amaniopia/en-sw-processed · Datasets at Hugging Face

en stringlengths 4 1.39k	sw stringlengths 4 1.37k
Revert Changes?	Rejesha mabadiliko?
Revert all menus to original settings?	Rejesha menyu zote ziwe katika mpangilio wa asili
_Revert to Original	_Rejesha iwe kama asili
This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones.	maambukizi haya ya hematogenous yanaweza pia kusambaza maambukizi kwa maeneo ya mbali zaidi, kama vile nodiya limfu ya pembeni, mafigo, ubongo na mifupa.
Chronic bronchitis may occur with normal airflow and in this situation it is not classified as COPD.	Bronkiolitisi sugu inaweza kutokea hata kwa upitaji wa kawaida wa hewa na katika hali hii haiainishwi kama ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.
This practice may be cost effective in some areas of the world.	Hii inaweza kuwa ya bei nafuu katika maeneo fulani ulimwenguni.
HAART and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years.	KKNKN na uzuiaji mwafaka wa Maambukizi nyemelezi hupunguza kima cha vifo kwa 80% na kuongeza matarajio ya urefu wa maisha hadi miaka 20-50 kwa mtu mzima wa kimo aliyetambuliwa na maambukizi karibuni.
Smoking, however, is highly addictive, and many smokers need further support.	Hata hivyo uvutaji ni wa mazoea sana, na wavutaji wengi wanahitaji usaidizi zaidi.
Effective dust control can be achieved by improving ventilation, using water sprays and by using mining techniques that minimize dust generation.	Uzuiaji bora wa vumbi unaweza kutimizwa kwa kuboresha upitaji wa hewa, kutumia vinyunyizio vya maji na kutumia mbinu za uchimbaji migodi zinazothibiti utengenezaji wa vumbi.
Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may cause more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive effects.	Baadhi ya wataalamu wanahofia kuwa dhana ya kiwango cha chini cha hatari miongoni mwa wanaume waliotahiriwa inaweza kupelekea mienendo hatari zaidi, hivyo wanapinga faida ya mbinu hii katika kukinga.
It is responsible for about 1–5% of cases and the condition is present in about three to four in 10,000 people.	Hatari hii huchangia takriban asilimia 1-5 ya visa na ugonjwa huwepo katika takriban watu 3-4 kwa kila 10,000.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with a daily dose of the medications tenofovir, with or without emtricitabine, is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.	Proflaksisi ya kabla ya hatari pamoja na kipimo cha kila siku cha dawa ya tenofovir (ikiwa na au bila emtricitabine) ni mwafaka kwa vikundi fulani, ikijumuisha: mashoga, wachumba wa wenye VVU na vijana wa Afrika wanaovutiwa na watu wa jinsia tofauti.
While the risk of transmission from oral sex is relatively low, it is still present.	Ingawa hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia ngono ya mdomoni iko chini, bado ipo.
Those with more severe underlying disease have more frequent exacerbations: in mild disease 1.8 per year, moderate 2 to 3 per year, and severe 3.4 per year.	Watu walio na magonjwa mengine makali fiche huwa na maumivu zaidi mara nyingi: katika ugonjwa wa kiwango cha chini, 1.8 kwa kila mwak; kiwango cha wastani, 2 hadi 3 kwa mwaka; na kiwango kikali 3.4 kwa mwaka.
Proper stoves may improve indoor air quality by 85%.	Stovu bora zinaweza kuboresha hewa ya ndani mwa nyumba kwa asilimia 85.
In Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.	Nchini Kanada, kufikia 2008 kulikuwa na visa 65,000 vilivyopelekea vifo 53.
They provide some relief of symptoms for four to six hours.	Hizi hupunguza ukali wa dalili kwa saa nne hadi sita.
However, he had been diagnosed as HIV-positive in 1987.	Hata hivyo, Mercury alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1987.
HCV is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing eating or cooking utensils.	HCV haimbukizwi kwa kushikana kama vile kukumbatiana, kupeana busu, au kula kwa pamoja au kutumia kwa pamoja vyombo vya kulia chakula.
South & South East Asia is the second most affected; in 2010 this region contained an estimated 4 million cases or 12% of all people living with HIV resulting in approximately 250,000 deaths.	Asia Kusini na Kusini Mashariki ni eneo la pili lililoathirika zaidi; mwaka wa 2010, eneo hili lilikuwa na kadirio la visa milioni 4 au 12% ya watu wote wanaoishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea vifo vya takriban watu 250,000.
Silicosis increases the risk about 30-fold.	Kwa Silicosis kuongeza hatari kuhusu mara 30.
There is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine.	Kwa sasa hakuna tiba au chanjo ya VVU mwafaka.
These include:	Haya ni pamoja na:
This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells.	Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4+ T zinazozunguka.
Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body.	Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4+ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.
The per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse.	Hatari ya kila kitendo imekadiriwa kuwa 0 – 0.04% kwa ngono pokezi ya mdomoni.
India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010, in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector.	India ilikuwa ya juu jumla ya idadi ya wagonjwa wa TB duniani kote katika 2010, kwa sehemu kutokana na usimamizi mbovu ugonjwa ndani ya sekta binafsi ya afya.
Between 50% and 70% of people also develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.	Kati ya asilimia 50 na 70 ya wagonjwa pia hupata limfadenopathia ya mwili wote inayorejea, ambayo hudhihirika kwa uvimbe usio na kisababishi na usio chungu wa zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha tezi za limfu (ila katika sehemu za uzazi) kwa zaidi ya miezi 3 hadi 6.
The second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.	Njia ya pili maarufu zaidi ya usambazaji wa VVU ni kupitia kwa damu na mazao yake.
Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months.	Homa ya ini ni kali wakati inapodumu chini ya miezi sita na sugu wakati unapozidi miezi sita.
Fewer than 20% of exacerbations require hospital admission.	Chini ya asilimia 20 ya maumivu zaidi huhitaji kulazwa hospitalini.
Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-RNA or p24 antigen.	Utambuzi wa VVU vya kimsingi hufanywa kabla ya kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya kwa kupima RNA ya VVU au antijeni ya p24.
It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million AIDS orphans.	Inakadiriwa kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2007, diadi ya watoto yatima kutokana na UKIMWI milioni 12.
When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter.	Wakati watu walio na TB hukohoa mapafu, hupiga chafya, kuzungumza, kuimba, au kutema mate, wao hutoa viambukizi erosoli matone 0.5 na 5 µm katika kipenyo.
Blood transfusion, transfusion of blood products, or organ transplants without HCV screening carry significant risks of infection.	Utoaji wa damu, mazao ya damu, na upandikizi wa viungo vya mwili bila kuchunguza HCV ndizo zinazoleta matatizo makubwa ya uambukizaji.
"These are collectively denoted as ""extrapulmonary tuberculosis""."	"Kifua kikuu kinachotokea nje ya viungo vya kupumua kinaitwa ""extrapulmonary tuberculosis""."
The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.	nafasi ya kifo kutokana na kesi ya kifua kikuu ni kuhusu 4% kama ya 2008, kutoka 8% mwaka 1995..
MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks.	MTB inaweza kuhimili kemikali dhaifu na hivi vimelea vinaweza kuishi katika sehemu kavu kwa wiki moja.
Examples of these measures include the creation of public policy, education of workers and management about the risks, promoting smoking cessation, checking workers for early signs of COPD, use of respirators, and dust control.	Mifano ya hatua hizi ni: kutengeneza sera za umma, mafunzo kwa wafanyi kazi kuhusu hatari hizi, kuendeleza kusitisha uvutaji, kuchunguza wafanyi kazi kwa ishara za mapema za ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, kutumia kipumulio, na kuzuia vumbi.
The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.	Shirika la Afya Duniani lilipendekeza ufasili wa UKIMWI mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1986.
Although most HIV-1 infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) without antiretroviral therapy for more than five years.	Ingawa watu wengi walioambukizwa VVU-1 wana kiwango cha virusi kinachoweza kutambulika, na ambacho bila matibabu kitaendelea na kuwa UKIMWI, idadi ndogo (5%) huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha seli za CD4+(seli saidizi za T) bila matibabu ya kudhibiti virusi kwa zaidi ya miaka 5.
In non-smokers, exposure to second-hand smoke is the cause in up to 20% of cases.	Kwa watu wasio wavutaji, moshi unaotokana na watu wengine ni kisababishi cha takriban asilimia 20 ya visa.
Additionally, theophylline may have a role in those who do not respond to other measures.	Pia, theophylline inaweza kutumiwa kwa wasiopata nafuu kutokana na mbinu zingine.
Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material.	Tishu zilizoathirika hubadilishwa kuwa kovu na matundu huujazwa kwa kisiesheni ya nekritiki.
These were followed with pictures by Matthew Baillie in 1789 and descriptions of the destructive nature of the condition.	Michoro hii ilifuatwa na picha za Matthew Baillie katika mwaka wa 1789 na maelezo ya hali ya uharibifu wa ugonjwa huo.
A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections.	Idadi ya sababu za kufanya watu wahusike zaidi na maambukizi ya TB.
While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners suffers from a sexually transmitted infection causing genital ulcers.	Ingawa viwango vya uambukizaji wakati wa ngono ya kupitia uke viko chini katika hali ya kawaida, kuna ongezeko kubwa iwapo mmoja wa wapenzi hao ana ugonjwa wa zinaa unaosababisha vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi.
Before death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care.	Kando ya kutoweza kufanya kazi, watu hao pia huhitaji kiwango kikubwa cha huduma za afya.
In England, an estimated 0.84 million people (of 50 million) have a diagnosis of COPD; this translates into approximately one person in 59 receiving a diagnosis of COPD at some point in their lives.	Uingereza, karibu watu milioni 0.84 (kati ya milioni 50&nbsp) wamepatikana kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa; hii ni takriban mtu mmoja kwa kila watu 59 wanaofanyiwa utambuzi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa wakati fulani maishani mwao.
In Europe, COPD represents 3% of healthcare spending.	Kule Ulaya, Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa unawakilisha asilimia 3 ya gharama za afya.
Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.	Vifo hivi 1,450,000, kuhusu 0,350,000 kutokea katika wale wana ambukizwa pamoja na HIV.
In the most socioeconomically deprived parts of the country, one in 32 people were diagnosed with COPD, compared with one in 98 in the most affluent areas.	Katika sehemu nyingi maskini za nchi hiyo, mtu mmoja kati ya watu 32 walipatikana kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, wakilinganishwa na mmoja kati ya watu 98 katika sehemu tajiri.
AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including ostracism, rejection, discrimination and avoidance of HIV-infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior consent or protection of confidentiality; violence against HIV-infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the quarantine of HIV-infected individuals.	Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu walio na UKIMWI zipo kote ulimwenguni kwa namna mbalimbali, zikiwemo kutengwa, kukataliwa na jamii, ubaguzi na kuepuka watu walioambukizwa VVU, kulazimishwa kupimwa VVU bila idhini au ulinzi wa usiri, vurugu dhidi ya watu walioambukizwa au waliodhaniwa kuambukizwa VVU; na karantini ya watu waliombukizwa VVU.
