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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(9942)_1989_TM1
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(9942) 1989 TM1
|
# (9942) 1989 TM1
(9942) 1989 TM1 (provisional designation 1989 TM1) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1989, by Japanese astronomers Nobuhiro Kawasato and Tsutomu Hioki at the Okutama Observatory (877) in Japan. The asteroid has a tentative rotation period of 3.1 hours.
## Orbit and classification
The assumed stony S-type is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,527 days; semi-major axis of 2.6 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.
Its first observation was a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory on 30 September 1989, extending the asteroid's observation arc by just 9 days prior to its official discovery observation.
## Numbering and naming
This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.
## Physical characteristics
### Diameter and albedo
The asteroid was predicted to cross the focal plane array of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). However, it was missed on each of its seven planned observation and was never detected. According to the "missed predictions file" of the supplemental IRAS minor planet survey (SIMPS), the body was expected to have a diameter of 13.5 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 13.20.
Based on an absolute magnitude of 13.99, and an assumed standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculated a much smaller diameter of 4.7 kilometers, which agrees with a diameter of 4.1 kilometers, found by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission.
### Rotation period
In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It rendered a tentative rotation period of 3.0706±0.0004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 in magnitude (U=1).
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en
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Q598725
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{{Short description|Asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|(9942) 1989 TM|1}}}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = (9942) {{mp|1989 TM|1}}
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="MPC-object" />
| discoverer = [[Tsutomu Hioki|T. Hioki]]<br />[[Nobuhiro Kawasato|N. Kawasato]]
| discovery_site = [[List of observatory codes#877|Okutama Obs.]]
| discovered = 8 October 1989
| mpc_name = (9942) {{mp|1989 TM|1}}
| alt_names = {{mp|1989 TM|1}}
| named_after =
| mp_category = {{nowrap|[[main-belt]]<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|middle]])}}<ref name="lcdb" />}}<br />[[Background asteroid|background]]
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 26.64 yr (9,732 days)
| aphelion = 3.0287 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.1619 AU
| semimajor = 2.5953 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1670
| period = 4.18 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,527 days)
| mean_anomaly = 217.94[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2357|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 9.9393°
| asc_node = 21.747°
| arg_peri = 38.492°
| mean_diameter = {{val|4.12|0.45}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />4.73 km {{small|(calculated)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| rotation = {{val|3.0706|0.0004|ul=h}}<ref name="Waszczak-2016" />
| albedo = 0.20 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.454|0.106}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]] {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 13.40<ref name="Masiero-2012" />{{·}}13.541<ref name="Waszczak-2016" /><br />13.6<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}13.99<ref name="lcdb" />
}}
'''{{mp|(9942) 1989 TM|1}}''' ([[Minor planet provisional designation|provisional designation]] '''{{mp|1989 TM|1}}''') is a background [[asteroid]] from the central region of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|4.5|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1989, by Japanese astronomers [[Nobuhiro Kawasato]] and [[Tsutomu Hioki]] at the Okutama Observatory {{Obscode|877}} in Japan.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The asteroid has a tentative [[rotation period]] of 3.1 hours.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Orbit and classification ==
[[File:AnimatedOrbitOf99421989TM1.gif|thumb|left|200px|Orbits of {{mp|1989 TM|1}} (blue) and the [[inner planets]] and [[Jupiter]]]]
The assumed stony [[S-type asteroid|S-type]] is a non-[[Asteroid family|family]] asteroid from the main belt's [[Background asteroid|background population]]. It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|central]] main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.0 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 4 years and 2 months (1,527 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 2.6 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.17 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 10[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" />
Its first observation was a [[precovery]] taken at the [[Palomar Observatory]] on 30 September 1989, extending the asteroid's [[observation arc]] by just 9 days prior to its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Numbering and naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was [[Minor planet designation|numbered]] by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 2 February 1999.<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> As of 2018, it has not been [[List of named minor planets (alphabetical)|named]].<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
=== Diameter and albedo ===
The asteroid was predicted to cross the focal plane array of the [[Infrared Astronomical Satellite]] (IRAS). However, it was missed on each of its seven planned observation and was never detected. According to the "missed predictions file" of the supplemental IRAS minor planet survey (SIMPS), the body was expected to have a diameter of 13.5 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 13.20.<ref name="simps-missed predictions" />
Based on an absolute magnitude of 13.99, and an assumed standard [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] for stony asteroids of 0.20, the ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' calculated a much smaller diameter of 4.7 kilometers,<ref name="lcdb" /> which agrees with a diameter of 4.1 kilometers, found by NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] with its subsequent [[NEOWISE]] mission.<ref name="Masiero-2012" />
=== Rotation period ===
In October 2010, a rotational [[lightcurve]] for this asteroid was obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations at the [[Palomar Transient Factory]] in California. It rendered a tentative [[rotation period]] of {{val|3.0706|0.0004}} hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 in [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=1]]}}).<ref name="Waszczak-2016" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="simps-missed predictions">{{cite web
|author = Tedesco E.F.
|author2 = Noah P.V.
|author3 = Noah M.
|author4 = Price S.D.
|title = The supplemental IRAS minor planet survey (SIMPS) – Missed-Predictions
|url = http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/123/2/1056/fulltext/FP206.txt
|access-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2018-05-19 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9942 (1989 TM1)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2009942
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 13 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 9942 (1989 TM1)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=9942
|accessdate = 13 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|accessdate = 13 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (9942)
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=9942%7C
|accessdate = 4 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent
|first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
|date = November 2012
|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 5
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794|s2cid = 46350317 }}</ref>
<ref name="Waszczak-2016">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Adam |last1 = Waszczak
|first2 = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang
|first3 = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek
|first4 = Russ |last4 = Laher
|first5 = Frank |last5 = Masci
|first6 = David |last6 = Levitan
|first7 = Jason |last7 = Surace
|first8 = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng
|first9 = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip
|first10 = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita
|first11 = George |last11 = Helou
|first12 = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince
|first13 = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni
|date = September 2015
|title = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 150
|issue = 3
|page = 35
|bibcode = 2015AJ....150...75W
|doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75
|arxiv = 1504.04041|s2cid = 8342929 }}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|9942}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |9941 Iguanodon |number=9942 |PageName={{mp |(9942) 1989 TM |1}} |(9943) 1989 UG3}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1989 TM1}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|009942]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Tsutomu Hioki]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Nobuhiro Kawasato]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1989|19891008]]
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|
[{"title": "(9942) 1989 TM1", "data": {"Discovered by": "T. Hioki \u00b7 N. Kawasato", "Discovery site": "Okutama Obs.", "Discovery date": "8 October 1989"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(9942) 1989 TM1", "Alternative designations": "1989 TM1", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (middle) \u00b7 background"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "26.64 yr (9,732 days)", "Aphelion": "3.0287 AU", "Perihelion": "2.1619 AU", "Semi-major axis": "2.5953 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.1670", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "4.18 yr (1,527 days)", "Mean anomaly": "217.94\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 14m 8.52s / day", "Inclination": "9.9393\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "21.747\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "38.492\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Mean diameter": "4.12\u00b10.45 km \u00b7 4.73 km (calculated)", "Synodic rotation period": "3.0706\u00b10.0004 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.20 (assumed) \u00b7 0.454\u00b10.106", "Spectral type": "S (assumed)", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "13.40 \u00b7 13.541 \u00b7 13.6 \u00b7 13.99"}}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th_Siege_Battery,_Royal_Garrison_Artillery
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105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
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# 105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
105th Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery formed during World War I. It served on both the Western Front, including the Battles of the Somme, Arras and Passchendaele, and the Italian Front, where it participated in the repulse of the Austrian Summer Offensive of 1918 and the crushing victory at Vittorio Veneto.
## Mobilisation and training
105th Siege Battery was formed at Fort Burgoyne, Dover, on 13 January 1916 under Army Council Instruction 145 of 19 January 1916 with the establishment for a battery of towed 12-inch Mark II Vickers Howitzers. Major C.E. Eady was in command. The battery was sent by rail to Horsham, and then to the artillery ranges at Lydd for training. Among the officers appointed to the battery was the artist and illustrator E. H. Shepard, commissioned as a Second lieutenant.
## Western Front
On 18 April the unit was ordered to change to the establishment for a battery of 8-inch howitzers. The battery proceeded to France on 17 May under the command of Captain P.B. Simon. The men travelled with complete stores but without guns. On arrival they were sent to Le Parcq near Hesdin where they were issued with four French 120 mm long guns, which were hated by the inexperienced gunners trained on howitzers.
The battery was under the command of XVII Corps' Heavy Artillery in Third Army and was assigned to 50th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG). After the officers and gun No 1s had undergone a short course on the unfamiliar 120mm, the battery first went into action on 10 June in front of Mont-Saint-Éloi near Arras, firing on enemy trenches at Vimy, where there had recently been heavy fighting. Captain Simon was invalided home on 29 June and Captain D'Arcy J. Richards, the battery captain, took over command as Acting Major.
### Somme
On 3 July the battery was transferred south to Fourth Army, which had just launched the Battle of the Somme. It joined 29th HAG the following day and spent 6 July digging in at Bronfay Farm, where the HAG's HQ was located. For the next 10 days it was firing on Owzentin, Trônes and Longueval during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge and the Capture of Trônes Wood in support of XIII Corps. On 16 July the battery moved forward to Maricourt Orchard, but had to be withdrawn following heavy casualties from High explosive (HE) and gas shells. Shortly afterwards the signals officer, 2nd Lt M.G. Herbert, and Corporal Dell won the Military Cross (MC) and Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) respectively for their bravery in tackling a fire among live hand grenades at Maricourt Chateau.
On 23 July the battery moved to a fresh position behind 'Copse B' (Aromme Avenue), which had just been captured. Here it remained until September, although it was transferred to the command of 57th HAG on 14 August when XIV Corps took over that section of the front during the fighting for Delville Wood. The battery was relieved on 18 September and was issued with four modern British 6-inch howitzers. It moved up to positions near Guillemont and joined 28th HAG, with which it saw out the fighting on the Somme until November, including bombardments of the German third line at Morval, Lesbœufs and Le Transloy.
The battery moved forward to a position by Leuze Wood on 10 December and came under the direct command of Guards Division around Sailly-Saillisel and St Pierre Vaast Wood. It stayed in this position through the winter. On 19 February 1917 A/Maj Richards won an MC for maintaining communications during a trench raid conducted by the neighbouring French troops.
### Arras
After the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich), 105th Siege Bty was transferred to 73rd HAG in Third Army on 22 March in preparation for the forthcoming Arras Offensive. Right Section moved first, taking up position at Chat Maigre; Left Section joined a fortnight later. Despite the protection of the embankment of the Arras–Bapaume railway, the gun positions were very exposed and gun flashes from German-held Monchy-le-Preux were clearly visible. The battery had been carrying out daily bombardments on the Hindenburg Line in preparation for the attack when on 5 April a lorry delivering ammunition was hit by a German shell and left burning a few yards from No 4 gun. Major Richards called for volunteers and together with Lieutenant R.J.H. Hambly kept the gun firing until the lorry blew up a few minutes later, causing a dump of 200 HE shells to explode. The gun detachment was knocked down and the gun put out of action. Despite being badly shaken, Richards continued to direct the fire of the rest of the battery until the bombardment task was completed. Major Richards was awarded a Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Lt Hambly an MC, Cpls Wady and Evans DCMs, and Sergeants Griffiths and Black Military Medals (MM).
The Battle of Arras was launched on 9 April 1917 and the battery moved forward to Mercatel later that day. On the morning of 23 April, while the fighting near Arras continued, the battery was heavily shelled and Maj Richards and a number of others were seriously wounded. 2nd Lieutenant Shepard found himself in temporary command on the battery position. That evening he went back into the front line at the battery's observation post (OP) under heavy shell and machine gun fire. He was awarded the MC and promoted to A/Captain for that night's work. Captain L.F. Garratt was posted in to command the battery on 5 May. The battery moved to Hénin-sur-Cojeul on 9 May, and subsequently into the captured Hindenburg Support Line at Fontaine-lès-Croisilles.
105th Siege Bty remained with Third Army until the Arras offensive petered out in June, coming under the command of 46th HAG on 13 May, 39th HAG on 28 June and 59th HAG on 29 June. On 9 July it was transferred north to 67th HAG with First Army, arriving on 13 July. The sections were split between Cambrin and Vermelles in the Lens sector.
On 4 September the battery collected two extra howitzers, and on 22 September it was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 440th Siege Bty, bringing its personnel up to the establishment numbers for a six-gun battery. The men were moved to St Pierre-Lens where they were engaged in digging gun-pits at St Pierre-Lens in October for an operation that was cancelled.
### Ypres
The battery moved to the Ypres Salient on 29 October to join 6th HAG with VIII Corps. This was part of Second Army, which had taken over direction of the faltering Third Ypres Offensive and fought a series of successful battles employing massive weight of artillery. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to counter-battery (CB) fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire. 105th Siege Bty came into action near Zillebeke. On 9 November the camouflage netting of No 1 gun caught fire, which was extinguished under enemy fire by Sgt Walton (who was awarded the MM). The following day (the last day of the battle), while carrying out barrage fire, No 2 gun blew up, killing or wounding the whole detachment. Next day after the battery reverted to a four-gun establishment and on 12 November it joined 24th HAG.
## Italian Front
The battery was expecting some home leave after the Ypres Offensive, but following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front, Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army. 24th HAG left with XIV Corps on 17 November 1917, travelling via Paris, Marseille and Genoa, arriving at Verona on 25 November. By 6 December its guns went into action on the Montello Hill, supporting the Italian army, which had been critically short of heavy artillery. The situation was stabilised by the end of the year, but XIV Corps and 24th HAG remained in Italy.
Apart from some CB shoots, there was little activity through the winter months. In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades: 24th Bde consisted of one heavy battery (1/1st Warwickshire Bty) and three other 6-inch howitzer siege batteries (172nd, 229th and 247th) in addition to the 105th.
### Piave
At the end of March 1918, 105th Siege Bty moved to a position south of the Asiago plateau supporting VIII Italian Corps. The gunsites were in wooded mountainous terrain and the guns had to be manhandled into position. They carried out trench bombardment while awaiting the next Austrian offensive (the Second Battle of the Piave River). This finally came on 15 June. Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. The battery was at Monte Torle and was heavily engaged all day. Gunner Stubbs was awarded the MM and Gnr Taylor the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor for keeping communications open during the day. The British heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later) and the Austrian offensive failed all along the front.
