amaniopia/en-sw-processed · Datasets at Hugging Face

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This mortality rate is expected to increase, as those infected by transfusion before HCV testing become apparent.	Matarajio ni kwamba kiwango hiki cha vifo itaongezeka wakati watu walioathirika kwa utoaji damu kabla ya kupimwa HCV kuwa wagonjwa na kufa.
When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly.	Wakati mmoja wa familia walikufa kutokana na hilo, wanachama wengine walioambukizwa bila kupoteza afya yao polepole.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers.	Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) imepata baadhi ya mafanikio mazoezi kuboresha tiba, na kupungua kwa idadi ndogo ya kesi.
Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the US population test positive.	Kifua Kikuu ni ya kawaida zaidi katika nchi zinazoendelea; kuhusu 80% ya idadi ya watu katika nchi nyingi za Asia na Afrika mtihani chanya katika vipimo tuberculin, wakati tu 5-10% ya mtihani Marekani idadi chanya.
This has resulted in improvements in the lung function of their populations.	Hii imepelekea kuboresha utendakazi wa mapafu wa watu wao.
In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires.	Katika nchi zinazoendelea, chanzo kikuu cha uchafuzi wa hewa ni kupikia au kuwasha moto mahali pasipo hewa ya kutosha.
By 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among homosexual male residents of New York City and San Francisco was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.	Kufikia mwaka 1978, maambukizi ya VVU-1 katika mashoga wenyeji wa New York na San Francisco yalikadiriwa kuwa 5%, kuonyesha kuwa maelfu ya watu nchini Marekani tayari walikuwa wameambukizwa.
These medications can be given either via a metered-dose inhaler with a spacer or via a nebulizer, with both appearing to be equally effective.	Dawa hizi zinaweza kutumika kupitia kifaa cha kutoa kiasi fulani cha tiba kwa mapafu na Spacer au kupitia kinebulishi na zote huonekana kufanya kazi vizuri.
Both types of agent appear to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations by 15–25%.	Aina zote mbili za ajenti huonekana kupunguza hatari za maumivu makali zaidi kwa asilimia 15-25.
In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB.	Kadri ya 15-20% ya madhara yanayoletwa na ugonjwa yanaletwa na maambukizi yanayoenea nje ya viungo vya kupumua, na husababisha aina nyingine ya kifua kikuu.
A number of measures have been taken to reduce the likelihood that workers in at-risk industries—such as coal mining, construction, and stonemasonry—will develop COPD.	Hatua kadhaa zimechukuliwa kupunguza uwezekano kuwa wafanyi kazi katika viwanda vyenye hatari—kama vile kuchimba makaa ya mawe,ujenzi na kuchonga mawe—watapata ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.
In the United States, costs of the disease are estimated at $50 billion, most of which is due to exacerbation.	Marekani, gharama za ugonjwa huu zinakadriwa kuwa dola bilioni 50 , ambazo nyingi ni kutokana na maumivu zaidi.
The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.	Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi.
Nebulization may be easier for those who are more unwell.	Kinebulishi kinaweza kuwa rahisi kwa walio wagonjwa zaidi.
Twelve countries had rates greater than 80%.	Nchi kumi na mbili zina zaidi ya asilimia 80.
The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.	Kiwango cha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa wa kiutambuzi hutofautiana pakubwa katika watu mbalimbali na kimedhihirika kuathiriwa na vipengele kadhaa, kama vile uhatarisho na utendaji wa kingamwili; uwezo wa kufikia huduma ya afya na uwepo wa maambukizi pacha; pamoja na aina ya (au za) virusi husika.
Macrophages, epithelioid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages.	Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, na fibroblasts ni miongoni mwa seli zinazoungana kuunda limfu granulomas.
Evidence for using spirometry among those without symptoms in an effort to diagnose the condition earlier is of uncertain effect, so currently is not recommended.	Ushahidi wa kutumia upimaji wa pumzi kwa wasio na dalili katika kutambua ugonjwa mapema ni wa matokeo yasiyobayana na kwa hivyo kwa sasa haupendekezwi.
The overall effect in relation to smoking, however, is believed to be small.	Hata hivyo, athari ya kijumla ya uchafuzi huu ikilinganishwa na uvutaji inaaminika kuwa ndogo.
Other recommendations include influenza vaccination once a year, pneumococcal vaccination once every five years, and reduction in exposure to environmental air pollution.	Mapendekezo mengine ni: chanjo ya influenza mara moja kwa mwaka, chanjo ya numokokasi mara moja kila baada ya miaka 5, na kupunguza kutangamana na uchafuzi wa hewa wa kimazingira.
There are many misconceptions about HIV and AIDS.	Kuna aina nyingi za dhana potovu kuhusu VVU na UKIMWI.
The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance.	Ubora wa matibabu hutegemea pakubwa maafikiano.
After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood.	Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha kugawanyika kwa virusi, hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni.
Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty.	Kifua Kikuu ni uhusiano wa karibu na wote msongamano na utapiamlo, na kuifanya moja ya magonjwa makuu ya umaskini.
An acute exacerbation (a sudden worsening of symptoms) is commonly triggered by infection or environmental pollutants, or sometimes by other factors such as improper use of medications.	Maumivu makali (kuzidiwa ghafla na dalili) mara nyingi huchochewa na maambukizi au vichafuzi vya kimazingira au wakati mwingine na visababishi vingine kama vile kutumia matibabu vibaya.