The spores of anthrax are able to survive in harsh conditions for decades or even centuries.	Spora au chembe za bakteria zinaweza kuishi kwa mamia ya miaka.
In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people.	Katika 2007, nchi yenye kiwango cha juu zaidi ya makadirio ya matukio ya TB ilikuwa Swaziland, na kesi 1,200 kwa kila watu 100,000.
The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though, is rarely present in wild animals.	subspecies Mycobacterium kifua kikuu, ingawa, ni mara chache sasa katika wanyama wa porini.
The diagnosis of COPD should be considered in anyone over the age of 35 to 40 who has shortness of breath, a chronic cough, sputum production, or frequent winter colds and a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease.	Utambuzi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu unapaswa kuzingatiwa kwa yeyote mwenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 35 hadi 40 na aliye na upungufu wa pumzi, kikohozi sugu, kutoa makohozi, au homa za mara kwa mara katika majira ya baridi na historia ya kutangamana na visababishi vya hatari vya ugonjwa huo.
Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.	Kwa msingi wa tafiti hizi, mashirika ya SAD na UNAIDS yalipendekeza tohara kama mbinu ya kuzuia uambukizaji VVU kutoka kwa mwanamke hadi mwanamume mwaka 2007.
"At one point the CDC coined the phrase ""the 4H disease"", for the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals, hemophiliacs, and Haitians."	"Wakati mmoja, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kiliunda msemo ""ugonjwa wa 4H"", kwani sindromu hii ilionekana kuwaathiri watu wa Haiti, mashoga (homosexuals), wenye hemofilia na watumiaji wa heroini."
If blood contaminates food during pre-chewing it may pose a risk of transmission.	Iwapo damu itachafua chakula wakati wa mtoto kutafuna, itaongeza hatari ya kuambukiza.
HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.	VVU-2 inadhaniwa kuruka kizuizi cha spishi katika angalau matukio matatu tofauti, hivyo kupelekea vikundi vitatu vya virusi hivi ambavyo ni M, N na O.
Tiotropium is associated with a decrease in exacerbations and improved quality of life, and tiotropium provides those benefits better than ipratropium.	Tiotropium inahusiana na kupungua kwa maumivu zaidi na kuboresha hali ya maisha, na tiotropium hutoa manufaa haya zaidi ya ipratropium.
Being either underweight or overweight can affect the symptoms, degree of disability, and prognosis of COPD.	Kuwa na uzani wa chini au wa juu zaidi kunaweza kuathiri dalili, kiwango cha ulemavu na prognosi ya ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.
HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.	UKIMWI huchukuliwa kama janga — yaani mlipuko wa ugonjwa katika eneo kubwa, na ambao ungali unaenea.
However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), TB is mainly a disease of older people and the immunocompromised (risk factors are listed above).	Hata hivyo, katika nchi ambapo matukio viwango zimepungua kasi ( kama vile Marekani), TB ni ugonjwa wa watu hasa wakubwa na kinga iliyoathirika.
The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.	Shirika la Afya Duniani na Marekani inapendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wote wa umri wa chini ya miezi 12.Marekani hupendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wa umri wa mwaka 1-5 walio na kiwango cha VVU-RNA cha zaidi ya nakala 100,000 /mL na kwa walio zaidi ya miaka mitano watibiwe iwapo kiwango cha CD4 ni chini ya 500/ul.
Some feel the evidence of benefits is limited, while others view the evidence of benefit as established.	Wengine huhisi kuwa ushahidi wa manufaa ni mdogo ilhali wengine huona ushahidi wa manufaa kuwa uliopo.
At the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare.	Katika kiwango cha familia, UKIMWI husababisha upungufu wa mapato na pia ongezeko la matumizi katika huduma za afya.
The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover.	Mwitikio wa seli za CD8+ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4+ T vikirejea.
Many people with more advanced COPD breathe through pursed lips and this action can improve shortness of breath in some.	Watu wengi walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana ulioendelea hupumua kupitia midomo iliyofunguka kidogo na hatua hii inaweza kuboresha kupumua katika baadhi ya watu.
Tuberculosis may also present with a chronic cough and should be considered in locations where it is common.	Kifua kikuu pia kinaweza kujitokeza kwa kikohozi sugu na kinafaa kuzingatiwa katika sehemu ambapo hutokea sana.
A notable British casualty of AIDS that year was Nicholas Eden, a gay politician and son of the late prime minister Anthony Eden.	Mgonjwa mashuhuri kutoka Uingereza mwaka huo alikuwa Nicholas Eden mwanasiasa shoga na mwana wa Waziri Mkuu, marehemu Anthony Eden.
Unsafe medical injections play a role in HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa.	Sindano za tiba zisizo salama huchangia pakubwa katika kueneza UKIMWI katika eneo la Kusini kwa Sahara.
25 million people may have COPD if currently undiagnosed cases are included.	Watu milioni 25 wanaweza kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa visa visivyotambuliwa vikiongezwa.
A number of different antibiotics may be used including amoxicillin, doxycycline and azithromycin; whether one is better than the others is unclear.	Antibiotiki tofauti zinaweza kutumiwa zikiwemo: amoxicillin, doxycycline au azithromycin si bayana iwapo moja ni bora kuliko zingine.
