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Article stringclasses 29 values	Section stringlengths 4 226	Revision Id int64 149k 1.29B	Timestamp stringlengths 20 25	Author stringlengths 2 39	Previous Section Text stringlengths 3 27.1k ⌀	Edited Section Text stringlengths 3 24.2k ⌀	Gold Labels stringclasses 209 values
Context-free grammar	Example 1	148,665	2002-08-10T11:08:47Z	Jan Hidders	null	A simple context-free grammar is :S <tt>-></tt> aSb \| ε where \| is used to separate different options for the same nonteminal and ε stands for the empty string. This grammar generates the language {a<sup>n</sup>b<sup>n</sup> : n ≥ 0} which is not [[regular language\|regular]].	[1, 4, 9, 10]
Hypnosis	(Top)	258,324	2002-01-10T18:40:35Z	Sodium	The American Psychological Association Division of Psychological Hypnosis begins its definition of '''hypnosis''' "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or subject experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior." Any definition is necessarily...	The American Psychological Association Division of Psychological Hypnosis begins its definition of '''hypnosis''' "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or subject experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior." Any definition is necessarily...	[2]
Human cloning	limits of cloning	573,273	2003-01-09T05:04:34Z	142.177.78.132	null	First, none of these techniques provide ''exact'' clones - they would be 99.7% identical to the DNA donor, because some important genes--which are present outside the nucleus, in [[mitochondrion\|mitochondria]]--come from the donor egg-cell. How much change this would lead to in the clone is being investigated, but it c...	[1, 4, 9, 10]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	608,254	2002-06-13T15:22:13Z	Manning Bartlett	null	The '''Circadian rhythm''' is name given to the "internal body clock" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. Humans have been aware of these cycles since pre-history, as an understanding of these ryhthms was essential to early hunters. The formal study of t...	[1, 4, 9, 10]
Circadian rhythm	External link	658,196	2003-01-22T13:18:01Z	Olivier	null	*The University of [[Virginia]] offers an excellent [http://www.cbt.virginia.edu/tutorial/TUTORIALMAIN.html onlne tutorial] in this subject.	[1, 11]
Genetic engineering	See also:	944,393	2003-05-21T00:33:17Z	Anthere	* [[Cell biochemistry]] * [[Cloning]] * [[Engineer]] * [[Gattaca]] * [[Gene therapy]] * [[Genetic modification]] * [[Genetically modified food]] * [[Genetically modified organism]] * [[Genome]] * [[Human Genome Project]] * [[Protein engineering]] * [[Proteomics]]	* [[Cell biochemistry]] * [[Cloning]] * [[Engineer]] * [[Gattaca]] * [[Gene therapy]] * [[Genetically modified food]] * [[Genetically modified organism]] * [[Genome]] * [[Human Genome Project]] * [[Protein engineering]] * [[Proteomics]]	[11]
Circadian rhythm	External link	1,752,787	2003-11-16T09:40:25Z	Denelson83	*The University of [[Virginia]] offers an excellent [http://www.cbt.virginia.edu/tutorial/TUTORIALMAIN.html online tutorial] on this subject.	*The University of [[Virginia]] offers an excellent [http://www.cbt.virginia.edu/tutorial/TUTORIALMAIN.html online tutorial] on this subject. (404)	[11]
Trie	(Top)	1,971,036	2003-11-30T20:06:37Z	Dcoetzee	A '''trie''' is a [[tree data structure]] that is used for searching a key/value map. With a trie, the keys are restricted to strings whose alphabet has limited cardinality (e.g. the [[English alphabet]]). Each node has at most N+1 children (where N is the cardinality of the alphabet), and all of the children of that n...	In [[computer science]], a '''trie''' (confusingly pronounced "tree") is an [[ordered tree data structure\|ordered tree]] [[data structure]] that is used to store an [[associative array]] where the keys are [[string]]s. Unlike a [[binary search tree]], no node in the tree stores the key associated with that node; instea...	[1, 3, 4, 9]
Alzheimer's disease	Etiology	2,400,383	2004-02-15T12:09:51Z	TonyClarke	Associated neuropathologic changes include loss of brain tissue cells (with a typical upward progression through [[memory]] centers such as the [[entorhinal cortex]] and the [[hippocampus]]) and collection of specific inclusions such as neurofibrillary ("tau") tangles and senile plaques. It is not yet certain whether t...	Associated neuropathologic changes include loss of brain tissue cells (with a typical upward progression through [[memory]] centers such as the [[entorhinal cortex]] and the [[hippocampus]]) and collection of specific inclusions such as neurofibrillary ("tau") tangles and senile plaques. It is not yet certain whether t...	[1, 2]
