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How do satellite systems with on-board processing typically manage uplink and downlink access for multiple broadcasters? | several systems incorporating on-board processing have been launched in such a way as to allow FDMA access by several broadcasters on the uplink and time division multiplexing (TDM) on a single downlink carrier of the sound programmes. | TDM is used on the uplink, while FDMA is used on a single downlink carrier. | Both uplink and downlink use analog FM modulation only, with no multiplexing. | Uplink and downlink are restricted to a single broadcaster, with no multiple access methods. | The satellite uses code division multiple access (CDMA) on the downlink instead of TDM. | Option1 | Uplink | No | null |
How do seismologists use Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in their work? | They use SNR to predict earthquake magnitudes directly, without analyzing waveform data. | Seismologists use SNR to assess the quality of seismic data recorded by seismometers. | SNR is only used to calibrate the physical placement of seismometers, not data quality. | SNR is irrelevant in seismology because all seismic signals are inherently strong. | null | Option2 | SNR | No | null |
How do users in a train communicate with Correspondent Nodes (CNs)? | Users in the train can communicate with CNs (Correspondent nodes) through MR (Mobile Router) in the train. | Users in the train connect directly to satellites without any Mobile Router. | Communication with CNs occurs only through fixed ground gateways, not via a train-based router. | Users communicate with CNs using wired Ethernet connections that bypass any router. | null | Option1 | Wireless communication systems | No | null |
How do you describe the performance of the Internet’s Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) over satellite systems? | Performance of the Internet's Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is degraded by the high latency and high degree
of bandwidth asymmetry present in such systems. | TCP performance improves with high latency because it allows longer acknowledgment intervals and smoother data flow. | TCP experiences better throughput in satellite systems due to minimal propagation delay. | null | null | Option1 | TCP over satellite | No | null |
How does a decreasing elevation angle affect satellite communication performance? | propagation
losses, noise and depolarisation also increase with the decreasing elevation angle. | It reduces propagation losses and improves signal strength. | It eliminates the effects of atmospheric attenuation completely. | It has no measurable effect on signal quality or noise. | It increases the satellite’s transmission power automatically. | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How does a directional antenna affect SNR? | Increases noise but not signal | Increases signal, reduces noise | No impact | Decreases both signal and noise | null | Option 2 | SNR | No | null |
How does a VSAT differ from an IoT device? | A VSAT typically has smaller dimensions and lower power than a handheld or IoT device used as user equipment. | A VSAT has usually bigger dimensions and higher power than a handheld or IoT device serving as terminal or UE (user equipment). | A VSAT generally operates with comparable antenna size and transmission power to standard handheld or IoT devices. | null | null | Option2 | 5G NTN | No | null |
How does absorption by air and water vapor affect loss in link budget? | Absorption by air and water vapor increases significantly with elevation angle, causing several decibels of additional path loss at higher angles. | Absorption by air and water vapor is nearly constant for higher elevation angles, adding only a few tenths of decibels to the path loss. | Absorption by air and water vapor is independent of elevation angle, remaining constant for all satellite link geometries. | Absorption by air and water vapor decreases to zero for higher elevation angles, having no measurable effect on the link budget. | null | Option2 | Link Budget | No | null |
How does an integrated access router improve mobility management when multiple subnets exist behind a satellite terminal? | By enabling hierarchical Mobile IP, so micro-mobility within the visited network is managed locally without involving the home agent. | By forcing all mobility updates to be sent directly to the home agent, increasing signaling load. | By preventing movement between subnets entirely. | null | null | Option1 | Handover procedure | No | null |
How does antenna polarization affect the link budget? | No effect | Improves signal with matching polarization | Decreases transmitter power | Changes frequency | null | Option 2 | Link Budget | No | null |
How does beamforming improve performance in cellular networks? | In cellular networks, Beamforming can be used to improve bandwidth efficiency and coverage by enabling base stations to focus signals on individual users, reducing interference and increasing data rates. | By broadcasting signals uniformly in all directions, maximizing coverage at the expense of interference control. | By only amplifying transmit power, with no effect on interference or data rates. | null | null | Option1 | Beamforming | No | null |