In this group of people, it decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day and may improve people's ability to exercise.	Katika kundi hili la watu, hupunguza hatari ya moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi na kifo iwapo ikitumia saa 15 kwa siku na inaweza kuongeza uwezo wa watu kufanya mazoezi.
The risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts.	Hatari ya kuambukizwa kutokana na ngono ya kinyeo (ulawiti) iko juu sana, ikikadiriwa kuwa 1.4 – 1.7% kwa kila kitendo (katika ngono ya watu wa jinsia moja na tofauti pia).
HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms.	VVU hutambuliwa kupitia uchunguzi wa kimaabara kisha kuainishwa kiawamu kwa msingi wa uwepo wa dalili au ishara fulani.
This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.	Hali hii hutokea hasa iwapo ongezeko kubwa la vifo vya watu wazima litapelekea kubadilika kwa wajibu wa kuwatunza mayatima hawa kutoka kwa familia hadi kwa serikali.
HIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries.	VVU/UKIMWI huathiri uchumi wa watu na nchi.
During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8+ T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although apoptosis may also be a factor.	Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa seli za T angamizi huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4+ T, ingawa apoptosi pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii.
It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.	Inadhaniwa kuwa maambukizi kadhaa ya virusi hivyo kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine katika mfululizo wa haraka huhitajika ili vipate wakati unaotosha kubadilika na kuwa VVU.
These populations include people who are:	Sumu nyingine zinazoweza kusababisha homa ya ini:
This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.	Matumizi hayo ya ziada pia hupelekea kiwango kidogo zaidi cha mapato ya kutumia katika elimu au uwekezaji wa kibinafsi au wa kifamilia.
The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.	Matukio ya kwanza yalikuwa katika kikundi kidogo cha waraibu wa dawa za kudungia na wanaume shoga wasiokuwa na visababishi bayana vya udhaifu wa kingamwili na walioonyesha dalili za numonia ya Pneumocystis carinii, maambukizi nyemelezi yanayotokea kwa nadra na maarufu katika watu wenye kingamwili dhaifu sana.
While steroids and LABAs may work better together, it is unclear if this slight benefit outweighs the increased risks.	Ingawa steroidi na LABAs zinaweza kufanya kazi vyema pamoja, si bayana ikiwa manufaa haya madogo yanazidi hatari zilizoongezeka.
Slightly over half the infected population are women and 2.1 million are children.	Zaidi ya nusu ni wanawake na milioni 2.6 ni watoto chini ya miaka 15.
Globally, as of 2010, COPD is estimated to result in economic costs of $2.1 trillion, half of which occurring in the developing world.	Ulimwenguni kote, Kufikia mwaka wa 2010, ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za pumzi umekadiriwa kusababisha gharama ya kiuchumi ya dola trilioni 2.1 ambayo nusu yake hutokea katika nchi zinazostawi.
COPD was among the most expensive conditions seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011, with a total cost of about $5.7 billion.	Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu ulikuwa mmoja wa ugonjwa wenye gharama ya juu sana katika hospitali za Marekani mwaka wa 2011, na jumla ya gharama ya takriban dola bilioni 5.7 ref name=Tor2013/>
M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants.	M. Canetti ni adimu sana na huonekana zaidi Eneo la Pembezoni mwa Afrika, ingawa kuna wagonjwa wachache kati ya wahamiaji wanaotoka Afrika.
Even cases that do get seen by a family doctor or a hospital are often misdiagnosed as one of the many common infectious diseases with overlapping symptoms.	Hata visa vinavyotambuliwa na daktari wa familia au katika hospitali mara nyingi hutambulika vibaya kama baadhi ya visababishi vingi vya magonjwa ambukizi yaliyo na dalili zinazoingiliana.
During the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV.	Katika miezi 2.5 ya kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa VVU, uwezo wa mtu kuambukiza ni mara 12 zaidi kwa sababu ya wingi wa virusi.
A number of industries and sources have been implicated, including high levels of dust in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry, occupations involving cadmium and isocyanates, and fumes from welding.	Viwanda na vyanzo kadhaa vimelaumiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na viwango vya juu vya vumbi katika uchimbaji makaa ya mawe, uchimbaji dhahabu, na viwanda vya nguo za pamba, kazi zinazohusisha kadimiamu na isosianati, na moshi wa kulehemu.
"The latter two species are classified as ""nontuberculous mycobacteria"" (NTM)."	"Hizi aina mbili za mwisho zinajulikana kama ""nontuberculous mycobacteria ""(NTM)."
In those who have had a recent exacerbation, pulmonary rehabilitation appears to improve the overall quality of life and the ability to exercise.	kwa wale ambao wamekuwa na maumivu zaidi hivi karibuni,kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida huonekana kuendeleza ubora wa maisha kwa jumla na uwezo wa kufanya mazoezi, na kupunguza vifo.
HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III).	VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III).
HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS.	VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI.
One of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was American tennis player Arthur Ashe.	Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vilivyotokana na ngono kati ya watu wa jinsia tofauti ni kile cha Arthur Ashe, mchezaji tenisi Mmarekani.
