
. O
|
| 3232 |
+
|
| 3233 |
+
Wind B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3234 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3235 |
+
generation O
|
| 3236 |
+
is O
|
| 3237 |
+
directly O
|
| 3238 |
+
related O
|
| 3239 |
+
to O
|
| 3240 |
+
the O
|
| 3241 |
+
characteristics O
|
| 3242 |
+
of O
|
| 3243 |
+
spatial O
|
| 3244 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
| 3245 |
+
. O
|
| 3246 |
+
|
| 3247 |
+
In O
|
| 3248 |
+
Kuwait O
|
| 3249 |
+
, O
|
| 3250 |
+
wind B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3251 |
+
energy I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3252 |
+
is O
|
| 3253 |
+
an O
|
| 3254 |
+
appropriate O
|
| 3255 |
+
choice O
|
| 3256 |
+
as O
|
| 3257 |
+
a O
|
| 3258 |
+
source O
|
| 3259 |
+
of O
|
| 3260 |
+
energy O
|
| 3261 |
+
generation O
|
| 3262 |
+
. O
|
| 3263 |
+
|
| 3264 |
+
Climatic O
|
| 3265 |
+
data O
|
| 3266 |
+
were O
|
| 3267 |
+
attained O
|
| 3268 |
+
through O
|
| 3269 |
+
the O
|
| 3270 |
+
readings O
|
| 3271 |
+
of O
|
| 3272 |
+
eight O
|
| 3273 |
+
distributed O
|
| 3274 |
+
monitoring O
|
| 3275 |
+
stations O
|
| 3276 |
+
affiliated O
|
| 3277 |
+
with O
|
| 3278 |
+
Kuwait B-climate-organizations
|
| 3279 |
+
Institute I-climate-organizations
|
| 3280 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
| 3281 |
+
Scientific I-climate-organizations
|
| 3282 |
+
Research I-climate-organizations
|
| 3283 |
+
( O
|
| 3284 |
+
KISR B-climate-organizations
|
| 3285 |
+
) O
|
| 3286 |
+
. O
|
| 3287 |
+
|
| 3288 |
+
The O
|
| 3289 |
+
researchers O
|
| 3290 |
+
applied O
|
| 3291 |
+
the O
|
| 3292 |
+
Suitability B-climate-models
|
| 3293 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 3294 |
+
to O
|
| 3295 |
+
analyze O
|
| 3296 |
+
the O
|
| 3297 |
+
study O
|
| 3298 |
+
by O
|
| 3299 |
+
using O
|
| 3300 |
+
the O
|
| 3301 |
+
ArcGIS B-climate-models
|
| 3302 |
+
program O
|
| 3303 |
+
. O
|
| 3304 |
+
|
| 3305 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O75f3b5bbbbe464e1edefdde3d37077f4
|
| 3306 |
+
|
| 3307 |
+
To O
|
| 3308 |
+
compare O
|
| 3309 |
+
the O
|
| 3310 |
+
fitness O
|
| 3311 |
+
of O
|
| 3312 |
+
five O
|
| 3313 |
+
stochastic O
|
| 3314 |
+
differential O
|
| 3315 |
+
equations O
|
| 3316 |
+
( O
|
| 3317 |
+
SDEs O
|
| 3318 |
+
) O
|
| 3319 |
+
to O
|
| 3320 |
+
the O
|
| 3321 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
| 3322 |
+
Union I-climate-organizations
|
| 3323 |
+
allowances O
|
| 3324 |
+
spot O
|
| 3325 |
+
price O
|
| 3326 |
+
, O
|
| 3327 |
+
we O
|
| 3328 |
+
apply O
|
| 3329 |
+
regression O
|
| 3330 |
+
theory O
|
| 3331 |
+
to O
|
| 3332 |
+
obtain O
|
| 3333 |
+
the O
|
| 3334 |
+
point O
|
| 3335 |
+
and O
|
| 3336 |
+
interval O
|
| 3337 |
+
estimations O
|
| 3338 |
+
for O
|
| 3339 |
+
the O
|
| 3340 |
+
parameters O
|
| 3341 |
+
of O
|
| 3342 |
+
the O
|
| 3343 |
+
SDEs O
|
| 3344 |
+
. O
|
| 3345 |
+
|
| 3346 |
+
An O
|
| 3347 |
+
empirical O
|
| 3348 |
+
evaluation O
|
| 3349 |
+
demonstrates O
|
| 3350 |
+
that O
|
| 3351 |
+
the O
|
| 3352 |
+
mean O
|
| 3353 |
+
reverting O
|
| 3354 |
+
square O
|
| 3355 |
+
root O
|
| 3356 |
+
process O
|
| 3357 |
+
( O
|
| 3358 |
+
MRSRP O
|
| 3359 |
+
) O
|
| 3360 |
+
has O
|
| 3361 |
+
the O
|
| 3362 |
+
best O
|
| 3363 |
+
fitness O
|
| 3364 |
+
of O
|
| 3365 |
+
five O
|
| 3366 |
+
SDEs O
|
| 3367 |
+
to O
|
| 3368 |
+
forecast O
|
| 3369 |
+
the O
|
| 3370 |
+
spot O
|
| 3371 |
+
price O
|
| 3372 |
+
. O
|
| 3373 |
+
|
| 3374 |
+
To O
|
| 3375 |
+
reduce O
|
| 3376 |
+
the O
|
| 3377 |
+
degree O
|
| 3378 |
+
of O
|
| 3379 |
+
smog B-climate-nature
|
| 3380 |
+
, O
|
| 3381 |
+
we O
|
| 3382 |
+
develop O
|
| 3383 |
+
a O
|
| 3384 |
+
new O
|
| 3385 |
+
trading B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3386 |
+
scheme I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3387 |
+
in O
|
| 3388 |
+
which O
|
| 3389 |
+
firms O
|
| 3390 |
+
have O
|
| 3391 |
+
to O
|
| 3392 |
+
hand O
|
| 3393 |
+
many O
|
| 3394 |
+
more O
|
| 3395 |
+
allowances O
|
| 3396 |
+
to O
|
| 3397 |
+
the O
|
| 3398 |
+
government O
|
| 3399 |
+
when O
|
| 3400 |
+
they O
|
| 3401 |
+
emit O
|
| 3402 |
+
one O
|
| 3403 |
+
unit O
|
| 3404 |
+
of O
|
| 3405 |
+
air B-climate-hazards
|
| 3406 |
+
pollution I-climate-hazards
|
| 3407 |
+
on O
|
| 3408 |
+
heavy O
|
| 3409 |
+
pollution B-climate-hazards
|
| 3410 |
+
days O
|
| 3411 |
+
, O
|
| 3412 |
+
versus O
|
| 3413 |
+
one O
|
| 3414 |
+
allowance O
|
| 3415 |
+
on O
|
| 3416 |
+
clean O
|
| 3417 |
+
days O
|
| 3418 |
+
. O
|
| 3419 |
+
|
| 3420 |
+
Thus O
|
| 3421 |
+
, O
|
| 3422 |
+
we O
|
| 3423 |
+
set O
|
| 3424 |
+
up O
|
| 3425 |
+
the O
|
| 3426 |
+
SDE O
|
| 3427 |
+
MRSRP O
|
| 3428 |
+
model O
|
| 3429 |
+
with O
|
| 3430 |
+
Markovian O
|
| 3431 |
+
switching O
|
| 3432 |
+
to O
|
| 3433 |
+
analyse O
|
| 3434 |
+
the O
|
| 3435 |
+
evolution O
|
| 3436 |
+
of O
|
| 3437 |
+
the O
|
| 3438 |
+
spot O
|
| 3439 |
+
price O
|
| 3440 |
+
in O
|
| 3441 |
+
such O
|
| 3442 |
+
a O
|
| 3443 |
+
scheme O
|
| 3444 |
+
. O
|
| 3445 |
+
|
| 3446 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ode7dfd0d31a3dd297aa778527f48929d
|
| 3447 |
+
|
| 3448 |
+
In O
|
| 3449 |
+
a O
|
| 3450 |
+
large O
|
| 3451 |
+
scale O
|
| 3452 |
+
, O
|
| 3453 |
+
forest B-climate-nature
|
| 3454 |
+
productivity O
|
| 3455 |
+
is O
|
| 3456 |
+
primarily O
|
| 3457 |
+
driven O
|
| 3458 |
+
by O
|
| 3459 |
+
two O
|
| 3460 |
+
large O
|
| 3461 |
+
fluxes O
|
| 3462 |
+
, O
|
| 3463 |
+
gross B-climate-properties
|
| 3464 |
+
primary I-climate-properties
|
| 3465 |
+
production I-climate-properties
|
| 3466 |
+
( O
|
| 3467 |
+
GPP B-climate-properties
|
| 3468 |
+
) O
|
| 3469 |
+
, O
|
| 3470 |
+
which O
|
| 3471 |
+
is O
|
| 3472 |
+
the O
|
| 3473 |
+
source O
|
| 3474 |
+
for O
|
| 3475 |
+
all O
|
| 3476 |
+
carbon O
|
| 3477 |
+
in O
|
| 3478 |
+
forest B-climate-nature
|
| 3479 |
+
ecosystems O
|
| 3480 |
+
, O
|
| 3481 |
+
and O
|
| 3482 |
+
heterotrophic B-climate-properties
|
| 3483 |
+
respiration I-climate-properties
|
| 3484 |
+
. O
|
| 3485 |
+
|
| 3486 |
+
Here O
|
| 3487 |
+
we O
|
| 3488 |
+
show O
|
| 3489 |
+
how O
|
| 3490 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 3491 |
+
of O
|
| 3492 |
+
GPP B-climate-properties
|
| 3493 |
+
projections O
|
| 3494 |
+
of O
|
| 3495 |
+
Finnish O
|
| 3496 |
+
boreal B-climate-nature
|
| 3497 |
+
forests I-climate-nature
|
| 3498 |
+
divides O
|
| 3499 |
+
between O
|
| 3500 |
+
input O
|
| 3501 |
+
, O
|
| 3502 |
+
mechanistic O
|
| 3503 |
+
and O
|
| 3504 |
+
parametric O
|
| 3505 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 3506 |
+
. O
|
| 3507 |
+
|
| 3508 |
+
We O
|
| 3509 |
+
used O
|
| 3510 |
+
the O
|
| 3511 |
+
simple O
|
| 3512 |
+
semi O
|
| 3513 |
+
- O
|
| 3514 |
+
empirical O
|
| 3515 |
+
stand O
|
| 3516 |
+
GPP B-climate-properties
|
| 3517 |
+
and O
|
| 3518 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 3519 |
+
balance I-climate-nature
|
| 3520 |
+
model O
|
| 3521 |
+
PRELES B-climate-models
|
| 3522 |
+
with O
|
| 3523 |
+
an O
|
| 3524 |
+
ensemble O
|
| 3525 |
+
of O
|
| 3526 |
+
downscaled O
|
| 3527 |
+
global O
|
| 3528 |
+
circulation O
|
| 3529 |
+
model O
|
| 3530 |
+
( O
|
| 3531 |
+
GCM O
|
| 3532 |
+
) O
|
| 3533 |
+
projections O
|
| 3534 |
+
for O
|
| 3535 |
+
the O
|
| 3536 |
+
21st O
|
| 3537 |
+
century O
|
| 3538 |
+
under O
|
| 3539 |
+
different O
|
| 3540 |
+
emissions O
|
| 3541 |
+
and O
|
| 3542 |
+
forcing O
|
| 3543 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 3544 |
+
( O
|
| 3545 |
+
both O
|
| 3546 |
+
RCP O
|
| 3547 |
+
and O
|
| 3548 |
+
SRES O
|
| 3549 |
+
) O
|
| 3550 |
+
. O
|
| 3551 |
+
|
| 3552 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O11a48067ce25ab1e08b9865cb2337130
|
| 3553 |
+
|
| 3554 |
+
The O
|
| 3555 |
+
dynamic O
|
| 3556 |
+
changes O
|
| 3557 |
+
of O
|
| 3558 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
| 3559 |
+
fire I-climate-hazards
|
| 3560 |
+
events O
|
| 3561 |
+
are O
|
| 3562 |
+
due O
|
| 3563 |
+
to O
|
| 3564 |
+
the O
|
| 3565 |
+
swing O
|
| 3566 |
+
of O
|
| 3567 |
+
climate O
|
| 3568 |
+
parameter O
|
| 3569 |
+
. O
|
| 3570 |
+
|
| 3571 |
+
Geospatial O
|
| 3572 |
+
technology O
|
| 3573 |
+
has O
|
| 3574 |
+
strong O
|
| 3575 |
+
capability O
|
| 3576 |
+
to O
|
| 3577 |
+
analyze O
|
| 3578 |
+
various O
|
| 3579 |
+
thematic O
|
| 3580 |
+
datasets O
|
| 3581 |
+
towards O
|
| 3582 |
+
visualization O
|
| 3583 |
+
of O
|
| 3584 |
+
spatial O
|
| 3585 |
+
/ O
|
| 3586 |
+
temporal O
|
| 3587 |
+
pattern O
|
| 3588 |
+
and O
|
| 3589 |
+
plays O
|
| 3590 |
+
a O
|
| 3591 |
+
vital O
|
| 3592 |
+
role O
|
| 3593 |
+
in O
|
| 3594 |
+
fire B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3595 |
+
management I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3596 |
+
efforts O
|
| 3597 |
+
. O
|
| 3598 |
+
|
| 3599 |
+
This O
|
| 3600 |
+
paper O
|
| 3601 |
+
aims O
|
| 3602 |
+
to O
|
| 3603 |
+
analyze O
|
| 3604 |
+
the O
|
| 3605 |
+
climate O
|
| 3606 |
+
and O
|
| 3607 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
| 3608 |
+
fire I-climate-hazards
|
| 3609 |
+
trend O
|
| 3610 |
+
using O
|
| 3611 |
+
Geospatial O
|
| 3612 |
+
technology O
|
| 3613 |
+
in O
|
| 3614 |
+
the O
|
| 3615 |
+
state O
|
| 3616 |
+
of O
|
| 3617 |
+
Orissa O
|
| 3618 |
+
of O
|
| 3619 |
+
India O
|
| 3620 |
+
. O
|
| 3621 |
+
|
| 3622 |
+
The O
|
| 3623 |
+
84.5 O
|
| 3624 |
+
% O
|
| 3625 |
+
of O
|
| 3626 |
+
forest B-climate-hazards
|
| 3627 |
+
fire I-climate-hazards
|
| 3628 |
+
events O
|
| 3629 |
+
are O
|
| 3630 |
+
observed O
|
| 3631 |
+
in O
|
| 3632 |
+
the O
|
| 3633 |
+
month O
|
| 3634 |
+
of O
|
| 3635 |
+
March O
|
| 3636 |
+
and O
|
| 3637 |
+
April O
|
| 3638 |
+
and O
|
| 3639 |
+
it O
|
| 3640 |
+
is O
|
| 3641 |
+
significantly O
|
| 3642 |
+
high O
|
| 3643 |
+
in O
|
| 3644 |
+
the O
|
| 3645 |
+
south O
|
| 3646 |
+
of O
|
| 3647 |
+
Kandhamal O
|
| 3648 |
+
, O
|
| 3649 |
+
east O
|
| 3650 |
+
of O
|
| 3651 |
+
Kalahandi O
|
| 3652 |
+
, O
|
| 3653 |
+
north O
|
| 3654 |
+
of O
|
| 3655 |
+
Rayagada O
|
| 3656 |
+
and O
|
| 3657 |
+
north O
|
| 3658 |
+
of O
|
| 3659 |
+
Gajapati O
|
| 3660 |
+
district O
|
| 3661 |
+
. O
|
| 3662 |
+
|
| 3663 |
+
The O
|
| 3664 |
+
solar B-climate-properties
|
| 3665 |
+
radiation I-climate-properties
|
| 3666 |
+
increased O
|
| 3667 |
+
to O
|
| 3668 |
+
144 O
|
| 3669 |
+
% O
|
| 3670 |
+
in O
|
| 3671 |
+
the O
|
| 3672 |
+
month O
|
| 3673 |
+
of O
|
| 3674 |
+
March O
|
| 3675 |
+
when O
|
| 3676 |
+
compared O
|
| 3677 |
+
with O
|
| 3678 |
+
preceding O
|
| 3679 |
+
month O
|
| 3680 |
+
whereas O
|
| 3681 |
+
relative B-climate-properties
|
| 3682 |
+
humidity I-climate-properties
|
| 3683 |
+
was O
|
| 3684 |
+
decreased O
|
| 3685 |
+
to O
|
| 3686 |
+
64 O
|
| 3687 |
+
% O
|
| 3688 |
+
in O
|
| 3689 |
+
the O
|
| 3690 |
+
same O
|
| 3691 |
+
month O
|
| 3692 |