How does DVB-S2 contribute to the optimization of space segment design? | DVB-S2 allows the optimization of the space segment design, thus making possible a drastic reduction in the cost of satellite-based IP services. | DVB-S2 increases costs by requiring larger satellites and more complex payloads. | DVB-S2 reduces costs by eliminating error correction, at the expense of transmission reliability. | DVB-S2 contributes to cost reduction by replacing IP with analog transmission, limiting service flexibility. | DVB-S2 reduces costs by removing modulation schemes, which decreases spectral efficiency. | Option1 | DVB-S2 | No | null |
How does DVB-S2 handle multiple input streams in a single transmission signal? | DVB-S2 handles multiple inputs by transmitting each stream on a separate carrier, without merging. | For multiple inputs, DVB-S2 provides merging of
input streams in a single transmission signal and slicing in FEC code blocks. | DVB-S2 merges multiple input streams but does not use FEC, leaving error correction to the receiver. | null | null | Option2 | DVB-S2 | No | null |
How does DVB-S2X support mobile applications? | DVB-S2X includes
very low SNR MODCODs to support mobile applications. | DVB-S2X uses high SNR MODCODs exclusively, which are unsuitable for mobile applications. | DVB-S2X supports mobile applications by removing error correction coding entirely. | DVB-S2X supports mobile applications by removing error correction coding entirely. | DVB-S2X requires fixed terminals only, making it incompatible with mobile applications. | Option1 | DVB-S2X | No | null |
How does error correction coding improve transmission quality? | error correction coding is used before the channel coding to correct possible
transmission errors. | It improves transmission quality by eliminating the need for any error detection or correction. | It improves transmission quality by only detecting errors at the receiver. | null | null | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How does Forward Error Correction (FEC) improve the error performance of satellite links? | The FEC enables satellite links to tolerate higher
transmission errors than the uncoded data in terms of error performance. | FEC increases error rates by removing redundancy, making the link more vulnerable. | FEC has no effect on error performance and only adjusts signal power. | FEC works only at the receiver, without adding redundancy at the transmitter, so error tolerance remains the same. | null | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How does free-space loss vary with frequency and distance in microwave and satellite communication links? | Free-space loss increases with both higher frequency and longer distance. | Free-space loss decreases as frequency increases. | Free-space loss remains constant regardless of frequency or distance. | Free-space loss is determined only by antenna gain and not by distance. | Free-space loss becomes negligible for frequencies above 10 GHz. | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How does increasing the transmission line length generally affect system losses? | Any increase in system losses due to a longer transmission line are usually more than offset by the decrease in path loss. | A longer transmission line always increases total losses without affecting path loss, thereby reducing overall link efficiency. | Increasing transmission line length reduces both system loss and path loss equally, maintaining constant received power. | System losses decrease with longer transmission lines because signal reflections improve power transfer. | Path loss increases with shorter transmission lines due to reduced antenna separation. | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How does LDPC decoding determine the transmitted bit values? | By iteratively exchanging information between bit nodes and check nodes until the transmitted bits are determined. | By performing a single-pass, direct inversion of the received codeword. | By using convolutional encoding to reconstruct the original bits. | null | null | Option1 | DVB-S2X | No | null |
How does one calculate the availability ratio AR? | The Availability Ratio is calculated by dividing the total service available time by the duration of the
scheduled service time. | The Availability Ratio is calculated by the average duration of continuous periods of available time. | The Availability Ratio is calculated by dividing the uplink signal to the downlink signal. | The Availability Ratio is calculated by the average of network transactions over a period of time. | null | Option1 | Link availability | No | null |
How does satellite latency affect TCP performance? | Increases throughput | Decreases throughput | No effect | null | null | Option 2 | TCP over satellite | No | null |
How does TCP for Transactions (TCP-T) improve performance over satellite links? | By reducing connection handshaking latency from two RTTs to one RTT for small transactions, significantly lowering user-perceived latency. | By increasing the number of handshakes required per transaction. | By converting TCP into a connectionless protocol. | null | null | Option1 | Telecommunication Payload | No | null |