It is believed that only 5–50% of those infected in the United States and Canada are aware of their status.	Watu wachache, kama asilimia 5-50 walioambukizwa nchini Marekani na Canada, wanafahamu hali yao.
In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.	Mnamo 1983, vikundi viwili tofauti vya watafiti vilivyoongozwa na Robert Gallo na Luc Montagnier bila kutegemeana vilitangaza kuwa retrovirusi mpya ilikuwa ikiwaambukiza wagonjwa wa UKIMWI, hivyo wakachapisha matokeo yao katika jarida la Science.
A chest X-ray and complete blood count may be useful to exclude other conditions at the time of diagnosis.	Eksirei ya kifua na kipimo kamili cha damu vinaweza kuwa muhimu katika kutenga magonjwa mengine wakati wa utambuzi.
It contains living bacteria, and thus can spread the infection.	Ni aina ya bakteria hai, na hivyo inaweza kueneza maambukizi.
"The term ""chronic bronchitis"" came into use in 1808 while the term ""COPD"" is believed to have first been used in 1965."	Jina bronkitisi sugu lilianza kutumika mwaka wa 1808 ilhali jina ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa huaminika kutumika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1965.
To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments.	Kuhamasisha ugunduzi zaidi, watafiti na watunga sera ni kukuza mpya mifano ya kiuchumi ya maendeleo ya chanjo, ikiwa ni pamoja na zawadi, motisha ya kodi, na ahadi mapema Soko .
HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic.	VVU/UKIMWI ni janga la kimataifa.
Gallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in shape to other human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate.	Gallo alidai kuwa virusi vilivyokuwa vimetambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kikundi chake kilikuwa sawa katika umbo na virusi vya binadamu vya limfotrophia-T. Kikundi cha Gallo kiliviita virusi hivi HTLV-III.
Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.	Kifua kikuu kwa kawaida kinaathiri mapafu, lakini pia kinaweza kuathiri sehemu nyingine za mwili.
In some countries, mortality has decreased in men but increased in women.	Katika nchi zingine, vifo zimepungua kwa wanaume na kuongezeka kwa wananwake.
Working in agriculture is also a risk.	Kufanya kazi ya kilimo pia ni hatari.
Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year.	Takribani theluthi moja ya idadi ya watu duniani imekuwa kuambukizwa na M. kifua kikuu, na maambukizi mapya ya kutokea kwa kiwango cha moja kwa pili kwa kiwango cha kimataifa.
Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for surveillance purposes: the WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease, and the CDC classification system for HIV infection.	Mifumo miwili mikuu ya uainishaji hutumika kuainisha VVU na magonjwa husika kwa ajili ya uchunguzi: mfumo wa uainishaji wa magonjwa wa Shirika la Afya Duniani, na mfumo wa VKM wa uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU.
In COPD, breathing out may take longer than breathing in.	Katika ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, inaweza kuchukua muda mrefu zaidi kutoa pumzi kuliko kuivuta.
The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are opportunistic infections and cancer, both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system.	Sababu kuu ya vifo vinavyotokana na VVU/UKIMWI ni Maambukizi nyemelezi na saratani ambayo mara nyingi hutokana na matatizo endelevu ya mfumo wa kingamwili.
Several new long-acting agents are under development.	Ajenti kadhaa za muda mrefu zinaendelea kutengenezwa.
At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the lymph nodes of the neck and physical weakness, two characteristic symptoms of AIDS.	Wakati huohuo, kikundi cha Montagnier kilitambua virusi kutoka kwa mgonjwa aliyekuwa na uvimbe wa tezi za limfu kwenye shingo na udhaifu wa mwili ambazo ni dalili mbili bainifu za UKIMWI.
Often, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality, bisexuality, promiscuity, prostitution, and intravenous drug use.	Mara nyingi, unyanyapaa wa UKIMWI huonyeshwa pamoja na unyanyapaa wa aina moja au nyingine, hasa unyanyapaa unaohusiana na ushoga, uasherati, ukahaba na kutumia dawa za kulevya.
Chronic lung disease is another significant risk factor.	uvimbe sugu ni sababu nyingine hatari ya ugonjwa.
Appropriate preventive measures reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.	Mikakati mwafaka ya kinga imepunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa 50% katika miaka 1992-1997.
Despite their differences, the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes.	Ingawa mifumo hii miwili ni tofauti, yote huwezesha ulinganishaji kwa ajili ya malengo ya kitakwimu.
If treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good: for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.	Matibabu huwa hayafaulu yanapoanzishwa yakiwa yamechelewa katika prognosi, kwa mfano, matibabu yakianzishwa kufuatia utambuzi katika kiwango cha UKIMWI, matarajio ya urefu wa maisha huwa miaka~10–40.
In 2011, there were approximately 730,000 hospitalizations in the United States for COPD.	Katika mwaka wa 2011, takriban watu 730,000 walilazwa hospitalini kutokana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.
In the general press the term GRID, which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined.	"Katika vyombo vikuu vya habari liliundwa neno ""GRID"" (lililosimamia ""gay-related immune deficiency"", yaani ""ukosefu wa kinga uliohusishwa na mashoga""."
Annual influenza vaccinations in those with COPD reduce exacerbations, hospitalizations and death.	Chanjo za influenza za mwaka kwa walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa hupunguza maumivu zaidi, kulazwa hospitalini na kifo.
Workplace exposure is believed to be the cause in 10–20% of cases.	Uhatarisho kazini unaaminika kuwa kisababishi katika asilimia 10-20 ya visa.