Meditation	Specific Traditions	2,455,196	2004-02-20T11:03:46Z	Luis Dantas	null	* [[Theravada]] Buddhist practice involves both Samadhi and Vipassana, as well as the developing of "loving kindness" (Metta). * [[Zen Buddhism]] practices [[Zazen]], similar to Vipassana. * Most Abrahamic traditions practice forms of meditation that use their God, Saints and/or Prophets as concentration focus * Some ...	[1, 9, 4]
Context-free grammar	Example 4	2,596,452	2004-03-02T12:01:21Z	203.200.2.61	Another interesting example for a context-free grammar is the grammar governing a class of Tamil language Poetry called Venpa. Please read our Technical Paper on the subject from http://infitt.org/ti2003/papers/19_raman.pdf	Another interesting example for a context-free grammar is the grammar governing a class of Tamil language Poetry called Venpa. Please read our Technical Paper entitled ''Context Free Grammar for Natural Language Constructs - An implementation for Venpa Class of Tamil Poetry'' on the subject from http://infitt.org/ti20...	[5]
Human brain	Study of the brain	3,376,755	2004-04-29T00:41:35Z	172.197.86.214	During many past millennia, the function of the brain was unknown. Ancient Egyptians threw the brain away prior to the process of [[mummification]]. Ancient thinkers such as [[Aristotle]] imagined that mental activity took place in the [[heart]]. The [[Alexandria]]n biologists [[Herophilus]] and [[Erasistratus]] wer...	Though folklore about the dormant 90 percent of the human brain has proven unfounded, researchers until the [[1990s\|mid 1990s]] focused on only a small portion of the brain in efforts to understand its computational capacity. Grey matter, the thin layer of cells covering the cerebrum, was believed by most scholars to...	[1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 4]
Human cloning	The current law on human cloning	3,999,167	2004-06-04T12:59:36Z	Paranoid	In 1998, 2001, and 2003 the US [[United States House of Representatives\|House of Representatives]] voted to ban all human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic. Each time, divisions in the Senate over therapetic cloning prevented either competing proposal (a ban on both forms or reproductive cloning only) from pas...	In 1998, 2001, and 2003 the US [[United States House of Representatives\|House of Representatives]] voted to ban all human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic. Each time, divisions in the Senate over therapetic cloning prevented either competing proposal (a ban on both forms or reproductive cloning only) from pas...	[1, 5, 9]
Prion	Structural Features of Prion Proteins	4,319,010	2004-06-27T22:44:52Z	169.230.8.155	null	A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins, conducted primarily by the research groups of [[Susan Lindquist]] and [[Jonathan S. Weissman.]] All known yeast prion proteins contain regions that rich in the amino acids glutamine ...	[1, 4, 5, 9]
Methamphetamine	(Top)	4,775,632	2004-07-22T01:18:12Z	Eequor	'''Methamphetamine''' ("'''crystal meth'''") is a synthetic [[stimulant]] [[drug]] which induces a strong feeling of [[euphoria]] and is highly [[addiction\|addictive]]. Pure methamphetamine is a colorless [[crystalline]] solid, sold on the streets as ''glass'', ''ice'', or ''crystal''. It is also sold as less pure crys...	'''Methamphetamine''' ("'''crystal meth'''") is a synthetic [[stimulant]] [[drug]] which induces a strong feeling of [[euphoria]] and is highly [[addiction\|addictive]]. Pure methamphetamine is a colorless [[crystalline]] solid, sold on the streets as ''glass'', ''ice'', or ''crystal''. It is also sold as less pure crys...	[1, 9, 10, 4]