### Vittorio Veneto
Preparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British were relieved in the Asiago sector and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. 24th HAG supported a number of British and French raids during September and October, then on 23 October the preliminary attacks began, supported by 24th HAG's howitzers. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank. A bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy.
After the Armistice, 24th HAG was involved in securing prisoners. Shepard was promoted to Major in command of the battery, and given the duty of administering captured enemy guns. Demobilisation of the batteries in Italy began at Christmas 1918 and by March 105th Siege Bty was down to cadre strength. It handed in its guns and proceeded to Le Havre, where was disbanded on 30 March 1919.
## Footnotes
1. ↑ None of the new 12-inch howitzers were ready for service before August 1916.
2. ↑ E.H. Shepard drew one of these 120 mm guns[6] and referred to the men's hatred of them in a letter dated 13 July.[7]
3. ↑ 440th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed on 22 May 1917 at Aldershot. The personnel of one section went out to the Western Front on 23 September 1917 and joined First Army. It was then posted to 105th Siege Bty. The rest of 440th Siege Bty went via France and Italy to Alexandria, where it joined the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.[2][5]
4. ↑ Shepard drew the men digging these positions on 19 October 'for the show that didn't'.[18]
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{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 105th Siege Battery, RGA
|image= Koning_Soldaat.,_item_60.jpg
|caption=Cap Badge of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
|dates= 13 January 1916–30 March 1919
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|allegiance=
|branch=[[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]]
|type=
|role=Siege Artillery
|size=
|command_structure= [[Royal Garrison Artillery]]
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles= [[Battle of the Somme]]<br>[[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]]<br>[[Battle of Passchendaele]]<br>[[Second Battle of the Piave River]]<br>[[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]]
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}
'''105th Siege Battery''' was a unit of Britain's [[Royal Garrison Artillery]] formed during [[World War I]]. It served on both the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], including the Battles of the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]], [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]], and the [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italian Front]], where it participated in the repulse of the Austrian [[Second Battle of the Piave River|Summer Offensive]] of 1918 and the crushing victory at [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto|Vittorio Veneto]].
==Mobilisation and training==
105th Siege Battery was formed at [[Fort Burgoyne]], [[Dover]], on 13 January 1916 under Army Council Instruction 145 of 19 January 1916 with the establishment for a battery of towed [[BL 12-inch howitzer|12-inch Mark II Vickers Howitzers]]. [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] C.E. Eady was in command. The battery was sent by rail to [[Horsham]], and then to the artillery ranges at [[Lydd]] for training. Among the officers appointed to the battery was the artist and illustrator [[E. H. Shepard]], commissioned as a [[Second lieutenant]].<ref>Army Council Instructions January 1916.</ref><ref name = Frederick702>Frederick, pp. 702–4.</ref><ref name = Shepard>Shepard's summary, in Campbell, pp. 122–5.</ref><ref>Campbell, p. 32.</ref>
==Western Front==
[[File:No_3791,_30_Octobre_1915,_Page_460,_Batterie_de_120_longs_en_pleine_action,_en_Champagne.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A battery of French 120 mm guns in action.]]
On 18 April the unit was ordered to change to the establishment for a battery of 8-inch howitzers.{{efn|None of the new 12-inch howitzers were ready for service before August 1916.}} The battery proceeded to France on 17 May under the command of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] P.B. Simon. The men travelled with complete stores but without guns. On arrival they were sent to [[Le Parcq]] near [[Hesdin]] where they were issued with four French [[Canon_de_120_mm_modèle_1878|120 mm long guns]], which were hated by the inexperienced gunners trained on howitzers.<ref name = Shepard/><ref name = Siege>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646 'Allocation of Siege Batteries RGA', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/5494/4.]</ref>{{efn|E.H. Shepard drew one of these 120 mm guns<ref>Campbell, p. 57.</ref> and referred to the men's hatred of them in a letter dated 13 July.<ref>Campbell, pp. 68–71.</ref>}}
The battery was under the command of [[XVII Corps (United Kingdom)|XVII Corps]]' Heavy Artillery in [[Third Army (United Kingdom)|Third Army]] and was assigned to 50th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG). After the officers and gun No 1s had undergone a short course on the unfamiliar 120mm, the battery first went into action on 10 June in front of [[Mont-Saint-Éloi]] near [[Arras]], firing on enemy trenches at [[Vimy]], where there had recently been heavy fighting.<ref name = Shepard/><ref name = Siege/><ref name = HAG>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4558646 'Allocation of HA Groups', TNA file WO 95/5494/1.]</ref><ref>Campbell, p. 59.</ref><ref name = BeckeThird>Becke, p. 92.</ref><ref>Edmonds, ''1916'', Vol I, pp. 210–27.</ref> Captain Simon was invalided home on 29 June and Captain D'Arcy J. Richards, the battery captain, took over command as Acting Major.<ref name = Shepard/>
===Somme===
On 3 July the battery was transferred south to [[Fourth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourth Army]], which had just launched the [[Battle of the Somme]]. It joined 29th HAG the following day and spent 6 July digging in at Bronfay Farm, where the HAG's HQ was located. For the next 10 days it was firing on Owzentin, Trônes and [[Longueval]] during the [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge]] and the [[Capture of Trônes Wood]] in support of [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]].<ref name = Shepard/><ref name = Siege/><ref name = HAG/><ref name = BeckeFourth>Becke, pp. 102–4.</ref><ref name = BeckeXIII>Becke, p. 211.</ref><ref name = Campbell63>Campbell, pp. 63–4.</ref> On 16 July the battery moved forward to Maricourt Orchard, but had to be withdrawn following heavy casualties from [[High explosive]] (HE) and [[Chemical weapons in World War I|gas]] shells. Shortly afterwards the signals officer, 2nd Lt M.G. Herbert, and [[Corporal]] Dell won the [[Military Cross]] (MC) and [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] (DCM) respectively for their bravery in tackling a fire among live [[Grenade|hand grenades]] at Maricourt Chateau.<ref name = Shepard/>
On 23 July the battery moved to a fresh position behind 'Copse B' (Aromme Avenue), which had just been captured. Here it remained until September, although it was transferred to the command of 57th HAG on 14 August when [[XIV Corps (United Kingdom)|XIV Corps]] took over that section of the front during the fighting for [[Battle of Delville Wood|Delville Wood]].<ref name = Shepard/><ref name = Siege/><ref name = BeckeFourth/><ref name = BeckeXIII/><ref name = BeckeXIV>Becke, p. 215.</ref> The battery was relieved on 18 September and was issued with four modern British [[BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer|6-inch howitzers]]. It moved up to positions near [[Guillemont]] and joined 28th HAG, with which it saw out the fighting on the Somme until November, including bombardments of the German third line at [[Battle of Morval|Morval]], [[Capture of Lesbœufs|Lesbœufs]] and [[Battle of Le Transloy|Le Transloy]].<ref name = Siege/><ref name = Shepard/><ref name = BeckeFourth/><ref name = BeckeXIV/><ref name = Campbell63/>
The battery moved forward to a position by [[Leuze, Aisne|Leuze Wood]] on 10 December and came under the direct command of [[Guards Division (United Kingdom)|Guards Division]] around [[Sailly-Saillisel]] and St Pierre Vaast Wood. It stayed in this position through the winter. On 19 February 1917 A/Maj Richards won an MC for maintaining communications during a [[Trench raiding|trench raid]] conducted by the neighbouring French troops.<ref name = Shepard/>
===Arras===
After the German retirement to the [[Hindenburg Line]] ([[Operation Alberich]]), 105th Siege Bty was transferred to 73rd HAG in Third Army on 22 March in preparation for the forthcoming [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras Offensive]].<ref name = Siege/><ref name = HAG/> Right Section moved first, taking up position at Chat Maigre; Left Section joined a fortnight later. Despite the protection of the embankment of the Arras–[[Bapaume]] railway, the gun positions were very exposed and gun flashes from German-held [[Monchy-le-Preux]] were clearly visible. The battery had been carrying out daily bombardments on the Hindenburg Line in preparation for the attack when on 5 April a lorry delivering ammunition was hit by a German shell and left burning a few yards from No 4 gun. Major Richards called for volunteers and together with [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] R.J.H. Hambly kept the gun firing until the lorry blew up a few minutes later, causing a dump of 200 HE shells to explode. The gun detachment was knocked down and the gun put out of action. Despite being badly shaken, Richards continued to direct the fire of the rest of the battery until the bombardment task was completed. Major Richards was awarded a [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO), Lt Hambly an MC, Cpls Wady and Evans DCMs, and [[Sergeant]]s Griffiths and Black [[Military Medal]]s (MM).<ref name = Shepard/><ref>Campbell, pp. 76–7.</ref>
[[File:LAC_BL_6-inch_26_cwt_Howitzer.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Crew positioning a 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer.]]
The Battle of Arras was launched on 9 April 1917 and the battery moved forward to [[Mercatel]] later that day. On the morning of 23 April, while the fighting near Arras continued, the battery was heavily shelled and Maj Richards and a number of others were seriously wounded. 2nd Lieutenant Shepard found himself in temporary command on the battery position. That evening he went back into the front line at the battery's observation post (OP) under heavy shell and machine gun fire. He was awarded the MC and promoted to A/Captain for that night's work. Captain L.F. Garratt was posted in to command the battery on 5 May. The battery moved to [[Hénin-sur-Cojeul]] on 9 May, and subsequently into the captured Hindenburg Support Line at [[Fontaine-lès-Croisilles]].<ref name = Shepard/><ref>Campbell, p. 79.</ref>
105th Siege Bty remained with Third Army until the Arras offensive petered out in June, coming under the command of 46th HAG on 13 May, 39th HAG on 28 June and 59th HAG on 29 June. On 9 July it was transferred north to 67th HAG with [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]], arriving on 13 July. The sections were split between [[Cambrin]] and [[Vermelles]] in the [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] sector.<ref name = Siege/><ref name = HAG/><ref name = Shepard/>
On 4 September the battery collected two extra howitzers, and on 22 September it was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 440th Siege Bty, bringing its personnel up to the establishment numbers for a six-gun battery.<ref name = Frederick702/>{{efn|440th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed on 22 May 1917 at [[Aldershot Garrison|Aldershot]]. The personnel of one section went out to the Western Front on 23 September 1917 and joined First Army. It was then posted to 105th Siege Bty. The rest of 440th Siege Bty went via France and Italy to [[Alexandria]], where it joined the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]].<ref name = Frederick702/><ref name = Siege/>}} The men were moved to St Pierre-Lens where they were engaged in digging gun-pits at St Pierre-Lens in October for an operation that was cancelled.<ref name = Siege/><ref name = Shepard/>{{efn|Shepard drew the men digging these positions on 19 October 'for the show that didn't'.<ref>Campbell, pp. 86–7.</ref>}}
===Ypres===
[[File:6inchHowitzerPozieresSeptember1916.jpg|thumb|300px|right|6-inch howitzer being moved through mud on the Western Front.]]
The battery moved to the [[Ypres Salient]] on 29 October to join 6th HAG with [[VIII Corps (United Kingdom)|VIII Corps]]. This was part of [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]], which had taken over direction of the faltering [[Battle of Passchendaele|Third Ypres Offensive]] and fought a series of successful battles employing massive weight of artillery.<ref name = Shepard/><ref name = Siege/><ref name = HAG/><ref name = BeckeSecond>Becke, pp. 84–5.</ref> But as the offensive continued with the [[Battle of Poelcappelle]] and [[First Battle of Passchendaele|First]] and [[Second Battle of Passchendaele|Second Battles of Passchendaele]], the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to [[Counter-battery fire|counter-battery]] (CB) fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire.<ref>Farndale, ''Western Front'', pp. 211–13.</ref><ref>Wolff, pp. 223–35, 249–51.</ref> 105th Siege Bty came into action near [[Zillebeke]]. On 9 November the camouflage netting of No 1 gun caught fire, which was extinguished under enemy fire by Sgt Walton (who was awarded the MM). The following day (the last day of the battle), while carrying out [[Barrage (artillery)|barrage fire]], No 2 gun blew up, killing or wounding the whole detachment.<ref name = Shepard/> Next day after the battery reverted to a four-gun establishment and on 12 November it joined 24th HAG.<ref name = Siege/>
==Italian Front==
The battery was expecting some home leave after the Ypres Offensive, but following the disastrous [[Battle of Caporetto]] on the [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italian Front]], Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army. 24th HAG left with [[XIV Corps (United Kingdom)|XIV Corps]] on 17 November 1917, travelling via [[Paris]], [[Marseille]] and [[Genoa]], arriving at [[Verona]] on 25 November. By 6 December its guns went into action on the [[Montello (hill)|Montello Hill]], supporting the Italian army, which had been critically short of heavy artillery. The situation was stabilised by the end of the year, but XIV Corps and 24th HAG remained in Italy.<ref name = Siege/><ref name = HAG/><ref name = BeckeSecond/><ref name = BeckeXIV/><ref>Campbell, p. 96.</ref><ref>Falls, pp. 89–92, 131–2, 143.</ref><ref>Farndale, ''Forgotten Fronts'', pp. 176–7.</ref><ref>Thompson, pp. 328–30.</ref>
Apart from some CB shoots, there was little activity through the winter months.<ref>Farndale ''Forgotten Fronts'', p. 183.</ref> In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades: 24th Bde consisted of one heavy battery ([[South_Midland_(Warwickshire)_Royal_Garrison_Artillery#1/1st_Warwickshire_Heavy_Battery|1/1st Warwickshire Bty]]) and three other 6-inch howitzer siege batteries ([[172nd Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery|172nd]], 229th and 247th) in addition to the 105th.<ref name = Siege/><ref>Campbell, pp. 93–4.</ref><ref>Farndale ''Western Front'', Annex E.</ref>
===Piave===
At the end of March 1918, 105th Siege Bty moved to a position south of the [[Asiago]] plateau supporting [[VIII Army Corps (Italy)|VIII Italian Corps]]. The gunsites were in wooded mountainous terrain and the guns had to be manhandled into position. They carried out trench bombardment while awaiting the next Austrian offensive (the [[Second Battle of the Piave River]]). This finally came on 15 June. Despite some initial Austrian gains, [[48th (South Midland) Division]] held its main positions. The battery was at Monte Torle and was heavily engaged all day. [[Gunner (rank)|Gunner]] Stubbs was awarded the MM and Gnr Taylor the Italian [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] for keeping communications open during the day. The British heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on ([[Royal Air Force]] observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later) and the Austrian offensive failed all along the front.<ref name = Shepard/><ref>Campbell, pp. 97–100.</ref><ref>Falls, pp. 157–67.</ref><ref>Farndale, ''Forgotten Fronts'', pp. 184–8.</ref><ref>Thompson, pp. 344–7.</ref><ref>Kurt Peball, 'The Piave: Austria's last Throw', ''Purnell's History of the First World War'', Vol 7, No 6, pp. 2833–8.</ref>
===Vittorio Veneto===
Preparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]]. The British were relieved in the Asiago sector and moved to join the British-commanded [[Tenth Army (Italy)|Tenth Italian Army]] near [[Treviso]]. 24th HAG supported a number of British and French raids during September and October, then on 23 October the preliminary attacks began, supported by 24th HAG's howitzers. The main British assault crossed the [[Piave (river)|River Piave]] on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank. A bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]] on 3 November, ending the war in Italy.<ref name = Shepard/><ref name = BeckeXIV/><ref>Campbell, pp. 101–4.</ref><ref>Falls, pp. 169-77.</ref><ref>Farndale, ''Forgotten Fronts'', pp. 189–92.</ref><ref>Thompson, pp. 356–64.</ref><ref>Franco Velsecchi, 'Vittorio Veneto', ''Purnell's History of the First World War'', Vol 7, No 14, pp. 3064–71.</ref>
After the Armistice, 24th HAG was involved in securing prisoners. Shepard was promoted to Major in command of the battery, and given the duty of administering captured enemy guns. [[Demobilization|Demobilisation]] of the batteries in Italy began at Christmas 1918 and by March 105th Siege Bty was down to [[Cadre (military)|cadre strength]]. It handed in its guns and proceeded to [[Le Havre]], where was disbanded on 30 March 1919.<ref name = Frederick702/><ref name = Shepard/><ref>Campbell, pp. 106–19.</ref>
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}
==References==
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 4: The Army Council, GHQs, Armies, and Corps 1914–1918'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1944/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-847347-43-6}}.