The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of higher smoking rates in the developing world, and an ageing population in many countries.	Idadi ya vifo imetabiriwa kuongezeka kutokana na viwango vya juu vya uvutaji na idadi ya watu wanaozeeka katika nchi nyingi.
Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of maternal antibodies.	Vipimo vya zindiko kwa watoto wa umri wa chini ya miezi 18 kwa kawaida huwa kasoro kwa sababu ya uwepo endelevu wa zindiko za mama.
It is estimated that 3% of all disability is related to COPD.	Inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 3 ya ulemavu wote inahusiana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.
Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful.	Jitihada katika Uingereza wamekuwa chini ya mafanikio.
Stage II: Mild symptoms, which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.	Awamu ya II: Dalili ndogo zinaweza kuhusisha kiwango cha chini cha kudhihirika kwa za tando za ute na maambukizi yanayorejea ya sehemu ya juu ya njia ya pumzi.
The first application of this idea in the United States was in 1955 by William Mosenthal, a surgeon at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.	Mtu wa kwanza kutumia wazo hili nchini Marekani alikuwa William Mosenthal, daktari katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Dartmouth-Hitchcock.
The relative contributions of these two factors vary between people.	Vinavyochangia visababishi hivi viwili hutofautiana kati ya watu.
South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5.9 million.	Afrika Kusini ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wenye VVU ulimwenguni kote, ikiwa ni watu milioni 5.9 .
It is located in Kenya's capital, Nairobi.	Ofisi za KEMRI ziko Mbagathi Road, Nairobi.
It is more virulent, more infective, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.	Virusi hivi vina sumu kali, vyenye kuambukiza, na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni.
Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program of exercise, disease management, and counseling, coordinated to benefit the individual.	Kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida ni programu ya mazoezi, udhibiti wa ugonjwa na ushauri, vilivyopangwa kumfaidi mtu binafsi.
By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.	Kufikia Septemba 1982, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilianza kuuita UKIMWI.
The conditions which govern the outbreak of epidemics include infected food supplies such as contaminated drinking water and the migration of populations of certain animals, such as rats or mosquitoes, which can act as disease vectors.	Sababu za kutokea kwa epidemiki ni pamoja na kupatikana kwa maji yasiyo safi (yenye vimelea ndani yake) na uhamiaji wa wanyama kama panya au mbu wanaoweza kubeba vimelea viambukizi.
The only available vaccine as of 2011 is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).	Chanjo tu sasa inapatikana kama ya 2011 ni bacillus Calmette– Guérin (BCG).
The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti.	"Mchangamano wa ""M. tuberculosis (MTBC) ni pamoja na bakteria nyingine nne zinazosababisha kifua kikuu {mycobacteria: ""M. bovis,"" ""M. africanum,"" ""M. canetti,"" pamoja na ""M."
Further trials of the RV 144 vaccine are ongoing.	Majaribio zaidi ya chanjo ya RV 144 yanaendelea.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 20% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.	Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilikadiria kuwa, mwaka wa 2008, 20% ya Wamarekani waliokuwa na VVU hawakujua hali yao.
They show promise in decreasing the rate of exacerbations, but do not appear to change a person's quality of life.	Roflumilast huonyesha ahadi katika kupunguza kiwango cha maumivu zaidi lakini haionekani kubadilisha ubora wa maisha.
The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002.	Idadi halisi ya wagonjwa wa kifua kikuu imekuwa ikipungua tangu mwaka 2006, na kesi mpya zimeshuka tangu mwaka 2002.
Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users.	Dhana tatu kuu ni kwamba UKIMWI unaweza kusambazwa kwa kumgusa mtu, kuwa ngono na bikira itatibu UKIMWI na kuwa VVU vinaweza tu kuambukiza mashoga na watumiaji wa madawa.
The terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema were formally defined in 1959 at the CIBA guest symposium and in 1962 at the American Thoracic Society Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards.	Majina bronkitisi sugu na emfisema yalifasiliwa mwaka wa 1959 katika kongamano la CIBA na katika mwaka wa 1962 katika mkutano wa kamati ya Shirika la Kifua la Marekani kuhusu viwango vya utambuzi.
In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths.	Katika Ulaya, viwango vya ugonjwa wa kifua kikuu ulianza kupanda katika miaka ya 1600 mapema kwa ngazi kilele katika miaka ya 1800, wakati unasababishwa karibu 25% ya vifo vyote.
Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL.	Udhibiti usio mwafaka huchukuliwa kuwa zaidi ya nakala 400/mL.
"It is commonly described as: ""my breathing requires effort,"" ""I feel out of breath,"" or ""I can't get enough air in."" Different terms, however, may be used in different cultures."	"Kwa kawaida watu hueleza tatizo hili kwa kusema: ""kupumua kwangu kunahitaji juhudi kuu,"" ""Najihisi nimekosa pumzi,"" au "" sipati pumzi za kutosha""."
A competing patent application by the CDC was dropped in 1990 after Chiron paid $1.9 million to the CDC and $337,500 to Bradley.	Maombi ya mashindano ya hataza na CDC ilikuwa imeshuka mwaka 1990 baada ya Chiron kulipa dola milioni 1,900,000 kwa CDC na dola 337,500 kwa Bradley.
Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative.	Ambapo upinzani isoniazidi ni ya juu, ethambutol inaweza kuongezwa kwa miezi minne iliyopita kama mbadala.