Asperger syndrome	A gift and a curse	5,815,404	2004-09-12T00:06:27Z	ScudLee	Recently, some researchers have speculated that many well-known people including [[Glenn Gould]], [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Isaac Newton]] had AS, as they showed some Asperger's related tendencies (such as intense interest in one subject and social problems); such diagnoses remain controversial, howev...	Recently, some researchers have speculated that many well-known people including [[Glenn Gould]], [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Isaac Newton]] had AS, as they showed some Asperger's related tendencies (such as intense interest in one subject and social problems); such diagnoses remain controversial, howev...	[4]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	6,701,639	2004-09-26T16:39:23Z	JTN	The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal body clock" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day"). Humans have ...	The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day"). Humans...	[9]
Code injection	External links	7,636,651	2004-10-13T19:41:22Z	62.134.121.173	null	Article "[http://www.codeproject.com/threads/winspy.asp Three Ways to Inject Your Code into Another Process]" by [[Robert Kuster]] Article "[http://codebreakers-journal.com/viewarticle.php?id=36 Unpacking by Code Injection]" by [[Eduardo Labir]] *Article "[http://www.technicalinfo.net/papers/CSS.html HTML Code Inject...	[1, 4, 5, 9]
Prion	Classification	7,671,425	2004-11-12T05:42:49Z	203.114.131.19	<table border="1"> <tr bgcolor="lightblue"> <th colspan="4">[[Mammal]]ian prions, agents of spongiform encephalopathies</th> </tr><tr> <th>Disease name</th> <th>Natural host</th> <th>Prion name</th> <th>PrP isoform</th> </tr><tr> <td>[[Scrapie]]</td><td>[[Sheep]] and [[goat]]s</td><td>Scrapie prion</td><td>OvPrP<sup>S...	<table border="1"> <tr bgcolor="lightblue"> <th colspan="4">[[Mammal]]ian prions, agents of spongiform encephalopathies</th> </tr><tr> <th>Disease name</th> <th>Natural host</th> <th>Prion name</th> <th>PrP isoform</th> </tr><tr> <td>[[Scrapie]]</td><td>[[Sheep]] and [[goat]]s</td><td>Scrapie prion</td><td>OvPrP<sup>S...	[11]
Genetic engineering	Ethics	8,062,427	2004-12-02T07:24:56Z	67.38.162.238	Proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is not harmful, and that it is necessary in order to maintain [[food]] production that will continue to match population growth. However, others argue that food distribution, not production, is the problem, citing that the population growth is actually a resul...	Proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is safe, and that it is necessary in order to maintain [[food]] production that will continue to match population growth. However, others argue that food distribution, not production, is the biggest problem, citing that the population growth is actually a resu...	[1, 2, 3, 6]
Dream	Lucid dreaming	8,144,234	2004-12-04T17:48:12Z	Conti	{{cleanup}} Lucid dreaming researchers often define lucid dreaming as simply "being aware in a dream that one is dreaming". Many others define a lucid dream as a dream in which the dreamer has full awareness that the situation he is in is a construct of his mind, and thus can analyse the situation logically and react...	:''Main article: [[Lucid dreaming]]'' Lucid dreaming researchers often define lucid dreaming as simply "being aware in a dream that one is dreaming". Many others define a lucid dream as a dream in which the dreamer has full [[awareness]] that the situation he is in is a construct of his mind, and thus can analyse the ...	[9]
Gene therapy	Types of gene therapy	8,382,446	2004-12-13T03:01:22Z	67.68.4.153	In theory it isn't possible to transform either [[somatic cell]]s (most cells of the body) or cells of the [[germline]] (such as [[stem cell]]s, [[sperm]] and [[Ovum\|egg]]s). All gene therapy so far in people has been directed at somatic cells, whereas germline engineering in humans remains only a highly controversial ...	In theory it is possible to transform either [[somatic cell]]s (most cells of the body) or cells of the [[germline]] (such as [[stem cell]]s, [[sperm]] and [[Ovum\|egg]]s). All gene therapy so far in people has been directed at somatic cells, whereas germline engineering in humans remains only a highly controversial pro...	[3]
Stem cell	Ethical implications	8,909,545	2004-12-29T03:04:39Z	Nectarflowed	Some [[ethicist]]s, [[philosopher]]s, [[theologian]]s and [[clergy]] are very concerned with the ethical implications of embryonic stem cell research. In the U.S. many [[ Fundamentalism \| Fundamentalist ]] and [[Catholicism\|Catholic]] [[Christianity\|Christian]] groups have come out strongly against embryonic stem cell ...	Some [[ethicist]]s, [[philosopher]]s, [[theologian]]s and [[clergy]] are very concerned with the ethical implications of embryonic stem cell research. In the U.S. many [[ Fundamentalism \| Fundamentalist ]] and [[Catholicism\|Catholic]] [[Christianity\|Christian]] groups have come out strongly against embryonic stem cell ...	[1, 2, 4, 5, 9]