+
. O
|
| 3693 |
+
|
| 3694 |
+
The O
|
| 3695 |
+
evaluation O
|
| 3696 |
+
of O
|
| 3697 |
+
Cramer O
|
| 3698 |
+
V O
|
| 3699 |
+
coefficient O
|
| 3700 |
+
values O
|
| 3701 |
+
of O
|
| 3702 |
+
minimum B-climate-properties
|
| 3703 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 3704 |
+
, O
|
| 3705 |
+
solar B-climate-properties
|
| 3706 |
+
radiation I-climate-properties
|
| 3707 |
+
, O
|
| 3708 |
+
maximum B-climate-properties
|
| 3709 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 3710 |
+
and O
|
| 3711 |
+
relative B-climate-properties
|
| 3712 |
+
humidity I-climate-properties
|
| 3713 |
+
are O
|
| 3714 |
+
found O
|
| 3715 |
+
to O
|
| 3716 |
+
be O
|
| 3717 |
+
0.302 O
|
| 3718 |
+
, O
|
| 3719 |
+
0.327 O
|
| 3720 |
+
, O
|
| 3721 |
+
0.366 O
|
| 3722 |
+
and O
|
| 3723 |
+
0.482 O
|
| 3724 |
+
respectively O
|
| 3725 |
+
. O
|
| 3726 |
+
|
| 3727 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O9fb2a34d46502970d8704fd344f3b7e5
|
| 3728 |
+
|
| 3729 |
+
study O
|
| 3730 |
+
was O
|
| 3731 |
+
set O
|
| 3732 |
+
to O
|
| 3733 |
+
investigate O
|
| 3734 |
+
the O
|
| 3735 |
+
impact O
|
| 3736 |
+
of O
|
| 3737 |
+
climate O
|
| 3738 |
+
change O
|
| 3739 |
+
on O
|
| 3740 |
+
rural B-climate-assets
|
| 3741 |
+
livelihoods I-climate-assets
|
| 3742 |
+
in O
|
| 3743 |
+
the O
|
| 3744 |
+
North O
|
| 3745 |
+
Nguu O
|
| 3746 |
+
Mountains O
|
| 3747 |
+
in O
|
| 3748 |
+
Kilindi O
|
| 3749 |
+
District O
|
| 3750 |
+
, O
|
| 3751 |
+
Tanzania O
|
| 3752 |
+
. O
|
| 3753 |
+
|
| 3754 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc2168e1bd2c3ba97a5864b542281b438
|
| 3755 |
+
|
| 3756 |
+
We O
|
| 3757 |
+
combine O
|
| 3758 |
+
these O
|
| 3759 |
+
climate O
|
| 3760 |
+
impact O
|
| 3761 |
+
estimates O
|
| 3762 |
+
with O
|
| 3763 |
+
the O
|
| 3764 |
+
GTAP B-climate-models
|
| 3765 |
+
model O
|
| 3766 |
+
of O
|
| 3767 |
+
global B-climate-assets
|
| 3768 |
+
trade I-climate-assets
|
| 3769 |
+
in O
|
| 3770 |
+
order O
|
| 3771 |
+
to O
|
| 3772 |
+
estimate O
|
| 3773 |
+
the O
|
| 3774 |
+
national B-climate-assets
|
| 3775 |
+
welfare I-climate-assets
|
| 3776 |
+
changes O
|
| 3777 |
+
which O
|
| 3778 |
+
are O
|
| 3779 |
+
decomposed O
|
| 3780 |
+
into O
|
| 3781 |
+
three O
|
| 3782 |
+
components O
|
| 3783 |
+
|
| 3784 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Obfd3e2021e8c3ca8391aecc6350a8c38
|
| 3785 |
+
|
| 3786 |
+
Using O
|
| 3787 |
+
mathematical O
|
| 3788 |
+
modelling O
|
| 3789 |
+
tools O
|
| 3790 |
+
, O
|
| 3791 |
+
we O
|
| 3792 |
+
assessed O
|
| 3793 |
+
the O
|
| 3794 |
+
potential O
|
| 3795 |
+
for O
|
| 3796 |
+
land B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 3797 |
+
use I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 3798 |
+
change I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 3799 |
+
( O
|
| 3800 |
+
LUC B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 3801 |
+
) O
|
| 3802 |
+
associated O
|
| 3803 |
+
with O
|
| 3804 |
+
the O
|
| 3805 |
+
Intergovernmental B-climate-organizations
|
| 3806 |
+
Panel I-climate-organizations
|
| 3807 |
+
on I-climate-organizations
|
| 3808 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
| 3809 |
+
Change I-climate-organizations
|
| 3810 |
+
low- O
|
| 3811 |
+
and O
|
| 3812 |
+
high O
|
| 3813 |
+
- O
|
| 3814 |
+
end O
|
| 3815 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 3816 |
+
scenario O
|
| 3817 |
+
( O
|
| 3818 |
+
RCP2.6 B-climate-datasets
|
| 3819 |
+
and O
|
| 3820 |
+
RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 3821 |
+
) O
|
| 3822 |
+
to O
|
| 3823 |
+
impact O
|
| 3824 |
+
malaria B-climate-impacts
|
| 3825 |
+
transmission O
|
| 3826 |
+
in O
|
| 3827 |
+
Africa O
|
| 3828 |
+
. O
|
| 3829 |
+
|
| 3830 |
+
To O
|
| 3831 |
+
drive O
|
| 3832 |
+
a O
|
| 3833 |
+
spatially O
|
| 3834 |
+
explicit O
|
| 3835 |
+
, O
|
| 3836 |
+
dynamical O
|
| 3837 |
+
malaria B-climate-impacts
|
| 3838 |
+
model O
|
| 3839 |
+
, O
|
| 3840 |
+
data O
|
| 3841 |
+
from O
|
| 3842 |
+
the O
|
| 3843 |
+
four O
|
| 3844 |
+
available O
|
| 3845 |
+
earth O
|
| 3846 |
+
system O
|
| 3847 |
+
models O
|
| 3848 |
+
( O
|
| 3849 |
+
ESMs O
|
| 3850 |
+
) O
|
| 3851 |
+
that O
|
| 3852 |
+
contributed O
|
| 3853 |
+
to O
|
| 3854 |
+
the O
|
| 3855 |
+
LUC B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 3856 |
+
experiment O
|
| 3857 |
+
of O
|
| 3858 |
+
the O
|
| 3859 |
+
Fifth B-climate-models
|
| 3860 |
+
Climate I-climate-models
|
| 3861 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 3862 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
| 3863 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
| 3864 |
+
are O
|
| 3865 |
+
used O
|
| 3866 |
+
. O
|
| 3867 |
+
|
| 3868 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Od047956e63de201932620ea0ef938b72
|
| 3869 |
+
|
| 3870 |
+
Statistically O
|
| 3871 |
+
significant O
|
| 3872 |
+
changes O
|
| 3873 |
+
in O
|
| 3874 |
+
tropopause B-climate-nature
|
| 3875 |
+
fold I-climate-nature
|
| 3876 |
+
frequencies O
|
| 3877 |
+
are O
|
| 3878 |
+
identified O
|
| 3879 |
+
in O
|
| 3880 |
+
both O
|
| 3881 |
+
Hemispheres O
|
| 3882 |
+
, O
|
| 3883 |
+
occasionally O
|
| 3884 |
+
exceeding O
|
| 3885 |
+
3 O
|
| 3886 |
+
% O
|
| 3887 |
+
, O
|
| 3888 |
+
which O
|
| 3889 |
+
are O
|
| 3890 |
+
associated O
|
| 3891 |
+
with O
|
| 3892 |
+
the O
|
| 3893 |
+
projected O
|
| 3894 |
+
changes O
|
| 3895 |
+
in O
|
| 3896 |
+
the O
|
| 3897 |
+
position O
|
| 3898 |
+
and O
|
| 3899 |
+
intensity B-climate-properties
|
| 3900 |
+
of O
|
| 3901 |
+
the O
|
| 3902 |
+
subtropical B-climate-nature
|
| 3903 |
+
jet B-climate-nature
|
| 3904 |
+
streams I-climate-nature
|
| 3905 |
+
. O
|
| 3906 |
+
|
| 3907 |
+
A O
|
| 3908 |
+
strengthening O
|
| 3909 |
+
of O
|
| 3910 |
+
ozone O
|
| 3911 |
+
STT B-climate-nature
|
| 3912 |
+
is O
|
| 3913 |
+
projected O
|
| 3914 |
+
for O
|
| 3915 |
+
future O
|
| 3916 |
+
at O
|
| 3917 |
+
both O
|
| 3918 |
+
Hemispheres O
|
| 3919 |
+
, O
|
| 3920 |
+
with O
|
| 3921 |
+
an O
|
| 3922 |
+
induced O
|
| 3923 |
+
increase O
|
| 3924 |
+
of O
|
| 3925 |
+
transported O
|
| 3926 |
+
stratospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 3927 |
+
ozone O
|
| 3928 |
+
tracer O
|
| 3929 |
+
throughout O
|
| 3930 |
+
the O
|
| 3931 |
+
whole O
|
| 3932 |
+
troposphere B-climate-nature
|
| 3933 |
+
, O
|
| 3934 |
+
reaching O
|
| 3935 |
+
up O
|
| 3936 |
+
to O
|
| 3937 |
+
10 O
|
| 3938 |
+
nmol O
|
| 3939 |
+
/ O
|
| 3940 |
+
mol O
|
| 3941 |
+
in O
|
| 3942 |
+
the O
|
| 3943 |
+
upper O
|
| 3944 |
+
troposphere B-climate-nature
|
| 3945 |
+
, O
|
| 3946 |
+
8 O
|
| 3947 |
+
nmol O
|
| 3948 |
+
/ O
|
| 3949 |
+
mol O
|
| 3950 |
+
in O
|
| 3951 |
+
the O
|
| 3952 |
+
middle O
|
| 3953 |
+
troposphere B-climate-nature
|
| 3954 |
+
and O
|
| 3955 |
+
3 O
|
| 3956 |
+
nmol O
|
| 3957 |
+
/ O
|
| 3958 |
+
mol O
|
| 3959 |
+
near O
|
| 3960 |
+
the O
|
| 3961 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
| 3962 |
+
. O
|
| 3963 |
+
|
| 3964 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O2702c371a58dd1a390f788e3cd6c9240
|
| 3965 |
+
|
| 3966 |
+
Understanding O
|
| 3967 |
+
the O
|
| 3968 |
+
impact O
|
| 3969 |
+
of O
|
| 3970 |
+
various O
|
| 3971 |
+
climate O
|
| 3972 |
+
features O
|
| 3973 |
+
on O
|
| 3974 |
+
wave B-climate-nature
|
| 3975 |
+
climate O
|
| 3976 |
+
is O
|
| 3977 |
+
important O
|
| 3978 |
+
for O
|
| 3979 |
+
effective O
|
| 3980 |
+
coastal B-climate-nature
|
| 3981 |
+
climate O
|
| 3982 |
+
adaptation O
|
| 3983 |
+
and O
|
| 3984 |
+
mitigation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 3985 |
+
strategy I-climate-mitigations
|
| 3986 |
+
planning O
|
| 3987 |
+
. O
|
| 3988 |
+
|
| 3989 |
+
In O
|
| 3990 |
+
the O
|
| 3991 |
+
present O
|
| 3992 |
+
study O
|
| 3993 |
+
, O
|
| 3994 |
+
the O
|
| 3995 |
+
effect O
|
| 3996 |
+
of O
|
| 3997 |
+
tropical B-climate-nature
|
| 3998 |
+
and O
|
| 3999 |
+
extra B-climate-nature
|
| 4000 |
+
- I-climate-nature
|
| 4001 |
+
tropical I-climate-nature
|
| 4002 |
+
climate O
|
| 4003 |
+
modes O
|
| 4004 |
+
such O
|
| 4005 |
+
as O
|
| 4006 |
+
Indian B-climate-nature
|
| 4007 |
+
Ocean I-climate-nature
|
| 4008 |
+
Dipole I-climate-nature
|
| 4009 |
+
( O
|
| 4010 |
+
IOD B-climate-nature
|
| 4011 |
+
) O
|
| 4012 |
+
, O
|
| 4013 |
+
El B-climate-nature
|
| 4014 |
+
Niño I-climate-nature
|
| 4015 |
+
Southern I-climate-nature
|
| 4016 |
+
Oscillation I-climate-nature
|
| 4017 |
+
( O
|
| 4018 |
+
ENSO B-climate-nature
|
| 4019 |
+
) O
|
| 4020 |
+
and O
|
| 4021 |
+
Southern B-climate-nature
|
| 4022 |
+
Annular I-climate-nature
|
| 4023 |
+
Mode I-climate-nature
|
| 4024 |
+
( O
|
| 4025 |
+
SAM B-climate-nature
|
| 4026 |
+
) O
|
| 4027 |
+
on O
|
| 4028 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
| 4029 |
+
- O
|
| 4030 |
+
wave B-climate-nature
|
| 4031 |
+
climate O
|
| 4032 |
+
of O
|
| 4033 |
+
the O
|
| 4034 |
+
Indian O
|
| 4035 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 4036 |
+
( O
|
| 4037 |
+
IO O
|
| 4038 |
+
) O
|
| 4039 |
+
is O
|
| 4040 |
+
studied O
|
| 4041 |
+
using O
|
| 4042 |
+
multiple O
|
| 4043 |
+
linear O
|
| 4044 |
+
regression O
|
| 4045 |
+
of O
|
| 4046 |
+
individual O
|
| 4047 |
+
climate O
|
| 4048 |
+
indices O
|
| 4049 |
+
on O
|
| 4050 |
+
relevant O
|
| 4051 |
+
wind B-climate-nature
|
| 4052 |
+
- O
|
| 4053 |
+
wave B-climate-nature
|
| 4054 |
+
parameters O
|
| 4055 |
+
. O
|
| 4056 |
+
|
| 4057 |
+
There O
|
| 4058 |
+
are O
|
| 4059 |
+
two O
|
| 4060 |
+
regions O
|
| 4061 |
+
of O
|
| 4062 |
+
importance O
|
| 4063 |
+
for O
|
| 4064 |
+
swell B-climate-nature
|
| 4065 |
+
generation O
|
| 4066 |
+
in O
|
| 4067 |
+
the O
|
| 4068 |
+
Indian O
|
| 4069 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 4070 |
+
- O
|
| 4071 |
+
a O
|
| 4072 |
+
region O
|
| 4073 |
+
between O
|
| 4074 |
+
40 O
|
| 4075 |
+
° O
|
| 4076 |
+
and O
|
| 4077 |
+
60 O
|
| 4078 |
+
° O
|
| 4079 |
+
S O
|
| 4080 |
+
in O
|
| 4081 |
+
the O
|
| 4082 |
+
Southern O
|
| 4083 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 4084 |
+
( O
|
| 4085 |
+
SO O
|
| 4086 |
+
) O
|
| 4087 |
+
and O
|
| 4088 |
+
another O
|
| 4089 |
+
region O
|
| 4090 |
+
in O
|
| 4091 |
+
the O
|
| 4092 |
+
Eastern O
|
| 4093 |
+
Tropical O
|
| 4094 |
+
Indian O
|
| 4095 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 4096 |
+
( O
|
| 4097 |
+
ETIO O
|
| 4098 |
+
; O
|
| 4099 |
+
10 O
|
| 4100 |
+
° O
|
| 4101 |
+
–30 O
|
| 4102 |
+
° O
|
| 4103 |
+
S O
|
| 4104 |
+
, O
|
| 4105 |
+
60 O
|
| 4106 |
+
° O
|
| 4107 |
+
–100 O
|
| 4108 |
+
° O
|
| 4109 |
+
E O
|
| 4110 |
+
) O
|
| 4111 |
+
. O
|
| 4112 |
+
|
| 4113 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oab16dc9a50f63c96ff6d0d58e3b146dc
|
| 4114 |
+
|
| 4115 |
+
As O
|
| 4116 |
+
a O
|
| 4117 |
+
result O
|
| 4118 |
+
, O
|
| 4119 |
+
state O
|
| 4120 |
+
forestry B-climate-assets
|
| 4121 |
+
authorities O
|