This mortality rate is expected to increase, as those infected by transfusion before HCV testing become apparent.

Matarajio ni kwamba kiwango hiki cha vifo itaongezeka wakati watu walioathirika kwa utoaji damu kabla ya kupimwa HCV kuwa wagonjwa na kufa.

When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly.

Wakati mmoja wa familia walikufa kutokana na hilo, wanachama wengine walioambukizwa bila kupoteza afya yao polepole.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers.

Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) imepata baadhi ya mafanikio mazoezi kuboresha tiba, na kupungua kwa idadi ndogo ya kesi.

Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the US population test positive.

Kifua Kikuu ni ya kawaida zaidi katika nchi zinazoendelea; kuhusu 80% ya idadi ya watu katika nchi nyingi za Asia na Afrika mtihani chanya katika vipimo tuberculin, wakati tu 5-10% ya mtihani Marekani idadi chanya.

This has resulted in improvements in the lung function of their populations.

Hii imepelekea kuboresha utendakazi wa mapafu wa watu wao.

In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires.

Katika nchi zinazoendelea, chanzo kikuu cha uchafuzi wa hewa ni kupikia au kuwasha moto mahali pasipo hewa ya kutosha.

By 1978, the prevalence of HIV-1 among homosexual male residents of New York City and San Francisco was estimated at 5%, suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected.

Kufikia mwaka 1978, maambukizi ya VVU-1 katika mashoga wenyeji wa New York na San Francisco yalikadiriwa kuwa 5%, kuonyesha kuwa maelfu ya watu nchini Marekani tayari walikuwa wameambukizwa.

These medications can be given either via a metered-dose inhaler with a spacer or via a nebulizer, with both appearing to be equally effective.

Dawa hizi zinaweza kutumika kupitia kifaa cha kutoa kiasi fulani cha tiba kwa mapafu na Spacer au kupitia kinebulishi na zote huonekana kufanya kazi vizuri.

Both types of agent appear to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations by 15–25%.

Aina zote mbili za ajenti huonekana kupunguza hatari za maumivu makali zaidi kwa asilimia 15-25.

In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB.

Kadri ya 15-20% ya madhara yanayoletwa na ugonjwa yanaletwa na maambukizi yanayoenea nje ya viungo vya kupumua, na husababisha aina nyingine ya kifua kikuu.

A number of measures have been taken to reduce the likelihood that workers in at-risk industries—such as coal mining, construction, and stonemasonry—will develop COPD.

Hatua kadhaa zimechukuliwa kupunguza uwezekano kuwa wafanyi kazi katika viwanda vyenye hatari—kama vile kuchimba makaa ya mawe,ujenzi na kuchonga mawe—watapata ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.

In the United States, costs of the disease are estimated at $50 billion, most of which is due to exacerbation.

Marekani, gharama za ugonjwa huu zinakadriwa kuwa dola bilioni 50 , ambazo nyingi ni kutokana na maumivu zaidi.

The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.

Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi.

Nebulization may be easier for those who are more unwell.

Kinebulishi kinaweza kuwa rahisi kwa walio wagonjwa zaidi.

Twelve countries had rates greater than 80%.

Nchi kumi na mbili zina zaidi ya asilimia 80.

The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved.

Kiwango cha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa wa kiutambuzi hutofautiana pakubwa katika watu mbalimbali na kimedhihirika kuathiriwa na vipengele kadhaa, kama vile uhatarisho na utendaji wa kingamwili; uwezo wa kufikia huduma ya afya na uwepo wa maambukizi pacha; pamoja na aina ya (au za) virusi husika.

Macrophages, epithelioid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages.

Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, na fibroblasts ni miongoni mwa seli zinazoungana kuunda limfu granulomas.

Evidence for using spirometry among those without symptoms in an effort to diagnose the condition earlier is of uncertain effect, so currently is not recommended.

Ushahidi wa kutumia upimaji wa pumzi kwa wasio na dalili katika kutambua ugonjwa mapema ni wa matokeo yasiyobayana na kwa hivyo kwa sasa haupendekezwi.

The overall effect in relation to smoking, however, is believed to be small.

Hata hivyo, athari ya kijumla ya uchafuzi huu ikilinganishwa na uvutaji inaaminika kuwa ndogo.

Other recommendations include influenza vaccination once a year, pneumococcal vaccination once every five years, and reduction in exposure to environmental air pollution.

Mapendekezo mengine ni: chanjo ya influenza mara moja kwa mwaka, chanjo ya numokokasi mara moja kila baada ya miaka 5, na kupunguza kutangamana na uchafuzi wa hewa wa kimazingira.

There are many misconceptions about HIV and AIDS.

Kuna aina nyingi za dhana potovu kuhusu VVU na UKIMWI.

The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance.

Ubora wa matibabu hutegemea pakubwa maafikiano.

After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood.

Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha kugawanyika kwa virusi, hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni.

Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty.

Kifua Kikuu ni uhusiano wa karibu na wote msongamano na utapiamlo, na kuifanya moja ya magonjwa makuu ya umaskini.

An acute exacerbation (a sudden worsening of symptoms) is commonly triggered by infection or environmental pollutants, or sometimes by other factors such as improper use of medications.

Maumivu makali (kuzidiwa ghafla na dalili) mara nyingi huchochewa na maambukizi au vichafuzi vya kimazingira au wakati mwingine na visababishi vingine kama vile kutumia matibabu vibaya.

In this group of people, it decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day and may improve people's ability to exercise.