Stem cell	Embryonic stem cells	9,029,657	2005-01-02T01:26:16Z	Nectarflowed	Stem cells which derived from the inner mass cells of a blastocyst (future [[embryo]]) have pluripotent properties—they are able to grow into any of the 200 cell types in the body. Embryonic stem cells can be obtained from a cloned embryo, created by fusing a denucleated [[egg cell]] with a patient's cell. The ...	Stem cells which derived from the inner mass cells of a blastocyst (future [[embryo]]) have pluripotent properties—they are able to grow into any of the 200 cell types in the body. Embryonic stem cells can be obtained from a cloned embryo, created by fusing a denucleated [[egg cell]] with a patient's cell. The ...	[1, 3, 4, 5, 9]
Genetic engineering	External links	9,059,806	2004-12-07T10:29:38Z	LiDaobing	[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/gmplants/ Debate on the genetic modification of plants] [http://www.nanoaging.com/modules.php?name=News&new_topic=5 News about Genomics] [[da:Gensplejsning]] [[de:Gentechnologie]] [[eo:Gentekniko]] [[nl:Genetische manipulatie]] [[es:ingeniería genética]] [[pl:Inżynieria genetyczna]] [...	[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/gmplants/ Debate on the genetic modification of plants] [http://www.nanoaging.com/modules.php?name=News&new_topic=5 News about Genomics] [[da:Gensplejsning]] [[de:Gentechnologie]] [[eo:Gentekniko]] [[nl:Genetische manipulatie]] [[es:ingeniería genética]] [[pl:Inżynieria genetyczna]] [...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	9,553,788	2005-01-16T03:13:47Z	Murtasa	The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day"). Humans...	The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day"). Humans...	[11]
Human cloning	References	10,101,737	2005-02-09T17:05:29Z	Ceyockey	* Hwang WS, et al. Evidence of a Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derived from a Cloned Blastocyst. ''Science''. 2004 Feb 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14963337&dopt=Abstract]	* Hwang WS, et al. Evidence of a Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derived from a Cloned Blastocyst. ''Science''. 2004 Feb 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14963337&dopt=Abstract] {{fnb\|1}} Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (UK) (August 11, 2004). '...	[1, 4]
Methamphetamine	Cons	11,557,216	2005-03-26T23:55:34Z	212.55.212.99	* Causes severe [[psychological addiction]] * Causes [[depression]] * Decreased thinking & brain activity {long-term} * Causes severe tooth decay when smoked or snorted * Damages the [[immune system]], making the user prone to infections * Death	* Causes severe [[psychological addiction]] * Causes [[depression]] * Decreased thinking & brain activity {long-term} * Causes severe tooth decay when smoked or snorted * Damages the [[brain]], it is [[Neurotoxicity\|neurotoxic]] * Damages the [[immune system]], making the user prone to infections * Death	[1, 9, 4]
K-d tree	(Top)	11,751,540	2005-04-01T01:13:39Z	Reedbeta	null	In [[computer science]], a '''''k''d-tree''' (short for ''k-dimensional tree'') is a [[space partitioning\|space-partitioning]] [[data structure]] for organizing points in a ''k''-dimensional [[Euclidean space\|space]]. ''k''d-trees are a special case of [[BSP tree]]s. Technically, the letter ''k'' refers to the number...	[1, 4, 9]
K-d tree	Complexity	11,751,540	2005-04-01T01:13:39Z	Reedbeta	null	* Building a static ''k''d-tree from ''n'' points takes [[Big O notation\|O]](''n'' log ''n'') time. * Inserting a new point into a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time. * Removing a point from a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time.	[1, 4, 9, 10]