| 4122 |
+
should O
|
| 4123 |
+
take O
|
| 4124 |
+
precautions O
|
| 4125 |
+
against O
|
| 4126 |
+
this O
|
| 4127 |
+
bark B-climate-hazards
|
| 4128 |
+
beetle I-climate-hazards
|
| 4129 |
+
species O
|
| 4130 |
+
in O
|
| 4131 |
+
the O
|
| 4132 |
+
pine B-climate-organisms
|
| 4133 |
+
stands O
|
| 4134 |
+
of O
|
| 4135 |
+
northern O
|
| 4136 |
+
Turkey O
|
| 4137 |
+
in O
|
| 4138 |
+
the O
|
| 4139 |
+
future O
|
| 4140 |
+
. O
|
| 4141 |
+
|
| 4142 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O71aeba3d171884648fca991b73d2eba2
|
| 4143 |
+
|
| 4144 |
+
As O
|
| 4145 |
+
global O
|
| 4146 |
+
climate O
|
| 4147 |
+
change O
|
| 4148 |
+
alters O
|
| 4149 |
+
many O
|
| 4150 |
+
aspects O
|
| 4151 |
+
of O
|
| 4152 |
+
seasonal O
|
| 4153 |
+
variability O
|
| 4154 |
+
, O
|
| 4155 |
+
including O
|
| 4156 |
+
extreme O
|
| 4157 |
+
events O
|
| 4158 |
+
and O
|
| 4159 |
+
changes O
|
| 4160 |
+
in O
|
| 4161 |
+
mean O
|
| 4162 |
+
conditions O
|
| 4163 |
+
, O
|
| 4164 |
+
organisms B-climate-organisms
|
| 4165 |
+
must O
|
| 4166 |
+
respond O
|
| 4167 |
+
appropriately O
|
| 4168 |
+
or O
|
| 4169 |
+
go O
|
| 4170 |
+
extinct B-climate-hazards
|
| 4171 |
+
. O
|
| 4172 |
+
|
| 4173 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc0a6e55943b44425126281fbda78c9c4
|
| 4174 |
+
|
| 4175 |
+
my O
|
| 4176 |
+
Erasmus O
|
| 4177 |
+
year O
|
| 4178 |
+
in O
|
| 4179 |
+
La O
|
| 4180 |
+
Coruna O
|
| 4181 |
+
( O
|
| 4182 |
+
Spain O
|
| 4183 |
+
) O
|
| 4184 |
+
, O
|
| 4185 |
+
I O
|
| 4186 |
+
was O
|
| 4187 |
+
lucky O
|
| 4188 |
+
enough O
|
| 4189 |
+
to O
|
| 4190 |
+
make O
|
| 4191 |
+
friends O
|
| 4192 |
+
with O
|
| 4193 |
+
a O
|
| 4194 |
+
person O
|
| 4195 |
+
who O
|
| 4196 |
+
has O
|
| 4197 |
+
joined O
|
| 4198 |
+
the O
|
| 4199 |
+
humanitarian O
|
| 4200 |
+
missions O
|
| 4201 |
+
in O
|
| 4202 |
+
the O
|
| 4203 |
+
southern O
|
| 4204 |
+
Philippines O
|
| 4205 |
+
in O
|
| 4206 |
+
support O
|
| 4207 |
+
of O
|
| 4208 |
+
the O
|
| 4209 |
+
victims O
|
| 4210 |
+
of O
|
| 4211 |
+
Typhoon O
|
| 4212 |
+
Bopha O
|
| 4213 |
+
, O
|
| 4214 |
+
who O
|
| 4215 |
+
has O
|
| 4216 |
+
instilled O
|
| 4217 |
+
in O
|
| 4218 |
+
me O
|
| 4219 |
+
a O
|
| 4220 |
+
great O
|
| 4221 |
+
interest O
|
| 4222 |
+
for O
|
| 4223 |
+
the O
|
| 4224 |
+
Filipino O
|
| 4225 |
+
culture O
|
| 4226 |
+
and O
|
| 4227 |
+
their O
|
| 4228 |
+
relationship O
|
| 4229 |
+
with O
|
| 4230 |
+
nature O
|
| 4231 |
+
, O
|
| 4232 |
+
the O
|
| 4233 |
+
climate O
|
| 4234 |
+
and O
|
| 4235 |
+
natural O
|
| 4236 |
+
disasters O
|
| 4237 |
+
, O
|
| 4238 |
+
and O
|
| 4239 |
+
I O
|
| 4240 |
+
promised O
|
| 4241 |
+
myself O
|
| 4242 |
+
to O
|
| 4243 |
+
take O
|
| 4244 |
+
part O
|
| 4245 |
+
in O
|
| 4246 |
+
humanitarian O
|
| 4247 |
+
action O
|
| 4248 |
+
once O
|
| 4249 |
+
concluded O
|
| 4250 |
+
the O
|
| 4251 |
+
university O
|
| 4252 |
+
studies O
|
| 4253 |
+
. O
|
| 4254 |
+
|
| 4255 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O1062ef7b930c8c5dca09e5e1ac12bdd3
|
| 4256 |
+
|
| 4257 |
+
Climate O
|
| 4258 |
+
warming O
|
| 4259 |
+
increases O
|
| 4260 |
+
vulnerability O
|
| 4261 |
+
to O
|
| 4262 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 4263 |
+
in O
|
| 4264 |
+
Mediterranean O
|
| 4265 |
+
water O
|
| 4266 |
+
- O
|
| 4267 |
+
limited O
|
| 4268 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
| 4269 |
+
. O
|
| 4270 |
+
|
| 4271 |
+
However O
|
| 4272 |
+
, O
|
| 4273 |
+
we O
|
| 4274 |
+
still O
|
| 4275 |
+
lack O
|
| 4276 |
+
knowledge O
|
| 4277 |
+
of O
|
| 4278 |
+
the O
|
| 4279 |
+
long O
|
| 4280 |
+
- O
|
| 4281 |
+
term O
|
| 4282 |
+
physiological O
|
| 4283 |
+
responses O
|
| 4284 |
+
of O
|
| 4285 |
+
coexisting O
|
| 4286 |
+
pine B-climate-organisms
|
| 4287 |
+
species O
|
| 4288 |
+
in O
|
| 4289 |
+
these O
|
| 4290 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
| 4291 |
+
regarding O
|
| 4292 |
+
their O
|
| 4293 |
+
ability O
|
| 4294 |
+
to O
|
| 4295 |
+
cope O
|
| 4296 |
+
with O
|
| 4297 |
+
warming O
|
| 4298 |
+
- O
|
| 4299 |
+
induced O
|
| 4300 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 4301 |
+
stress O
|
| 4302 |
+
. O
|
| 4303 |
+
|
| 4304 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3af18f42ec58c39993cbbb5a444aaa6c
|
| 4305 |
+
|
| 4306 |
+
Transport B-climate-assets
|
| 4307 |
+
infrastructure I-climate-assets
|
| 4308 |
+
networks I-climate-assets
|
| 4309 |
+
are O
|
| 4310 |
+
increasingly O
|
| 4311 |
+
vulnerable O
|
| 4312 |
+
to O
|
| 4313 |
+
disruption B-climate-impacts
|
| 4314 |
+
from O
|
| 4315 |
+
extreme B-climate-hazards
|
| 4316 |
+
rainfall I-climate-hazards
|
| 4317 |
+
events O
|
| 4318 |
+
due O
|
| 4319 |
+
to O
|
| 4320 |
+
increasing O
|
| 4321 |
+
surface B-climate-nature
|
| 4322 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
| 4323 |
+
runoff I-climate-nature
|
| 4324 |
+
from O
|
| 4325 |
+
urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 4326 |
+
and O
|
| 4327 |
+
changes O
|
| 4328 |
+
in O
|
| 4329 |
+
climate O
|
| 4330 |
+
. O
|
| 4331 |
+
|
| 4332 |
+
Impacts O
|
| 4333 |
+
from O
|
| 4334 |
+
such O
|
| 4335 |
+
disruptions B-climate-impacts
|
| 4336 |
+
typically O
|
| 4337 |
+
extend O
|
| 4338 |
+
far O
|
| 4339 |
+
beyond O
|
| 4340 |
+
the O
|
| 4341 |
+
flood B-climate-impacts
|
| 4342 |
+
footprint I-climate-impacts
|
| 4343 |
+
, O
|
| 4344 |
+
because O
|
| 4345 |
+
of O
|
| 4346 |
+
the O
|
| 4347 |
+
interconnection O
|
| 4348 |
+
and O
|
| 4349 |
+
spatial O
|
| 4350 |
+
extent O
|
| 4351 |
+
of O
|
| 4352 |
+
modern O
|
| 4353 |
+
infrastructure B-climate-assets
|
| 4354 |
+
. O
|
| 4355 |
+
|
| 4356 |
+
An O
|
| 4357 |
+
integrated O
|
| 4358 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 4359 |
+
risk O
|
| 4360 |
+
assessment O
|
| 4361 |
+
couples O
|
| 4362 |
+
high O
|
| 4363 |
+
resolution O
|
| 4364 |
+
information O
|
| 4365 |
+
on O
|
| 4366 |
+
depth B-climate-properties
|
| 4367 |
+
and O
|
| 4368 |
+
velocity B-climate-properties
|
| 4369 |
+
from O
|
| 4370 |
+
the O
|
| 4371 |
+
CityCAT B-climate-models
|
| 4372 |
+
urban B-climate-hazards
|
| 4373 |
+
flood I-climate-hazards
|
| 4374 |
+
model O
|
| 4375 |
+
with O
|
| 4376 |
+
empirical O
|
| 4377 |
+
analysis O
|
| 4378 |
+
of O
|
| 4379 |
+
vehicle B-climate-assets
|
| 4380 |
+
speeds O
|
| 4381 |
+
in O
|
| 4382 |
+
different O
|
| 4383 |
+
depths B-climate-properties
|
| 4384 |
+
of I-climate-properties
|
| 4385 |
+
flood I-climate-properties
|
| 4386 |
+
water I-climate-properties
|
| 4387 |
+
, O
|
| 4388 |
+
to O
|
| 4389 |
+
perturb O
|
| 4390 |
+
a O
|
| 4391 |
+
transport O
|
| 4392 |
+
accessibility O
|
| 4393 |
+
model O
|
| 4394 |
+
and O
|
| 4395 |
+
determine O
|
| 4396 |
+
the O
|
| 4397 |
+
impact O
|
| 4398 |
+
of O
|
| 4399 |
+
a O
|
| 4400 |
+
given O
|
| 4401 |
+
event O
|
| 4402 |
+
on O
|
| 4403 |
+
journey O
|
| 4404 |
+
times O
|
| 4405 |
+
across O
|
| 4406 |
+
the O
|
| 4407 |
+
urban O
|
| 4408 |
+
area O
|
| 4409 |
+
. O
|
| 4410 |
+
|
| 4411 |
+
A O
|
| 4412 |
+
case O
|
| 4413 |
+
study O
|
| 4414 |
+
in O
|
| 4415 |
+
Newcastle O
|
| 4416 |
+
- O
|
| 4417 |
+
upon O
|
| 4418 |
+
- O
|
| 4419 |
+
Tyne O
|
| 4420 |
+
( O
|
| 4421 |
+
UK O
|
| 4422 |
+
) O
|
| 4423 |
+
shows O
|
| 4424 |
+
that O
|
| 4425 |
+
even O
|
| 4426 |
+
minor O
|
| 4427 |
+
flooding B-climate-hazards
|
| 4428 |
+
associate O
|
| 4429 |
+
with O
|
| 4430 |
+
a O
|
| 4431 |
+
1 O
|
| 4432 |
+
in O
|
| 4433 |
+
10 O
|
| 4434 |
+
year O
|
| 4435 |
+
event O
|
| 4436 |
+
can O
|
| 4437 |
+
cause O
|
| 4438 |
+
traffic B-climate-impacts
|
| 4439 |
+
disruptions I-climate-impacts
|
| 4440 |
+
of O
|
| 4441 |
+
nearly O
|
| 4442 |
+
half O
|
| 4443 |
+
an O
|
| 4444 |
+
hour O
|
| 4445 |
+
. O
|
| 4446 |
+
|
| 4447 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8b951ff3cd22c0ae3bbed7effdeacc6d
|
| 4448 |
+
|
| 4449 |
+
Earth O
|
| 4450 |
+
's O
|
| 4451 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-properties
|
| 4452 |
+
CO I-climate-properties
|
| 4453 |
+
2 I-climate-properties
|
| 4454 |
+
level I-climate-properties
|
| 4455 |
+
has O
|
| 4456 |
+
increased O
|
| 4457 |
+
beyond O
|
| 4458 |
+
400 O
|
| 4459 |
+
ppm O
|
| 4460 |
+
and O
|
| 4461 |
+
still O
|
| 4462 |
+
continuing O
|
| 4463 |
+
to O
|
| 4464 |
+
rise O
|
| 4465 |
+
. O
|
| 4466 |
+
|
| 4467 |
+
In O
|
| 4468 |
+
fact O
|
| 4469 |
+
, O
|
| 4470 |
+
this O
|
| 4471 |
+
is O
|
| 4472 |
+
the O
|
| 4473 |
+
highest O
|
| 4474 |
+
level O
|
| 4475 |
+
in O
|
| 4476 |
+
the O
|
| 4477 |
+
last O
|
| 4478 |
+
2 O
|
| 4479 |
+
million O
|
| 4480 |
+
years O
|
| 4481 |
+
. O
|
| 4482 |
+
|
| 4483 |
+
One O
|
| 4484 |
+
core O
|
| 4485 |
+
strategies O
|
| 4486 |
+
in O
|
| 4487 |
+
the O
|
| 4488 |
+
mitigation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 4489 |
+
mix O
|
| 4490 |
+
are O
|
| 4491 |
+
negative O
|
| 4492 |
+
emissions O
|
| 4493 |
+
technologies O
|
| 4494 |
+
( O
|
| 4495 |
+
NETs O
|
| 4496 |
+
) O
|
| 4497 |
+
which O
|
| 4498 |
+
are O
|
| 4499 |
+
also O
|
| 4500 |
+
explicitly O
|
| 4501 |
+
described O
|
| 4502 |
+
as O
|
| 4503 |
+
important O
|
| 4504 |
+
options O
|
| 4505 |
+
in O
|
| 4506 |
+
many O
|
| 4507 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
| 4508 |
+
( O
|
| 4509 |
+
AR5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 4510 |
+
) O
|
| 4511 |
+
CO B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 4512 |
+
2 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 4513 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 4514 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 4515 |
+
. O
|
| 4516 |
+
|
| 4517 |
+
Among O
|
| 4518 |
+
others O
|
| 4519 |
+
, O
|
| 4520 |
+
BioEnergy O
|
| 4521 |
+
with O
|
| 4522 |
+
Carbon O
|
| 4523 |
+
Capture O
|
| 4524 |
+
and O
|
| 4525 |
+
Storage O
|
| 4526 |
+
( O
|
| 4527 |
+
BECCS O
|
| 4528 |
+
) O
|
| 4529 |
+
are O
|
| 4530 |
+
shown O
|
| 4531 |
+
their O
|
| 4532 |
+
potential O
|
| 4533 |
+
for O
|
| 4534 |
+
CO B-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 4535 |
+
2 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
|
| 4536 |
+
removable O
|
| 4537 |
+
from O
|
| 4538 |
+
the O
|
| 4539 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 4540 |
+
. O
|
| 4541 |
+
|
| 4542 |
+
BECCS O
|
| 4543 |
+
as O
|
| 4544 |
+
the O
|
| 4545 |
+
NETs O
|
| 4546 |
+
are O
|
| 4547 |
+
most O
|
| 4548 |
+
widely O
|
| 4549 |
+
selected O
|
| 4550 |
+
by O
|
| 4551 |
+
integrated O
|
| 4552 |
+
assessment O
|
| 4553 |
+
models O
|
| 4554 |
+
( O
|
| 4555 |
+
IAMs O
|
| 4556 |
+
) O
|
| 4557 |
+
to O
|
| 4558 |
+
meet O
|
| 4559 |
+
the O
|
| 4560 |
+
requirements O
|
| 4561 |
+
of O
|
| 4562 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 4563 |
+
limits O
|
| 4564 |
+
of O
|
| 4565 |
+
2 O
|
| 4566 |
+
° O
|
| 4567 |
+
and O
|
| 4568 |
+
below O
|
| 4569 |
+
. O
|
| 4570 |
+
|