Katika kundi hili la watu, hupunguza hatari ya moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi na kifo iwapo ikitumia saa 15 kwa siku na inaweza kuongeza uwezo wa watu kufanya mazoezi.

The risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts.

Hatari ya kuambukizwa kutokana na ngono ya kinyeo (ulawiti) iko juu sana, ikikadiriwa kuwa 1.4 – 1.7% kwa kila kitendo (katika ngono ya watu wa jinsia moja na tofauti pia).

HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms.

VVU hutambuliwa kupitia uchunguzi wa kimaabara kisha kuainishwa kiawamu kwa msingi wa uwepo wa dalili au ishara fulani.

This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility from the family to the government in caring for these orphans.

Hali hii hutokea hasa iwapo ongezeko kubwa la vifo vya watu wazima litapelekea kubadilika kwa wajibu wa kuwatunza mayatima hawa kutoka kwa familia hadi kwa serikali.

HIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries.

VVU/UKIMWI huathiri uchumi wa watu na nchi.

During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8+ T cells accounts for CD4+ T cell depletion, although apoptosis may also be a factor.

Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa seli za T angamizi huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4+ T, ingawa apoptosi pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii.

It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.

Inadhaniwa kuwa maambukizi kadhaa ya virusi hivyo kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine katika mfululizo wa haraka huhitajika ili vipate wakati unaotosha kubadilika na kuwa VVU.

These populations include people who are:

Sumu nyingine zinazoweza kusababisha homa ya ini:

This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment.

Matumizi hayo ya ziada pia hupelekea kiwango kidogo zaidi cha mapato ya kutumia katika elimu au uwekezaji wa kibinafsi au wa kifamilia.

The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.

Matukio ya kwanza yalikuwa katika kikundi kidogo cha waraibu wa dawa za kudungia na wanaume shoga wasiokuwa na visababishi bayana vya udhaifu wa kingamwili na walioonyesha dalili za numonia ya Pneumocystis carinii, maambukizi nyemelezi yanayotokea kwa nadra na maarufu katika watu wenye kingamwili dhaifu sana.

While steroids and LABAs may work better together, it is unclear if this slight benefit outweighs the increased risks.

Ingawa steroidi na LABAs zinaweza kufanya kazi vyema pamoja, si bayana ikiwa manufaa haya madogo yanazidi hatari zilizoongezeka.

Slightly over half the infected population are women and 2.1 million are children.

Zaidi ya nusu ni wanawake na milioni 2.6 ni watoto chini ya miaka 15.

Globally, as of 2010, COPD is estimated to result in economic costs of $2.1 trillion, half of which occurring in the developing world.

Ulimwenguni kote, Kufikia mwaka wa 2010, ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za pumzi umekadiriwa kusababisha gharama ya kiuchumi ya dola trilioni 2.1 ambayo nusu yake hutokea katika nchi zinazostawi.

COPD was among the most expensive conditions seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011, with a total cost of about $5.7 billion.

Ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa mapafu ulikuwa mmoja wa ugonjwa wenye gharama ya juu sana katika hospitali za Marekani mwaka wa 2011, na jumla ya gharama ya takriban dola bilioni 5.7 ref name=Tor2013/>

M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants.

M. Canetti ni adimu sana na huonekana zaidi Eneo la Pembezoni mwa Afrika, ingawa kuna wagonjwa wachache kati ya wahamiaji wanaotoka Afrika.

Even cases that do get seen by a family doctor or a hospital are often misdiagnosed as one of the many common infectious diseases with overlapping symptoms.

Hata visa vinavyotambuliwa na daktari wa familia au katika hospitali mara nyingi hutambulika vibaya kama baadhi ya visababishi vingi vya magonjwa ambukizi yaliyo na dalili zinazoingiliana.

During the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV.

Katika miezi 2.5 ya kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa VVU, uwezo wa mtu kuambukiza ni mara 12 zaidi kwa sababu ya wingi wa virusi.

A number of industries and sources have been implicated, including high levels of dust in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry, occupations involving cadmium and isocyanates, and fumes from welding.

Viwanda na vyanzo kadhaa vimelaumiwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na viwango vya juu vya vumbi katika uchimbaji makaa ya mawe, uchimbaji dhahabu, na viwanda vya nguo za pamba, kazi zinazohusisha kadimiamu na isosianati, na moshi wa kulehemu.

"The latter two species are classified as ""nontuberculous mycobacteria"" (NTM)."

"Hizi aina mbili za mwisho zinajulikana kama ""nontuberculous mycobacteria ""(NTM)."

In those who have had a recent exacerbation, pulmonary rehabilitation appears to improve the overall quality of life and the ability to exercise.

kwa wale ambao wamekuwa na maumivu zaidi hivi karibuni,kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida huonekana kuendeleza ubora wa maisha kwa jumla na uwezo wa kufanya mazoezi, na kupunguza vifo.

HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III).

VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III).

HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS.

VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI.

One of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was American tennis player Arthur Ashe.

Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vilivyotokana na ngono kati ya watu wa jinsia tofauti ni kile cha Arthur Ashe, mchezaji tenisi Mmarekani.

It is believed that only 5–50% of those infected in the United States and Canada are aware of their status.

Watu wachache, kama asilimia 5-50 walioambukizwa nchini Marekani na Canada, wanafahamu hali yao.

In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.