Methamphetamine	Military use	11,874,596	2005-04-04T06:01:26Z	68.20.33.140	Methamphetamine is sometimes given to fighting troops and [[aviator\|pilots]] during [[war]]time by their government. It tends to suppress fear and emotion and make users aggressive and violent. This is appealing to military commanders who want their soldiers to charge into battle without fear. During [[World War II]]...	Methamphetamine is sometimes given to fighting troops and [[aviator\|pilots]] during [[war]]time by their governments. It tends to suppress fear, facilitate confident violence without hesitation and sharpen response times, for instance, in pilots. During [[World War II]], it was widely used by the armed forces of b...	[1, 3]
Circadian rhythm	See also	12,469,820	2005-04-12T21:58:01Z	Spalding	null	[[Human factors]] [[Human reliability]] [[Category:Sleep]] [[ru:Циркадный ритм]]	[1, 9]
Context-free grammar	See also	12,476,030	2005-04-15T07:06:31Z	Tyler McHenry	* [[Parsing]] * [[Formal grammar]] * [[Parsing expression grammar]] * [[SCIgen]], a random research paper generator {{Formal languages and grammars}} [[Category:Formal languages]] [[de:Kontextfreie Grammatik]] [[fr:Grammaire hors-contexte]] [[pl:Język bezkontekstowy]] [[ja:文脈自由&#35...	* [[Parsing]] * [[Formal grammar]] * [[Parsing expression grammar]] {{Formal languages and grammars}} [[Category:Formal languages]] [[de:Kontextfreie Grammatik]] [[fr:Grammaire hors-contexte]] [[pl:Język bezkontekstowy]] [[ja:文脈自由言語]] [[zh:上下文&#260...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Plant Circadian Rhythms	12,514,296	2005-04-18T08:26:08Z	Doucher	null	Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus, they are intimatly associated with their environment. This ability to anticipate daily changes in temperature and light period is of great advantage to plants. At the most basic level, circadian rhythms are the cyclical expression of [[genes]]. This cyclical expression is cont...	[1, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	12,514,496	2005-04-19T10:04:01Z	217.41.241.254	jihji	no such thing	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	12,525,256	2005-04-19T10:11:12Z	A scientist	no such thing	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day"). Humans ha...	[1, 9, 4]
Hypnosis	References	12,928,616	2005-04-27T14:01:01Z	Jpgordon	* Mind control, Research by G. Wagstaff, Dept. of Psychology, University of Liverpool * Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief by G. Wagstaff, (1981). * The Highly Hypnotizable Person, Michael Heap, Richard J. Brown & David A. Oakley, (2004), Routledge * Better and Better Every Day, [[Emile Coue]], (1960). * Uncommon Therapy,...	* Mind control, Research by G. Wagstaff, Dept. of Psychology, University of Liverpool * Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief by G. Wagstaff, (1981). * The Highly Hypnotizable Person, Michael Heap, Richard J. Brown & David A. Oakley, (2004), Routledge * Better and Better Every Day, [[Emile Coue]], (1960). * Uncommon Therapy,...	[11]
Dream	Neurology of dreams	13,284,872	2005-05-03T20:20:31Z	Squirrel-monkey	There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'' states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as sensory input, producing the vivid ha...	There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ...	[5]
Circadian rhythm	See also	13,396,046	2005-05-07T12:12:54Z	213.64.90.184	[[Human factors]] [[Human reliability]] [[Category:Sleep]] [[ru:Циркадный ритм]]	[[Human factors]] [[Human reliability]] Also have a look at the [[Reticular activating system]] in the [[Reticular formation]]. [[Category:Sleep]] [[ru:Циркадный ритм]]	[9]
Alzheimer's disease	External links	13,902,999	2005-05-18T21:04:07Z	71.36.39.51	* [http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/Alzheimer.html Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms] * [http://www.j-alz.com Journal of Alzheimer's Disease] * [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/disorders/dis_details.php?disID=5 Mental Health Matters: Alzheimer's Disease] * [http://www.psychforums.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=...	* [http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/Alzheimer.html Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms] * [http://www.j-alz.com Journal of Alzheimer's Disease] * [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/disorders/dis_details.php?disID=5 Mental Health Matters: Alzheimer's Disease] * [http://www.psychforums.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=...	[11]