| 4571 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O488090e1b7cc93816587443585c8aa54
|
| 4572 |
+
|
| 4573 |
+
The O
|
| 4574 |
+
parameters O
|
| 4575 |
+
that O
|
| 4576 |
+
had O
|
| 4577 |
+
a O
|
| 4578 |
+
significant O
|
| 4579 |
+
impact O
|
| 4580 |
+
on O
|
| 4581 |
+
shoreline B-climate-hazards
|
| 4582 |
+
erosion I-climate-hazards
|
| 4583 |
+
were O
|
| 4584 |
+
: O
|
| 4585 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
| 4586 |
+
flat O
|
| 4587 |
+
width B-climate-properties
|
| 4588 |
+
, O
|
| 4589 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
| 4590 |
+
flat O
|
| 4591 |
+
depth B-climate-properties
|
| 4592 |
+
, O
|
| 4593 |
+
island B-climate-nature
|
| 4594 |
+
width B-climate-properties
|
| 4595 |
+
, O
|
| 4596 |
+
and O
|
| 4597 |
+
atoll B-climate-nature
|
| 4598 |
+
diameter B-climate-properties
|
| 4599 |
+
. O
|
| 4600 |
+
|
| 4601 |
+
Atolls B-climate-nature
|
| 4602 |
+
with O
|
| 4603 |
+
narrower O
|
| 4604 |
+
, O
|
| 4605 |
+
deeper O
|
| 4606 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
| 4607 |
+
flats O
|
| 4608 |
+
, O
|
| 4609 |
+
narrower O
|
| 4610 |
+
islands B-climate-nature
|
| 4611 |
+
, O
|
| 4612 |
+
and O
|
| 4613 |
+
smaller O
|
| 4614 |
+
diameters B-climate-properties
|
| 4615 |
+
were O
|
| 4616 |
+
most O
|
| 4617 |
+
susceptible O
|
| 4618 |
+
to O
|
| 4619 |
+
shoreline B-climate-hazards
|
| 4620 |
+
instability I-climate-hazards
|
| 4621 |
+
with O
|
| 4622 |
+
sea B-climate-hazards
|
| 4623 |
+
level I-climate-hazards
|
| 4624 |
+
rise I-climate-hazards
|
| 4625 |
+
. O
|
| 4626 |
+
|
| 4627 |
+
Windward B-climate-nature
|
| 4628 |
+
islands I-climate-nature
|
| 4629 |
+
are O
|
| 4630 |
+
projected O
|
| 4631 |
+
to O
|
| 4632 |
+
lengthen O
|
| 4633 |
+
and O
|
| 4634 |
+
migrate O
|
| 4635 |
+
toward O
|
| 4636 |
+
the O
|
| 4637 |
+
lagoon B-climate-nature
|
| 4638 |
+
, O
|
| 4639 |
+
leeward B-climate-nature
|
| 4640 |
+
islands I-climate-nature
|
| 4641 |
+
are O
|
| 4642 |
+
projected O
|
| 4643 |
+
to O
|
| 4644 |
+
lengthen O
|
| 4645 |
+
and O
|
| 4646 |
+
migrate O
|
| 4647 |
+
toward O
|
| 4648 |
+
the O
|
| 4649 |
+
reef B-climate-nature
|
| 4650 |
+
rim O
|
| 4651 |
+
, O
|
| 4652 |
+
and O
|
| 4653 |
+
oblique O
|
| 4654 |
+
islands B-climate-nature
|
| 4655 |
+
are O
|
| 4656 |
+
projected O
|
| 4657 |
+
to O
|
| 4658 |
+
migrate O
|
| 4659 |
+
leeward O
|
| 4660 |
+
and O
|
| 4661 |
+
toward O
|
| 4662 |
+
the O
|
| 4663 |
+
lagoon B-climate-nature
|
| 4664 |
+
. O
|
| 4665 |
+
|
| 4666 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3d2f30d4b7abc7b927a634190241d89b
|
| 4667 |
+
|
| 4668 |
+
Global O
|
| 4669 |
+
navigation O
|
| 4670 |
+
satellite O
|
| 4671 |
+
systems O
|
| 4672 |
+
( O
|
| 4673 |
+
GNSSs O
|
| 4674 |
+
) O
|
| 4675 |
+
have O
|
| 4676 |
+
become O
|
| 4677 |
+
an O
|
| 4678 |
+
important O
|
| 4679 |
+
tool O
|
| 4680 |
+
to O
|
| 4681 |
+
derive O
|
| 4682 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 4683 |
+
products O
|
| 4684 |
+
, O
|
| 4685 |
+
such O
|
| 4686 |
+
as O
|
| 4687 |
+
the O
|
| 4688 |
+
total O
|
| 4689 |
+
zenith B-climate-properties
|
| 4690 |
+
tropospheric I-climate-properties
|
| 4691 |
+
delay I-climate-properties
|
| 4692 |
+
( O
|
| 4693 |
+
ZTD B-climate-properties
|
| 4694 |
+
) O
|
| 4695 |
+
and O
|
| 4696 |
+
precipitable B-climate-properties
|
| 4697 |
+
water I-climate-properties
|
| 4698 |
+
vapor I-climate-properties
|
| 4699 |
+
( O
|
| 4700 |
+
PWV B-climate-properties
|
| 4701 |
+
) O
|
| 4702 |
+
for O
|
| 4703 |
+
weather O
|
| 4704 |
+
and O
|
| 4705 |
+
climate O
|
| 4706 |
+
studies O
|
| 4707 |
+
. O
|
| 4708 |
+
|
| 4709 |
+
The O
|
| 4710 |
+
ocean B-climate-properties
|
| 4711 |
+
tide I-climate-properties
|
| 4712 |
+
loading I-climate-properties
|
| 4713 |
+
( O
|
| 4714 |
+
OTL B-climate-properties
|
| 4715 |
+
) O
|
| 4716 |
+
effect O
|
| 4717 |
+
is O
|
| 4718 |
+
one O
|
| 4719 |
+
of O
|
| 4720 |
+
the O
|
| 4721 |
+
primary O
|
| 4722 |
+
errors O
|
| 4723 |
+
that O
|
| 4724 |
+
affects O
|
| 4725 |
+
the O
|
| 4726 |
+
accuracy O
|
| 4727 |
+
of O
|
| 4728 |
+
GNSS O
|
| 4729 |
+
- O
|
| 4730 |
+
derived O
|
| 4731 |
+
ZTD B-climate-properties
|
| 4732 |
+
/ O
|
| 4733 |
+
PWV B-climate-properties
|
| 4734 |
+
, O
|
| 4735 |
+
which O
|
| 4736 |
+
means O
|
| 4737 |
+
the O
|
| 4738 |
+
study O
|
| 4739 |
+
and O
|
| 4740 |
+
choice O
|
| 4741 |
+
of O
|
| 4742 |
+
the O
|
| 4743 |
+
OTL B-climate-properties
|
| 4744 |
+
model O
|
| 4745 |
+
is O
|
| 4746 |
+
an O
|
| 4747 |
+
important O
|
| 4748 |
+
issue O
|
| 4749 |
+
for O
|
| 4750 |
+
high O
|
| 4751 |
+
- O
|
| 4752 |
+
accuracy O
|
| 4753 |
+
ZTD B-climate-properties
|
| 4754 |
+
estimation O
|
| 4755 |
+
. O
|
| 4756 |
+
|
| 4757 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Obae06f77125e4e185730842d66e29a73
|
| 4758 |
+
|
| 4759 |
+
Mesoamerica O
|
| 4760 |
+
and O
|
| 4761 |
+
the O
|
| 4762 |
+
Caribbean O
|
| 4763 |
+
are O
|
| 4764 |
+
low O
|
| 4765 |
+
- O
|
| 4766 |
+
latitude O
|
| 4767 |
+
regions O
|
| 4768 |
+
at O
|
| 4769 |
+
risk O
|
| 4770 |
+
for O
|
| 4771 |
+
the O
|
| 4772 |
+
effects O
|
| 4773 |
+
of O
|
| 4774 |
+
climate O
|
| 4775 |
+
change O
|
| 4776 |
+
. O
|
| 4777 |
+
|
| 4778 |
+
Global O
|
| 4779 |
+
climate O
|
| 4780 |
+
models O
|
| 4781 |
+
provide O
|
| 4782 |
+
large O
|
| 4783 |
+
- O
|
| 4784 |
+
scale O
|
| 4785 |
+
assessment O
|
| 4786 |
+
of O
|
| 4787 |
+
climate O
|
| 4788 |
+
drivers O
|
| 4789 |
+
, O
|
| 4790 |
+
but O
|
| 4791 |
+
, O
|
| 4792 |
+
at O
|
| 4793 |
+
a O
|
| 4794 |
+
horizontal O
|
| 4795 |
+
resolution O
|
| 4796 |
+
of O
|
| 4797 |
+
100 O
|
| 4798 |
+
km O
|
| 4799 |
+
, O
|
| 4800 |
+
can O
|
| 4801 |
+
not O
|
| 4802 |
+
resolve O
|
| 4803 |
+
the O
|
| 4804 |
+
effects O
|
| 4805 |
+
of O
|
| 4806 |
+
topography B-climate-nature
|
| 4807 |
+
and O
|
| 4808 |
+
land B-climate-properties
|
| 4809 |
+
use I-climate-properties
|
| 4810 |
+
as O
|
| 4811 |
+
they O
|
| 4812 |
+
impact O
|
| 4813 |
+
the O
|
| 4814 |
+
local O
|
| 4815 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 4816 |
+
and O
|
| 4817 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 4818 |
+
that O
|
| 4819 |
+
are O
|
| 4820 |
+
keys O
|
| 4821 |
+
to O
|
| 4822 |
+
climate O
|
| 4823 |
+
impacts O
|
| 4824 |
+
. O
|
| 4825 |
+
|
| 4826 |
+
We O
|
| 4827 |
+
developed O
|
| 4828 |
+
a O
|
| 4829 |
+
robust O
|
| 4830 |
+
dynamical O
|
| 4831 |
+
downscaling O
|
| 4832 |
+
strategy O
|
| 4833 |
+
that O
|
| 4834 |
+
used O
|
| 4835 |
+
the O
|
| 4836 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
| 4837 |
+
regional O
|
| 4838 |
+
climate O
|
| 4839 |
+
model O
|
| 4840 |
+
to O
|
| 4841 |
+
downscale O
|
| 4842 |
+
at O
|
| 4843 |
+
4 O
|
| 4844 |
+
- O
|
| 4845 |
+
12 O
|
| 4846 |
+
km O
|
| 4847 |
+
resolution O
|
| 4848 |
+
GCM O
|
| 4849 |
+
results O
|
| 4850 |
+
. O
|
| 4851 |
+
|
| 4852 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf Annotation of "everything" up to here
|
| 4853 |
+
|
| 4854 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf Next a chronologic subselection
|
| 4855 |
+
|
| 4856 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O26334055e107cf4a78da272c01811a7a
|
| 4857 |
+
|
| 4858 |
+
We O
|
| 4859 |
+
use O
|
| 4860 |
+
a O
|
| 4861 |
+
combination O
|
| 4862 |
+
of O
|
| 4863 |
+
an O
|
| 4864 |
+
integrated O
|
| 4865 |
+
environmental O
|
| 4866 |
+
model O
|
| 4867 |
+
( O
|
| 4868 |
+
IMAGE B-climate-models
|
| 4869 |
+
) O
|
| 4870 |
+
and O
|
| 4871 |
+
climate O
|
| 4872 |
+
envelope O
|
| 4873 |
+
models O
|
| 4874 |
+
for O
|
| 4875 |
+
European O
|
| 4876 |
+
plant B-climate-organisms
|
| 4877 |
+
species I-climate-organisms
|
| 4878 |
+
for O
|
| 4879 |
+
several O
|
| 4880 |
+
climate O
|
| 4881 |
+
change O
|
| 4882 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 4883 |
+
to O
|
| 4884 |
+
estimate O
|
| 4885 |
+
changes O
|
| 4886 |
+
in O
|
| 4887 |
+
mean B-climate-properties
|
| 4888 |
+
stable I-climate-properties
|
| 4889 |
+
area I-climate-properties
|
| 4890 |
+
of O
|
| 4891 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
| 4892 |
+
and O
|
| 4893 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
| 4894 |
+
turnover O
|
| 4895 |
+
. O
|
| 4896 |
+
|
| 4897 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O1258005cc451776c7081b32a38f671f8
|
| 4898 |
+
|
| 4899 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ode5713a54da8e93af5ecb699a2623c61
|
| 4900 |
+
|
| 4901 |
+
Our O
|
| 4902 |
+
research O
|
| 4903 |
+
is O
|
| 4904 |
+
based O
|
| 4905 |
+
on O
|
| 4906 |
+
field O
|
| 4907 |
+
data O
|
| 4908 |
+
collected O
|
| 4909 |
+
in O
|
| 4910 |
+
the O
|
| 4911 |
+
Northern O
|
| 4912 |
+
Brazilian O
|
| 4913 |
+
Amazon O
|
| 4914 |
+
in O
|
| 4915 |
+
2009 O
|
| 4916 |
+
within O
|
| 4917 |
+
the O
|
| 4918 |
+
Small O
|
| 4919 |
+
Grant O
|
| 4920 |
+
research O
|
| 4921 |
+
programme O
|
| 4922 |
+
of O
|
| 4923 |
+
the O
|
| 4924 |
+
German B-climate-organizations
|
| 4925 |
+
Federal I-climate-organizations
|
| 4926 |
+
Ministry I-climate-organizations
|
| 4927 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
| 4928 |
+
Economic I-climate-organizations
|
| 4929 |
+
Cooperation I-climate-organizations
|
| 4930 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
| 4931 |
+
Development I-climate-organizations
|
| 4932 |
+
( O
|
| 4933 |
+
BMZ B-climate-organizations
|
| 4934 |
+
) O
|
| 4935 |
+
. O
|
| 4936 |
+
|
| 4937 |
+
Based O
|
| 4938 |
+
on O
|
| 4939 |
+
these O
|
| 4940 |
+
data O
|
| 4941 |
+
, O
|
| 4942 |
+
we O
|
| 4943 |
+
show O
|
| 4944 |
+
how O
|
| 4945 |
+
dynamic O
|
| 4946 |
+
discrete O
|
| 4947 |
+
time O
|
| 4948 |
+
models O
|
| 4949 |
+
can O
|
| 4950 |
+
be O
|
| 4951 |
+
developed O
|
| 4952 |
+
and O
|
| 4953 |
+
implemented O
|
| 4954 |
+
using O
|
| 4955 |
+
the O
|
| 4956 |
+
dynamic O
|
| 4957 |
+
simulation O
|
| 4958 |
+
software O
|
| 4959 |
+
STELLA B-climate-models
|
| 4960 |
+
. O
|
| 4961 |
+
|
| 4962 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc8a1087a5ebab8abee2e609aa884aa63
|
| 4963 |
+
|
| 4964 |
+
One O
|
| 4965 |
+
of O
|
| 4966 |
+
the O
|
| 4967 |
+
ways O
|
| 4968 |
+
to O
|
| 4969 |
+
reducing O
|
| 4970 |
+
greenhouse O
|
| 4971 |
+
gas O
|
| 4972 |
+
emission O
|
| 4973 |
+
is O
|
| 4974 |
+
by O
|
| 4975 |
+
assessing O
|
| 4976 |
+
the O
|
| 4977 |
+
environmental O
|
| 4978 |
+
impact O
|
| 4979 |
+
associated O
|
| 4980 |
+
with O
|
| 4981 |
+
food B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 4982 |
+
production I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 4983 |
+
, O
|
| 4984 |
+
and O
|
| 4985 |
+
one O
|
| 4986 |
+
of O
|
| 4987 |
+
the O
|
| 4988 |
+
well O
|
| 4989 |
+
- O
|
| 4990 |
+
known O
|
| 4991 |
+
methodologies O
|
| 4992 |
+
used O
|
| 4993 |
+
for O
|
| 4994 |
+
environmental O
|
| 4995 |
+
impact O
|
| 4996 |
+
evaluation O
|
| 4997 |
+
is O
|
| 4998 |
+
life O
|
| 4999 |
+
cycle O
|
| 5000 |