How does the C/No (carrier-to-noise density ratio) influence the quality of a digital communication link? | The values
of C/No, for the links which participate in the connection between the end terminals, determine
the quality of service, specified in terms of bit error rate (BER) for digital communications. | C/No values only affect analog voice clarity and have no impact on BER in digital systems. | Higher C/No values always result in greater noise levels and degraded link performance. | C/No represents channel capacity only and is unrelated to transmission quality or BER. | null | Option1 | Bit error rate | No | null |
How does the digital processing capability of a user terminal benefit satellite communication systems? | It enables the satellite distribution of files on demand through the Internet, using a terrestrial request channel or a satellite-based channel. | It allows the terminal to bypass the Internet entirely, sending files directly from one user to another without any satellite involvement. | It restricts the terminal to voice-only services, preventing data or file transfers. | It requires a ground station at every user location, as digital processing alone cannot support on-demand services. | It primarily improves antenna tracking, with no impact on file distribution or Internet services. | Option1 | Wireless communication systems | No | null |
How does the feedback loop in FMT mechanisms enhance communication between the satellite terminal and the gateway? | It allows continuous adjustment and optimization of signal parameters based on real-time feedback. | It prevents the gateway from receiving any information from the satellite terminal. | It eliminates the need for synchronization between the satellite terminal and the gateway. | null | null | Option1 | Gateway station | No | null |
How does the FMT loop optimize spectral efficiency in a communication system? | By regularly estimating the SNR and adjusting the modulation type, code rate, and symbol rate accordingly. | By maintaining a fixed modulation type and code rate regardless of SNR changes. | By only controlling the transmitter power without adjusting coding or modulation. | By randomly changing the symbol rate without regard to channel conditions. | null | Option1 | Signal-to-noise ratio | No | null |
How does the localization of the access router affect satellite communication? | The localization of the access router, separated or integrated, with the satellite terminal/base station determines the transport format over the satellite. | It has no effect on transport format and only affects terrestrial routing. | It decides the orbital position of the satellite. | null | null | Option1 | Handover procedure | No | null |
How does the topology of an inter-satellite link (ISL) network change? | The topology of the Inter-satellite link network changes with the movement of the constellation. | The topology of an ISL network remains fixed, regardless of satellite movement. | The ISL topology changes only when satellites are powered off, not due to normal orbit movement. | null | null | Option1 | Inter satellite Link | No | null |
How does TT&C handle satellite control when ground station is not in line-of-sight? | Uses direct communication only | Uses other satellites via inter-satellite links | Waits until line-of-sight is re-established | Uses WiFi | Automatic control onboard only | Option 2 | TT&C | No | null |
How does varying the inner code rate affect the error protection? | The inner code rate can be varied to increase or decrease the degree of error protection for
the satellite link at the expense of capacity. | The inner code rate controls only the modulation bandwidth and has no impact on error protection. | The inner code rate determines antenna gain and is unrelated to link capacity or error correction. | null | null | Option1 | Carrier-to-noise ratio | No | null |
How is a BUS connected to a LEC identified? | The BUS to which a LEC connects is identified by a MAC broadcast address shared by all clients. | The BUS to which a LEC connects is identified by a unique ATM address. | The BUS to which a LEC connects is identified by a VPI/VCI pair that changes dynamically per packet. | The BUS to which a LEC connects is identified by a physical port number on the ATM switch. | null | Option2 | Satellite bus | No | null |
How is a digital bit stream encoded and transmitted in a wired network? | In a wired network, a digital bit stream can be encoded into baseband signals and transmitted
directly along the wire. | In a wired network, a digital bit stream is always converted to analog signals before transmission, never sent as baseband. | In a wired network, a digital bit stream is transmitted as frequency-modulated radio signals over the wire. | null | null | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How is a satellite bus controlled and communicated with from Earth? | Satellite buses are controlled and communicated with from Earth using ground stations. | Satellite buses are autonomously managed in orbit, requiring no ground-based communication or control. | Satellite buses communicate directly with user terminals, bypassing any need for ground stations. | null | null | Option1 | Satellite bus | No | null |