Hypnosis	Psychological hypnosis	13,937,260	2005-05-11T16:59:32Z	Kingturtle	MOOOOOO BITCH In 1993, they defined hypnosis as "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or experimental participant experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior." (Executive Committee of the American Psychological Association Division of Ps...	The [[American Psychological Association]]'s Divison 30, the [[American Psychological Association Division of Psychological Hypnosis\|Division of Psychological Hypnosis]] [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div30/], "brings together psychologists and other professionals interested in scientific and applied hypnosis". In 19...	[9]
Human cloning	The current status of cloned-embryo research	14,066,435	2005-05-22T14:02:37Z	Visviva	In 1998, [[South Korean]] scientists claimed to have created the first cloned human embryo, but the results were never published and many doubt that they had done so. In the [[November 25]], [[2001]], issue of the ''Journal of Regenerative Medicine'', a US company [[Advanced Cell Technology]] claimed that it had succ...	In 1998, [[South Korean]] scientists claimed to have created the first cloned human embryo, but the results were never published and many doubt that they had done so. In the [[November 25]], [[2001]], issue of the ''Journal of Regenerative Medicine'', a US company [[Advanced Cell Technology]] claimed that it had succ...	[1, 4, 5, 9, 10]
Prion	Molecular Properties of Prions	14,369,688	2005-05-28T19:16:59Z	Purple	A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins. [[Image:Yeast-Prion.gif\|left\| Atomic force micrograph of Sup35p prion domain amyloids]] A typical yeast prion proteins contain a region ([[protein domain]]) with many repeats of the a...	A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins. [[Image:Yeast-Prion.gif\|left\| Atomic force micrograph of Sup35p prion domain amyloids]] A typical yeast prion proteins contain a region ([[protein domain]]) with many repeats of the a...	[1, 3, 5]
Prion	The Prion Hypothesis	14,369,688	2005-05-28T19:16:59Z	Purple	The theory that [[transmissible spongiform encephalopathy\|TSEs]] are caused by an infectious agent made solely of [[protein]] has been around since the 1960s. However it was not until [[1982]] that the prion protein itself was discovered, by [[Stanley B. Prusiner]] of [[UCSF]], who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in phys...	The theory that [[transmissible spongiform encephalopathy\|TSEs]] are caused by an infectious agent made solely of [[protein]] has been around since the 1960s (Alper, 1967; Griffith, 1967). However it was not until [[1982]] that the prion protein itself was discovered, by [[Stanley B. Prusiner]] of [[UCSF]], who was awa...	[2, 3, 5]
Stem cell	Origins of debate	14,538,722	2005-06-01T18:04:27Z	Keetoowah	In [[1995]], Congress passed the [[Dickey Amendment]], prohibiting federal [[research funding\|funding]] of research that involves the use of a human embryo. Privately funded research led to the breakthrough that made embryonic stem cell research possible in [[1998]], however, prompting the Clinton Administration to de...	In [[1995]], Congress passed the [[Dickey Amendment]], prohibiting federal [[research funding\|funding]] of research that involves the use of a human embryo. Privately funded research led to the breakthrough that made embryonic stem cell research possible in [[1998]], however, prompting the Clinton Administration to de...	[11]
Dream	Neurology of dreams	15,087,765	2005-06-12T22:39:41Z	Conti	There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ...	There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ...	[1, 2, 4, 5]
Dream	Neurology of dreams	15,275,074	2005-06-12T23:00:07Z	Conti	There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ...	There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ...	[1, 5]
K-d tree	Determining where to evaluate a surface	15,297,319	2005-06-11T02:05:42Z	4.64.8.220	null	In [[local regression]], it is common to evaluate the fitted surface directly only at the vertices of a ''k''d-tree and to interpolate elsewhere. This use, which is pictured in the image above, is to ensure that only as many direct evaluations are performed as are necessary. Since the ''k''d-tree "adapts" itself to the...	[1, 4, 9]