* James Campbell, ''Shepard's War: E.H. Shepard, The Man who Drew Winnie-the-Pooh'', London: LOM Art, 2015, {{ISBN|978-1-910552-10-0}}.
* Brig-Gen Sir [[James Edward Edmonds|James E. Edmonds]], ''History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916'', Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, {{ISBN|0-946998-02-7}}.
* [[Cyril Falls]], ''Caporetto 1917'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966.
* Gen Sir [[Martin Farndale]], ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18'', Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, {{ISBN|1-870114-00-0}}.
* Gen Sir Martin Farndale, ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18'', Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988, {{ISBN|1-870114-05-1}}.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-009-X}}.
* ''Purnell's History of the Second World War'', London: Purnell, 1969–71.
* Mark Thompson, ''The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front 1915–1919'', London: Faber & Faber, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-571-22333-6}}.
* War Office, ''Army Council Instructions Issued During January 1916'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
* Leon Wolff, ''In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign'', London: Longmans, 1959/Corgi, 1966.
[[Category:Siege batteries of the Royal Garrison Artillery]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1916]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]
| 945,530,323
|
[{"title": "105th Siege Battery, RGA", "data": {"Active": "13 January 1916\u201330 March 1919", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Branch": "British Army", "Role": "Siege Artillery", "Part of": "Royal Garrison Artillery", "Engagements": "Battle of the Somme \u00b7 Battle of Arras \u00b7 Battle of Passchendaele \u00b7 Second Battle of the Piave River \u00b7 Battle of Vittorio Veneto"}}]
| false
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Tactical_Squadron
|
10th Tactical Squadron
|
# 10th Tactical Squadron
10th Tactical Squadron (known as 10.ELT - 10 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego in Poland) is a fighter squadron of Polish Air Force established in 2008 in Łask, Poland. The squadron is stationed at 32nd Air Base and since 1 October 2008 operates the F-16 C/D Block 52+ Adv.
In March 2012 the squadron deployed to Israeli Air Force base Ovda for a two-week-long joint exercise with Israel's 115, 117 and 106 squadrons.
|
enwiki/18894890
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en
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Q4547172
| 30,976
|
{{refimprove|date=September 2008}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 10th Tactical Squadron
| image = 10 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego (emblem).jpg | image_size = 150px
| caption = 10.ELT Logo
| dates = 2008 - present
| country = {{POL}}
| allegiance = [[Polish Air Force]]
| branch =
| type = Tactical Squadron
| role = Providing Air Superiority, Reconnaissance
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[32nd Air Base]]
| garrison_label = Base:
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<!-- Commanders -->
| commander1 = [[Colonel|Col.]] Rafał ZADENCKI
| commander1_label = Squadron Leader
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
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<!-- Insignia -->
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<!-- Aircraft -->
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| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter = [[F-16|F-16C]], [[F-16|F-16D]]
| aircraft_helicopter =
| aircraft_helicopter_attack =
| aircraft_helicopter_cargo =
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'''10th Tactical Squadron''' (known as 10.ELT - 10 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego in Poland) is a fighter squadron of Polish Air Force established in 2008 in [[Łask]], [[Poland]]. The squadron is stationed at 32nd Air Base and since 1 October 2008 operates the [[F-16|F-16 C/D Block 52+ Adv.]]
In March 2012 the squadron deployed to [[Israeli Air Force]] base [[Ovda Airport|Ovda]] for a two-week-long joint exercise with Israel's [[115 Squadron (Israel)|115]], [[117 Squadron (Israel)|117]] and [[106 Squadron (Israel)|106]] squadrons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iaf.co.il/4380-38725-en/IAF.aspx|title=Joint Exercise with Polish Air Force|date=March 14, 2012|accessdate=March 16, 2012|first1=Shai|last1=Rosenfeld|first2=Karen|last2=Tocatly|publisher=Israeli Air Force}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idf.il/1133-15266-he/Dover.aspx|date=March 14, 2012|accessdate=March 16, 2012|first=Yael|last=Livnat|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|script-title=he:לראשונה: חילות האוויר של ישראל ופולין קיימו אימון משותף|language=Hebrew}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Squadrons of the Polish Air Force]]
{{PolishAirForce-stub}}
| 1,135,082,326
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[{"title": "10th Tactical Squadron", "data": {"Active": "2008 - present", "Country": "Poland", "Allegiance": "Polish Air Force", "Type": "Tactical Squadron", "Role": "Providing Air Superiority, Reconnaissance", "Base": "32nd Air Base"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Squadron Leader": "Col. Rafa\u0142 ZADENCKI"}}, {"title": "Aircraft flown", "data": {"Fighter": "F-16C, F-16D"}}]
| false
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1114_Lorraine
|
1114 Lorraine
|
# 1114 Lorraine
1114 Lorraine, provisional designation 1928 WA, is a very dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Alexandre Schaumasse at Nice Observatory in 1928, and named for the French region of Lorraine.
## Discovery
Lorraine was discovered on 17 November 1928, by French astronomer Alexandre Schaumasse at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Italian astronomer Luigi Volta at the Observatory of Turin, Italy. The Minor Planet Center recognizes only the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A906 UE at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1906.
## Orbit and classification
Lorraine is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population (Nesvorny). Conversely, the asteroid is also considered a core member of the Eos family (Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani). It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,989 days; semi-major axis of 3.10 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Nice Observatory in November 1928, one night after its official discovery observation.
## Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Lorraine is an Xc-subtype, transiting from the X-type to the C-type asteroids.
### Rotation period
In January 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Lorraine was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 32 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.
### Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lorraine measures between 62.20 and 80.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0501.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0457 and a diameter of 62.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after the region of Lorraine, the former Duchy of Lorraine in north-eastern France, and a remnant of the medieval kingdom of Lotharingia (AN 238;149).
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enwiki/13648911
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en
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Q136111
| 132,574
|
{{Short description|Very dark background asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 1114 Lorraine
| background = #D6D6D6
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| discoverer = [[Alexandre Schaumasse|A. Schaumasse]]
| discovery_site = [[Nice Observatory|Nice Obs.]]
| discovered = 17 November 1928
| mpc_name = (1114) Lorraine
| alt_names = 1928 WA{{·}}1971 YK<br />A906 UE
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|l|Q|'|r|ei|n}}<ref>{{OED|Lorraine}}</ref>
| named_after = [[Lorraine]] {{small|(French region)}}<ref name="springer" />
| mp_category = [[main-belt]]{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Background asteroid|background]]<ref name="Ferret" />{{·}}[[Eos family|Eos]]<ref name="AstDys-object" />
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 110.62 yr (40,404 days)
| aphelion = 3.3181 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 2.8732 AU
| semimajor = 3.0956 AU
| eccentricity = 0.0719
| period = 5.45 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1,989 days)
| mean_anomaly = 138.45[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.1810|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 10.744°
| asc_node = 195.52°
| arg_peri = 203.80°
| dimensions = 62.15 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|62.20|1.7}} km<ref name="SIMPS" /><br />{{val|62.35|20.00}} km<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|68.48|0.79}} km<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|70.812|29.31}} km<ref name="Masiero-2017" /><br />{{val|75.631|0.625}} km<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|80.30|26.49}} km<ref name="Nugent-2016" />
| rotation = {{val|32|1}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="geneva-obs" />
| albedo = {{val|0.03|0.02}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />{{val|0.031|0.006}}<ref name="Masiero-2012" /><br />{{val|0.0331|0.0331}}<ref name="Masiero-2017" /><br />{{val|0.04|0.01}}<ref name="Nugent-2015" /><br />{{val|0.043|0.001}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />0.0457 {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.0501|0.003}}<ref name="SIMPS" />
| spectral_type = [[SMASS classification|SMASS]] {{=}} [[X-type asteroid|X]] [[C-type asteroid|c]]<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}[[X-type asteroid|X]]<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 9.90<ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="AKARI" />{{·}}10.00<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" />{{·}}10.06<ref name="Nugent-2016" />{{·}}10.10<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="Masiero-2017" />{{·}}{{val|10.25|0.23}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />
}}
'''1114 Lorraine''', provisional designation {{mp|1928 WA}}, is a very dark background [[asteroid]] from the outer regions of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by [[Alexandre Schaumasse]] at [[Nice Observatory]] in 1928, and named for the French region of [[Lorraine]].<ref name="springer" /><ref name="MPC-object" />
== Discovery ==
''Lorraine'' was discovered on 17 November 1928, by French astronomer [[Alexandre Schaumasse]] at the [[Nice Observatory]] in southeastern France.<ref name="MPC-object" /> On the following night, it was independently discovered by Italian astronomer [[Luigi Volta]] at the [[Observatory of Turin]], Italy.<ref name="springer" /> The [[Minor Planet Center]] recognizes only the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as {{mp|A906 UE}} at [[Heidelberg Observatory]] in October 1906.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Orbit and classification ==
''Lorraine'' is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's [[Background asteroid|background population]] (Nesvorny).<ref name="Ferret" /> Conversely, the asteroid is also considered a core member of the [[Eos family]] (Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani).<ref name="AstDys-object" /> It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|outer]] asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 5 months (1,989 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 3.10 AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.07 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 11[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins at Nice Observatory in November 1928, one night after its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-object" />
== Physical characteristics ==
In the [[SMASS classification]], ''Lorraine'' is an Xc-subtype, transiting from the [[X-type asteroid|X-type]] to the [[C-type asteroid]]s.<ref name="jpldata" />
=== Rotation period ===
In January 2005, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Lorraine'' was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer [[Laurent Bernasconi]]. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a longer-than-average [[rotation period]] of 32 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=1]]}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" /> As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.<ref name="lcdb" />
=== Diameter and albedo ===
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite [[IRAS]], the Japanese [[Akari (satellite)|Akari satellite]] and the [[NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Lorraine'' measures between 62.20 and 80.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] between 0.03 and 0.0501.<ref name="SIMPS" /><ref name="Nugent-2015" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Masiero-2017" /><ref name="Masiero-2012" /><ref name="Nugent-2016" />
The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' derives an albedo of 0.0457 and a diameter of 62.15 kilometers based on an [[absolute magnitude]] of 10.0.<ref name="lcdb" />
== Naming ==
This [[minor planet]] was named after the region of [[Lorraine]], the former [[Duchy of Lorraine]] in north-eastern France, and a remnant of the medieval kingdom of [[Lotharingia]] ({{small|[[Astronomische Nachrichten|AN]] 238;149}}).<ref name="springer" />
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-06-23 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1114 Lorraine (1928 WA)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001114
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|accessdate = 26 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1114) Lorraine
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page = 95
|date = 2007
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&dq=1114+Lorraine&pg=PA93
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 1114 Lorraine (1928 WA)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1114
|accessdate = 26 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1114) Lorraine
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|publisher = Geneva Observatory
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page3cou.html#001114
|accessdate = 26 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|work = Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action
|accessdate = 26 January 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170802210005/http://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action
|archive-date = 2 August 2017
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
|title = Asteroid 1114 Lorraine – Proper Elements
|publisher = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
|url = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=1114
|access-date= 28 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (1114) Lorraine
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1114%7CLorraine
|accessdate = 26 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
|first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
|first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
|first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
|first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
|first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
|first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
|first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
|first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
|first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
|first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
|first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
|first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
|date = October 2011
|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
|volume = 63
|issue = 5
|pages = 1117–1138
|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
|doi-access= free
}} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=1114 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2012">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent
|first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera
|date = November 2012
|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
|volume = 759
|issue = 1
|page = 5
|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M
|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8
|arxiv = 1209.5794
|s2cid = 46350317 }}</ref>
<ref name="SIMPS">{{cite journal
|first1 = E. F. |last1 = Tedesco
|first2 = P. V. |last2 = Noah
|first3 = M. |last3 = Noah
|first4 = S. D. |last4 = Price
|date = October 2004
|title = IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0
|url = https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab
|journal = NASA Planetary Data System
|volume = 12
|pages = IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0
|bibcode = 2004PDSS...12.....T
|accessdate = 22 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2016">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Bauer
|first4 = R. M. |last4 = Cutri
|first5 = E. A. |last5 = Kramer
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = J. |last7 = Masiero
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = E. L. |last9 = Wright
|date = September 2016
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 152
|issue = 3
|page = 12
|bibcode = 2016AJ....152...63N
|doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63
|arxiv = 1606.08923
|doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="Masiero-2017">{{Cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = C. |last2 = Nugent
|first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer
|first4 = E. L. |last4 = Wright
|first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = R. M. |last6 = Cutri
|first7 = T. |last7 = Grav
|first8 = E. |last8 = Kramer
|first9 = S. |last9 = Sonnett
|date = October 2017
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Three: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 154
|issue = 4
|page = 10
|bibcode = 2017AJ....154..168M
|doi = 10.3847/1538-3881/aa89ec
|arxiv = 1708.09504
|doi-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="Nugent-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = C. R. |last1 = Nugent
|first2 = A. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = J. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = T. |last6 = Grav
|first7 = E. |last7 = Kramer
|first8 = S. |last8 = Sonnett
|first9 = R. |last9 = Stevenson
|first10 = E. L. |last10 = Wright
|date = December 2015
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 814
|issue = 2
|page = 13
|bibcode = 2015ApJ...814..117N
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117
|arxiv = 1509.02522
|s2cid = 9341381 }}</ref>
<ref name="Veres-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres
|first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke
|first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons
|first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau
|first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik
|first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin
|first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel
|first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat
|first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett
|first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers
|first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling
|first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser
|first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier
|first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan
|first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price
|first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry
|first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters
|date = November 2015
|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 261
|pages = 34–47
|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007
|arxiv = 1506.00762
|s2cid = 53493339 }}</ref>
}} <!-- end of reflist -->
== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|1114}}
* {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |1113 Katja |number=1114 |1115 Sabauda}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lorraine}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|001114]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Alexandre Schaumasse]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Xc-type asteroids (SMASS)|001114]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1928|19281117]]
| 1,233,142,818
|
[{"title": "1114 Lorraine", "data": {"Discovered by": "A. Schaumasse", "Discovery site": "Nice Obs.", "Discovery date": "17 November 1928"}}, {"title": "Designations", "data": {"MPC designation": "(1114) Lorraine", "Pronunciation": "/l\u0252\u02c8re\u026an", "Named after": "Lorraine (French region)", "Alternative designations": "1928 WA \u00b7 1971 YK \u00b7 A906 UE", "Minor planet category": "main-belt \u00b7 (outer) \u00b7 background \u00b7 Eos"}}, {"title": "Orbital characteristics", "data": {"Orbital characteristics": ["Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)", "Uncertainty parameter 0"], "Observation arc": "110.62 yr (40,404 days)", "Aphelion": "3.3181 AU", "Perihelion": "2.8732 AU", "Semi-major axis": "3.0956 AU", "Eccentricity": "0.0719", "Orbital period (sidereal)": "5.45 yr (1,989 days)", "Mean anomaly": "138.45\u00b0", "Mean motion": "0\u00b0 10m 51.6s / day", "Inclination": "10.744\u00b0", "Longitude of ascending node": "195.52\u00b0", "Argument of perihelion": "203.80\u00b0"}}, {"title": "Physical characteristics", "data": {"Dimensions": "62.15 km (derived) \u00b7 62.20\u00b11.7 km \u00b7 62.35\u00b120.00 km \u00b7 68.48\u00b10.79 km \u00b7 70.812\u00b129.31 km \u00b7 75.631\u00b10.625 km \u00b7 80.30\u00b126.49 km", "Synodic rotation period": "32\u00b11 h", "Geometric albedo": "0.03\u00b10.02 \u00b7 0.031\u00b10.006 \u00b7 0.0331\u00b10.0331 \u00b7 0.04\u00b10.01 \u00b7 0.043\u00b10.001 \u00b7 0.0457 (derived) \u00b7 0.0501\u00b10.003", "Spectral type": "SMASS = X c \u00b7 X", "Absolute magnitude (H)": "9.90 \u00b7 10.00 \u00b7 10.06 \u00b7 10.10 \u00b7 10.25\u00b10.23"}}]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1114_in_Ireland
|
1114 in Ireland
|
# 1114 in Ireland
Events from the year 1114 in Ireland.