+
assessment O
|
| 5001 |
+
model O
|
| 5002 |
+
( O
|
| 5003 |
+
LCA O
|
| 5004 |
+
) O
|
| 5005 |
+
. O
|
| 5006 |
+
|
| 5007 |
+
This O
|
| 5008 |
+
paper O
|
| 5009 |
+
presents O
|
| 5010 |
+
the O
|
| 5011 |
+
results O
|
| 5012 |
+
of O
|
| 5013 |
+
LCA O
|
| 5014 |
+
analysis O
|
| 5015 |
+
of O
|
| 5016 |
+
cassava B-climate-assets
|
| 5017 |
+
flour O
|
| 5018 |
+
production O
|
| 5019 |
+
in O
|
| 5020 |
+
Southwestern O
|
| 5021 |
+
Nigeria O
|
| 5022 |
+
. O
|
| 5023 |
+
|
| 5024 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O248fbab473537819c48428ef707953eb
|
| 5025 |
+
|
| 5026 |
+
In O
|
| 5027 |
+
the O
|
| 5028 |
+
semiarid B-climate-nature
|
| 5029 |
+
interior O
|
| 5030 |
+
of O
|
| 5031 |
+
the O
|
| 5032 |
+
Iberian O
|
| 5033 |
+
Peninsula O
|
| 5034 |
+
, O
|
| 5035 |
+
the O
|
| 5036 |
+
topographic O
|
| 5037 |
+
insulation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 5038 |
+
from O
|
| 5039 |
+
the O
|
| 5040 |
+
surrounding O
|
| 5041 |
+
seas B-climate-nature
|
| 5042 |
+
promotes O
|
| 5043 |
+
the O
|
| 5044 |
+
role O
|
| 5045 |
+
of O
|
| 5046 |
+
internal O
|
| 5047 |
+
sources O
|
| 5048 |
+
of O
|
| 5049 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
| 5050 |
+
and O
|
| 5051 |
+
water B-climate-mitigations
|
| 5052 |
+
recycling I-climate-mitigations
|
| 5053 |
+
in O
|
| 5054 |
+
the O
|
| 5055 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 5056 |
+
regime O
|
| 5057 |
+
. O
|
| 5058 |
+
|
| 5059 |
+
In O
|
| 5060 |
+
inland O
|
| 5061 |
+
Iberia O
|
| 5062 |
+
, O
|
| 5063 |
+
the O
|
| 5064 |
+
annual O
|
| 5065 |
+
cycle O
|
| 5066 |
+
of O
|
| 5067 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 5068 |
+
often O
|
| 5069 |
+
has O
|
| 5070 |
+
a O
|
| 5071 |
+
distinctive O
|
| 5072 |
+
peak O
|
| 5073 |
+
in O
|
| 5074 |
+
the O
|
| 5075 |
+
springtime O
|
| 5076 |
+
, O
|
| 5077 |
+
when O
|
| 5078 |
+
evapotranspiration B-climate-nature
|
| 5079 |
+
( O
|
| 5080 |
+
ET B-climate-nature
|
| 5081 |
+
) O
|
| 5082 |
+
is O
|
| 5083 |
+
the O
|
| 5084 |
+
highest O
|
| 5085 |
+
, O
|
| 5086 |
+
in O
|
| 5087 |
+
contrast O
|
| 5088 |
+
to O
|
| 5089 |
+
the O
|
| 5090 |
+
coastal B-climate-nature
|
| 5091 |
+
areas I-climate-nature
|
| 5092 |
+
, O
|
| 5093 |
+
where O
|
| 5094 |
+
it O
|
| 5095 |
+
is O
|
| 5096 |
+
more O
|
| 5097 |
+
closely O
|
| 5098 |
+
related O
|
| 5099 |
+
to O
|
| 5100 |
+
the O
|
| 5101 |
+
external O
|
| 5102 |
+
moisture B-climate-properties
|
| 5103 |
+
availability O
|
| 5104 |
+
and O
|
| 5105 |
+
synoptic O
|
| 5106 |
+
forcing O
|
| 5107 |
+
, O
|
| 5108 |
+
with O
|
| 5109 |
+
a O
|
| 5110 |
+
maximum O
|
| 5111 |
+
in O
|
| 5112 |
+
winter O
|
| 5113 |
+
- O
|
| 5114 |
+
autumn O
|
| 5115 |
+
and O
|
| 5116 |
+
a O
|
| 5117 |
+
pronounced O
|
| 5118 |
+
minimum O
|
| 5119 |
+
in O
|
| 5120 |
+
the O
|
| 5121 |
+
summer O
|
| 5122 |
+
. O
|
| 5123 |
+
|
| 5124 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8b5ffca44eacad5306caf10322dbdd3b
|
| 5125 |
+
|
| 5126 |
+
In O
|
| 5127 |
+
large O
|
| 5128 |
+
mountainous B-climate-nature
|
| 5129 |
+
catchments B-climate-nature
|
| 5130 |
+
, O
|
| 5131 |
+
shallow O
|
| 5132 |
+
unconfined O
|
| 5133 |
+
alluvial B-climate-nature
|
| 5134 |
+
aquifers B-climate-nature
|
| 5135 |
+
play O
|
| 5136 |
+
an O
|
| 5137 |
+
important O
|
| 5138 |
+
role O
|
| 5139 |
+
in O
|
| 5140 |
+
conveying O
|
| 5141 |
+
subsurface B-climate-nature
|
| 5142 |
+
runoff I-climate-nature
|
| 5143 |
+
to O
|
| 5144 |
+
the O
|
| 5145 |
+
foreland O
|
| 5146 |
+
. O
|
| 5147 |
+
|
| 5148 |
+
Here O
|
| 5149 |
+
, O
|
| 5150 |
+
an O
|
| 5151 |
+
approach O
|
| 5152 |
+
to O
|
| 5153 |
+
overcome O
|
| 5154 |
+
this O
|
| 5155 |
+
discrepancy O
|
| 5156 |
+
is O
|
| 5157 |
+
discussed O
|
| 5158 |
+
using O
|
| 5159 |
+
the O
|
| 5160 |
+
example O
|
| 5161 |
+
of O
|
| 5162 |
+
the O
|
| 5163 |
+
German O
|
| 5164 |
+
- O
|
| 5165 |
+
Austrian O
|
| 5166 |
+
Upper O
|
| 5167 |
+
Danube O
|
| 5168 |
+
catchment O
|
| 5169 |
+
, O
|
| 5170 |
+
where O
|
| 5171 |
+
a O
|
| 5172 |
+
coarse O
|
| 5173 |
+
ground B-climate-nature
|
| 5174 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
| 5175 |
+
flow O
|
| 5176 |
+
model O
|
| 5177 |
+
was O
|
| 5178 |
+
developed O
|
| 5179 |
+
using O
|
| 5180 |
+
MODFLOW B-climate-models
|
| 5181 |
+
. O
|
| 5182 |
+
|
| 5183 |
+
In O
|
| 5184 |
+
order O
|
| 5185 |
+
to O
|
| 5186 |
+
show O
|
| 5187 |
+
the O
|
| 5188 |
+
efficiency O
|
| 5189 |
+
of O
|
| 5190 |
+
the O
|
| 5191 |
+
developed O
|
| 5192 |
+
method O
|
| 5193 |
+
, O
|
| 5194 |
+
it O
|
| 5195 |
+
was O
|
| 5196 |
+
tested O
|
| 5197 |
+
and O
|
| 5198 |
+
compared O
|
| 5199 |
+
to O
|
| 5200 |
+
a O
|
| 5201 |
+
finely O
|
| 5202 |
+
discretized O
|
| 5203 |
+
ground B-climate-nature
|
| 5204 |
+
water I-climate-nature
|
| 5205 |
+
model O
|
| 5206 |
+
of O
|
| 5207 |
+
the O
|
| 5208 |
+
Ammer O
|
| 5209 |
+
subcatchment O
|
| 5210 |
+
. O
|
| 5211 |
+
|
| 5212 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oc66519cefc848756ba96da04af61061c
|
| 5213 |
+
|
| 5214 |
+
Smallholder B-climate-assets
|
| 5215 |
+
farmers B-climate-assets
|
| 5216 |
+
produce O
|
| 5217 |
+
about O
|
| 5218 |
+
70 O
|
| 5219 |
+
% O
|
| 5220 |
+
of O
|
| 5221 |
+
Africa O
|
| 5222 |
+
’s O
|
| 5223 |
+
food B-climate-assets
|
| 5224 |
+
supply I-climate-assets
|
| 5225 |
+
. O
|
| 5226 |
+
|
| 5227 |
+
These O
|
| 5228 |
+
farmers B-climate-assets
|
| 5229 |
+
are O
|
| 5230 |
+
vulnerable O
|
| 5231 |
+
to O
|
| 5232 |
+
a O
|
| 5233 |
+
number O
|
| 5234 |
+
of O
|
| 5235 |
+
risks O
|
| 5236 |
+
, O
|
| 5237 |
+
mainly O
|
| 5238 |
+
climate O
|
| 5239 |
+
related O
|
| 5240 |
+
, O
|
| 5241 |
+
which O
|
| 5242 |
+
have O
|
| 5243 |
+
a O
|
| 5244 |
+
tremendous O
|
| 5245 |
+
impact O
|
| 5246 |
+
on O
|
| 5247 |
+
food B-climate-assets
|
| 5248 |
+
security I-climate-assets
|
| 5249 |
+
and O
|
| 5250 |
+
thus O
|
| 5251 |
+
poverty B-climate-impacts
|
| 5252 |
+
. O
|
| 5253 |
+
|
| 5254 |
+
This O
|
| 5255 |
+
paper O
|
| 5256 |
+
describes O
|
| 5257 |
+
crops B-climate-assets
|
| 5258 |
+
, O
|
| 5259 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 5260 |
+
and O
|
| 5261 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 5262 |
+
services O
|
| 5263 |
+
that O
|
| 5264 |
+
are O
|
| 5265 |
+
being O
|
| 5266 |
+
developed O
|
| 5267 |
+
in O
|
| 5268 |
+
the O
|
| 5269 |
+
AfriCultuReS B-climate-organizations
|
| 5270 |
+
project O
|
| 5271 |
+
. O
|
| 5272 |
+
|
| 5273 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O08b7c23a0b109945fb9d1204dc36b0b2
|
| 5274 |
+
|
| 5275 |
+
Urmia O
|
| 5276 |
+
Lake O
|
| 5277 |
+
, O
|
| 5278 |
+
the O
|
| 5279 |
+
largest O
|
| 5280 |
+
lake B-climate-nature
|
| 5281 |
+
in O
|
| 5282 |
+
Iran O
|
| 5283 |
+
, O
|
| 5284 |
+
is O
|
| 5285 |
+
an O
|
| 5286 |
+
important O
|
| 5287 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 5288 |
+
body O
|
| 5289 |
+
and O
|
| 5290 |
+
habitat B-climate-organisms
|
| 5291 |
+
for O
|
| 5292 |
+
a O
|
| 5293 |
+
variety O
|
| 5294 |
+
of O
|
| 5295 |
+
different O
|
| 5296 |
+
species B-climate-organisms
|
| 5297 |
+
. O
|
| 5298 |
+
|
| 5299 |
+
Subsequently O
|
| 5300 |
+
these O
|
| 5301 |
+
values O
|
| 5302 |
+
were O
|
| 5303 |
+
introduced O
|
| 5304 |
+
to O
|
| 5305 |
+
the O
|
| 5306 |
+
Long B-climate-models
|
| 5307 |
+
Ashton I-climate-models
|
| 5308 |
+
Research I-climate-models
|
| 5309 |
+
Station I-climate-models
|
| 5310 |
+
Weather I-climate-models
|
| 5311 |
+
Generator I-climate-models
|
| 5312 |
+
model O
|
| 5313 |
+
( O
|
| 5314 |
+
LARS B-climate-models
|
| 5315 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5316 |
+
WG I-climate-models
|
| 5317 |
+
) O
|
| 5318 |
+
to O
|
| 5319 |
+
downscale O
|
| 5320 |
+
and O
|
| 5321 |
+
produce O
|
| 5322 |
+
time O
|
| 5323 |
+
series O
|
| 5324 |
+
of O
|
| 5325 |
+
temperature B-climate-properties
|
| 5326 |
+
and O
|
| 5327 |
+
precipitation B-climate-nature
|
| 5328 |
+
in O
|
| 5329 |
+
the O
|
| 5330 |
+
future O
|
| 5331 |
+
, O
|
| 5332 |
+
subject O
|
| 5333 |
+
to O
|
| 5334 |
+
the O
|
| 5335 |
+
uncertainty O
|
| 5336 |
+
of O
|
| 5337 |
+
climate O
|
| 5338 |
+
models O
|
| 5339 |
+
. O
|
| 5340 |
+
|
| 5341 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob8a294ed94386b38464f9e122ee2e91d
|
| 5342 |
+
|
| 5343 |
+
LDAS B-climate-models
|
| 5344 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5345 |
+
Monde I-climate-models
|
| 5346 |
+
ingests O
|
| 5347 |
+
satellite O
|
| 5348 |
+
- O
|
| 5349 |
+
derived O
|
| 5350 |
+
surface B-climate-properties
|
| 5351 |
+
soil I-climate-properties
|
| 5352 |
+
moisture I-climate-properties
|
| 5353 |
+
( O
|
| 5354 |
+
SSM B-climate-properties
|
| 5355 |
+
) O
|
| 5356 |
+
and O
|
| 5357 |
+
leaf B-climate-properties
|
| 5358 |
+
area I-climate-properties
|
| 5359 |
+
index I-climate-properties
|
| 5360 |
+
( O
|
| 5361 |
+
LAI B-climate-properties
|
| 5362 |
+
) O
|
| 5363 |
+
estimates O
|
| 5364 |
+
to O
|
| 5365 |
+
constrain O
|
| 5366 |
+
the O
|
| 5367 |
+
interactions O
|
| 5368 |
+
between O
|
| 5369 |
+
soil B-climate-nature
|
| 5370 |
+
, O
|
| 5371 |
+
biosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 5372 |
+
, O
|
| 5373 |
+
and O
|
| 5374 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 5375 |
+
( O
|
| 5376 |
+
ISBA B-climate-models
|
| 5377 |
+
) O
|
| 5378 |
+
land B-climate-nature
|
| 5379 |
+
surface I-climate-nature
|
| 5380 |
+
model O
|
| 5381 |
+
( O
|
| 5382 |
+
LSM O
|
| 5383 |
+
) O
|
| 5384 |
+
coupled O
|
| 5385 |
+
with O
|
| 5386 |
+
the O
|
| 5387 |
+
CNRM B-climate-organizations
|
| 5388 |
+
( O
|
| 5389 |
+
Centre B-climate-organizations
|
| 5390 |
+
National I-climate-organizations
|
| 5391 |
+
de I-climate-organizations
|
| 5392 |
+
Recherches I-climate-organizations
|
| 5393 |
+
Météorologiques I-climate-organizations
|
| 5394 |
+
) O
|
| 5395 |
+
version O
|
| 5396 |
+
of O
|
| 5397 |
+
the O
|
| 5398 |
+
total B-climate-models
|
| 5399 |
+
runoff I-climate-models
|
| 5400 |
+
integrating I-climate-models
|
| 5401 |
+
pathways I-climate-models
|
| 5402 |
+
( O
|
| 5403 |
+
CTRIP B-climate-models
|
| 5404 |
+
) O
|
| 5405 |
+
continental O
|
| 5406 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
| 5407 |
+
system O
|
| 5408 |
+
( O
|
| 5409 |
+
ISBA B-climate-models
|
| 5410 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5411 |
+
CTRIP I-climate-models
|
| 5412 |
+
) O
|
| 5413 |
+
. O
|
| 5414 |
+
|
| 5415 |
+
LDAS B-climate-models
|
| 5416 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5417 |
+
Monde I-climate-models
|
| 5418 |
+
is O
|
| 5419 |
+
forced O
|
| 5420 |
+
by O
|
| 5421 |
+
the O
|
| 5422 |
+
ERA-5 B-climate-models
|
| 5423 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-nature
|
| 5424 |
+
reanalysis O
|
| 5425 |
+
from O
|
| 5426 |
+
the O
|
| 5427 |
+
European B-climate-organizations
|
| 5428 |
+