The following paragraph adds:	Kuna ofisi sita za kikanda kama zifuatazo:
Infections appear to be the cause of 50 to 75% of cases, with bacteria in 30%, viruses in 23%, and both in 25%.	Maambukizi huonekana kuwa kisababishi cha asilimia 50 hadi 70 ya visa, huku bakteria ikichangia asilimia 25, virusi asilimia 25 na zote mbili asilimia 25.
NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause lung diseases that resemble TB.	NTM hazisababishi kifua kikuu au ukoma, lakini husababisha magonjwa ya mapafu yanayofanana na kifua kikuu
Of this total an estimated $1.9 trillion are direct costs such as medical care, while $0.2 trillion are indirect costs such as missed work.	Kwa idadi hii, takriban dola trilioni 1.9 ni gharama za moja kwa moja kama vile matibabu, ilhali dola trilioni 0.2 ni gharama zisizo za moja kwa moja kama vile kazi ambayo haikufanywa.
Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts, chemicals, and fumes increases the risk of COPD in both smokers and nonsmokers.	Uhatarisho mkali na wa muda mrefu kwa vumbi, kemikali na moshi kazini huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana kwa wavutaji na wasiovuta.
"In 1814 Charles Badham used ""catarrh"" to describe the cough and excess mucus in chronic bronchitis."	"Katika mwaka wa 1814 Charles Badham alitumia ""katara"" kueleza kikohozi na kamasi Zaidi katika bronkitisi sugu."
A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.	Vijana wengi wanajihusisha katika vitendo hatari licha ya kufahamu kuhusu VVU/UKIMWI, huku wakipuuza hatari ya kuambukizwa.
Unless surgery is planned, however, this rarely affects management.	Hata hivyo, isipokuwa upasuaji umepangwa, hii haiathiri udhibiti.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection.	Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini (UKIMWI) hufasiliwa kwa msingi wa kiwango cha seli za CD4 + cha chini ya seli 200 kwa kila µL au kutokea kwa magonjwa maalumu yanayohusiana na maambukizi ya VVU.
"Those with COPD often have a history of ""common colds"" that last a long time."	"Watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana mara nyingi huwa na historia ya ""mafua"" yanayodumu kwa muda mrefu."
Those who smoke additionally have Tc1 lymphocyte involvement and some people with COPD have eosinophil involvement similar to that in asthma.	Wanaovuta pia wana kuhusika kwaTc1 limfositi na watu wengine walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu wana kuhusika kwa esinofili sawa na inayopatikana katika ugonjwa wa pumu.
Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms.	Kwa kawaida, hali hii hufuatwa na kipindi kirefu kisicho na dalili.
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age, and ceasing breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, is recommended in resource-limited settings.	Kinga ya Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole kati ya wiki 4-6 na kukoma kunyonyesha watoto waliozaliwa na mama mwenye VVU hupendekezwa katika sehemu zenye upungufu wa raslimali.
Birth factors such as low birth weight may also play a role, as do a number of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.	Vipengele vya kuzaliwa kama kuzaliwa na uzani wa chini vinaweza kuchangua ugonjwa huu kama vile magonjwa kadhaa ya kuambukiza, ikiwa ni pamoja na VVU/UKIMWI na kifua kikuu yanavyofanya.
A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.	Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8+ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.
The disease also has large economic impacts.	Ugonjwa huu pia unasababisha madhara ya kiuchumi ambayo ni makubwa, hasa kwa nchi maskini.
There is not enough evidence to support the use of herbal medicines.	Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha manufaa ya miti shamba.
M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.	M. microti pia ni adimu na inawaathiri zaidi watu wenye upungufu wa kingamwili, ingawa ugonjwa huu unaweza kuwa umeenea zaidi kuliko inavyofikiriwa
About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population test positive by the tuberculin test.	Kadri ya 80% ya watu katika nchi nyingi za Asia na Afrika waliofanyiwa kipimo cha ngozi walionekana wameambukizwa, lakini ni asilimia 5-10% tu ya wananchi wa Marekani ambao walionekana na ugonjwa huo.
The negative effects of dust exposure and cigarette smoke exposure appear to be additive or possibly more than additive.	Athari za uhatarisho wa vumbi na moshi wa sigara huonekana kuwa ya kikemikali au hata zaidi.
There is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.	Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuwa nyongeza ya vitamini A kwa watoto hupunguza vifo na kuboresha ukuaji.
Hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands.	Kitakasa mikono (kwa Kiingereza: hand sanitizer) ni kiowevu au jeli inayotumika kupunguza pathojeni (viini viambukizavyo magonjwa) kwenye mikono.
Treatment during the first six months is more effective than once hepatitis C has become chronic.	Tiba katika miezi sita za kwanza ni bora zaidi kuliko baada ya homa ya nyongo C kuwa sugu.
HCV RNA can be detected by PCR typically one to two weeks after infection, while antibodies can take substantially longer to form and thus be detected.	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inagundua HCV RNA wiki mmoja au mbili baada ya kuambukizwa, wakati vikinga mwili huchukua muda mrefu kutengenezwa na kuonekana.
This means that about 5% of the adult population is infected and it is believed to be the cause of 10% of all deaths in children.	Hii inamaanisha kuwa karibu 5% ya watu wazima wana virusi hivi na vinaaminika kuwa kisababishi cha 10% ya vifo vyote vya watoto.