## Incumbents
- High King of Ireland: Domnall Ua Lochlainn
## Events
- First entry from Mac Carthaigh's Book
- Diarmait Ua Briain becomes King of Munster
## Deaths
- Maelcoluim Ua Cormacain, Abbot of Aran
|
enwiki/16327937
|
en
|
Q4547302
| 128,636
|
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Irish English|date=April 2013}}
{{YearInIrelandNav | 1114}}
Events from the year '''1114 in Ireland'''.
==Incumbents==
*[[High King of Ireland]]: [[Domnall Ua Lochlainn]]
==Events==
*First entry from [[Mac Carthaigh's Book]]
*[[Diarmait Ua Briain]] becomes [[King of Munster]]
==Deaths==
* [[Maelcoluim Ua Cormacain]], Abbot of Aran
{{Year in Europe|1114}}
{{Years in Ireland}}
{{Ireland-year-stub}}
| 1,247,814,330
|
[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1113 - 1112 - 1111 - 1110 - 1109": "1114 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Ireland \u00b7 \u2192 - 1115 - 1116 - 1117 - 1118 - 1119", "Centuries": "11th 12th 13th 14th", "Decades": "1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s", "See also": "Other events of 1114 \u00b7 List of years in Ireland"}}]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120s_BC
|
120s BC
|
# 120s BC
This article concerns the period 129 BC – 120 BC.
## Events
### 129BC
#### By place
###### The Roman Republic
- The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Aristonicus, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.
- C. Sempronius Tuditanus celebrates his triumph over the Iapydes of Illyria.
- Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage is possibly assassinated by his enemies in Rome.
###### Syria
- Battle of Ecbatana: the Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.
- Having been freed by the Parthians, Demetrius II of Syria recovers the throne of the Seleucid Empire.
###### China
- March: Chen Jiao is deposed as Empress after she asks a sorceress to curse Emperor Wu's favourite consort, Wei Zifu, this being regarded an act of heresy and treason. Wei Zifu is made the new Empress.[1]
- Spring: the Xiongnu raid Shanggu, killing officials and other inhabitants.[2]
- Autumn: Emperor Wu launches his first offensive into the northern steppe against the Xiongnu and their allies. The invasion consists of four armies, each of 10,000 cavalrymen. Two of the four armies are defeated, namely those of Li Guang and Gongsun Ao, and only the army of Wei Qing achieves a victory. Although a modest success, Wei Qing's victory is the first Han success against the Xiongnu. Moreover, it is won at Longcheng, a sacred site far to the north, beyond the Gobi Desert, where the Xiongnu offer sacrifices.[3]
- Winter: the Xiongnu retaliate by crossing the border several times, especially ravaging Yuyang.[4]
- The Han diplomat Zhang Qian escapes Xiongnu custody and resumes his mission of forming an anti-Xiongnu alliance with the Yuezhi. He reaches the State of Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley, whose trade with the Han had been prevented by the Xiongnu and who supply Zhang with guides. Zhang then travels to the states of Kangju, Greater Yuezhi and Daxia (Bactria). He also learns of the Parthian Empire, Daqin, the Caspian Sea and the source of the Yellow River.[5]
#### By topic
###### Astronomy
- Hipparchus publishes his catalog of stars.
- Total solar eclipse, used by Hipparchus to estimate distance to the Moon.
### 128BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Cn. Octavius and T. Annius Rufus are this year's consuls
###### Bactria
- The Greco-Bactrian kingdom is overrun by the Tokhari.
###### Parthia
- Artabanus II becomes king of Parthia (approximate date)
###### China
- In response to Han incursions, in 128 or 127 the Xiongnu invade northern China. They kill the governor of Liaoxi, defeat the governor of Yuyang, capture 2000 of the inhabitants of Liaoxi and Yuyang and defeat the Han general Han Anguo. Han Anguo and his cavalry force are surrounded in their camp but the arrival of relief forces coming from Yan causes the Xiongnu army to withdraw. The Xiongnu also invade Yanmen and kill or capture 1000 people.[6][7]
- The Han general Wei Qing, with an army of 30,000 cavalrymen, defeats a Xiongnu army north of Yanmen. The Han general Li Xi attacks the Xiongnu further to the east, riding out of Dai Prefecture.[8]
- Having spent a year in Greater Yuezhi, the Han diplomat Zhang Qian begins his return journey to China, having failed to persuade Yuezhi's king to form an alliance against the Xiongnu. Passing by the Pamir, Kunlun, Altun and Qilian Mountains, he and his retinue are then captured by the Xiongnu and taken into custody.[9]
#### By topic
###### Arts and sciences
- Limenius composes the Second Delphic Hymn.
### 127BC
#### By place
###### Parthia
- The Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.
###### China
- January: Emperor Wu of Han begins a policy of pressuring the client kings of the Han dynasty into dividing their kingdoms. Previously, only the eldest son would inherit a kingdom. However, in an edict, Wu permits the kings of Liang and Chengyang to divide the land of their states and distribute the land to their younger brothers. Wu grants these brothers titles and promises to do the same if other kings grant land to younger brothers and younger sons. This precedent pressures other kings to do likewise, and Wu places the younger brothers and younger sons under the jurisdiction of the imperial prefectures.[10]
- Wei Qing defeats a Xiongnu army near Gaoque. He then invades the Ordos Plateau, defeats the Xiongnu and their Baiyang and Loufan allies in the battles of Puni and Fuli, and then defeats the main Xiongnu force. The conquered territory becomes Shuofang Commandery. Wu orders the foundation of Shuofang City, and the system of defenses that had been built by the Qin dynasty general Meng Tian are repaired.[11]
- The Han rationalize the northern frontier, abandoning the remote region of Zaoyang to the Xiongnu.[12]
### 126BC
#### By place
###### Syria
- Tyre successfully revolts from the Seleucid Empire.
- Seleucus V Philometor succeeds his father Demetrius II as king of the Seleucid Empire. Due to his youth, his stepmother Cleopatra Thea acts as regent.
###### Xiongnu
- Winter 127/6: The Xiongnu ruler Junchen Chanyu dies, and his younger brother Yizhixie, the Luli King of the Left (East), overthrows Junchen's son Yudan and sets himself up as the new Chanyu. Yudan flees to the Han and dies a few months later.[13]
###### China
- Summer: In retaliation for the Han conquest of the Ordos Plateau in the previous year, the Xiongnu invade the province of Dai, kill its governor, Gong You, and capture over 1000 of its inhabitants.
- Autumn: The Xiongnu cross into Yanmen and kill or capture over 1000 of the inhabitants.[14][15]
- Having used the Xiongnu civil war to escape his imprisonment, the diplomat Zhang Qian returns to China and reports on the lands to the west.[16]
- To avoid the Xiongnu and Qiang of the north-west and west respectively, Emperor Wu begins a policy of exploring a possible route of contact with Daxia (Bactria) via India, sending envoys to establish diplomatic relations with and movement through the Dian Kingdom. Wu wishes to receive the submission of Daxia and other states in western Eurasia.[17]
### 125BC
#### By place
###### Syria
- Cleopatra Thea succeeds to the rule of the Seleucid Empire on the death of Seleucus V.[18] She appoints Antiochus VIII Grypus as co-ruler.
###### Roman Republic
- In Rome, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to the northern Italians, but the Senate reacts by sending him off to deal with disturbances around Massilia. And in so doing, commences the conquest of Transalpine Gaul.
- Completion of Aqua Tepula aqueduct in Rome.[19]
###### China
- In retaliation for the Han conquest of the Ordos Plateau two years prior, three Xiongnu forces raid the Prefectures of Dai, Dingxiang and Shang.
- The Xiongnu Tuqi (Worthy Prince) of the Right (West), especially angry at the loss of the Ordos Plateau, invades the region and kills or carries off a large number of officials and other inhabitants.[20]
### 124BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Fregellae's revolt against Rome begins in Latium. Later the city is captured and destroyed by the Romans.
###### Parthia
- Mithridates II succeeds Artabanus II as King of Parthia.
###### Egypt
- Cleopatra II of Egypt and her brother Ptolemy VIII of Egypt reconcile.
###### China
- Spring: The Han general Wei Qing, with an army of 30,000 cavalry, proceeds from Gaoque into Xiongnu territory, and in a night attack surrounds the Tuqi King of the Right in his camp. The Tuqi escapes, but numerous petty chiefs are captured in this and a second engagement.
- Li Xi and Zhang Cigong invade Xiongnu territory from Youbeiping Prefecture but encounter no enemy forces.
- Emperor Wu of Han rewards Wei Qing by making him General-in-Chief.[21]
- Autumn: The Xiongnu retaliate by invading the Prefecture of Dai, where they kill its chief commandant, Zhu Ying.[22]
### 123BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Gaius Gracchus elected Roman tribune for the first time. He waits until after his re-election the following year before pushing forward the various civil and agrarian reforms that his brother championed in 133 BC.
- Aix-en-Provence founded under the name of Aquae Sextiae by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus.
- Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers the Balearic Islands for Rome, for which he earns the agnomen "Balearicus." He settles 3,000 Roman and Iberian colonists on the islands and founds the cities of Palma and Pollentia.
###### China
- Spring: The Han General-in-Chief Wei Qing launches two invasions of Xiongnu territory from Dingxiang, defeating two Xiongnu armies and killing or capturing several thousand of the enemy.
- During the second expedition, the force under Su Jian and Zhao Xin is surrounded and almost entirely destroyed by the army of Yizhixie Chanyu. Zhao Xin defects to the Chanyu.
- For these two campaigns, Emperor Wu of Han orders Wei Qing to make his eighteen-year-old nephew Huo Qubing the commander of a force of 800 cavalry. Raiding deep into enemy territory, Huo's force kills or captures a Xiongnu Prime Minister and a Household Administrator, kills the Marquis of Jiruo (an elder relative of Yizhixie Chanyu), and captures the Chanyu's uncle Luogubi.
- A conspiracy led by Liu An, king of Huainan, is discovered. Liu An commits suicide, and his queen and crown prince are executed. Huainan becomes Jiujiang Prefecture.[25]
### 122BC
#### By place
###### Roman Republic
- Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Gaius Gracchus become tribunes and propose a number of radical reforms in Rome.
- Gracchus passes a law requiring the state to provide weapons and equipment for the soldiers in the Roman army.
###### China
- Emperor Wu of Han appoints Liu Ju, his son by Empress Wei Zifu, as Crown Prince.[26]
### 121BC
#### By place
###### Carians
- Kingdom of the Carians colonize eastern part of the ancient region the Yemen,and created the cities of Mylasa and Cnidus.
###### Phrygians
- Kingdom of the Phrygians after founding the city of Mydas in the current Cartagena in Colombia,enter deeper into the current region of Villavicenzo,in the state of Meta and created the city of Acmonia.
###### Roman Republic
- The Roman Senate passes the motion senatus consultum ultimum, which the consul Lucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve the Republic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confront Gaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought inside Rome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers.
- A tribunal is established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus.
- Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus, allied with the Aedui, defeats the Arverni and Allobroges in Transalpine Gaul, thus establishing the province for Rome.
- The finest vintage of Falernian wine, known as the Opimian vintage, is bottled from vines grown on Mt Falernus between Latium and Campania.
###### China
- Spring - The Han general Huo Qubing attacks the Supu, vassals of the Xiongnu, and kills their king. He then invades the Hexi Corridor, where he fights a six-day running battle against a son of Yizhixie Chanyu. The Xiongnu are defeated, and the ruler of Lan and king Lu, both vassals of the Xiongnu, are killed in the fighting. Huo Qubing then attacks and defeats the Hunye, capturing the son of the Hunye king and his ministers and chief commandants.
- Summer - Huo Qubing again invades the Hexi Corridor. In an engagement in the Qilian Mountains, he captures the king of the Qiutu. In a second engagement, he then captures five vassal kings of the Xiongnu and a consort of the Chanyu, killing or capturing more than 30,000 Xiongnu soldiers.
- Generals Li Guang and Zhang Qian ride north from Youbeiping, but Zhang Qian, with the larger army, is slow to rendezvous with Li Guang. As a result, Li Guang loses more than half his army in battle against the Tuqi (Worthy Prince) of the Left (East).
- Autumn - Yizhixie Chanyu plans on executing the Hunye and Xiutu kings for their failures against Huo Qubing, but learning of this, the vassal kings inform the Han of their intention to surrender. Emperor Wu of Han sends Huo Qubing across the Yellow River with an army to oversee their surrender. Some of the enemy troops and leaders then refuse to surrender, but Huo Qubing massacres 8000 of them as they attempt to flee. Huo Qubing receives the surrender of thirty-two Xiongnu vassals, and the Hunye king and other vassals are enfeoffed as marquises in China.
- The rapid conquest of the Hexi Corridor provides the traditional western provinces of China with greater security. As a result, Emperor Wu halves the number of soldiers garrisoning the provinces of Longxi, Beidi and Shang.[27][28]
### 120BC
#### By place
###### Europe
- The Teutons and the Cimbri migrate south and west to the Danube valley where they encounter the expanding Roman Republic (approximate date).
###### China
- Retaliating against the Han conquest of the Hexi Corridor in the previous year, the Xiongnu invade the provinces of Youbeiping and Dingxiang, killing or capturing over 1000 inhabitants.[29]
## Births
128 BC
- Liu Ju, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty (d. 91 BC)
125 BC
- Quintus Sertorius, Roman statesman and general (d. 73 BC)
121 BC
- Publius Sulpicius Rufus, Roman statesman (d. 88 BC)
- Quintus Sertorius, Roman general (d. 72 BC)
120 BC
- May 21 – Aurelia Cotta, mother of Julius Caesar (d. 54 BC)
- Berenice III, reigning Queen of Egypt (d. 80 BC)
- Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, writer and politician (d. 67 BC)
- Verres, corrupt praetor (approximate date) (d. 43 BC)
## Deaths
129 BC
- Antiochus VII Sidetes (killed in battle)
- Carneades, philosopher, and founder of Third Academy (b. c. 214 BC)
- P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (Africanus the Younger) (b. 185 BC)
128 BC
- Liu Fei, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty (b. 169 BC)
- Phraates II, king of Parthia (approximate date)
127 BC
- Nicomedes II (Epiphanes), king of Bithynia
- Zhufu Yan, Chinese politician and official of the Han dynasty (or 126 BC)
126 BC
- Phraates II, king of the Parthian Empire
- Wang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. 173 BC)
125 BC
- Demetrius II, king of the Seleucid Empire
- Seleucus V Philometor (killed by Cleopatra Thea)
124 BC
- Artabanus II of Parthia
123 BC
- Alexander II Zabinas, king of the Seleucid Empire
122 BC
- Liu An, Chinese prince, geographer, and cartographer (b. 179 BC)
121 BC
- Cleopatra Thea, Seleucid queen
- Gaius Gracchus, Roman politician (b. 154 BC)
- Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, Roman consul
120 BC
- Hipparchus, Greek astronomer and mathematician, on Rhodes (approximate date) (b. c. 190 BC)
|
enwiki/51184
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en
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Q172440
| 135,714
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{{Short description|Decade}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2021}}
{{Decadebox BC|12}}
This article concerns the period '''129 BC – 120 BC'''.
{{Events by year for decade BC|12}}
{{Births and deaths by year for decade|-12}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:120s Bc}}
[[Category:120s BC| ]]
| 1,181,671,666
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[]
| false
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Lotus
|
12 Lotus
|
# 12 Lotus
12 Lotus (Chinese: 十二莲花) is a 2008 Singaporean musical drama film written and directed by Royston Tan, starring Qi Yuwu, Liu Lingling and Mindee Ong. The film was released in theatres on 14 August 2008 and was screened at the 13th Busan International Film Festival in October 2008. The film performed poorly at the local box office, grossing S$983,000 against a budget of S$$1.5 million.
## Plot
Spanning over the 1980s, 1990s till the present day, 12 Lotus tells the story of a singer who is constantly used and abused by the men in her life, against the backdrop of a string of melancholic Hokkien songs.
## Cast
### Main and supporting
- Qi Yuwu as Ah Long / Long 2
- Liu Lingling as Older Liu Lianhua
- Mindee Ong as Liu Lianhua
- Huang Yiliang as Lianhua's father
- Hao Hao as Adult Xiao Feixia
- Li Bao En as Liu Lianhua (kid)
- Damus Lim as Xiao Feixia (kid)
- Aaron Tan as Young gambler / Ah Long's accomplice
- Yeo Yann Yann as Long 2's girlfriend
- Guo Min as Xiao Feixia's mother
- Auntie Fen as Opera actress
- Sam Loo as Getai host
- Amy Yang as Getai host
- Baobei Sisters as themselves
- Samantha Tan as Xiao Feixia's girlfriend
- Wang Yan Bin as Brother Tiger
The film also features the Sin Sai Feng opera troupe and the band Funkie Monkies Amps.
### Special appearances
- Stefanie Sun as Guan Yin Goddess (opera)
- David Gan as himself
## Production
The film was shot in 23 days.
## Awards and nominations
| Year | Awards | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref. |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ | ----------- | --------- | ----- |
| 2008 | 45th Golden Horse Awards | Best Original Film Score | Ricky Ho | Nominated | [ 6 ] |
| 2009 | 22nd Singapore International Film Festival Awards | Best Director | Royston Tan | Won | [ 7 ] |
|
enwiki/74473866
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en
|
Q120999838
| 56,421
|
{{Short description|2008 Singaporean film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 12 Lotus
| native_name = {{Infobox Chinese/Chinese|child=yes|hide=no|header=none
| s = 十二莲花
| t = 十二蓮花
| p = Shí'èr liánhuā
| j =
| l = }}
| image = 12 Lotus.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{ubl|[[Royston Tan]]}}
| producer = {{ubl|Seah Saw Yam|Mabelyn Ow|Lim Teck|Freddie Yeo}}
| story =
| writer = {{ubl|Royston Tan|Liam Yeo}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Qi Yuwu]]|[[Liu Lingling (Singaporean host)|Liu Lingling]]|[[Mindee Ong]]}}
| music = Ricky Ho
| cinematography = Alan Yap
| editing = {{ubl|Low Hwee Ling}}
| studio = {{ubl|Studio 10 Twenty-Eight Production|[[Mediacorp Raintree Pictures]]|Scorpio East Pictures|[[Infinite Frameworks]]}}
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Golden Village|Golden Village Entertainment]]}}
| released = {{Film date|2008|8|14|Singapore|df=yes}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = {{ubl|Singapore}}
| language = {{ubl|Mandarin|Hokkien}}
| budget = {{SGD|$1.5 million}}<ref>{{cite web |title=12 Lotus (2008) {{!}}{{!}} movieXclusive.com |url=https://www.moviexclusive.com/review/12lotus/12lotus.htm |website=www.moviexclusive.com |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729034001/https://www.moviexclusive.com/review/12lotus/12lotus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{SGD|983,000}}<ref>{{cite news |title=12 Lotus loss out |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes20080927-1.2.119.3 |access-date=29 July 2023 |work=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |issue=Page 107 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=27 September 2008}}</ref>
}}
'''''12 Lotus''''' ({{lang-zh|十二莲花}}) is a 2008 Singaporean [[Musical film|musical]] [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Royston Tan]], starring [[Qi Yuwu]], [[Liu Lingling (Singaporean host)|Liu Lingling]] and [[Mindee Ong]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Getai life takes centre stage again |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes20080815-1.2.45.5.1 |access-date=29 July 2023 |work=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |issue=Page 33 |publisher=The Business Times |date=15 August 2008}}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 14 August 2008 and was screened at the [[13th Busan International Film Festival]] in October 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=12 Lotus |url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history_view.asp?pyear=2008&s1=&page=&m_idx=13006&kind=history |website=Busan International Film Festival |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729052519/https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history_view.asp?pyear=2008&s1=&page=&m_idx=13006&kind=history |url-status=live }}</ref> The film performed poorly at the local box office, grossing {{SGD|983,000}} against a budget of {{SGD|$1.5 million}}.
==Plot==
Spanning over the 1980s, 1990s till the present day, ''12 Lotus'' tells the story of a singer who is constantly used and abused by the men in her life, against the backdrop of a string of melancholic Hokkien songs.
==Cast==
===Main and supporting===
* [[Qi Yuwu]] as Ah Long / Long 2
* [[Liu Lingling (Singaporean host)|Liu Lingling]] as Older Liu Lianhua
* [[Mindee Ong]] as Liu Lianhua
* [[Huang Yiliang]] as Lianhua's father
* [[Hao Hao]] as Adult Xiao Feixia
* Li Bao En as Liu Lianhua (kid)
* Damus Lim as Xiao Feixia (kid)
* Aaron Tan as Young gambler / Ah Long's accomplice
* [[Yeo Yann Yann]] as Long 2's girlfriend
* Guo Min as Xiao Feixia's mother
* Auntie Fen as Opera actress
* Sam Loo as Getai host
* Amy Yang as Getai host
* Baobei Sisters as themselves
* Samantha Tan as Xiao Feixia's girlfriend
* Wang Yan Bin as Brother Tiger
The film also features the ''Sin Sai Feng'' opera troupe and the band Funkie Monkies Amps.
===Special appearances===
* [[Stefanie Sun]] as Guan Yin Goddess (opera)
* David Gan as himself
==Production==
The film was shot in 23 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Well done, Royston |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes20080816-1.2.112.5.4 |access-date=29 July 2023 |work=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |issue=Page 99 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=16 August 2008}}</ref>
==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2008
| [[45th Golden Horse Awards]] || [[Golden Horse Award for Best Original Film Score|Best Original Film Score]] || Ricky Ho ||{{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |title=台北金馬影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival |url=https://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/awards/nw/?r=en&serach_type=award&sc=10&search_regist_year=2008&ins=40 |website=www.goldenhorse.org.tw |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=zh-TW |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729033958/https://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/awards/nw/?r=en&serach_type=award&sc=10&search_regist_year=2008&ins=40 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2009
| [[List of Singapore International Film Festival awards#2009 Silver Screen Awards|22nd Singapore International Film Festival Awards]] || [[List of Singapore International Film Festival awards|Best Director]] || [[Royston Tan]] ||{{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |title=22nd SIFF Silver Screen Awards - Results |url=https://www.sinema.sg/2009/04/24/22nd-siff-silver-screen-awards-results/ |website=Sinema.SG |access-date=29 July 2023 |date=24 April 2009 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729042507/https://www.sinema.sg/2009/04/24/22nd-siff-silver-screen-awards-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1206572}}
{{Royston Tan}}
{{Infinite Frameworks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:12 Lotus}}
[[Category:2000s Mandarin-language films]]
[[Category:2000s musical drama films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films about getai]]
[[Category:Hokkien-language films]]
[[Category:Singaporean drama films]]
[[Category:Singaporean musical films]]
[[Category:2008 musical films]]
| 1,272,748,917
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[{"title": "12 Lotus", "data": {"Traditional Chinese": "\u5341\u4e8c\u84ee\u82b1", "Simplified Chinese": "\u5341\u4e8c\u83b2\u82b1", "Hanyu Pinyin": "Sh\u00ed'\u00e8r li\u00e1nhu\u0101", "Directed by": "- Royston Tan", "Written by": "- Royston Tan - Liam Yeo", "Produced by": "- Seah Saw Yam - Mabelyn Ow - Lim Teck - Freddie Yeo", "Starring": "- Qi Yuwu - Liu Lingling - Mindee Ong", "Cinematography": "Alan Yap", "Edited by": "- Low Hwee Ling", "Music by": "Ricky Ho", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- Studio 10 Twenty-Eight Production - Mediacorp Raintree Pictures - Scorpio East Pictures - Infinite Frameworks", "Distributed by": "- Golden Village Entertainment", "Release date": "- 14 August 2008 (Singapore)", "Running time": "121 minutes", "Country": "- Singapore", "Languages": "- Mandarin - Hokkien", "Budget": "S$$1.5 million", "Box office": "S$983,000"}}]
| false
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1645_in_art
|
1645 in art
|
# 1645 in art
Events from the year 1645 in art.