How is antenna gain expressed in a link budget? | Antenna gain figures used in a link budget are expressed in units of dBi; gain relative to a theoretical isotopic radiator. | Antenna gain is expressed in watts, representing absolute power output. | Antenna gain is measured in decibels relative to free space loss (dBfs), not relative to an isotropic radiator. | Antenna gain is expressed in hertz (Hz), indicating frequency response. | Antenna gain is measured relative to another directional antenna, not an isotropic radiator. | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How is BER calculated? | BER = Number of Bit Errors / Total Number of Transmitted Bits | BER = Total Number of Transmitted Bits / Number of Bit Errors | BER = Number of Correct Bits / Total Number of Received Bits | BER = Number of Bit Errors × Total Number of Transmitted Bits | BER = (Number of Bit Errors / Transmission Time), measured in bits per second. | Option1 | BER | No | null |
How is cable attenuation typically specified in technical documents? | Cable attenuation figures are usually quoted in loss (dB) per 100 m. | As gain in decibels (dB) per 1 kilometer of cable. | As the absolute signal power in watts. | As the cable’s physical diameter in millimeters. | As the propagation speed of light in the cable only. | Option1 | SNR | No | null |
How is digital beam formed in modern wireless communication systems? | The phase and amplitude variation is applied to the digital signal before Digital to analog conversion at the transmitter's end to create a directional beam. | The phase and amplitude variation is applied to the analog signal to create a directional beam. | The signals from different antennas are summed up before the ADC conversion at the receiver's end. | Beamforming can be achieved by applying a precoding matrix that weighs the transmitted signals to form a beam in a particular direction. | By sending electromagnetic signals in a particular direction rather than sending them in all directions. | Option1 | Beamforming | No | null |
How is Internet (TCP) traffic typically treated in terms of Quality of Service (QoS)? | Internet (TCP) traffic can be assigned to the lowest QoS requirements. | It must always receive the highest QoS priority to avoid packet loss. | It cannot be assigned any QoS and is always blocked in congested networks. | null | null | Option1 | TCP over satellite | No | null |
How is Internet access service typically characterized in terms of network topology? | By a star or multi-star topology with multipoint-to-point connectivity. | By a ring topology with point-to-point connectivity only. | By a fully meshed topology where every node connects directly to every other node. | By a linear bus topology, with sequential connections between nodes. | By a tree topology with exclusively multipoint-to-multipoint connectivity. | Option1 | Satellite gateway | No | null |
How is multicast typically handled across a satellite link in a network using downlink routers? | Multicast channels are statically configured to be transmitted across the satellite link to each downlink router, while IGMP traffic operates only between the router and the end-user terminal. | IGMP traffic is exchanged directly between all end-user terminals and the satellite gateway. | Multicast channels are dynamically configured at the terminal level based on each user’s subscription. | null | null | Option1 | Uplink | No | null |
How is the role of satellite networks viewed in modern Global Network Infrastructure (GNI)? | As an integral part of GNI, due to the stabilization and maturity of satellite communication technology. | As a highly complicated system that cannot be integrated with terrestrial networks. | As obsolete technology that is no longer relevant to GNI. | As only a backup system for terrestrial networks, not a core component. | As a purely experimental system with no practical integration into networks. | Option1 | Onboard processing | No | null |
How is the sensitivity specification for the RF320 series of radios expressed? | The sensitivity specification for the RF320 series of radios states the RF input
level in units of microvolts. | Sensitivity is specified in watts (W), representing total power consumption. | Sensitivity is given in decibels relative to 1 watt (dBW), not microvolts. | Sensitivity is measured in bits per second (bps). | Sensitivity is expressed in ohms (Ω), indicating the input impedance of the radio. | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
How is the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) typically calculated in Wi-Fi networks? | By measuring the strength of the wireless signal and the background noise level. | By measuring only the transmitted signal power without considering noise. | By comparing the downlink and uplink data rates. | By counting the number of connected devices on the network. | By measuring the interference from neighboring networks only. | Option1 | Signal-to-noise ratio | No | null |
How is the transmission of digital television possible without
requiring a huge amount of radio-frequency spectrum? | The TV signal has a