Revert Changes?

Rejesha mabadiliko?

Revert all menus to original settings?

Rejesha menyu zote ziwe katika mpangilio wa asili

_Revert to Original

_Rejesha iwe kama asili

This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones.

maambukizi haya ya hematogenous yanaweza pia kusambaza maambukizi kwa maeneo ya mbali zaidi, kama vile nodiya limfu ya pembeni, mafigo, ubongo na mifupa.

Chronic bronchitis may occur with normal airflow and in this situation it is not classified as COPD.

Bronkiolitisi sugu inaweza kutokea hata kwa upitaji wa kawaida wa hewa na katika hali hii haiainishwi kama ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.

This practice may be cost effective in some areas of the world.

Hii inaweza kuwa ya bei nafuu katika maeneo fulani ulimwenguni.

HAART and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years.

KKNKN na uzuiaji mwafaka wa Maambukizi nyemelezi hupunguza kima cha vifo kwa 80% na kuongeza matarajio ya urefu wa maisha hadi miaka 20-50 kwa mtu mzima wa kimo aliyetambuliwa na maambukizi karibuni.

Smoking, however, is highly addictive, and many smokers need further support.

Hata hivyo uvutaji ni wa mazoea sana, na wavutaji wengi wanahitaji usaidizi zaidi.

Effective dust control can be achieved by improving ventilation, using water sprays and by using mining techniques that minimize dust generation.

Uzuiaji bora wa vumbi unaweza kutimizwa kwa kuboresha upitaji wa hewa, kutumia vinyunyizio vya maji na kutumia mbinu za uchimbaji migodi zinazothibiti utengenezaji wa vumbi.

Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may cause more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive effects.

Baadhi ya wataalamu wanahofia kuwa dhana ya kiwango cha chini cha hatari miongoni mwa wanaume waliotahiriwa inaweza kupelekea mienendo hatari zaidi, hivyo wanapinga faida ya mbinu hii katika kukinga.

It is responsible for about 1–5% of cases and the condition is present in about three to four in 10,000 people.

Hatari hii huchangia takriban asilimia 1-5 ya visa na ugonjwa huwepo katika takriban watu 3-4 kwa kila 10,000.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with a daily dose of the medications tenofovir, with or without emtricitabine, is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa.

Proflaksisi ya kabla ya hatari pamoja na kipimo cha kila siku cha dawa ya tenofovir (ikiwa na au bila emtricitabine) ni mwafaka kwa vikundi fulani, ikijumuisha: mashoga, wachumba wa wenye VVU na vijana wa Afrika wanaovutiwa na watu wa jinsia tofauti.

While the risk of transmission from oral sex is relatively low, it is still present.

Ingawa hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia ngono ya mdomoni iko chini, bado ipo.

Those with more severe underlying disease have more frequent exacerbations: in mild disease 1.8 per year, moderate 2 to 3 per year, and severe 3.4 per year.

Watu walio na magonjwa mengine makali fiche huwa na maumivu zaidi mara nyingi: katika ugonjwa wa kiwango cha chini, 1.8 kwa kila mwak; kiwango cha wastani, 2 hadi 3 kwa mwaka; na kiwango kikali 3.4 kwa mwaka.

Proper stoves may improve indoor air quality by 85%.

Stovu bora zinaweza kuboresha hewa ya ndani mwa nyumba kwa asilimia 85.

In Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.

Nchini Kanada, kufikia 2008 kulikuwa na visa 65,000 vilivyopelekea vifo 53.

They provide some relief of symptoms for four to six hours.

Hizi hupunguza ukali wa dalili kwa saa nne hadi sita.

However, he had been diagnosed as HIV-positive in 1987.

Hata hivyo, Mercury alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1987.

HCV is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing eating or cooking utensils.

HCV haimbukizwi kwa kushikana kama vile kukumbatiana, kupeana busu, au kula kwa pamoja au kutumia kwa pamoja vyombo vya kulia chakula.

South & South East Asia is the second most affected; in 2010 this region contained an estimated 4 million cases or 12% of all people living with HIV resulting in approximately 250,000 deaths.

Asia Kusini na Kusini Mashariki ni eneo la pili lililoathirika zaidi; mwaka wa 2010, eneo hili lilikuwa na kadirio la visa milioni 4 au 12% ya watu wote wanaoishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea vifo vya takriban watu 250,000.

Silicosis increases the risk about 30-fold.

Kwa Silicosis kuongeza hatari kuhusu mara 30.

There is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine.

Kwa sasa hakuna tiba au chanjo ya VVU mwafaka.

These include:

Haya ni pamoja na:

This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells.

Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4+ T zinazozunguka.

Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4+ T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body.

Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4+ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.

The per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse.

Hatari ya kila kitendo imekadiriwa kuwa 0 – 0.04% kwa ngono pokezi ya mdomoni.

India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010, in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector.

India ilikuwa ya juu jumla ya idadi ya wagonjwa wa TB duniani kote katika 2010, kwa sehemu kutokana na usimamizi mbovu ugonjwa ndani ya sekta binafsi ya afya.

Between 50% and 70% of people also develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months.

Kati ya asilimia 50 na 70 ya wagonjwa pia hupata limfadenopathia ya mwili wote inayorejea, ambayo hudhihirika kwa uvimbe usio na kisababishi na usio chungu wa zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha tezi za limfu (ila katika sehemu za uzazi) kwa zaidi ya miezi 3 hadi 6.

The second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products.

Njia ya pili maarufu zaidi ya usambazaji wa VVU ni kupitia kwa damu na mazao yake.

Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months.

Homa ya ini ni kali wakati inapodumu chini ya miezi sita na sugu wakati unapozidi miezi sita.

Fewer than 20% of exacerbations require hospital admission.

Chini ya asilimia 20 ya maumivu zaidi huhitaji kulazwa hospitalini.

Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-RNA or p24 antigen.

Utambuzi wa VVU vya kimsingi hufanywa kabla ya kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya kwa kupima RNA ya VVU au antijeni ya p24.

It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million AIDS orphans.

Inakadiriwa kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2007, diadi ya watoto yatima kutokana na UKIMWI milioni 12.

When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter.

Wakati watu walio na TB hukohoa mapafu, hupiga chafya, kuzungumza, kuimba, au kutema mate, wao hutoa viambukizi erosoli matone 0.5 na 5 µm katika kipenyo.

Blood transfusion, transfusion of blood products, or organ transplants without HCV screening carry significant risks of infection.

Utoaji wa damu, mazao ya damu, na upandikizi wa viungo vya mwili bila kuchunguza HCV ndizo zinazoleta matatizo makubwa ya uambukizaji.

"These are collectively denoted as ""extrapulmonary tuberculosis""."

"Kifua kikuu kinachotokea nje ya viungo vya kupumua kinaitwa ""extrapulmonary tuberculosis""."

The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.

nafasi ya kifo kutokana na kesi ya kifua kikuu ni kuhusu 4% kama ya 2008, kutoka 8% mwaka 1995..

MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks.

MTB inaweza kuhimili kemikali dhaifu na hivi vimelea vinaweza kuishi katika sehemu kavu kwa wiki moja.

Examples of these measures include the creation of public policy, education of workers and management about the risks, promoting smoking cessation, checking workers for early signs of COPD, use of respirators, and dust control.

Mifano ya hatua hizi ni: kutengeneza sera za umma, mafunzo kwa wafanyi kazi kuhusu hatari hizi, kuendeleza kusitisha uvutaji, kuchunguza wafanyi kazi kwa ishara za mapema za ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, kutumia kipumulio, na kuzuia vumbi.

The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986.

Shirika la Afya Duniani lilipendekeza ufasili wa UKIMWI mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1986.

Although most HIV-1 infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of CD4+ T cells (T helper cells) without antiretroviral therapy for more than five years.

Ingawa watu wengi walioambukizwa VVU-1 wana kiwango cha virusi kinachoweza kutambulika, na ambacho bila matibabu kitaendelea na kuwa UKIMWI, idadi ndogo (5%) huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha seli za CD4+(seli saidizi za T) bila matibabu ya kudhibiti virusi kwa zaidi ya miaka 5.

In non-smokers, exposure to second-hand smoke is the cause in up to 20% of cases.

Kwa watu wasio wavutaji, moshi unaotokana na watu wengine ni kisababishi cha takriban asilimia 20 ya visa.

Additionally, theophylline may have a role in those who do not respond to other measures.

Pia, theophylline inaweza kutumiwa kwa wasiopata nafuu kutokana na mbinu zingine.

Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material.

Tishu zilizoathirika hubadilishwa kuwa kovu na matundu huujazwa kwa kisiesheni ya nekritiki.

These were followed with pictures by Matthew Baillie in 1789 and descriptions of the destructive nature of the condition.

Michoro hii ilifuatwa na picha za Matthew Baillie katika mwaka wa 1789 na maelezo ya hali ya uharibifu wa ugonjwa huo.

A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections.

Idadi ya sababu za kufanya watu wahusike zaidi na maambukizi ya TB.

While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances, they are increased manyfold if one of the partners suffers from a sexually transmitted infection causing genital ulcers.

Ingawa viwango vya uambukizaji wakati wa ngono ya kupitia uke viko chini katika hali ya kawaida, kuna ongezeko kubwa iwapo mmoja wa wapenzi hao ana ugonjwa wa zinaa unaosababisha vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi.

Before death they will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care.

Kando ya kutoweza kufanya kazi, watu hao pia huhitaji kiwango kikubwa cha huduma za afya.

In England, an estimated 0.84 million people (of 50 million) have a diagnosis of COPD; this translates into approximately one person in 59 receiving a diagnosis of COPD at some point in their lives.

Uingereza, karibu watu milioni 0.84 (kati ya milioni 50&nbsp) wamepatikana kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa; hii ni takriban mtu mmoja kwa kila watu 59 wanaofanyiwa utambuzi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa wakati fulani maishani mwao.

In Europe, COPD represents 3% of healthcare spending.

Kule Ulaya, Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa unawakilisha asilimia 3 ya gharama za afya.

Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.

Vifo hivi 1,450,000, kuhusu 0,350,000 kutokea katika wale wana ambukizwa pamoja na HIV.

In the most socioeconomically deprived parts of the country, one in 32 people were diagnosed with COPD, compared with one in 98 in the most affluent areas.

Katika sehemu nyingi maskini za nchi hiyo, mtu mmoja kati ya watu 32 walipatikana kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa, wakilinganishwa na mmoja kati ya watu 98 katika sehemu tajiri.

AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including ostracism, rejection, discrimination and avoidance of HIV-infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior consent or protection of confidentiality; violence against HIV-infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the quarantine of HIV-infected individuals.

Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu walio na UKIMWI zipo kote ulimwenguni kwa namna mbalimbali, zikiwemo kutengwa, kukataliwa na jamii, ubaguzi na kuepuka watu walioambukizwa VVU, kulazimishwa kupimwa VVU bila idhini au ulinzi wa usiri, vurugu dhidi ya watu walioambukizwa au waliodhaniwa kuambukizwa VVU; na karantini ya watu waliombukizwa VVU.

The spores of anthrax are able to survive in harsh conditions for decades or even centuries.

Spora au chembe za bakteria zinaweza kuishi kwa mamia ya miaka.

In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people.

Katika 2007, nchi yenye kiwango cha juu zaidi ya makadirio ya matukio ya TB ilikuwa Swaziland, na kesi 1,200 kwa kila watu 100,000.

The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though, is rarely present in wild animals.

subspecies Mycobacterium kifua kikuu, ingawa, ni mara chache sasa katika wanyama wa porini.

The diagnosis of COPD should be considered in anyone over the age of 35 to 40 who has shortness of breath, a chronic cough, sputum production, or frequent winter colds and a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease.

Utambuzi wa ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu unapaswa kuzingatiwa kwa yeyote mwenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 35 hadi 40 na aliye na upungufu wa pumzi, kikohozi sugu, kutoa makohozi, au homa za mara kwa mara katika majira ya baridi na historia ya kutangamana na visababishi vya hatari vya ugonjwa huo.

Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.

Kwa msingi wa tafiti hizi, mashirika ya SAD na UNAIDS yalipendekeza tohara kama mbinu ya kuzuia uambukizaji VVU kutoka kwa mwanamke hadi mwanamume mwaka 2007.

"At one point the CDC coined the phrase ""the 4H disease"", for the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals, hemophiliacs, and Haitians."

"Wakati mmoja, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kiliunda msemo ""ugonjwa wa 4H"", kwani sindromu hii ilionekana kuwaathiri watu wa Haiti, mashoga (homosexuals), wenye hemofilia na watumiaji wa heroini."

If blood contaminates food during pre-chewing it may pose a risk of transmission.

Iwapo damu itachafua chakula wakati wa mtoto kutafuna, itaongeza hatari ya kuambukiza.

HIV-1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions, giving rise to the three groups of the virus, M, N, and O.

VVU-2 inadhaniwa kuruka kizuizi cha spishi katika angalau matukio matatu tofauti, hivyo kupelekea vikundi vitatu vya virusi hivi ambavyo ni M, N na O.

Tiotropium is associated with a decrease in exacerbations and improved quality of life, and tiotropium provides those benefits better than ipratropium.

Tiotropium inahusiana na kupungua kwa maumivu zaidi na kuboresha hali ya maisha, na tiotropium hutoa manufaa haya zaidi ya ipratropium.

Being either underweight or overweight can affect the symptoms, degree of disability, and prognosis of COPD.

Kuwa na uzani wa chini au wa juu zaidi kunaweza kuathiri dalili, kiwango cha ulemavu na prognosi ya ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.

HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.

UKIMWI huchukuliwa kama janga — yaani mlipuko wa ugonjwa katika eneo kubwa, na ambao ungali unaenea.

However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), TB is mainly a disease of older people and the immunocompromised (risk factors are listed above).

Hata hivyo, katika nchi ambapo matukio viwango zimepungua kasi ( kama vile Marekani), TB ni ugonjwa wa watu hasa wakubwa na kinga iliyoathirika.

The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.

Shirika la Afya Duniani na Marekani inapendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wote wa umri wa chini ya miezi 12.Marekani hupendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wa umri wa mwaka 1-5 walio na kiwango cha VVU-RNA cha zaidi ya nakala 100,000 /mL na kwa walio zaidi ya miaka mitano watibiwe iwapo kiwango cha CD4 ni chini ya 500/ul.

Some feel the evidence of benefits is limited, while others view the evidence of benefit as established.

Wengine huhisi kuwa ushahidi wa manufaa ni mdogo ilhali wengine huona ushahidi wa manufaa kuwa uliopo.

At the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare.

Katika kiwango cha familia, UKIMWI husababisha upungufu wa mapato na pia ongezeko la matumizi katika huduma za afya.

The CD8+ T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4+ T cell counts recover.

Mwitikio wa seli za CD8+ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4+ T vikirejea.

Many people with more advanced COPD breathe through pursed lips and this action can improve shortness of breath in some.

Watu wengi walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana ulioendelea hupumua kupitia midomo iliyofunguka kidogo na hatua hii inaweza kuboresha kupumua katika baadhi ya watu.

Tuberculosis may also present with a chronic cough and should be considered in locations where it is common.

Kifua kikuu pia kinaweza kujitokeza kwa kikohozi sugu na kinafaa kuzingatiwa katika sehemu ambapo hutokea sana.

A notable British casualty of AIDS that year was Nicholas Eden, a gay politician and son of the late prime minister Anthony Eden.

Mgonjwa mashuhuri kutoka Uingereza mwaka huo alikuwa Nicholas Eden mwanasiasa shoga na mwana wa Waziri Mkuu, marehemu Anthony Eden.

Unsafe medical injections play a role in HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa.

Sindano za tiba zisizo salama huchangia pakubwa katika kueneza UKIMWI katika eneo la Kusini kwa Sahara.

25 million people may have COPD if currently undiagnosed cases are included.

Watu milioni 25 wanaweza kuwa na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa visa visivyotambuliwa vikiongezwa.

A number of different antibiotics may be used including amoxicillin, doxycycline and azithromycin; whether one is better than the others is unclear.