Center I-climate-organizations
|
| 5429 |
+
for I-climate-organizations
|
| 5430 |
+
Medium I-climate-organizations
|
| 5431 |
+
Range I-climate-organizations
|
| 5432 |
+
Weather I-climate-organizations
|
| 5433 |
+
Forecast I-climate-organizations
|
| 5434 |
+
( O
|
| 5435 |
+
ECMWF B-climate-organizations
|
| 5436 |
+
) O
|
| 5437 |
+
from O
|
| 5438 |
+
2010 O
|
| 5439 |
+
to O
|
| 5440 |
+
2016 O
|
| 5441 |
+
leading O
|
| 5442 |
+
to O
|
| 5443 |
+
a O
|
| 5444 |
+
seven O
|
| 5445 |
+
- O
|
| 5446 |
+
year O
|
| 5447 |
+
, O
|
| 5448 |
+
quarter O
|
| 5449 |
+
degree O
|
| 5450 |
+
spatial O
|
| 5451 |
+
resolution O
|
| 5452 |
+
offline O
|
| 5453 |
+
reanalysis O
|
| 5454 |
+
of O
|
| 5455 |
+
land B-climate-nature
|
| 5456 |
+
surface I-climate-nature
|
| 5457 |
+
variables O
|
| 5458 |
+
( O
|
| 5459 |
+
LSVs O
|
| 5460 |
+
) O
|
| 5461 |
+
over O
|
| 5462 |
+
CONUS O
|
| 5463 |
+
. O
|
| 5464 |
+
|
| 5465 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O8986db15c45f03fde7360524ad9dce0a
|
| 5466 |
+
|
| 5467 |
+
Over O
|
| 5468 |
+
Arctic O
|
| 5469 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
| 5470 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
| 5471 |
+
, O
|
| 5472 |
+
pressure B-climate-properties
|
| 5473 |
+
ridges O
|
| 5474 |
+
and O
|
| 5475 |
+
floe B-climate-nature
|
| 5476 |
+
and O
|
| 5477 |
+
melt B-climate-nature
|
| 5478 |
+
pond I-climate-nature
|
| 5479 |
+
edges O
|
| 5480 |
+
all O
|
| 5481 |
+
introduce O
|
| 5482 |
+
discrete O
|
| 5483 |
+
obstructions O
|
| 5484 |
+
to O
|
| 5485 |
+
the O
|
| 5486 |
+
flow O
|
| 5487 |
+
of O
|
| 5488 |
+
air B-climate-nature
|
| 5489 |
+
or O
|
| 5490 |
+
water B-climate-nature
|
| 5491 |
+
past O
|
| 5492 |
+
the O
|
| 5493 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
| 5494 |
+
and O
|
| 5495 |
+
are O
|
| 5496 |
+
a O
|
| 5497 |
+
source O
|
| 5498 |
+
of O
|
| 5499 |
+
form B-climate-properties
|
| 5500 |
+
drag I-climate-properties
|
| 5501 |
+
. O
|
| 5502 |
+
|
| 5503 |
+
The O
|
| 5504 |
+
drag B-climate-nature
|
| 5505 |
+
coefficients O
|
| 5506 |
+
are O
|
| 5507 |
+
incorporated O
|
| 5508 |
+
into O
|
| 5509 |
+
the O
|
| 5510 |
+
Los B-climate-models
|
| 5511 |
+
Alamos I-climate-models
|
| 5512 |
+
Sea I-climate-models
|
| 5513 |
+
Ice I-climate-models
|
| 5514 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 5515 |
+
( O
|
| 5516 |
+
CICE B-climate-models
|
| 5517 |
+
) O
|
| 5518 |
+
and O
|
| 5519 |
+
show O
|
| 5520 |
+
the O
|
| 5521 |
+
influence O
|
| 5522 |
+
of O
|
| 5523 |
+
the O
|
| 5524 |
+
new O
|
| 5525 |
+
drag B-climate-nature
|
| 5526 |
+
parameterization O
|
| 5527 |
+
on O
|
| 5528 |
+
the O
|
| 5529 |
+
motion O
|
| 5530 |
+
and O
|
| 5531 |
+
state O
|
| 5532 |
+
of O
|
| 5533 |
+
the O
|
| 5534 |
+
ice B-climate-nature
|
| 5535 |
+
cover I-climate-nature
|
| 5536 |
+
, O
|
| 5537 |
+
with O
|
| 5538 |
+
the O
|
| 5539 |
+
most O
|
| 5540 |
+
noticeable O
|
| 5541 |
+
being O
|
| 5542 |
+
a O
|
| 5543 |
+
depletion O
|
| 5544 |
+
of O
|
| 5545 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
| 5546 |
+
ice I-climate-nature
|
| 5547 |
+
over O
|
| 5548 |
+
the O
|
| 5549 |
+
west O
|
| 5550 |
+
boundary O
|
| 5551 |
+
of O
|
| 5552 |
+
the O
|
| 5553 |
+
Arctic O
|
| 5554 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 5555 |
+
and O
|
| 5556 |
+
over O
|
| 5557 |
+
the O
|
| 5558 |
+
Beaufort O
|
| 5559 |
+
Sea O
|
| 5560 |
+
. O
|
| 5561 |
+
|
| 5562 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O3770f1a827feac49cfbecead9eceecd2
|
| 5563 |
+
|
| 5564 |
+
Water B-climate-hazards
|
| 5565 |
+
scarcity I-climate-hazards
|
| 5566 |
+
affects O
|
| 5567 |
+
large O
|
| 5568 |
+
parts O
|
| 5569 |
+
of O
|
| 5570 |
+
the O
|
| 5571 |
+
world O
|
| 5572 |
+
. O
|
| 5573 |
+
|
| 5574 |
+
Despite O
|
| 5575 |
+
recent O
|
| 5576 |
+
studies O
|
| 5577 |
+
that O
|
| 5578 |
+
analyze O
|
| 5579 |
+
the O
|
| 5580 |
+
effect O
|
| 5581 |
+
of O
|
| 5582 |
+
climate O
|
| 5583 |
+
change O
|
| 5584 |
+
on O
|
| 5585 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
| 5586 |
+
scarcity I-climate-hazards
|
| 5587 |
+
, O
|
| 5588 |
+
e.g. O
|
| 5589 |
+
using O
|
| 5590 |
+
climate O
|
| 5591 |
+
projections O
|
| 5592 |
+
under O
|
| 5593 |
+
representative O
|
| 5594 |
+
concentration O
|
| 5595 |
+
pathways O
|
| 5596 |
+
( O
|
| 5597 |
+
RCP O
|
| 5598 |
+
) O
|
| 5599 |
+
of O
|
| 5600 |
+
the O
|
| 5601 |
+
fifth B-climate-datasets
|
| 5602 |
+
assessment I-climate-datasets
|
| 5603 |
+
report I-climate-datasets
|
| 5604 |
+
of O
|
| 5605 |
+
the O
|
| 5606 |
+
IPCC B-climate-organizations
|
| 5607 |
+
( O
|
| 5608 |
+
AR5 B-climate-datasets
|
| 5609 |
+
) O
|
| 5610 |
+
, O
|
| 5611 |
+
decision O
|
| 5612 |
+
support O
|
| 5613 |
+
for O
|
| 5614 |
+
closing O
|
| 5615 |
+
the O
|
| 5616 |
+
water B-climate-hazards
|
| 5617 |
+
gap I-climate-hazards
|
| 5618 |
+
between O
|
| 5619 |
+
now O
|
| 5620 |
+
and O
|
| 5621 |
+
2100 O
|
| 5622 |
+
does O
|
| 5623 |
+
not O
|
| 5624 |
+
exist O
|
| 5625 |
+
at O
|
| 5626 |
+
a O
|
| 5627 |
+
meaningful O
|
| 5628 |
+
scale O
|
| 5629 |
+
and O
|
| 5630 |
+
with O
|
| 5631 |
+
a O
|
| 5632 |
+
global O
|
| 5633 |
+
coverage O
|
| 5634 |
+
. O
|
| 5635 |
+
|
| 5636 |
+
Water B-climate-assets
|
| 5637 |
+
supply I-climate-assets
|
| 5638 |
+
was O
|
| 5639 |
+
computed O
|
| 5640 |
+
using O
|
| 5641 |
+
the O
|
| 5642 |
+
PCR B-climate-models
|
| 5643 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5644 |
+
GLOBWB I-climate-models
|
| 5645 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
| 5646 |
+
and O
|
| 5647 |
+
water B-climate-assets
|
| 5648 |
+
resources I-climate-assets
|
| 5649 |
+
model O
|
| 5650 |
+
, O
|
| 5651 |
+
parameterized O
|
| 5652 |
+
at O
|
| 5653 |
+
5 O
|
| 5654 |
+
arcminutes O
|
| 5655 |
+
for O
|
| 5656 |
+
the O
|
| 5657 |
+
whole O
|
| 5658 |
+
globe O
|
| 5659 |
+
. O
|
| 5660 |
+
|
| 5661 |
+
We O
|
| 5662 |
+
ran O
|
| 5663 |
+
PCR B-climate-models
|
| 5664 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5665 |
+
GLOBWB I-climate-models
|
| 5666 |
+
with O
|
| 5667 |
+
a O
|
| 5668 |
+
daily O
|
| 5669 |
+
forcing O
|
| 5670 |
+
derived O
|
| 5671 |
+
from O
|
| 5672 |
+
five O
|
| 5673 |
+
different O
|
| 5674 |
+
GCM O
|
| 5675 |
+
models O
|
| 5676 |
+
from O
|
| 5677 |
+
the O
|
| 5678 |
+
CMIP5 B-climate-models
|
| 5679 |
+
( O
|
| 5680 |
+
GFDL B-climate-models
|
| 5681 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5682 |
+
ESM2 I-climate-models
|
| 5683 |
+
M I-climate-models
|
| 5684 |
+
, O
|
| 5685 |
+
Hadgem2 B-climate-models
|
| 5686 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5687 |
+
ES I-climate-models
|
| 5688 |
+
, O
|
| 5689 |
+
IPSL B-climate-models
|
| 5690 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5691 |
+
CMA5 I-climate-models
|
| 5692 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5693 |
+
LR I-climate-models
|
| 5694 |
+
, O
|
| 5695 |
+
MIROC B-climate-models
|
| 5696 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5697 |
+
ESM I-climate-models
|
| 5698 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5699 |
+
CHEM I-climate-models
|
| 5700 |
+
, O
|
| 5701 |
+
NorESM1 B-climate-models
|
| 5702 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5703 |
+
M I-climate-models
|
| 5704 |
+
) O
|
| 5705 |
+
that O
|
| 5706 |
+
were O
|
| 5707 |
+
bias O
|
| 5708 |
+
corrected O
|
| 5709 |
+
using O
|
| 5710 |
+
observation O
|
| 5711 |
+
- O
|
| 5712 |
+
based O
|
| 5713 |
+
WATCH B-climate-datasets
|
| 5714 |
+
data O
|
| 5715 |
+
between O
|
| 5716 |
+
1960 O
|
| 5717 |
+
- O
|
| 5718 |
+
1999 O
|
| 5719 |
+
. O
|
| 5720 |
+
|
| 5721 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O569437d00ead7080f5c75040e171931c
|
| 5722 |
+
|
| 5723 |
+
SEAREG B-climate-organizations
|
| 5724 |
+
analyses O
|
| 5725 |
+
socio O
|
| 5726 |
+
- O
|
| 5727 |
+
economic O
|
| 5728 |
+
and O
|
| 5729 |
+
environmental O
|
| 5730 |
+
effects O
|
| 5731 |
+
of O
|
| 5732 |
+
climate O
|
| 5733 |
+
and O
|
| 5734 |
+
sea B-climate-properties
|
| 5735 |
+
level I-climate-properties
|
| 5736 |
+
changes I-climate-properties
|
| 5737 |
+
in O
|
| 5738 |
+
the O
|
| 5739 |
+
Baltic O
|
| 5740 |
+
Sea O
|
| 5741 |
+
Region O
|
| 5742 |
+
( O
|
| 5743 |
+
BSR O
|
| 5744 |
+
) O
|
| 5745 |
+
. O
|
| 5746 |
+
|
| 5747 |
+
Within O
|
| 5748 |
+
the O
|
| 5749 |
+
project O
|
| 5750 |
+
, O
|
| 5751 |
+
the O
|
| 5752 |
+
Swedish B-climate-organizations
|
| 5753 |
+
Meteorological I-climate-organizations
|
| 5754 |
+
and I-climate-organizations
|
| 5755 |
+
Hydrological I-climate-organizations
|
| 5756 |
+
Institute I-climate-organizations
|
| 5757 |
+
( O
|
| 5758 |
+
SMHI B-climate-organizations
|
| 5759 |
+
) O
|
| 5760 |
+
develops O
|
| 5761 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 5762 |
+
of O
|
| 5763 |
+
future O
|
| 5764 |
+
climate O
|
| 5765 |
+
and O
|
| 5766 |
+
sea B-climate-nature
|
| 5767 |
+
level I-climate-nature
|
| 5768 |
+
for O
|
| 5769 |
+
the O
|
| 5770 |
+
year O
|
| 5771 |
+
2100 O
|
| 5772 |
+
which O
|
| 5773 |
+
will O
|
| 5774 |
+
then O
|
| 5775 |
+
be O
|
| 5776 |
+
connected O
|
| 5777 |
+
with O
|
| 5778 |
+
regional O
|
| 5779 |
+
data O
|
| 5780 |
+
. O
|
| 5781 |
+
|
| 5782 |
+
Coastal B-climate-nature
|
| 5783 |
+
dynamics O
|
| 5784 |
+
was O
|
| 5785 |
+
estimated O
|
| 5786 |
+
for O
|
| 5787 |
+
the O
|
| 5788 |
+
next O
|
| 5789 |
+
100 O
|
| 5790 |
+
years O
|
| 5791 |
+
, O
|
| 5792 |
+
considering O
|
| 5793 |
+
the O
|
| 5794 |
+
island O
|
| 5795 |
+
of O
|
| 5796 |
+
Usedom O
|
| 5797 |
+
as O
|
| 5798 |
+
an O
|
| 5799 |
+
example O
|
| 5800 |
+
. O
|
| 5801 |
+
|
| 5802 |
+
Data O
|
| 5803 |
+
of O
|
| 5804 |
+
the O
|
| 5805 |
+
different O
|
| 5806 |
+
SMHI B-climate-organizations
|
| 5807 |
+
climate O
|
| 5808 |
+
scenarios O
|
| 5809 |
+
were O
|
| 5810 |
+
used O
|
| 5811 |
+
for O
|
| 5812 |
+
this O
|
| 5813 |
+
calculation O
|
| 5814 |
+
. O
|
| 5815 |
+
|
| 5816 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oee2139dbea88f78d6f98b2eb6225939b
|
| 5817 |
+
|
| 5818 |
+
By O
|
| 5819 |
+
comparing O
|
| 5820 |
+
the O
|
| 5821 |
+
predicted O
|
| 5822 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
| 5823 |
+
PM2.5 B-climate-hazards
|
| 5824 |
+
emissions I-climate-hazards
|
| 5825 |
+
from O
|
| 5826 |
+
the O
|
| 5827 |
+
interpretable O
|
| 5828 |
+
ML O
|
| 5829 |
+
model O
|
| 5830 |
+
with O
|
| 5831 |
+
the O
|
| 5832 |
+
Global B-climate-datasets
|
| 5833 |
+
Fire I-climate-datasets
|
| 5834 |
+
Emissions I-climate-datasets
|
| 5835 |
+
Database I-climate-datasets
|
| 5836 |
+
( O
|
| 5837 |
+
GFED B-climate-datasets
|
| 5838 |
+
) O
|
| 5839 |
+
observations O
|
| 5840 |
+
and O
|
| 5841 |
+
predictions O
|
| 5842 |
+
from O
|
| 5843 |
+
process O
|
| 5844 |
+
- O
|
| 5845 |
+
based O
|
| 5846 |
+
models O
|
| 5847 |
+
in O
|
| 5848 |
+
the O
|
| 5849 |
+
Fire B-climate-models
|
| 5850 |
+
Modeling I-climate-models