baseband signal of a few Mbit/s, hence the transmission of digital television is possible without requiring a huge amount of radio-frequency spectrum. | Television broadcasting is able to combat the time dispersion due to multipath,
frequently encountered over mobile satellite channels. | Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) uses MPEG-2 compression for video and either MP2, hence the transmission of digital television is possible. | null | null | Option1 | Satellite broadcasting | No | null |
How is tracking of a satellite accomplished? | Tracking of the satellite is accomplished by the satellite beacon signals which are received at the TT&C earth stations. | Tracking of the satellite is done using user terminal feedback only, without any beacon signals. | Satellite tracking is achieved using ground-based radar only, with no reliance on satellite beacons. | Tracking of satellites is not necessary, as satellites remain perfectly stationary in space. | null | Option1 | TT&C | No | null |
How should a UE (User Equipment) that can use both NTN and terrestrial RATs manage timers? | It is proposed that the UE uses regular timers or extended timers based on the RAT type in use. | The UE should ignore timers entirely, relying solely on signal strength. | The UE must use fixed timers, regardless of whether it is connected to NTN or terrestrial RAT. | Timers are only required for satellite-to-satellite communication, not for UEs. | The UE uses randomized timers unrelated to the RAT type to avoid collisions. | Option1 | NTN | No | null |
How will you define link availability? | Availability of a semi-permanent connection portion is defined as the fraction of time during which
the portion is able to support a transaction. | Availability of a link is defined as the fraction of time during which the network is in a down state. | Link availability is defined as a model that uses two states corresponding to the ability or inability of the network to sustain a
connection in the available state. | null | null | Option1 | Link availability | No | null |
In 3GPP specs, what is the purpose of HARQ? | Reduce latency | Increase throughput via retransmissions | Enhance encryption | Improve modulation | Assign spectrum | Option 2 | 3gpp | No | null |
In 3GPP, the term E-UTRA refers to: | Core network upgrade | UMTS radio access protocol | LTE radio access network | Satellite access | Wi-Fi extension | Option 3 | 3gpp | No | null |
In 3GPP, what does IMS stand for? | Internet Messaging Service | IP Multimedia Subsystem | Integrated Mobile System | Intelligent Management Service | Interactive Media Session | Option 2 | 3gpp | No | null |
In 5G NR, what does numerology refer to? | Antenna type | Subcarrier spacing | Modulation coding | User capacity | null | Option 2 | 3gpp | No | null |
In a DVB-RCS-based Video on Demand (VoD) system, how are audio and video streams typically transmitted and processed? | The VoD server sends IP-encapsulated video and audio using UDP for real-time transmission and TCP for session control; the DVB-RCST at the client side de-encapsulates IP traffic and forwards it to set-top boxes for decoding. | The VoD server transmits all video and audio directly over TCP to ensure full reliability. | The DVB-RCST performs video decoding and sends only analog signals to the set-top boxes. | null | null | Option1 | Telecommunication Payload | No | null |
In a mobile network using a Soft Switch, how is a new Tracking Area Code (TAC) handled by a gNB? | The gNB adds the new TAC in its system information and broadcasts both TACs simultaneously for a specified time. | The gNB replaces the old TAC with the new TAC and stops broadcasting the old one. | The gNB ignores the new TAC until all user devices are manually updated. | The gNB broadcasts only one TAC at a time, alternating between old and new. | null | Option1 | Non-Terrestrial Networks | No | null |
In a multimedia satellite network, how are video and voice streams typically processed for distribution? | Video streams are encoded in real-time using H.264 from a live source, while a VoIP gateway using H.323/SIP interfaces voice traffic to the public PSTN network. | Video streams are transmitted raw without compression, and voice uses only analog switching. | H.264 is used exclusively for voice encoding, while video uses H.323/SIP. | null | null | Option1 | Gateway station | No | null |
In a satellite communication system, what is the main role of the hub station in the return channel path? | It acts as a gateway connecting the satellite return channel to other satellite and terrestrial networks. | It only amplifies the uplink signals for retransmission. | It controls the user terminal’s transmission power levels. | It handles only downlink traffic management. | It converts analog signals to digital before satellite transmission. | Option1 | Satellite gateway | No | null |
In a satellite link, what mechanism helps avoid excessive delay and resource usage caused by packet fragmentation and reassembly? | Using a ‘Packet Too Big’ ICMPv6 message to notify when a packet exceeds the Satellite Link MTU. | Ignoring the MTU limit and allowing packets to fragment automatically. | Compressing packets at the physical layer. | Increasing the packet size beyond the MTU. | null | Option1 | Telecommunication Payload | No | null |