## Events
- (unknown)
## Works
### Paintings
- Claude Lorrain - Landscape with Apollo and Mercury
- William Dobson - The Painter with Sir Charles Cottrell and another (approx. date)
- Rembrandt
- Girl at a Window
- Holy Family
- Portrait of an Old Man
- Self-portrait
- Salvator Rosa - Philosophy (approx. date)
- Diego Velázquez - Portrait of Sebastián de Morra (approx. date)
### Sculpture
- Gianlorenzo Bernini - Truth Unveiled by Time
## Births
- January 11 - Matthias Rauchmiller, German sculptor active in Vienna (died 1686)
- August 30 - Giuseppe Avanzi, Italian painter of the Baroque period (died 1718)
- September - Romeyn de Hooghe, Dutch Baroque engraver and caricaturist (died 1708)
- September 14 - Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith and portrait painter (died 1718)
- October 26 - Aert de Gelder, Dutch painter in the tradition of Rembrandt's late style (died 1727)
- December 6 – Maria de Dominici, Maltese sculptor and painter (died 1703)[1]
- date unknown
- Giovanni Antonio Fumiani, Italian painter of the Baroque period (died 1710)
- François de Troy, French painter, father of Jean-François de Troy (died 1730)
- Carlo Girolamo Bersotti, Italy painter of the Baroque period, specialized in painting still lifes (died unknown)
- Sebastiano Taricco, Italian painter of the Baroque period (died 1710)
- Jean-Baptiste Théodon, French sculptor (died 1713)
- probable
- Giulio Giacinto Avellino, Italian painter (died 1700)
- Urbano Romanelli, Italian painter in Rome and in churches at Velletri (died 1682)
- Andrea Lanzani, Italian painter for the Habsburg court (died 1712)
## Deaths
- April 11 - Ferraù Fenzoni, Italian painter active in Todi
- April 14 - Shi Kefa, Chinese government official and calligrapher (born 1601)
- May - Ambrosius Bosschaert II, Dutch flower painter (born 1609)
- July 12 - Luciano Borzone, Italian painter of the Baroque period with an antique style (born 1590)
- September - Julius Porcellis, Dutch marine artist (born c.1610)
- December 12 - Giovanni Bernardino Azzolini or Mazzolini or Asoleni, Italian painter (born 1572)
- date unknown
- Juan Alfonso Abril, Spanish painter active mainly in his native Valladolid (born unknown)
- Christoffel van den Berghe, Dutch painter (born 1590)
- Hans Gillisz. Bollongier, Dutch still life painter (born 1600)
- Paolo Domenico Finoglia, Italian painter (born 1590)
- Sebastiano Ghezzi, Italian painter and architect (born 1580)
- Jacob van der Heyden, Flemish Baroque painter, sculptor and engraver (born 1573)
- Francisco Varela, Spanish Baroque painter (born 1580)
- Wen Zhenheng, Chinese Ming dynasty scholar, painter, and landscape garden designer (born 1585)
|
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en
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Q4551477
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1645|art}}
Events from the year '''1645 in art'''.
[[Image:Claude Lorrain 014.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''Landscape with Apollo and Mercury '' by [[Claude Lorrain|Claude]].]]
==Events==
* (unknown)
==Works==
===Paintings===
* [[Claude Lorrain]] - ''[[:Image:Claude Lorrain 014.jpg|Landscape with Apollo and Mercury]]''
* [[William Dobson]] - ''The Painter with Sir Charles Cottrell and another'' (approx. date)
* [[Rembrandt]]
**''[[:File:Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn - Girl at a Window - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|Girl at a Window]]''
**''[[:File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 058.jpg|Holy Family]]''
**''[[:File:Gulbenkian rembrandt.jpg|Portrait of an Old Man]]''
**''[[:File:Self portrait oval.jpg|Self-portrait]]''
* [[Salvator Rosa]] - ''[[Philosophy (Salvator Rosa)|Philosophy]]'' (approx. date)
* [[Diego Velázquez]] - ''[[Portrait of Sebastián de Morra]]'' (approx. date)
===Sculpture===
*[[Gianlorenzo Bernini]] - ''[[Truth Unveiled by Time (Bernini)|Truth Unveiled by Time]]''
==Births==
*[[January 11]] - [[Matthias Rauchmiller]], German sculptor active in Vienna (died [[1686 in art|1686]])
*[[August 30]] - [[Giuseppe Avanzi]], Italian painter of the [[Baroque]] period (died [[1718 in art|1718]])
*September - [[Romeyn de Hooghe]], Dutch [[Baroque]] [[engraver]] and [[caricaturist]] (died [[1708 in art|1708]])
*[[September 14]] - [[Jeremiah Dummer (silversmith)|Jeremiah Dummer]], American silversmith and portrait painter (died [[1718 in art|1718]])
*[[October 26]] - [[Aert de Gelder]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] painter in the tradition of [[Rembrandt]]'s late style (died [[1727 in art|1727]])
*[[December 6]] – [[Maria de Dominici]], Maltese sculptor and painter (died [[1703 in art|1703]])<ref>{{cite book|first1=Delia|last1=Gaze|first2=Maja|last2=Mihajlovic|first3=Leanda|last3=Shrimpton|title=Dictionary of women artists|location=London|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|year=1997|page=462|isbn=978-1-88496-421-3}}</ref>
*''date unknown''
**[[Giovanni Antonio Fumiani]], Italian painter of the Baroque period (died [[1710 in art|1710]])
**[[François de Troy]], French painter, father of [[Jean-François de Troy]] (died [[1730 in art|1730]])
**[[Carlo Girolamo Bersotti]], Italy painter of the [[Baroque]] period, specialized in painting [[still lifes]] (died ''unknown'')
**[[Sebastiano Taricco]], Italian painter of the [[Baroque]] period (died [[1710 in art|1710]])
**[[Jean-Baptiste Théodon]], French sculptor (died [[1713 in art|1713]])
*''probable''
**[[Giulio Giacinto Avellino]], Italian painter (died [[1700 in art|1700]])
**[[Urbano Romanelli]], Italian painter in Rome and in churches at [[Velletri]] (died [[1682 in art|1682]])
**[[Andrea Lanzani]], Italian painter for the [[Habsburg]] court (died [[1712 in art|1712]])
==Deaths==
*[[April 11]] - [[Ferraù Fenzoni]], Italian painter active in Todi
*[[April 14]] - [[Shi Kefa]], Chinese government official and calligrapher (born [[1601 in art|1601]])
*May - [[Ambrosius Bosschaert II]], Dutch flower painter (born [[1609 in art|1609]])
*[[July 12]] - [[Luciano Borzone]], Italian painter of the [[Baroque]] period with an antique style (born [[1590 in art|1590]])
*September - [[Julius Porcellis]], Dutch marine artist (born c.1610)
*[[December 12]] - [[Giovanni Bernardino Azzolini]] or Mazzolini or Asoleni, Italian painter (born [[1572 in art|1572]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Juan Alfonso Abril]], Spanish painter active mainly in his native [[Valladolid]] (born ''unknown'')
**[[Christoffel van den Berghe]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] painter (born [[1590 in art|1590]])
**[[Hans Gillisz. Bollongier]], Dutch [[still life]] painter (born [[1600 in art|1600]])
**[[Paolo Domenico Finoglia]], Italian painter (born [[1590 in art|1590]])
**[[Sebastiano Ghezzi]], Italian painter and architect (born [[1580 in art|1580]])
**[[Jacob van der Heyden]], Flemish Baroque painter, sculptor and engraver (born [[1573 in art|1573]])
**[[Francisco Varela (painter)|Francisco Varela]], Spanish Baroque painter (born [[1580 in art|1580]])
**[[Wen Zhenheng]], Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] scholar, painter, and landscape garden designer (born [[1585 in art|1585]])
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1645 in art| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in art]]
[[Category:1640s in art]]
| 1,230,307,443
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[]
| false
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1646_in_Denmark
|
1646 in Denmark
|
# 1646 in Denmark
Events from the year 1646 in Denmark.
## Incumbents
- Monarch – Christian IV[1]
## Events
- 30 August – Køge Pharmacy is founded.[2]
### Undated
- Møntergården is constructed by Falk Gøye in Odense.[3][4]
## Births
- 3 January – Henrik Bornemann, clergyman and theologian (died 1710)
- 16 April – Christian V of Denmark (died 1699)
### Full date missing
- Elsje Christiaens, murderer (died 1684)
- Matthias Knutzen, author (died after 1674)
## Deaths
- 25 May – Just Høg, statesman and landowner (born 1584)
### Full date missing
- Morten Steenwinkel, architect (born 1595)
## Publications
- Thomas Bartholin: De Angina Puerorum Campaniae Siciliaeque Epidemica Exercitationes. Paris
- Christen Sørensen Longomontanus: Caput tertium Libri primi de absoluta Mensura Rotundi plani, etc
|
enwiki/73061129
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en
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Q116920852
| 82,461
|
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Year in Denmark|1646}}
Events from the year '''1646 in [[Denmark]]'''.
== Incumbents ==
* Monarch – [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Christian IV: Scandinavian king|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-IV|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=19 November 2019|language=en}}</ref>
==Events==
* 30 August {{ndash}} [[Køge Pharmacy]] is founded.<ref name=receptkuverter>{{cite web|url=http://www.receptkuverter.dk/koge.htm|title=Køge Apotek|language=Danish|website=receptkuverter.dk|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>
===Undated===
* [[Møntergården]] is constructed by [[Falk Gøye]] in [[Odense]].<ref>Museum Odense: [http://museum.odense.dk/museer/moentergaarden/udstillinger/fmiv Fyn - midt i verden.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131247/http://museum.odense.dk/museer/moentergaarden/udstillinger/fmiv |date=2017-04-04 }} Retrieved 3 April 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://koelbjergmanden.dk/?page_id=42|title= Om KoelbjergManden|website= koelbjergmanden.dk |access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref>
== Births==
* 3 January {{ndash}} [[Henrik Bornemann]], clergyman and theologian (died [[1710 in Denmark|1710]])
* 16 April {{ndash}} [[Christian V of Denmark]] (died [[1699 in Denmark|1699]])
===Full date missing===
* [[Elsje Christiaens]], murderer (died 1684)
* [[Matthias Knutzen]], author (died after 1674)
== Deaths ==
* 25 May {{ndash}} [[Just Høg]], statesman and landowner (born [[1580s in Denmark|1584]])
===Full date missing===
* [[Morten Steenwinkel]], architect (born 1595)
==Publications==
*[[Thomas Bartholin]]: ''De Angina Puerorum Campaniae Siciliaeque Epidemica Exercitationes. Paris''
* [[Christen Sørensen Longomontanus]]: ''Caput tertium Libri primi de absoluta Mensura Rotundi plani, etc''
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Denmark year nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1646}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1646 Denmark}}
[[Category:1646 in Denmark| ]]
[[Category:1646 by country|Denmark]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in Denmark]]
| 1,244,605,652
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[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1645 - 1644 - 1643": "1646 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Denmark \u00b7 \u2192 - 1647 - 1648 - 1649", "Decades": "1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s", "See also": "Other events of 1646 \u00b7 List of years in Denmark"}}]
| false
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1656_in_Norway
|
1656 in Norway
|
# 1656 in Norway
Events in the year 1656 in Norway.
## Incumbents
- Monarch: Frederick III.[1]
## Events
- 27 February - The first Lindesnes Lighthouse was established, it was the first lighthouse in Norway.[2]
- Niels Trolle is appointed Steward of Norway.
## Arts and literature
- Halsnøy Kloster, a prospect of Halsnøy Abbey was painted by Elias Fiigenschoug, it is regarded as the first Norwegian landscape painting.[3]
- The construction of Austrått Manor is finished..
## Births
### Full date unknown
- Hans Paus, priest and poet (d.1715).[4]
## Deaths
### Full date unknown
- Kristoffer Nieslen Tønder, Baliff of Austråt. (b.1587).
|
enwiki/36121036
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en
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Q4551579
| 80,917
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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=November 2023}}
{{Year in Norway|1656}}
[[File:Landskap. Halsenöy kloster, Norge - Skoklosters slott - 4798.tif|thumb|225 px|Fiigenschoug's painting of Halsnøy Abbey (1656)]]
Events in the year '''[[1656]] in [[Norway]]'''.
==Incumbents==
*[[List of Norwegian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Frederik 3. |first=Øystein |last=Rian |first2=Magnus A. |last2=Mardal |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Bolstad | editor-first=Erik |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Frederik_3._-_dansk-norsk_konge |language=no |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>
==Events==
[[File:Nielstrolle.png |thumb |right |120 px|[[Niels Trolle]]]]
*27 February - The first [[Lindesnes Lighthouse]] was established, it was the first lighthouse in Norway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fyr.no/fyrene/fyrene-sor/vest-agder/520-lindesnes-fyrstasjon |title=Lindesnes fyrstasjon |website=fyr.no |publisher=Norsk Fyrhistorisk Forening |language=no |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525060732/http://www.fyr.no/fyrene/fyrene-sor/vest-agder/520-lindesnes-fyrstasjon |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Niels Trolle]] is appointed [[List of heads of government of Norway#Stewards of Norway|Steward of Norway]].
==Arts and literature==
*''Halsnøy Kloster'', a prospect of [[Halsnøy Abbey]] was painted by [[Elias Fiigenschoug]], it is regarded as the first Norwegian landscape painting.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kulturhistoriske årstall |first=Jakob |last=Brønnum |page=133 |language=no |year=2003 |isbn=82-530-2481-9|location=Oslo | publisher=Pax Forlag }}</ref>
* The construction of [[Austrått|Austrått Manor]] is finished..
==Births==
===Full date unknown===
*[[Hans Paus (priest)|Hans Paus]], priest and poet (d.[[1715 in Norway|1715]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hans Paus |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Kjell |last=Venås |editor=Helle, Knut |editor-link=Knut Helle |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Hans_Paus/utdypning |language=no |access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
==Deaths==
===Full date unknown===
*Kristoffer Nieslen Tønder, Baliff of [[Austråt]]. (b.1587).