Antibiotiki tofauti zinaweza kutumiwa zikiwemo: amoxicillin, doxycycline au azithromycin si bayana iwapo moja ni bora kuliko zingine.

The following paragraph adds:

Kuna ofisi sita za kikanda kama zifuatazo:

Infections appear to be the cause of 50 to 75% of cases, with bacteria in 30%, viruses in 23%, and both in 25%.

Maambukizi huonekana kuwa kisababishi cha asilimia 50 hadi 70 ya visa, huku bakteria ikichangia asilimia 25, virusi asilimia 25 na zote mbili asilimia 25.

NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause lung diseases that resemble TB.

NTM hazisababishi kifua kikuu au ukoma, lakini husababisha magonjwa ya mapafu yanayofanana na kifua kikuu

Of this total an estimated $1.9 trillion are direct costs such as medical care, while $0.2 trillion are indirect costs such as missed work.

Kwa idadi hii, takriban dola trilioni 1.9 ni gharama za moja kwa moja kama vile matibabu, ilhali dola trilioni 0.2 ni gharama zisizo za moja kwa moja kama vile kazi ambayo haikufanywa.

Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts, chemicals, and fumes increases the risk of COPD in both smokers and nonsmokers.

Uhatarisho mkali na wa muda mrefu kwa vumbi, kemikali na moshi kazini huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana kwa wavutaji na wasiovuta.

"In 1814 Charles Badham used ""catarrh"" to describe the cough and excess mucus in chronic bronchitis."

"Katika mwaka wa 1814 Charles Badham alitumia ""katara"" kueleza kikohozi na kamasi Zaidi katika bronkitisi sugu."

A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.

Vijana wengi wanajihusisha katika vitendo hatari licha ya kufahamu kuhusu VVU/UKIMWI, huku wakipuuza hatari ya kuambukizwa.

Unless surgery is planned, however, this rarely affects management.

Hata hivyo, isipokuwa upasuaji umepangwa, hii haiathiri udhibiti.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection.

Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini (UKIMWI) hufasiliwa kwa msingi wa kiwango cha seli za CD4 + cha chini ya seli 200 kwa kila µL au kutokea kwa magonjwa maalumu yanayohusiana na maambukizi ya VVU.

"Those with COPD often have a history of ""common colds"" that last a long time."

"Watu walio na ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana mara nyingi huwa na historia ya ""mafua"" yanayodumu kwa muda mrefu."

Those who smoke additionally have Tc1 lymphocyte involvement and some people with COPD have eosinophil involvement similar to that in asthma.

Wanaovuta pia wana kuhusika kwaTc1 limfositi na watu wengine walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu wana kuhusika kwa esinofili sawa na inayopatikana katika ugonjwa wa pumu.

Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms.

Kwa kawaida, hali hii hufuatwa na kipindi kirefu kisicho na dalili.

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age, and ceasing breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, is recommended in resource-limited settings.

Kinga ya Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole kati ya wiki 4-6 na kukoma kunyonyesha watoto waliozaliwa na mama mwenye VVU hupendekezwa katika sehemu zenye upungufu wa raslimali.

Birth factors such as low birth weight may also play a role, as do a number of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.

Vipengele vya kuzaliwa kama kuzaliwa na uzani wa chini vinaweza kuchangua ugonjwa huu kama vile magonjwa kadhaa ya kuambukiza, ikiwa ni pamoja na VVU/UKIMWI na kifua kikuu yanavyofanya.

A good CD8+ T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus.

Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8+ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.

The disease also has large economic impacts.

Ugonjwa huu pia unasababisha madhara ya kiuchumi ambayo ni makubwa, hasa kwa nchi maskini.

There is not enough evidence to support the use of herbal medicines.

Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha manufaa ya miti shamba.

M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.

M. microti pia ni adimu na inawaathiri zaidi watu wenye upungufu wa kingamwili, ingawa ugonjwa huu unaweza kuwa umeenea zaidi kuliko inavyofikiriwa

About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population test positive by the tuberculin test.

Kadri ya 80% ya watu katika nchi nyingi za Asia na Afrika waliofanyiwa kipimo cha ngozi walionekana wameambukizwa, lakini ni asilimia 5-10% tu ya wananchi wa Marekani ambao walionekana na ugonjwa huo.

The negative effects of dust exposure and cigarette smoke exposure appear to be additive or possibly more than additive.

Athari za uhatarisho wa vumbi na moshi wa sigara huonekana kuwa ya kikemikali au hata zaidi.

There is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.

Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuwa nyongeza ya vitamini A kwa watoto hupunguza vifo na kuboresha ukuaji.

Hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands.

Kitakasa mikono (kwa Kiingereza: hand sanitizer) ni kiowevu au jeli inayotumika kupunguza pathojeni (viini viambukizavyo magonjwa) kwenye mikono.

Treatment during the first six months is more effective than once hepatitis C has become chronic.

Tiba katika miezi sita za kwanza ni bora zaidi kuliko baada ya homa ya nyongo C kuwa sugu.

HCV RNA can be detected by PCR typically one to two weeks after infection, while antibodies can take substantially longer to form and thus be detected.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inagundua HCV RNA wiki mmoja au mbili baada ya kuambukizwa, wakati vikinga mwili huchukua muda mrefu kutengenezwa na kuonekana.

This means that about 5% of the adult population is infected and it is believed to be the cause of 10% of all deaths in children.

Hii inamaanisha kuwa karibu 5% ya watu wazima wana virusi hivi na vinaaminika kuwa kisababishi cha 10% ya vifo vyote vya watoto.