In a satellite network using TCP Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs), how is traffic typically managed? | TCP data streams are intercepted and forwarded between connections using buffering, while non-TCP traffic passes through the PEPs without modification. | All traffic, including TCP and non-TCP, is terminated and re-established at each PEP. | Only UDP traffic is buffered and reassembled by the PEPs before forwarding. | null | null | Option1 | TCP over satellite | No | null |
In a SIP-based communication system, what are the typical functions implemented by a SIP server? | Implementing localization, proxy, and registrar functions, and acting as a proxy or redirect server depending on configuration. | Managing only authentication and encryption of SIP messages. | Handling only DNS resolution for SIP endpoints. | null | null | Option1 | 3gpp | No | null |
In communication systems, how are carriers typically used? | Carriers are modulated by baseband signals conveying
information for communications purposes. | Carriers are unmodulated constant signals used only for synchronization. | Carriers directly generate baseband information without modulation. | null | null | Option1 | Carrier-to-noise ratio | No | null |
In digital beamforming, the signal is processed at: | RF front end | Baseband | Antenna | null | null | Option 2 | Beamforming | No | null |
In IP-based satellite data communication, why are network layer handovers required? | for IP-based data communication using satellites as IP nodes, network layer handovers are also required. | Network layer handovers are unnecessary, as satellite IP communication is always static and fixed. | Network layer handovers are only needed in analog voice transmission, not in IP-based data communication. | null | null | Option1 | Handover procedure | No | null |
In link budget calculations, how are the effects of transmission line devices and antenna mismatch typically treated? | The small effects of transmission line devices are negligible and the mismatch specification of the antenna can be assumed to be the dominant factor. | Transmission line device losses are always dominant, and antenna mismatch can be ignored. | Transmission line effects are treated as amplifiers, increasing received power in the link budget. | null | null | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
In link budgets, what does "C/N0" represent? | Carrier to noise density power ratio | Carrier to noise bandwidth | Carrier to noise power ratio | Carrier voltage | null | Option 1 | Link Budget | No | null |
In LTE, handover is controlled by: | UE only | Source base station | Target base station | Core network | null | Option 2 | Handover procedure | No | null |
In LTE, how many subcarriers are in a resource block? | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 20 | Option 2 | 3gpp | No | null |
In LTE, maximum downlink data rate can reach up to: | 150 Mbps | 300 Mbps | 600 Mbps | null | null | Option 3 | Downlink | No | null |
In NR, the PUCCH mainly carries: | Paging | Scheduling requests | Data traffic | Handover info | null | Option 2 | 3gpp | No | null |
In NR, what does beamforming mainly improve? | Coverage | Modulation | Duplexing | Bandwidth | null | Option 1 | 3gpp | No | null |
In radio astronomy, how does an astronomer quantify the quality of an observation? | By measuring the power of the astronomical signal (S) and the background noise (N) to calculate the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). | By only measuring the power of the noise (N) and ignoring the signal. | By counting the number of stars in the telescope’s field of view. | null | null | Option1 | Signal-to-noise ratio | No | null |
In satellite communication, what effect can the propagation channel have on the carrier wave? | Beside the modulation signal, the satellite propagation channel conditions may also cause
changes to the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier wave. | It completely eliminates the carrier wave before it reaches the receiver. | It only affects the color or visual representation of the signal. | It keeps the amplitude, frequency, and phase perfectly constant at all times. | null | Option1 | Link Budget | No | null |
In satellite communications, typical CNR values are: | 0-5 dB | 5-15 dB | 15-40 dB | 40-60 dB | null | Option 3 | Carrier-to-noise ratio | No | null |
In satellite IP, jitter refers to: | Delay variation | Packet loss | Packet error rate | Signal strength | Latency | Option 1 | IP over satellite | No | null |
In satellite IP, the delay affects: | Throughput | Latency-sensitive applications | TCP window size | All of these | null | Option 4 | IP over satellite | No | null |
In satellite networking, why is the transmission from the satellite to the earth station typically considered power-limited? | Because the satellite has restricted power resources and the downlink experiences propagation losses and noise. | Because earth stations have limited antenna gain. | Because satellites use optical instead of radio frequency communication. | Because downlink transmissions are always bandwidth-limited rather than power-limited. | Because the satellite transmits only during daylight hours to save energy. | Option1 | SNR | No | null |