Mnamo 1983, vikundi viwili tofauti vya watafiti vilivyoongozwa na Robert Gallo na Luc Montagnier bila kutegemeana vilitangaza kuwa retrovirusi mpya ilikuwa ikiwaambukiza wagonjwa wa UKIMWI, hivyo wakachapisha matokeo yao katika jarida la Science.

A chest X-ray and complete blood count may be useful to exclude other conditions at the time of diagnosis.

Eksirei ya kifua na kipimo kamili cha damu vinaweza kuwa muhimu katika kutenga magonjwa mengine wakati wa utambuzi.

It contains living bacteria, and thus can spread the infection.

Ni aina ya bakteria hai, na hivyo inaweza kueneza maambukizi.

"The term ""chronic bronchitis"" came into use in 1808 while the term ""COPD"" is believed to have first been used in 1965."

Jina bronkitisi sugu lilianza kutumika mwaka wa 1808 ilhali jina ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa huaminika kutumika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1965.

To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments.

Kuhamasisha ugunduzi zaidi, watafiti na watunga sera ni kukuza mpya mifano ya kiuchumi ya maendeleo ya chanjo, ikiwa ni pamoja na zawadi, motisha ya kodi, na ahadi mapema Soko .

HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic.

VVU/UKIMWI ni janga la kimataifa.

Gallo claimed a virus which his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in shape to other human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) that his group had been the first to isolate.

Gallo alidai kuwa virusi vilivyokuwa vimetambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kikundi chake kilikuwa sawa katika umbo na virusi vya binadamu vya limfotrophia-T. Kikundi cha Gallo kiliviita virusi hivi HTLV-III.

Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.

Kifua kikuu kwa kawaida kinaathiri mapafu, lakini pia kinaweza kuathiri sehemu nyingine za mwili.

In some countries, mortality has decreased in men but increased in women.

Katika nchi zingine, vifo zimepungua kwa wanaume na kuongezeka kwa wananwake.

Working in agriculture is also a risk.

Kufanya kazi ya kilimo pia ni hatari.

Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year.

Takribani theluthi moja ya idadi ya watu duniani imekuwa kuambukizwa na M. kifua kikuu, na maambukizi mapya ya kutokea kwa kiwango cha moja kwa pili kwa kiwango cha kimataifa.

Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for surveillance purposes: the WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease, and the CDC classification system for HIV infection.

Mifumo miwili mikuu ya uainishaji hutumika kuainisha VVU na magonjwa husika kwa ajili ya uchunguzi: mfumo wa uainishaji wa magonjwa wa Shirika la Afya Duniani, na mfumo wa VKM wa uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU.

In COPD, breathing out may take longer than breathing in.

Katika ugonjwa sugu wa mapafu yaliyofungana, inaweza kuchukua muda mrefu zaidi kutoa pumzi kuliko kuivuta.

The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are opportunistic infections and cancer, both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system.

Sababu kuu ya vifo vinavyotokana na VVU/UKIMWI ni Maambukizi nyemelezi na saratani ambayo mara nyingi hutokana na matatizo endelevu ya mfumo wa kingamwili.

Several new long-acting agents are under development.

Ajenti kadhaa za muda mrefu zinaendelea kutengenezwa.

At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the lymph nodes of the neck and physical weakness, two characteristic symptoms of AIDS.

Wakati huohuo, kikundi cha Montagnier kilitambua virusi kutoka kwa mgonjwa aliyekuwa na uvimbe wa tezi za limfu kwenye shingo na udhaifu wa mwili ambazo ni dalili mbili bainifu za UKIMWI.

Often, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality, bisexuality, promiscuity, prostitution, and intravenous drug use.

Mara nyingi, unyanyapaa wa UKIMWI huonyeshwa pamoja na unyanyapaa wa aina moja au nyingine, hasa unyanyapaa unaohusiana na ushoga, uasherati, ukahaba na kutumia dawa za kulevya.

Chronic lung disease is another significant risk factor.

uvimbe sugu ni sababu nyingine hatari ya ugonjwa.

Appropriate preventive measures reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997.

Mikakati mwafaka ya kinga imepunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa 50% katika miaka 1992-1997.

Despite their differences, the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes.

Ingawa mifumo hii miwili ni tofauti, yote huwezesha ulinganishaji kwa ajili ya malengo ya kitakwimu.

If treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good: for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.

Matibabu huwa hayafaulu yanapoanzishwa yakiwa yamechelewa katika prognosi, kwa mfano, matibabu yakianzishwa kufuatia utambuzi katika kiwango cha UKIMWI, matarajio ya urefu wa maisha huwa miaka~10–40.

In 2011, there were approximately 730,000 hospitalizations in the United States for COPD.

Katika mwaka wa 2011, takriban watu 730,000 walilazwa hospitalini kutokana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.

In the general press the term GRID, which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined.

"Katika vyombo vikuu vya habari liliundwa neno ""GRID"" (lililosimamia ""gay-related immune deficiency"", yaani ""ukosefu wa kinga uliohusishwa na mashoga""."

Annual influenza vaccinations in those with COPD reduce exacerbations, hospitalizations and death.

Chanjo za influenza za mwaka kwa walio na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa hupunguza maumivu zaidi, kulazwa hospitalini na kifo.

Workplace exposure is believed to be the cause in 10–20% of cases.

Uhatarisho kazini unaaminika kuwa kisababishi katika asilimia 10-20 ya visa.

The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of higher smoking rates in the developing world, and an ageing population in many countries.