==See also==
{{Portal bar|Norway|History|Lists}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Years in Norway during the union with Denmark nav}}
{{Year in Europe|1656}}
[[Category:1656 in Norway| ]]
| 1,212,512,951
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[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1655 - 1654 - 1653": "1656 \u00b7 in \u00b7 Norway \u00b7 \u2192 - 1657 - 1658 - 1659", "Centuries": "16th 17th 18th 19th", "Decades": "1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s", "See also": "1656 in Denmark \u00b7 List of years in Norway"}}]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s_in_Wales
|
1820s in Wales
|
# 1820s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1820–1829 to Wales and its people.
## Arts and literature
### New books
- John Elias – Golygiad Ysgrythurol ar Gyfiawnhad Pechadur (1821)
- Felicia Hemans – The Forest Sanctuary (1825)
- Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) – An Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of the Present Inhabitants of Britain (1829)
- David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr) – Cywydd y Dilyw (1821)
### Music
- John Ellis – Eliot (hymn tune) (1823)
- Edward Jones – Hen Ganiadau Cymru (1820)
- Peroriaeth Hyfryd (collection of hymns including Caersalem by Robert Edwards) (1827)
- Seren Gomer (collection of hymns including Grongar by John Edwards) (1824)
## Births
- 1820
- 21 May – Sir Thomas Lloyd, 1st Baronet, politician and landowner (d. 1877)
- 1821
- 24 June – Guillermo Rawson, Argentinian politician (d. 1890)
- 16 July – John Jones (Mathetes), preacher and writer (d. 1878)
- 1822
- 2 March – Michael D. Jones, Patagonian settler (d. 1898)
- 1823
- 8 January – Alfred Russel Wallace, biologist (d. 1913)
- March – Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn), poet and archdruid (d. 1905)
- 23 November – Sir John Evans, archaeologist (d. 1908)
- 1824
- date unknown – John Basson Humffray, political reformer in Australia (d. 1891)
- 1825
- 7 June – R. D. Blackmore, novelist (d. 1900)
- 1826
- 13 January – Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff (d. 1913)
- 1 March – John Thomas, harpist (d. 1913)
- 8 May – George Osborne Morgan, lawyer (d. 1897)
- 11 May – David Charles Davies, Nonconformist leader (d. 1891)
- 1827
- 27 October – Joseph Tudor Hughes (Blegwryd), harp prodigy (d. 1841)
- 1828
- 30 January – John David Jenkins, philanthropist (d. 1876)
- 1829
- 27 January – Isaac Roberts, astronomer (d. 1904)
## Deaths
- 1820
- 29 January – King George III of the United Kingdom, Prince of Wales 1751–1760
- 16 June – Thomas Jones of Denbigh, Methodist preacher and writer (b. 1756)
- 27 June – William Lort Mansel, bishop and academic (b. 1753)
- 23 August – John Randles, harpist (b. 1763)
- 28 August – Henry Mills, musician (b. 1757)
- 1821
- 2 May – Hester Thrale, diarist (b. 1741)
- 7 August – Caroline of Brunswick, former Princess of Wales (1795–1820), 53
- 1822
- 30 March – David Thomas (Dafydd Ddu Eryri), poet (b. 1759)
- date unknown – Stephen Kemble, actor, brother of Sarah Siddons (b. 1758)
- 1823
- 26 February – John Philip Kemble, actor, brother of Sarah Siddons (b. 1757)
- 1825
- 24 February – Thomas Bowdler, editor (b. 1754)
- 9 June – Abraham Rees, encyclopaedist (b. 1743)
- 10 August – Joseph Harris (Gomer), Baptist minister, poet and editor (b. 1773)
- 1827
- date unknown – Helen Maria Williams, novelist and poet (b. c. 1761)
- 1828
- September – William Madocks, landowner
- 1829
- 26 January – Benjamin Millingchamp, collector of manuscripts (b. 1756)
- June – Elizabeth Randles, harpist (b. 1801)
|
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|
en
|
Q4554149
| 13,401
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{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{| class="infobox" id="toc"
|-
| align="left" | [[1810s in Wales|1810s]] | [[1830s in Wales|1830s]] | [[List of years in Wales|Other years in Wales]]
|-
| | Other events of the decade
|}
This article is about the particular significance of the decade '''1820–1829''' to [[Wales]] and [[Welsh people|its people]].
==Arts and literature==
===New books===
*[[John Elias]] – ''Golygiad Ysgrythurol ar Gyfiawnhad Pechadur'' (1821)
*[[Felicia Hemans]] – ''The Forest Sanctuary'' (1825)
*[[Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc)]] – ''An Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of the Present Inhabitants of Britain'' (1829)
*[[David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr)]] – ''Cywydd y Dilyw'' (1821)
===Music===
*[[John Ellis (musician)|John Ellis]] – ''Eliot'' ([[hymn tune]]) (1823)
*[[Edward Jones (harpist)|Edward Jones]] – ''Hen Ganiadau Cymru'' (1820)
*'' Peroriaeth Hyfryd'' (collection of hymns including ''Caersalem'' by [[Robert Edwards (Bob y Felin)|Robert Edwards]]) (1827)
*''Seren Gomer'' (collection of hymns including ''Grongar'' by [[John Edwards (Welsh composer)|John Edwards]]) (1824)
==Births==
*1820
**21 May – [[Sir Thomas Lloyd, 1st Baronet]], politician and landowner (d. 1877)
*1821
**24 June – [[Guillermo Rawson]], Argentinian politician (d. 1890)
**16 July – [[John Jones (Mathetes)]], preacher and writer (d. 1878)
*1822
**2 March – [[Michael D. Jones]], Patagonian settler (d. 1898)
*1823
**8 January – [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], biologist (d. 1913)
**March – [[Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn)]], poet and archdruid (d. 1905)
**23 November – Sir [[John Evans (archaeologist)|John Evans]], archaeologist (d. 1908)
*1824
**''date unknown'' – [[John Basson Humffray]], political reformer in Australia (d. 1891)
*1825
**7 June – [[R. D. Blackmore]], novelist (d. 1900)
*1826
**13 January – [[Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff]] (d. 1913)
**1 March – [[John Thomas (harpist)|John Thomas]], harpist (d. 1913)
**8 May – [[George Osborne Morgan]], lawyer (d. 1897)
**11 May – [[David Charles Davies]], Nonconformist leader (d. 1891)
*1827
**27 October – [[Joseph Tudor Hughes]] (Blegwryd), harp prodigy (d. 1841)
*1828
**30 January – [[John David Jenkins]], philanthropist (d. 1876)
*1829
**27 January – [[Isaac Roberts]], astronomer (d. 1904)
==Deaths==
*1820
**29 January – King [[George III of the United Kingdom]], Prince of Wales 1751–1760
**16 June – [[Thomas Jones of Denbigh]], Methodist preacher and writer (b. 1756)
**27 June – [[William Lort Mansel]], bishop and academic (b. 1753)
**23 August – [[John Randles (musician)|John Randles]], harpist (b. 1763)
**28 August – [[Henry Mills (musician)|Henry Mills]], musician (b. 1757)
*1821
**2 May – [[Hester Thrale]], diarist (b. 1741)
**7 August – [[Caroline of Brunswick]], former Princess of Wales (1795–1820), 53
*1822
**30 March – [[David Thomas (Dafydd Ddu Eryri)]], poet (b. 1759)
**''date unknown'' – [[Stephen Kemble]], actor, brother of [[Sarah Siddons]] (b. 1758)
*1823
**26 February – [[John Philip Kemble]], actor, brother of Sarah Siddons (b. 1757)
*1825
**24 February – [[Thomas Bowdler]], editor (b. 1754)
**9 June – [[Abraham Rees]], encyclopaedist (b. 1743)
**10 August – [[Joseph Harris (Gomer)]], Baptist minister, poet and editor (b. 1773)
*1827
**''date unknown'' – [[Helen Maria Williams]], novelist and poet (b. c. 1761)
*1828
**September – [[William Madocks]], landowner
*1829
**26 January – [[Benjamin Millingchamp]], collector of manuscripts (b. 1756)
**June – [[Elizabeth Randles]], harpist (b. 1801)
[[Category:1820s in Wales| ]]
| 1,226,412,780
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[]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_Portuguese_legislative_election
|
1842 Portuguese legislative election
|
# 1842 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 5 and 19 June 1842.
## Electoral system
Prior to the elections the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was reintroduced on 10 February, having previously been in force from 1826 to 1828 and again from 1834 until 1836. The direct electoral system used in 1838 and 1840 was replaced by an indirect system in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the Chamber of Deputies; the appointed Chamber of Most Worthy Peers replaced the elected Senate as the upper house.
The 145 members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from multi-member constituencies, with 119 representing the mainland, 12 representing islands and 14 representing overseas colonies.
## Campaign
On 30 March the Miguelistas and Setembristas formed a united front under the name 'Broad Coalition'. The Cartistas released a manifesto on 3 June, which was critical of Minister and Secretary for Royal State Affairs Costa Cabral.
## Results
When the Cortes Gerais met for the first time on 10 July the government was supported by 72 Cabralista deputies, with only 10 deputies representing the Setembristas, Miguelistas and anti-Cabralistas.
| Party | Party | Seats |
| ------------- | ------------ | ----- |
| | Cartistas | 72 |
| | Septembrists | 10 |
| | Others | 63 |
| Total | Total | 145 |
| | | |
| Source: ISCSP | | |
|
enwiki/56531126
|
en
|
Q48861860
| 57,376
|
{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| country = Portugal
| flag_year = 1830
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 1840 Portuguese legislative election
| previous_year = 1840
| next_election = 1845 Portuguese legislative election
| next_year = 1845
| election_date = 5 and 19 June 1842
| seats_for_election = All 145 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| majority_seats = 73
| turnout =
| party1 = Cartista
| leader1 = [[António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar|Costa Cabral]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Retrato de António Bernardo da Costa Cabral (c. 1845).png|bSize = 270|cWidth = 110|cHeight = 150|oTop =33|oLeft = 100}}
| seats1 = '''72'''
| party2 = Septembrism
| leader2 = [[Passos Manuel]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Passos Manuel - António Manuel da Fonseca (1796-1890).png|bSize = 230|cWidth = 110|cHeight = 150|oTop =30|oLeft = 60}}
| seats2 = 10
| title = [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[António José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of Terceira|1st Duke of Terceira]]
| before_party = Cartista
| after_election = [[António José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of Terceira|1st Duke of Terceira]]
| after_party = Cartista
}}
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 5 and 19 June 1842.<ref name=ISCSP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063004/http://www.iscsp.ulisboa.pt/~cepp/eleicoes_portuguesas/1842.htm Elections of 1842 (5 and 18 June)] ISCSP</ref>
==Electoral system==
Prior to the elections the [[Constitutional Charter of 1826]] was reintroduced on 10 February, having previously been in force from 1826 to 1828 and again from 1834 until 1836.<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1530 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref><ref name=ISCSP/> The direct electoral system used in [[1838 Portuguese legislative election|1838]] and [[1840 Portuguese legislative election|1840]] was replaced by an indirect system in which voters elected provincial assemblies, who in turn elected members of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)|Chamber of Deputies]]; the appointed [[Chamber of Most Worthy Peers]] replaced the elected [[Senate (Portugal)|Senate]] as the upper house.<ref name=NS/>
The 145 members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from multi-member constituencies, with 119 representing the mainland, 12 representing islands and 14 representing overseas colonies.<ref name=ISCSP/>
==Campaign==
On 30 March the [[Miguel I of Portugal|Miguelistas]] and Setembristas formed a united front under the name 'Broad Coalition'.<ref name=ISCSP/> The [[Cartista]]s released a manifesto on 3 June, which was critical of Minister and Secretary for Royal State Affairs [[António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, 1st Marquis of Tomar|Costa Cabral]].<ref name=ISCSP/>
==Results==
When the [[Cortes Gerais]] met for the first time on 10 July the government was supported by 72 Cabralista deputies, with only 10 deputies representing the Setembristas, Miguelistas and anti-Cabralistas.<ref name=ISCSP/>
{{Election results
|party1=[[Cartista]]s|seats1=72
|party2=[[Septembrism|Septembrists]]|seats2=10
|party3=Others|seats3=63
|source=ISCSP<ref name=ISCSP/>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portuguese elections}}
[[Category:Legislative elections in Portugal]]
[[Category:1842 in Portugal|Legislative]]
[[Category:1842 elections in Europe|Portugal]]
[[Category:June 1842|Portugal]]
[[Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results]]
| 1,274,743,232
|
[{"title": "1842 Portuguese legislative election", "data": {"\u2190 1840": "5 and 19 June 1842 \u00b7 1845 \u2192"}}, {"title": "All 145 seats in the Chamber of Deputies \u00b7 73 seats needed for a majority", "data": {"Leader": "Costa Cabral \u00b7 Passos Manuel", "Party": "Cartista \u00b7 Septembrist", "Seats won": "72 \u00b7 10", "Prime Minister before election \u00b7 1st Duke of Terceira \u00b7 Cartista": "Elected Prime Minister \u00b7 1st Duke of Terceira \u00b7 Cartista"}}]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_Boston_mayoral_election
|
1837 Boston mayoral election
|
# 1837 Boston mayoral election
The 1837 Boston mayoral election saw the reelection of Whig Party incumbent Samuel Atkins Eliot. It was held on December 11, 1837.
## Candidates
Eliot sought reelection. Amasa Walker was the Democratic Party/locofoco nominee. Also running was former mayor Theodore Lyman II.
## Results
As part of the scattering, Lyman received more than 300 votes, by one account around 1,200 or more.