In TCP over satellite, what does the term window scaling refer to? | Scaling packet size | Adjusting the congestion window for large bandwidth-delay products | Reducing retransmissions | Increasing retransmissions | null | Option 2 | TCP over satellite | No | null |
In terrestrial networks, how are tracking areas (TAs) defined? | As for terrestrial networks, tracking areas are defined as a set of cells. | As a single cell only, with each TA corresponding to exactly one base station. | As a random geographic area unrelated to network cells or coverage. | null | null | Option1 | 3gpp | No | null |
In TT&C, what type of data does the telemetry subsystem transmit? | User data only | Sensor and health data | Video signals | null | null | Option 2 | TT&C | No | null |
In uplink, what is the purpose of a power amplifier? | Increase signal resolution | Amplify transmitted signal power | Reduce signal power | Change modulation | null | Option 2 | Uplink | No | null |
In what modes can NTN and TN operate between Satellite Network Operators (SNOs) and Terrestrial Mobile Network Operators (MNOs)? | NTN and TN can operate in either roaming mode or sharing mode between Satellite Network Operator
(SNO) and Terrestrial Mobile Network Operator (MNO). | Exclusive mode only, with no sharing or roaming allowed. | Roaming mode only, with no sharing possible. | Sharing mode only, without any roaming functionality. | Fixed mode, where both networks operate independently without coordination. | Option1 | Non-Terrestrial Networks | No | null |
In which 3GPP generation is beamforming fundamental? | 2G | 3G | 4G LTE | 5G NR | null | Option 4 | Beamforming | No | null |
In which systems is beamforming widely used? | Wi-Fi only | Satellite only | MIMO systems | Bluetooth only | Cellular only | Option 3 | Beamforming | No | null |
Inter satellite link can be: | RF only | Optical only | RF or Optical | null | null | Option 3 | Inter satellite Link | No | null |
Inter satellite links help in: | Power saving | Reducing ground station dependency | Increasing latency | Increasing interference | Limiting coverage | Option 2 | Inter satellite Link | No | null |
Inter satellite links improve: | Coverage | Reliability | Throughput | All of the above | null | Option 4 | Inter satellite Link | No | null |
Inter satellite links reduce dependency on: | User terminals | Ground stations | Weather conditions | Other satellites | Power consumption | Option 2 | Inter satellite Link | No | null |
Inter-RAT handover means handover between: | Same standard cells | Different frequency channels | Different radio access technologies | null | null | Option 3 | Handover procedure | No | null |
IP fragmentation is needed when: | Packet size > MTU | Packet size < MTU | No header | No payload | null | Option 1 | IP over satellite | No | null |
IP over satellite typically suffers from: | Low throughput | High latency | Frequent handover | No signal loss | null | Option 2 | IP over satellite | No | null |
IP packet overhead includes: | Ethernet header | IP header | TCP header | All of these | null | Option 4 | IP over satellite | No | null |
Latency can cause issues in: | Email delivery | Streaming video | Voice calls | File storage | null | Option 3 | Communication Latency | No | null |
Latency is measured in: | Watts | Seconds | Hertz | Bits | null | Option 2 | Communication Latency | No | null |
Latency is most critical in: | File downloads | Real-time control | Email transmission | Bulk data transfer | null | Option 2 | Communication Latency | No | null |
Link availability affects: | User experience | Service reliability | Business continuity | All of the above | null | Option 4 | Link availability | No | null |
Link availability is defined as the: | Total operational time of a link | Probability that a link is up and usable | Signal to noise ratio | Data throughput | Frequency range | Option 2 | Link availability | No | null |
Link availability is reduced by | High latency | Congestion | Atmospheric conditions | Large bandwidth | null | Option 3 | Link availability | No | null |
Link outages caused by equipment failure usually affect availability for: | Milliseconds | Seconds | Minutes to hours | Days | null | Option 3 | Link availability | No | null |
Maximum throughput is limited by: | Bandwidth | Latency | Congestion control | All of these | null | Option 4 | IP over satellite | No | null |
On what parameters can conditional handover in satellite-based NTNs be based? | Time and UE location, which corresponds to satellite elevation angles. | Only the user’s IP address, independent of location or time. | Signal color and satellite manufacturer type. | Frequency band alone, without considering UE position or time. | Weather conditions exclusively, ignoring elevation angle and time. | Option1 | Non-Terrestrial Networks | No | null |
Optimization techniques for IP over satellite include: | TCP acceleration | Header compression | Link layer error correction | All of these | null | Option 4 | IP over satellite | No | null |
Path loss is dependent on which of the following? | Signal power | Wavelength | Frequency | Both wavelength and frequency | null | Option 4 | Link Budget | No | null |
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