Idadi ya vifo imetabiriwa kuongezeka kutokana na viwango vya juu vya uvutaji na idadi ya watu wanaozeeka katika nchi nyingi.

Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of maternal antibodies.

Vipimo vya zindiko kwa watoto wa umri wa chini ya miezi 18 kwa kawaida huwa kasoro kwa sababu ya uwepo endelevu wa zindiko za mama.

It is estimated that 3% of all disability is related to COPD.

Inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 3 ya ulemavu wote inahusiana na ugonjwa sugu wa kufungana kwa njia za hewa.

Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful.

Jitihada katika Uingereza wamekuwa chini ya mafanikio.

Stage II: Mild symptoms, which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.

Awamu ya II: Dalili ndogo zinaweza kuhusisha kiwango cha chini cha kudhihirika kwa za tando za ute na maambukizi yanayorejea ya sehemu ya juu ya njia ya pumzi.

The first application of this idea in the United States was in 1955 by William Mosenthal, a surgeon at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.

Mtu wa kwanza kutumia wazo hili nchini Marekani alikuwa William Mosenthal, daktari katika Kituo cha Matibabu cha Dartmouth-Hitchcock.

The relative contributions of these two factors vary between people.

Vinavyochangia visababishi hivi viwili hutofautiana kati ya watu.

South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5.9 million.

Afrika Kusini ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wenye VVU ulimwenguni kote, ikiwa ni watu milioni 5.9 .

It is located in Kenya's capital, Nairobi.

Ofisi za KEMRI ziko Mbagathi Road, Nairobi.

It is more virulent, more infective, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally.

Virusi hivi vina sumu kali, vyenye kuambukiza, na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program of exercise, disease management, and counseling, coordinated to benefit the individual.

Kurudisha mapafu katika hali ya kawaida ni programu ya mazoezi, udhibiti wa ugonjwa na ushauri, vilivyopangwa kumfaidi mtu binafsi.

By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.

Kufikia Septemba 1982, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilianza kuuita UKIMWI.

The conditions which govern the outbreak of epidemics include infected food supplies such as contaminated drinking water and the migration of populations of certain animals, such as rats or mosquitoes, which can act as disease vectors.

Sababu za kutokea kwa epidemiki ni pamoja na kupatikana kwa maji yasiyo safi (yenye vimelea ndani yake) na uhamiaji wa wanyama kama panya au mbu wanaoweza kubeba vimelea viambukizi.

The only available vaccine as of 2011 is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

Chanjo tu sasa inapatikana kama ya 2011 ni bacillus Calmette– Guérin (BCG).

The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti.

"Mchangamano wa ""M. tuberculosis (MTBC) ni pamoja na bakteria nyingine nne zinazosababisha kifua kikuu {mycobacteria: ""M. bovis,"" ""M. africanum,"" ""M. canetti,"" pamoja na ""M."

Further trials of the RV 144 vaccine are ongoing.

Majaribio zaidi ya chanjo ya RV 144 yanaendelea.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 20% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.

Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilikadiria kuwa, mwaka wa 2008, 20% ya Wamarekani waliokuwa na VVU hawakujua hali yao.

They show promise in decreasing the rate of exacerbations, but do not appear to change a person's quality of life.

Roflumilast huonyesha ahadi katika kupunguza kiwango cha maumivu zaidi lakini haionekani kubadilisha ubora wa maisha.

The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002.

Idadi halisi ya wagonjwa wa kifua kikuu imekuwa ikipungua tangu mwaka 2006, na kesi mpya zimeshuka tangu mwaka 2002.

Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users.

Dhana tatu kuu ni kwamba UKIMWI unaweza kusambazwa kwa kumgusa mtu, kuwa ngono na bikira itatibu UKIMWI na kuwa VVU vinaweza tu kuambukiza mashoga na watumiaji wa madawa.

The terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema were formally defined in 1959 at the CIBA guest symposium and in 1962 at the American Thoracic Society Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards.

Majina bronkitisi sugu na emfisema yalifasiliwa mwaka wa 1959 katika kongamano la CIBA na katika mwaka wa 1962 katika mkutano wa kamati ya Shirika la Kifua la Marekani kuhusu viwango vya utambuzi.

In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths.

Katika Ulaya, viwango vya ugonjwa wa kifua kikuu ulianza kupanda katika miaka ya 1600 mapema kwa ngazi kilele katika miaka ya 1800, wakati unasababishwa karibu 25% ya vifo vyote.

Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL.

Udhibiti usio mwafaka huchukuliwa kuwa zaidi ya nakala 400/mL.

"It is commonly described as: ""my breathing requires effort,"" ""I feel out of breath,"" or ""I can't get enough air in."" Different terms, however, may be used in different cultures."

"Kwa kawaida watu hueleza tatizo hili kwa kusema: ""kupumua kwangu kunahitaji juhudi kuu,"" ""Najihisi nimekosa pumzi,"" au "" sipati pumzi za kutosha""."

A competing patent application by the CDC was dropped in 1990 after Chiron paid $1.9 million to the CDC and $337,500 to Bradley.

Maombi ya mashindano ya hataza na CDC ilikuwa imeshuka mwaka 1990 baada ya Chiron kulipa dola milioni 1,900,000 kwa CDC na dola 337,500 kwa Bradley.

Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative.

Ambapo upinzani isoniazidi ni ya juu, ethambutol inaweza kuongezwa kwa miezi minne iliyopita kama mbadala.