|
| 5851 |
+
Intercomparison I-climate-models
|
| 5852 |
+
Project I-climate-models
|
| 5853 |
+
( O
|
| 5854 |
+
FireMIP B-climate-models
|
| 5855 |
+
) O
|
| 5856 |
+
, O
|
| 5857 |
+
the O
|
| 5858 |
+
ML O
|
| 5859 |
+
model O
|
| 5860 |
+
is O
|
| 5861 |
+
also O
|
| 5862 |
+
used O
|
| 5863 |
+
to O
|
| 5864 |
+
diagnose O
|
| 5865 |
+
the O
|
| 5866 |
+
process O
|
| 5867 |
+
- O
|
| 5868 |
+
based O
|
| 5869 |
+
models O
|
| 5870 |
+
to O
|
| 5871 |
+
inform O
|
| 5872 |
+
future O
|
| 5873 |
+
development O
|
| 5874 |
+
. O
|
| 5875 |
+
|
| 5876 |
+
Results O
|
| 5877 |
+
show O
|
| 5878 |
+
promising O
|
| 5879 |
+
performance O
|
| 5880 |
+
for O
|
| 5881 |
+
the O
|
| 5882 |
+
ML O
|
| 5883 |
+
model O
|
| 5884 |
+
, O
|
| 5885 |
+
Community B-climate-models
|
| 5886 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
| 5887 |
+
Model I-climate-models
|
| 5888 |
+
( O
|
| 5889 |
+
CLM B-climate-models
|
| 5890 |
+
) O
|
| 5891 |
+
, O
|
| 5892 |
+
and O
|
| 5893 |
+
Joint B-climate-models
|
| 5894 |
+
UK I-climate-models
|
| 5895 |
+
Land I-climate-models
|
| 5896 |
+
environment I-climate-models
|
| 5897 |
+
Simulator I-climate-models
|
| 5898 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5899 |
+
Interactive I-climate-models
|
| 5900 |
+
Fire I-climate-models
|
| 5901 |
+
And I-climate-models
|
| 5902 |
+
Emission I-climate-models
|
| 5903 |
+
Algorithm I-climate-models
|
| 5904 |
+
For I-climate-models
|
| 5905 |
+
Natural I-climate-models
|
| 5906 |
+
Environments I-climate-models
|
| 5907 |
+
( O
|
| 5908 |
+
JULES B-climate-models
|
| 5909 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5910 |
+
INFERNO I-climate-models
|
| 5911 |
+
) O
|
| 5912 |
+
in O
|
| 5913 |
+
reproducing O
|
| 5914 |
+
the O
|
| 5915 |
+
spatial O
|
| 5916 |
+
distributions O
|
| 5917 |
+
, O
|
| 5918 |
+
seasonality O
|
| 5919 |
+
, O
|
| 5920 |
+
and O
|
| 5921 |
+
interannual O
|
| 5922 |
+
variability O
|
| 5923 |
+
of O
|
| 5924 |
+
fire B-climate-hazards
|
| 5925 |
+
emissions I-climate-hazards
|
| 5926 |
+
over O
|
| 5927 |
+
CONUS O
|
| 5928 |
+
. O
|
| 5929 |
+
|
| 5930 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O2339c8dabadce81d70167959a015f8d5
|
| 5931 |
+
|
| 5932 |
+
In O
|
| 5933 |
+
the O
|
| 5934 |
+
present O
|
| 5935 |
+
study O
|
| 5936 |
+
, O
|
| 5937 |
+
the O
|
| 5938 |
+
dynamical O
|
| 5939 |
+
downscaling O
|
| 5940 |
+
technique O
|
| 5941 |
+
was O
|
| 5942 |
+
applied O
|
| 5943 |
+
in O
|
| 5944 |
+
the O
|
| 5945 |
+
Advanced B-climate-models
|
| 5946 |
+
Weather I-climate-models
|
| 5947 |
+
Research I-climate-models
|
| 5948 |
+
and I-climate-models
|
| 5949 |
+
Forecasting I-climate-models
|
| 5950 |
+
numerical O
|
| 5951 |
+
model O
|
| 5952 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
| 5953 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 5954 |
+
ARW I-climate-models
|
| 5955 |
+
, O
|
| 5956 |
+
to O
|
| 5957 |
+
investigate O
|
| 5958 |
+
and O
|
| 5959 |
+
validate O
|
| 5960 |
+
the O
|
| 5961 |
+
performance O
|
| 5962 |
+
of O
|
| 5963 |
+
different O
|
| 5964 |
+
physics O
|
| 5965 |
+
parameterizations O
|
| 5966 |
+
. O
|
| 5967 |
+
|
| 5968 |
+
The O
|
| 5969 |
+
WRF B-climate-models
|
| 5970 |
+
model O
|
| 5971 |
+
, O
|
| 5972 |
+
was O
|
| 5973 |
+
forced O
|
| 5974 |
+
by O
|
| 5975 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
| 5976 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 5977 |
+
INTERIM I-climate-datasets
|
| 5978 |
+
reanalysis O
|
| 5979 |
+
data O
|
| 5980 |
+
, O
|
| 5981 |
+
for O
|
| 5982 |
+
a O
|
| 5983 |
+
short O
|
| 5984 |
+
period O
|
| 5985 |
+
of O
|
| 5986 |
+
one O
|
| 5987 |
+
year O
|
| 5988 |
+
( O
|
| 5989 |
+
January O
|
| 5990 |
+
2002 O
|
| 5991 |
+
– O
|
| 5992 |
+
December O
|
| 5993 |
+
2002 O
|
| 5994 |
+
) O
|
| 5995 |
+
, O
|
| 5996 |
+
over O
|
| 5997 |
+
the O
|
| 5998 |
+
area O
|
| 5999 |
+
of O
|
| 6000 |
+
the O
|
| 6001 |
+
MED B-climate-models
|
| 6002 |
+
- I-climate-models
|
| 6003 |
+
CORDEX I-climate-models
|
| 6004 |
+
domain O
|
| 6005 |
+
of O
|
| 6006 |
+
20 O
|
| 6007 |
+
km O
|
| 6008 |
+
horizontal O
|
| 6009 |
+
resolution O
|
| 6010 |
+
, O
|
| 6011 |
+
downscaled O
|
| 6012 |
+
to O
|
| 6013 |
+
the O
|
| 6014 |
+
domain O
|
| 6015 |
+
of O
|
| 6016 |
+
Greece O
|
| 6017 |
+
with O
|
| 6018 |
+
grid O
|
| 6019 |
+
spacing O
|
| 6020 |
+
of O
|
| 6021 |
+
5 O
|
| 6022 |
+
km O
|
| 6023 |
+
. O
|
| 6024 |
+
|
| 6025 |
+
The O
|
| 6026 |
+
results O
|
| 6027 |
+
of O
|
| 6028 |
+
the O
|
| 6029 |
+
model O
|
| 6030 |
+
simulations O
|
| 6031 |
+
have O
|
| 6032 |
+
been O
|
| 6033 |
+
compared O
|
| 6034 |
+
with O
|
| 6035 |
+
all O
|
| 6036 |
+
available O
|
| 6037 |
+
station O
|
| 6038 |
+
measurements O
|
| 6039 |
+
from O
|
| 6040 |
+
the O
|
| 6041 |
+
European O
|
| 6042 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
| 6043 |
+
Assessment I-climate-datasets
|
| 6044 |
+
and I-climate-datasets
|
| 6045 |
+
Dataset I-climate-datasets
|
| 6046 |
+
( O
|
| 6047 |
+
ECA&D B-climate-datasets
|
| 6048 |
+
) O
|
| 6049 |
+
for O
|
| 6050 |
+
the O
|
| 6051 |
+
daily B-climate-properties
|
| 6052 |
+
precipitation I-climate-properties
|
| 6053 |
+
and O
|
| 6054 |
+
2 O
|
| 6055 |
+
- O
|
| 6056 |
+
m O
|
| 6057 |
+
air B-climate-properties
|
| 6058 |
+
temperature I-climate-properties
|
| 6059 |
+
, O
|
| 6060 |
+
through O
|
| 6061 |
+
the O
|
| 6062 |
+
computation O
|
| 6063 |
+
of O
|
| 6064 |
+
statistical O
|
| 6065 |
+
metrics O
|
| 6066 |
+
. O
|
| 6067 |
+
|
| 6068 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe3dc4c0ede0ce8da36307bc1e0650485
|
| 6069 |
+
|
| 6070 |
+
Halogenated O
|
| 6071 |
+
organic O
|
| 6072 |
+
compounds O
|
| 6073 |
+
are O
|
| 6074 |
+
naturally O
|
| 6075 |
+
produced O
|
| 6076 |
+
in O
|
| 6077 |
+
the O
|
| 6078 |
+
ocean B-climate-nature
|
| 6079 |
+
and O
|
| 6080 |
+
emitted O
|
| 6081 |
+
to O
|
| 6082 |
+
the O
|
| 6083 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 6084 |
+
. O
|
| 6085 |
+
|
| 6086 |
+
The O
|
| 6087 |
+
halogenated O
|
| 6088 |
+
very O
|
| 6089 |
+
short O
|
| 6090 |
+
- O
|
| 6091 |
+
lived O
|
| 6092 |
+
substances O
|
| 6093 |
+
( O
|
| 6094 |
+
VSLS O
|
| 6095 |
+
) O
|
| 6096 |
+
, O
|
| 6097 |
+
such O
|
| 6098 |
+
as O
|
| 6099 |
+
bromoform O
|
| 6100 |
+
, O
|
| 6101 |
+
have O
|
| 6102 |
+
atmospheric B-climate-properties
|
| 6103 |
+
lifetimes I-climate-properties
|
| 6104 |
+
of O
|
| 6105 |
+
less O
|
| 6106 |
+
than O
|
| 6107 |
+
half O
|
| 6108 |
+
a O
|
| 6109 |
+
year O
|
| 6110 |
+
. O
|
| 6111 |
+
|
| 6112 |
+
When O
|
| 6113 |
+
VSLS O
|
| 6114 |
+
reach O
|
| 6115 |
+
the O
|
| 6116 |
+
stratosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 6117 |
+
, O
|
| 6118 |
+
they O
|
| 6119 |
+
enhance O
|
| 6120 |
+
ozone B-climate-hazards
|
| 6121 |
+
depletion I-climate-hazards
|
| 6122 |
+
and O
|
| 6123 |
+
thus O
|
| 6124 |
+
impact O
|
| 6125 |
+
the O
|
| 6126 |
+
climate O
|
| 6127 |
+
. O
|
| 6128 |
+
|
| 6129 |
+
During O
|
| 6130 |
+
the O
|
| 6131 |
+
research B-climate-observations
|
| 6132 |
+
cruises I-climate-observations
|
| 6133 |
+
SO234 I-climate-observations
|
| 6134 |
+
- I-climate-observations
|
| 6135 |
+
2 I-climate-observations
|
| 6136 |
+
and O
|
| 6137 |
+
SO235 B-climate-observations
|
| 6138 |
+
in O
|
| 6139 |
+
July O
|
| 6140 |
+
- O
|
| 6141 |
+
August O
|
| 6142 |
+
2014 O
|
| 6143 |
+
onboard O
|
| 6144 |
+
RV B-climate-observations
|
| 6145 |
+
SONNE I-climate-observations
|
| 6146 |
+
, O
|
| 6147 |
+
we O
|
| 6148 |
+
measured O
|
| 6149 |
+
oceanic B-climate-properties
|
| 6150 |
+
and I-climate-properties
|
| 6151 |
+
atmospheric I-climate-properties
|
| 6152 |
+
concentrations I-climate-properties
|
| 6153 |
+
of O
|
| 6154 |
+
bromoform O
|
| 6155 |
+
( O
|
| 6156 |
+
tropical B-climate-properties
|
| 6157 |
+
lifetime I-climate-properties
|
| 6158 |
+
at O
|
| 6159 |
+
10 O
|
| 6160 |
+
km O
|
| 6161 |
+
= O
|
| 6162 |
+
17 O
|
| 6163 |
+
days O
|
| 6164 |
+
) O
|
| 6165 |
+
, O
|
| 6166 |
+
dibromomethane O
|
| 6167 |
+
( O
|
| 6168 |
+
150 O
|
| 6169 |
+
days O
|
| 6170 |
+
) O
|
| 6171 |
+
and O
|
| 6172 |
+
methyl O
|
| 6173 |
+
iodide O
|
| 6174 |
+
( O
|
| 6175 |
+
3.5 O
|
| 6176 |
+
days O
|
| 6177 |
+
) O
|
| 6178 |
+
in O
|
| 6179 |
+
the O
|
| 6180 |
+
subtropical B-climate-nature
|
| 6181 |
+
and O
|
| 6182 |
+
tropical B-climate-nature
|
| 6183 |
+
West O
|
| 6184 |
+
Indian O
|
| 6185 |
+
Ocean O
|
| 6186 |
+
and O
|
| 6187 |
+
calculated O
|
| 6188 |
+
their O
|
| 6189 |
+
emission O
|
| 6190 |
+
strengths O
|
| 6191 |
+
. O
|
| 6192 |
+
|
| 6193 |
+
We O
|
| 6194 |
+
use O
|
| 6195 |
+
the O
|
| 6196 |
+
Langrangian O
|
| 6197 |
+
transport O
|
| 6198 |
+
model O
|
| 6199 |
+
FLEXPART I-climate-models
|
| 6200 |
+
driven O
|
| 6201 |
+
by O
|
| 6202 |
+
ERA B-climate-datasets
|
| 6203 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 6204 |
+
Interim I-climate-datasets
|
| 6205 |
+
meteorological O
|
| 6206 |
+
fields O
|
| 6207 |
+
to O
|
| 6208 |
+
investigate O
|
| 6209 |
+
the O
|
| 6210 |
+
transport O
|
| 6211 |
+
of O
|
| 6212 |
+
oceanic B-climate-nature
|
| 6213 |
+
emissions I-climate-nature
|
| 6214 |
+
in O
|
| 6215 |
+
the O
|
| 6216 |
+
atmosphere B-climate-nature
|
| 6217 |
+
. O
|
| 6218 |
+
|
| 6219 |
+
Furthermore O
|
| 6220 |
+
, O
|
| 6221 |
+
we O
|
| 6222 |
+
investigate O
|
| 6223 |
+
the O
|
| 6224 |
+
connection O
|
| 6225 |
+
between O
|
| 6226 |
+
the O
|
| 6227 |
+
Asian B-climate-nature
|
| 6228 |
+
monsoon I-climate-nature
|
| 6229 |
+
anticyclone I-climate-nature
|
| 6230 |
+
and O
|
| 6231 |
+
the O
|
| 6232 |
+
oceanic B-climate-nature
|
| 6233 |
+
source O
|
| 6234 |
+
regions O
|
| 6235 |
+
using O
|
| 6236 |
+
backward O
|
| 6237 |
+
trajectories O
|
| 6238 |
+
. O
|
| 6239 |
+
|
| 6240 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/85808f0cb1cb020d8ad0c40822992dc6cdd371ca
|
| 6241 |
+
|
| 6242 |
+
This O
|
| 6243 |
+
paper O
|
| 6244 |
+
presents O
|
| 6245 |
+
a O
|
| 6246 |
+
new O
|
| 6247 |
+
approach O
|
| 6248 |
+
to O
|
| 6249 |
+
long O
|
| 6250 |
+
- O
|
| 6251 |
+
term O
|
| 6252 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 6253 |
+
risk O
|
| 6254 |
+
assessment O
|
| 6255 |
+
in O
|
| 6256 |
+
accordance O
|
| 6257 |
+
with O
|
| 6258 |
+
the O
|
| 6259 |
+
UK B-climate-datasets
|
| 6260 |
+
Foresight I-climate-datasets
|
| 6261 |
+
Future I-climate-datasets
|
| 6262 |
+
Flooding I-climate-datasets
|
| 6263 |
+
Report I-climate-datasets
|
| 6264 |
+
|
| 6265 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8c19cb08726b1111a44034d5129c56e13804616b
|
| 6266 |
+
|
| 6267 |
+
Quantifying O
|
| 6268 |
+
the O
|
| 6269 |
+
reliability O
|
| 6270 |
+
of O
|
| 6271 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 6272 |
+
datasets O
|
| 6273 |
+
for O
|
| 6274 |
+
monitoring O
|
| 6275 |
+
large‐scale O
|
| 6276 |
+
East O
|
| 6277 |
+
Asian O
|