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ----------- | ----------- | ------------------------------- | ----- | ----- |
| | | Samuel Atkins Eliot (incumbent) | 3,475 | 55.57 |
| | Democratic | Amasa Walker | 1,127 | 18.02 |
| | Scattering | Other (including Lyman) | 1,651 | 26.40 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 6,253 | 100 |
|
enwiki/73585773
|
en
|
Q118897523
| 174,254
|
{{short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1837 Boston mayoral election
| country =
| type = Presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1836 Boston mayoral election
| previous_year = 1836
| election_date = December 11, 1837
| next_election = 1838 Boston mayoral election
| next_year = 1838
| image1 = Samuel A. Eliot 5210004 015 007 (3x4a).jpg
| candidate1 = '''[[Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)|Samuel Atkins Eliot]]'''
| colour1 = C0C0C0
| party1 =
| popular_vote1 = '''3,475'''
| percentage1 = '''55.57%'''
| image2 = Amasa Walker as a young man (2).jpg
| candidate2 = [[Amasa Walker]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| popular_vote2 = 1,127
| percentage2 = 18.02%
| image3 = Theodore Lyman, Jr. 5210004 015 005 (3x4a).jpg
| colour3 = c0c0c0
| candidate3 = [[Theodore Lyman II]]
| party3 =
| popular_vote3 = undisclosed large number of votes
| percentage3 =
| title = Mayor
| before_election = [[Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)|Samuel Atkins Eliot]]
| before_party = Whig Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)|Samuel Atkins Eliot]]
| after_party = Whig Party (United States)
}}
{{ElectionsMA|Boston}}
The '''1837 [[Boston]] mayoral election''' saw the reelection of [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] incumbent [[Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)|Samuel Atkins Eliot]]. It was held on December 11, 1837.<ref name="CityBost1"/>
==Candidates==
Eliot sought reelection. [[Amasa Walker]] was the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]/[[locofoco]] nominee. Also running was former mayor [[Theodore Lyman II]].<ref name="FallRiver">{{cite web |title=Boston Election |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/589882839 |url-access=subscription |via=Newspapers.com |publisher=Fall River Monitor |access-date=18 April 2023 |language=en |date=December 16, 1837}}</ref>
==Results==
As part of the scattering, Lyman received more than 300 votes, by one account around 1,200 or more.<ref name="FallRiver"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Boston City Elections |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/589882846 |url-access=subscription |via=Newspapers.com |publisher=Fall River Monitor |agency=Boston Patriot |access-date=18 April 2023 |language=en |date=December 16, 1837}}</ref>
{{Election box begin no change| title= 1837 Boston mayoral election<ref name="CityBost1">{{cite book |title=A Catalogue of the City Councils of Boston, 1822-1908, Roxbury, 1846-1867, Charlestown, 1847-1873 and of the Selectmen of Boston, 1634-1822: Also of Various Other Town and Municipal Officers |date=1909 |publisher=City of Boston Printing Department |page=50 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=n_BMAAAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA50 |access-date=7 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party =
|candidate = [[Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)|Samuel Atkins Eliot]] (incumbent)
|votes = 3,475
|percentage = 55.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Amasa Walker]]
|votes = 1,127
|percentage = 18.02
}}
{{Election box candidate no change
|party = Scattering
|candidate = ''Other (including Lyman)''
|votes = 1,651
|percentage = 26.40
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes =6,253
|percentage = 100
}}
{{Election box end}}
==See also==
*[[Mayor of Boston#List|List of mayors of Boston, Massachusetts]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Mayoral elections in Boston|1837]]
[[Category:1837 United States mayoral elections|Boston]]
[[Category:1837 Massachusetts elections|Boston mayoral]]
[[Category:19th century in Boston]]
[[Category:December 1837|Boston mayoral election]]
| 1,271,235,687
|
[{"title": "1837 Boston mayoral election", "data": {"\u2190 1836": "December 11, 1837 \u00b7 1838 \u2192", "Candidate": "Samuel Atkins Eliot \u00b7 Amasa Walker \u00b7 Theodore Lyman II", "Party": "Democratic", "Popular vote": "3,475 \u00b7 1,127 \u00b7 undisclosed large number of votes", "Percentage": "55.57% \u00b7 18.02%", "Mayor before election \u00b7 Samuel Atkins Eliot \u00b7 Whig": "Elected mayor \u00b7 Samuel Atkins Eliot \u00b7 Whig"}}]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_in_philosophy
|
1847 in philosophy
|
# 1847 in philosophy
1847 in philosophy
## Publications
- Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love (1847) and Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits (1847)
## Births
- August 20 - Bolesław Prus (died 1912)[1]
- November 2 - Georges Sorel (died 1922)[2]
|
enwiki/38564068
|
en
|
Q13450333
| 31,455
|
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1847|philosophy}}
{{more references|date=February 2024}}
'''1847 in philosophy'''
==Events==
{{Empty section|date=February 2013}}
==Publications==
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]], ''[[Works of Love]]'' (1847) and ''[[Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits]]'' (1847)
==Births==
* August 20 - [[Bolesław Prus]] (died 1912)<ref>Krystyna Tokarzówna, Stanisław Fita, ''Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości'' (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of His Life and Work), ed. Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969, p. 12.</ref>
* November 2 - [[Georges Sorel]] (died 1922)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georges Sorel {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Sorel |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
==Deaths==
{{Empty section|date=February 2013}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1847|Philosophy]]
[[Category:19th century in philosophy]]
[[Category:Philosophy by year]]
| 1,229,411,321
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[]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889_Portuguese_legislative_election
|
1889 Portuguese legislative election
|
# 1889 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 20 October 1889. The result was a victory for the Progressive Party, which won 104 seats.
## Results
| Party | Party | Seats |
| ----------------------- | ------------------------------ | ----- |
| | Progressive Party | 104 |
| | Regenerator Party | 38 |
| | Portuguese Republican Party | 2 |
| | Other parties and independents | 8 |
| Total | Total | 152 |
| | | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | |
The results exclude the six seats won at national level and those from overseas territories.
|
enwiki/34710202
|
en
|
Q7232735
| 52,835
|
{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| country = Portugal
| flag_year = 1830
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 1887 Portuguese legislative election
| previous_year = 1887
| next_election = 1890 Portuguese legislative election
| next_year = 1890
| seats_for_election = All seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| majority_seats =
| election_date = 20 October 1889
| turnout =
| party1 = Progressive Party (Portugal)
| leader1 = [[José Luciano de Castro]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =José Luciano de Castro.png|bSize = 200|cWidth = 95|cHeight = 130|oTop =11|oLeft = 60}}
| seats1 = 104
| party2 = Regenerator Party
| leader2 = [[António de Serpa Pimentel]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Serpa_Pimentel.jpg|bSize = 110|cWidth = 95|cHeight = 130|oTop =0|oLeft = 11}}
| seats2 = 38
| party3 = Portuguese Republican Party
| leader3 = ''Political Directory''
| image3 = {{Eppt|Portuguese Republican Party|height=130|width=95}}
| seats3 = 2
| title = [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[José Luciano de Castro]]
| before_party = Progressive Party (Portugal)
| after_election = [[José Luciano de Castro]]
| after_party = Progressive Party (Portugal)
}}
Parliamentary elections were held in [[Portugal]] on 20 October 1889.<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1541 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The result was a victory for the [[Progressive Party (Portugal)|Progressive Party]], which won 104 seats.<ref name=N1>Nohlen & Stöver, p1556</ref>
==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Portugal Chamber of Deputies 1889.svg]]
|party1=[[Progressive Party (Portugal)|Progressive Party]]|votes1=|seats1=104
|party2=[[Regenerator Party]]|votes2=|seats2=38
|party3=[[Portuguese Republican Party]]|votes3=|seats3=2
|party4=Other parties and independents|votes4=|seats4=8
|invalid=
|total_sc=
|totalvotes=
|electorate=
|source=Nohlen & Stöver
}}
The results exclude the six seats won at national level and those from overseas territories.<ref name=N1/>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portuguese elections}}
[[Category:Legislative elections in Portugal]]
[[Category:1889 elections in Europe|Portugal]]
[[Category:1889 in Portugal|Legislative]]
[[Category:October 1889|Portugal]]
| 1,277,096,773
|
[{"title": "1889 Portuguese legislative election", "data": {"\u2190 1887": "20 October 1889 \u00b7 1890 \u2192"}}, {"title": "All seats in the Chamber of Deputies", "data": {"Leader": "Jos\u00e9 Luciano de Castro \u00b7 Ant\u00f3nio de Serpa Pimentel \u00b7 Political Directory", "Party": "Progressive \u00b7 Regenerator \u00b7 Republican", "Seats won": "104 \u00b7 38 \u00b7 2", "Prime Minister before election \u00b7 Jos\u00e9 Luciano de Castro \u00b7 Progressive": "Prime Minister after election \u00b7 Jos\u00e9 Luciano de Castro \u00b7 Progressive"}}]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles
|
1892 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles
|
# 1892 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles
Blanche Hillyard defeated Maud Shackle 6–1, 6–4 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Lottie Dod defeated Bingley Hillyard 6-1, 6-1 in the challenge round to win the ladies' singles tennis title at the 1892 Wimbledon Championships.
## Draw
### Key
- Q = Qualifier
- WC = Wild card
- LL = Lucky loser
- Alt = Alternate
- SE = Special exempt
- PR = Protected ranking
- ITF = ITF entry
- JE = Junior exempt
- w/o = Walkover
- r = Retired
- d = Defaulted
- SR = Special ranking
### Challenge round
| | Challenge Round | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | Blanche Hillyard | Blanche Hillyard | 1 | 1 | | |
| | Blanche Hillyard | Blanche Hillyard | 1 | 1 | | |
| | Lottie Dod | Lottie Dod | 6 | 6 | | |
### All Comers'
| | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | | | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | | | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Bertha Steedman | Bertha Steedman | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Miss Barefoot | Miss Barefoot | 0 | 1 | | | | Bertha Steedman | Bertha Steedman | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Maud Shackle | Maud Shackle | 6 | 6 | | | | Maud Shackle | Maud Shackle | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Helen Jackson | Helen Jackson | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | Maud Shackle | Maud Shackle | 1 | 4 | | |
| | Blanche Hillyard | Blanche Hillyard | 6 | 6 | | | | | | Blanche Hillyard | Blanche Hillyard | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| | Beatrice Draffen | Beatrice Draffen | 2 | 2 | | | | Blanche Hillyard | Blanche Hillyard | 1 | 6 | 9 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | A Martin | A Martin | 6 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | |
|
enwiki/31019558
|
en
|
Q2483860
| 125,562
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis tournament event|1892|Wimbledon Championships
| champ = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lottie Dod]]
| runner = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Hillyard]]
| score = 6–1, 6–1
| draw = 7
| seeds = –
| type =
}}
{{Main article|1892 Wimbledon Championships}}
[[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Hillyard]] defeated [[Maud Shackle]] 6–1, 6–4 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion [[Lottie Dod]] defeated Bingley Hillyard 6-1, 6-1 in the challenge round to win the ladies' singles tennis title at the 1892 Wimbledon Championships.<ref name="Tingay">100 Years of Wimbledon by Lance Tingay, Guinness Superlatives Ltd. 1977</ref><ref name="Barrett">{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=John|title=Wimbledon: The Official History|date=2014|publisher=Vision Sports Publishing|isbn=9-781909-534230|edition=4th}}</ref>
==Draw==
{{Draw key}}
===Challenge round===
{{2TeamBracket|sets=3
| RD1=Challenge Round
| seeds =
| team-width=170
| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Hillyard]]
| RD1-score1-1=1
| RD1-score1-2=1
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Lottie Dod]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3=
}}
===All Comers'===
{{8TeamBracket-Compact-Byes
| sets=3
| RD1=Quarterfinals
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final
| team-width=170
| seeds=
| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Bertha Steedman]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|GBR}} Miss Barefoot
| RD1-score2-1=0
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Maud Shackle]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Helen Jackson (tennis)|Helen Jackson]]
| RD1-score4-1=3
| RD1-score4-2=4
| RD1-score4-3=
| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Hillyard]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''6'''
| RD1-score5-2='''6'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Beatrice Draffen]]
| RD1-score6-1=2
| RD1-score6-2=2
| RD1-score6-3=
| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bertha Steedman]]
| RD2-score1-1=4
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Maud Shackle]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Hillyard]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=1
| RD2-score3-2='''6'''
| RD2-score3-3='''9'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|GBR}} A Martin
| RD2-score4-1='''6'''
| RD2-score4-2=3
| RD2-score4-3=7
| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Maud Shackle]]
| RD3-score1-1=1
| RD3-score1-2=4
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Blanche Bingley|Blanche Hillyard]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''6'''
| RD3-score2-2='''6'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Wimbledondraws|1892|LS}}
{{start box}}
{{Succession box | before={{nowrap|[[1891 U.S. National Championships – Women's singles]]}}| title=[[List of Grand Slam women's singles champions|Grand Slam women's singles]] | years= | after={{nowrap|[[1892 U.S. National Championships – Women's singles]]}}}}
{{end box}}
{{Wimbledon women's singles champions}}
{{Wimbledon women's singles drawsheets}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1892 Wimbledon Championships - Ladies' Singles}}
[[Category:1892 Wimbledon Championships|Ladies' Singles]]
[[Category:Wimbledon Championship by year – Women's singles]]
[[Category:1892 in women's tennis|Wimbledon Championships - Singles]]
[[Category:1892 in British women's sport|Wimbledon Championships - Singles]]
| 1,158,775,673
|
[{"title": "Women's singles", "data": {"Champion": "Lottie Dod", "Runner-up": "Blanche Hillyard", "Score": "6\u20131, 6\u20131", "Draw": "7", "Seeds": "\u2013"}}, {"title": "Singles", "data": {"Singles": "men \u00b7 women", "Doubles": "men \u00b7 women"}}]
| false
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Swiss_animal_protection_referendum
|
1893 Swiss animal protection referendum
|
# 1893 Swiss animal protection referendum
A referendum on animal protection was held in Switzerland on 20 August 1893. Voters were asked whether they approved of prohibiting butchering without the animals being anaesthetised. The proposal was approved by 60.1% of voters and a narrow majority of cantons.
## Background
The referendum was a popular initiative, forced by the collection of 100,000 signatures. As it involved changing the constitution, a double majority of both votes and cantons was required for the proposal to pass.
## Results
| Choice | Popular vote | Popular vote | Cantons | Cantons | Cantons |
| Choice | Votes | % | Full | Half | Total |
| ------------------------- | ------------ | ------------ | ------- | ------- | ------- |
| For | 191,527 | 60.1 | 10 | 3 | 11.5 |
| Against | 127,101 | 39.9 | 9 | 3 | 10.5 |
| Blank votes | 8,600 | – | – | – | – |
| Invalid votes | 1,755 | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 328,983 | 100 | 19 | 6 | 22 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 668,913 | 49.2 | – | – | – |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | | | | |
|
enwiki/35058840
|
en
|
Q1302571
| 110,902
|
{{Expand German|topic=gov|date=November 2022}}
{{infobox referendum
|date=20 August 1893
|country=Switzerland
|title=Federal popular initiative 'for a ban on slaughter without prior stunning'
|yes=191,527
|no=127,101
|invalid=10,355
|electorate=668,913
}}{{Politics of Switzerland}}
A referendum on animal protection was held in [[Switzerland]] on 20 August 1893.<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1904 {{ISBN|9783832956097}}</ref> Voters were asked whether they approved of prohibiting butchering without the animals being anaesthetised.<ref name=NS/> The proposal was approved by 60.1% of voters and a narrow majority of cantons.<ref name=NS/>
==Background==
The referendum was a [[Federal popular initiative|popular initiative]],<ref name=NS/> forced by the collection of 100,000 signatures.<ref name=N2>Nohlen & Stöver, p1891</ref> As it involved changing the constitution, a double majority of both votes and cantons was required for the proposal to pass.<ref name=N2/>
==Results==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!rowspan=2|Choice
!colspan=2|Popular vote
!colspan=3|Cantons
|-
!Votes
!%
!Full
!Half
!Total
|-
|align=left|For||191,527||60.1||10||3||11.5
|-
|align=left|Against||127,101||39.9||9||3||10.5
|-
|align=left|Blank votes||8,600||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Invalid votes||1,755||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''328,983'''||'''100'''||'''19'''||'''6'''||'''22'''
|-
|align=left|Registered voters/turnout||668,913||49.2||–||–||–
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: Nohlen & Stöver
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Swiss elections}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Switzerland}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1893 referendums|Switzerland]]
[[Category:1893 in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Halal meat]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Jewish Swiss history]]
[[Category:Kosher meat]]
[[Category:Referendums in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Ritual slaughter]]
| 1,198,267,622
|
[{"title": "Results", "data": {"Choice": "Votes \u00b7 %", "Yes": "191,527 \u00b7 60.11%", "No": "127,101 \u00b7 39.89%", "Valid votes": "318,628 \u00b7 96.85%", "Invalid or blank votes": "10,355 \u00b7 3.15%", "Total votes": "328,983 \u00b7 100.00%", "Registered voters/turnout": "668,913 \u00b7 49.18%"}}]
| false
|
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