| 6278 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 6279 |
+
variations O
|
| 6280 |
+
. O
|
| 6281 |
+
|
| 6282 |
+
Early O
|
| 6283 |
+
detection O
|
| 6284 |
+
of O
|
| 6285 |
+
extreme O
|
| 6286 |
+
drought B-climate-hazards
|
| 6287 |
+
and O
|
| 6288 |
+
flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 6289 |
+
events O
|
| 6290 |
+
either O
|
| 6291 |
+
over O
|
| 6292 |
+
the O
|
| 6293 |
+
whole O
|
| 6294 |
+
globe O
|
| 6295 |
+
or O
|
| 6296 |
+
a O
|
| 6297 |
+
broad O
|
| 6298 |
+
geographical O
|
| 6299 |
+
region O
|
| 6300 |
+
, O
|
| 6301 |
+
and O
|
| 6302 |
+
timely O
|
| 6303 |
+
dissemination O
|
| 6304 |
+
of O
|
| 6305 |
+
this O
|
| 6306 |
+
information O
|
| 6307 |
+
, O
|
| 6308 |
+
is O
|
| 6309 |
+
indispensable O
|
| 6310 |
+
for O
|
| 6311 |
+
mitigation B-climate-mitigations
|
| 6312 |
+
and O
|
| 6313 |
+
disaster B-climate-mitigations
|
| 6314 |
+
preparedness I-climate-mitigations
|
| 6315 |
+
. O
|
| 6316 |
+
|
| 6317 |
+
Recently O
|
| 6318 |
+
, O
|
| 6319 |
+
the O
|
| 6320 |
+
APEC B-climate-organizations
|
| 6321 |
+
Climate I-climate-organizations
|
| 6322 |
+
Center I-climate-organizations
|
| 6323 |
+
( O
|
| 6324 |
+
APCC B-climate-organizations
|
| 6325 |
+
) O
|
| 6326 |
+
has O
|
| 6327 |
+
launched O
|
| 6328 |
+
a O
|
| 6329 |
+
global O
|
| 6330 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 6331 |
+
variation O
|
| 6332 |
+
monitoring O
|
| 6333 |
+
product O
|
| 6334 |
+
based O
|
| 6335 |
+
on O
|
| 6336 |
+
the O
|
| 6337 |
+
Climate B-climate-datasets
|
| 6338 |
+
Anomaly I-climate-datasets
|
| 6339 |
+
Monitoring I-climate-datasets
|
| 6340 |
+
System I-climate-datasets
|
| 6341 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 6342 |
+
Outgoing I-climate-datasets
|
| 6343 |
+
Longwave I-climate-datasets
|
| 6344 |
+
Radiation I-climate-datasets
|
| 6345 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
| 6346 |
+
Index I-climate-datasets
|
| 6347 |
+
( O
|
| 6348 |
+
CAMS B-climate-datasets
|
| 6349 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 6350 |
+
OPI I-climate-datasets
|
| 6351 |
+
) O
|
| 6352 |
+
data O
|
| 6353 |
+
. O
|
| 6354 |
+
|
| 6355 |
+
Here O
|
| 6356 |
+
we O
|
| 6357 |
+
quantify O
|
| 6358 |
+
the O
|
| 6359 |
+
reliability O
|
| 6360 |
+
of O
|
| 6361 |
+
CAMS B-climate-datasets
|
| 6362 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 6363 |
+
OPI I-climate-datasets
|
| 6364 |
+
, O
|
| 6365 |
+
as O
|
| 6366 |
+
well O
|
| 6367 |
+
as O
|
| 6368 |
+
other O
|
| 6369 |
+
gauge O
|
| 6370 |
+
- O
|
| 6371 |
+
satellite O
|
| 6372 |
+
- O
|
| 6373 |
+
merged O
|
| 6374 |
+
and O
|
| 6375 |
+
reanalysis O
|
| 6376 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 6377 |
+
datasets O
|
| 6378 |
+
, O
|
| 6379 |
+
for O
|
| 6380 |
+
the O
|
| 6381 |
+
purpose O
|
| 6382 |
+
of O
|
| 6383 |
+
monitoring O
|
| 6384 |
+
large O
|
| 6385 |
+
- O
|
| 6386 |
+
scale O
|
| 6387 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 6388 |
+
variability O
|
| 6389 |
+
in O
|
| 6390 |
+
East O
|
| 6391 |
+
Asia O
|
| 6392 |
+
. O
|
| 6393 |
+
|
| 6394 |
+
The O
|
| 6395 |
+
ground O
|
| 6396 |
+
truth O
|
| 6397 |
+
is O
|
| 6398 |
+
the O
|
| 6399 |
+
newly O
|
| 6400 |
+
available O
|
| 6401 |
+
gauge O
|
| 6402 |
+
- O
|
| 6403 |
+
based O
|
| 6404 |
+
data O
|
| 6405 |
+
from O
|
| 6406 |
+
the O
|
| 6407 |
+
project O
|
| 6408 |
+
titled O
|
| 6409 |
+
' O
|
| 6410 |
+
Asian B-climate-datasets
|
| 6411 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-datasets
|
| 6412 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 6413 |
+
Highly I-climate-datasets
|
| 6414 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 6415 |
+
Resolved I-climate-datasets
|
| 6416 |
+
Observational I-climate-datasets
|
| 6417 |
+
Data I-climate-datasets
|
| 6418 |
+
Integration I-climate-datasets
|
| 6419 |
+
Towards I-climate-datasets
|
| 6420 |
+
Evaluation I-climate-datasets
|
| 6421 |
+
( O
|
| 6422 |
+
APHRODITE B-climate-datasets
|
| 6423 |
+
) O
|
| 6424 |
+
of O
|
| 6425 |
+
the O
|
| 6426 |
+
Water B-climate-nature
|
| 6427 |
+
Resources I-climate-nature
|
| 6428 |
+
' O
|
| 6429 |
+
. O
|
| 6430 |
+
|
| 6431 |
+
It O
|
| 6432 |
+
is O
|
| 6433 |
+
found O
|
| 6434 |
+
that O
|
| 6435 |
+
the O
|
| 6436 |
+
seasonal O
|
| 6437 |
+
- O
|
| 6438 |
+
to O
|
| 6439 |
+
- O
|
| 6440 |
+
interannual O
|
| 6441 |
+
rainfall B-climate-nature
|
| 6442 |
+
deficit O
|
| 6443 |
+
and O
|
| 6444 |
+
surplus O
|
| 6445 |
+
given O
|
| 6446 |
+
by O
|
| 6447 |
+
various O
|
| 6448 |
+
reanalysis O
|
| 6449 |
+
systems O
|
| 6450 |
+
sometimes O
|
| 6451 |
+
do O
|
| 6452 |
+
not O
|
| 6453 |
+
match O
|
| 6454 |
+
the O
|
| 6455 |
+
spatial O
|
| 6456 |
+
patterns O
|
| 6457 |
+
seen O
|
| 6458 |
+
in O
|
| 6459 |
+
the O
|
| 6460 |
+
APHRODITE B-climate-datasets
|
| 6461 |
+
data O
|
| 6462 |
+
. O
|
| 6463 |
+
|
| 6464 |
+
Moreover O
|
| 6465 |
+
, O
|
| 6466 |
+
maps O
|
| 6467 |
+
showing O
|
| 6468 |
+
the O
|
| 6469 |
+
Standardized B-climate-properties
|
| 6470 |
+
Precipitation I-climate-properties
|
| 6471 |
+
Index I-climate-properties
|
| 6472 |
+
( O
|
| 6473 |
+
SPI B-climate-properties
|
| 6474 |
+
) O
|
| 6475 |
+
become O
|
| 6476 |
+
less O
|
| 6477 |
+
and O
|
| 6478 |
+
less O
|
| 6479 |
+
reliable O
|
| 6480 |
+
as O
|
| 6481 |
+
the O
|
| 6482 |
+
time O
|
| 6483 |
+
scale O
|
| 6484 |
+
based O
|
| 6485 |
+
on O
|
| 6486 |
+
which O
|
| 6487 |
+
values O
|
| 6488 |
+
are O
|
| 6489 |
+
calculated O
|
| 6490 |
+
increases O
|
| 6491 |
+
. O
|
| 6492 |
+
|
| 6493 |
+
Overall O
|
| 6494 |
+
, O
|
| 6495 |
+
CAMS B-climate-datasets
|
| 6496 |
+
- I-climate-datasets
|
| 6497 |
+
OPI I-climate-datasets
|
| 6498 |
+
is O
|
| 6499 |
+
found O
|
| 6500 |
+
to O
|
| 6501 |
+
be O
|
| 6502 |
+
reliable O
|
| 6503 |
+
for O
|
| 6504 |
+
monitoring O
|
| 6505 |
+
large O
|
| 6506 |
+
- O
|
| 6507 |
+
scale O
|
| 6508 |
+
precipitation B-climate-properties
|
| 6509 |
+
variations O
|
| 6510 |
+
over O
|
| 6511 |
+
the O
|
| 6512 |
+
East O
|
| 6513 |
+
Asian O
|
| 6514 |
+
sector O
|
| 6515 |
+
. O
|
| 6516 |
+
|
| 6517 |
+
-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c34681d4a74dfb6e02ec9d7e28bfaf70d27c000
|
| 6518 |
+
|
| 6519 |
+
Current O
|
| 6520 |
+
and O
|
| 6521 |
+
Future O
|
| 6522 |
+
Impacts O
|
| 6523 |
+
of O
|
| 6524 |
+
Extreme O
|
| 6525 |
+
Flood B-climate-hazards
|
| 6526 |
+
Events O
|
| 6527 |
+
. O
|
| 6528 |
+
|
| 6529 |
+
Inadequate B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6530 |
+
timber I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6531 |
+
extraction I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6532 |
+
management O
|
| 6533 |
+
of O
|
| 6534 |
+
forests B-climate-nature
|
| 6535 |
+
, O
|
| 6536 |
+
cattle B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6537 |
+
farming O
|
| 6538 |
+
, O
|
| 6539 |
+
abusive B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6540 |
+
recreational I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6541 |
+
practices I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6542 |
+
, O
|
| 6543 |
+
and O
|
| 6544 |
+
rapid O
|
| 6545 |
+
urban B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6546 |
+
expansion I-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6547 |
+
are O
|
| 6548 |
+
all O
|
| 6549 |
+
factors O
|
| 6550 |
+
that O
|
| 6551 |
+
create O
|
| 6552 |
+
significant O
|
| 6553 |
+
problems O
|
| 6554 |
+
in O
|
| 6555 |
+
the O
|
| 6556 |
+
Cantabrian O
|
| 6557 |
+
area O
|
| 6558 |
+
watershed B-climate-nature
|
| 6559 |
+
for O
|
| 6560 |
+
the O
|
| 6561 |
+
sustainable O
|
| 6562 |
+
management O
|
| 6563 |
+
of O
|
| 6564 |
+
the O
|
| 6565 |
+
hydrological B-climate-nature
|
| 6566 |
+
ecosystem O
|
| 6567 |
+
services O
|
| 6568 |
+
. O
|
| 6569 |
+
|
| 6570 |
+
In O
|
| 6571 |
+
this O
|
| 6572 |
+
chapter O
|
| 6573 |
+
, O
|
| 6574 |
+
ENSEMBLES B-climate-organizations
|
| 6575 |
+
RT3 O
|
| 6576 |
+
climate O
|
| 6577 |
+
model O
|
| 6578 |
+
outputs O
|
| 6579 |
+
are O
|
| 6580 |
+
analysed O
|
| 6581 |
+
and O
|
| 6582 |
+
calibrated O
|
| 6583 |
+
with O
|
| 6584 |
+
local O
|
| 6585 |
+
observation O
|
| 6586 |
+
data O
|
| 6587 |
+
recorded O
|
| 6588 |
+
daily O
|
| 6589 |
+
. O
|
| 6590 |
+
|
| 6591 |
+
The O
|
| 6592 |
+
hydrological O
|
| 6593 |
+
/ O
|
| 6594 |
+
hydraulic O
|
| 6595 |
+
coupling O
|
| 6596 |
+
model O
|
| 6597 |
+
( O
|
| 6598 |
+
MikeShe B-climate-models
|
| 6599 |
+
- O
|
| 6600 |
+
Mike11 B-climate-models
|
| 6601 |
+
) O
|
| 6602 |
+
is O
|
| 6603 |
+
applied O
|
| 6604 |
+
by O
|
| 6605 |
+
forcing O
|
| 6606 |
+
the O
|
| 6607 |
+
validated O
|
| 6608 |
+
model O
|
| 6609 |
+
output O
|
| 6610 |
+
. O
|
| 6611 |
+
|
| 6612 |
+
According O
|
| 6613 |
+
to O
|
| 6614 |
+
the O
|
| 6615 |
+
results O
|
| 6616 |
+
, O
|
| 6617 |
+
under O
|
| 6618 |
+
the O
|
| 6619 |
+
medium O
|
| 6620 |
+
greenhouse O
|
| 6621 |
+
emission B-climate-problem-origins
|
| 6622 |
+
scenario O
|
| 6623 |
+
( O
|
| 6624 |
+
A1B B-climate-datasets
|
| 6625 |
+
) O
|
| 6626 |
+
, O
|
| 6627 |
+
the O
|
| 6628 |
+
Regional O
|
| 6629 |
+
Climate O
|
| 6630 |
+
Models O
|
| 6631 |
+
HIRHAM I-climate-models
|
| 6632 |
+
( O
|
| 6633 |
+
2001–2050 O
|
| 6634 |
+
) O
|
| 6635 |
+
and O
|
| 6636 |
+
RACMO B-climate-models
|
| 6637 |
+
( O
|
| 6638 |
+
2051–2100 O
|
| 6639 |
+
) O
|
| 6640 |
+
show O
|
| 6641 |
+
an O
|
| 6642 |
+
increase O
|
| 6643 |
+
in O
|
| 6644 |
+
extreme B-climate-hazards
|
| 6645 |
+
precipitation I-climate-hazards
|
| 6646 |
+
. O
|
| 6647 |
+
|
| 6648 |
+
The O
|
| 6649 |
+
expected O
|
| 6650 |
+
changes O
|
| 6651 |
+
show O
|
| 6652 |
+
spatial O
|
| 6653 |
+
variability O
|
| 6654 |
+
depending O
|
| 6655 |
+
on O
|
| 6656 |
+
local O
|
| 6657 |
+
characteristics O
|
| 6658 |
+
( O
|
| 6659 |
+
topography B-climate-nature
|
| 6660 |
+
, O
|
| 6661 |
+
proximity O
|
| 6662 |
+
to O
|
| 6663 |
+
the O
|
| 6664 |
+
coast B-climate-nature
|
| 6665 |
+
, O
|
| 6666 |
+
vegetation B-climate-nature
|
| 6667 |
+
, O
|
| 6668 |
+
etc O
|
| 6669 |
+
. O
|
| 6670 |
+
) O
|
| 6671 |
+
and O
|
| 6672 |
+
ranging O
|
| 6673 |
+
between O
|
| 6674 |
+
6–26 O
|
| 6675 |
+
% O
|
| 6676 |
+
for O
|
| 6677 |
+
HIRHAM B-climate-models
|
| 6678 |
+
and O
|
| 6679 |
+
11–12 O
|
| 6680 |
+
% O
|
| 6681 |
+
for O
|
| 6682 |
+
RACMO B-climate-models
|
| 6683 |
+
. O
|
| 6684 |
+
|
| 6685 |
+
An O
|
| 6686 |
+
increase O
|
| 6687 |
+
of O
|
| 6688 |
+
22 O
|
| 6689 |
+
± O
|
| 6690 |
+
2 O
|
| 6691 |
+
% O
|
| 6692 |
+
is O
|
| 6693 |
+
expected O
|
| 6694 |
+
in O
|
| 6695 |
+
the O
|
| 6696 |
+
HIRHAM B-climate-models
|
| 6697 |
+
climatic O
|
| 6698 |
+
model O
|
| 6699 |
+
for O
|
| 6700 |
+
upstream O
|
| 6701 |
+
peak O
|
| 6702 |
+
discharge B-climate-properties
|
| 6703 |
+
with O
|
| 6704 |
+
a O
|
| 6705 |
+
return O
|
| 6706 |
+
period O
|
| 6707 |
+
exceeding O
|
| 6708 |
+
50 O
|
| 6709 |
+
years O
|
| 6710 |
+
. O
|
| 6711 |
+
|