Genetic engineering	Naming	15,327,188	2005-05-29T03:30:20Z	Thunderbolt16	''Genetic modification''' or '''genetic manipulation''' are claimed to be neutral and possibly more technically correct terms for what is claimed, controversially, to be genetic engineering. Opponents question whether the concept of 'modification', with its implications of progress, are applicable here. Many opponen...	The term "genetic engineering" is sometimes informally abbreviated as "genegineering." "[[Transgenic]] organism" is now the preferred term for genetically modified organisms with extra-genome information, as opposed to "genetically engineered" organisms.	[2]
Circadian rhythm	Plant circadian rhythms	15,950,773	2005-05-23T09:39:40Z	216.228.20.154	Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to anticipate daily changes in temperature and light period is of great advantage to plants. At the most basic level, circadian rhythms are the cyclical expression of [[gene]]s. This cyclical expression is cont...	Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to anticipate daily changes in temperature and light period is of great advantage to plants. At the most basic level, circadian rhythms are the cyclical expression of [[gene]]s. This cyclical expression is cont...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	17,742,165	2005-06-28T07:18:37Z	220.224.46.214	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day"). Humans ha...	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. The formal study of this daily rhythm and other biological rhythms (such as seasonal ones) is called [[chronobiology]]. The circadian "cl...	[2]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	17,795,147	2005-06-28T23:07:16Z	Doucher	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. The formal study of this daily rhythm and other biological rhythms (such as seasonal ones) is called [[chronobiology]]. The circadian "cl...	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day"). Humans ha...	[1, 3, 9]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	17,842,872	2005-06-29T17:56:46Z	MrSandman	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day"). Humans ha...	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day"). Humans ha...	[1, 3, 4, 9]
Von Neumann architecture	Earliest stored-program computers	18,303,095	2005-07-07T03:10:05Z	Bubba73	Before the advent of the stored-program computer, computers were contolled either by executing one instruction at a time from [[punched cards]] or a [[paper tape]] (e.g. the [[Harvard Mark I]]) or wired for the current problem to be solved (e.g. the [[ENIAC]]). When the ENIAC was being designed, it was clear that rea...	Before the advent of the stored-program computer, computers were contolled either by executing one instruction at a time from [[punched cards]] or a [[paper tape]] (e.g. the [[Harvard Mark I]]) or wired for the current problem to be solved (e.g. the [[ENIAC]]). When the ENIAC was being designed, it was clear that rea...	[11]
Stem cell	Success of adult stem cells	19,407,500	2005-07-22T23:31:38Z	Nectarflowed	Adult stem cells have successfully treated over 100 medical conditions including [[blindness]] [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=P8&targetRule=10&xml=/health/2005/04/29/hstem29.xml], [[Krabbe's disease]] [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=24897], [[diabetes]] [http://n...	Adult stem cells have successfully treated over 100 medical conditions including [[blindness]] [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=P8&targetRule=10&xml=/health/2005/04/29/hstem29.xml], [[Krabbe's disease]] [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=24897], [[diabetes]] [http://n...	[3]
Methamphetamine	Street names	20,439,966	2005-08-06T23:56:52Z	67.150.121.150	[[Image:MethamphetaminePills.jpg\|thumb\|A handful of methamphetamine pills]] Methamphetamine has many street names; it was known as ''rain'' in the [[1960s]], and terms in popular use today include ''shit'', ''glass'', ''ice'', ''crystal'', or ''tina'' for purer forms, or as less pure crystalline powder termed ''crank''...	[[Image:MethamphetaminePills.jpg\|thumb\|A handful of methamphetamine pills]] Methamphetamine has many street names; it was known as ''rain'' in the [[1960s]], and terms in popular use today include ''shit'', ''glass'', ''ice'', ''crystal'', or ''tina'' for purer forms, or as less pure crystalline powder termed ''crank''...	[11]
Alzheimer's disease	(Top)	21,466,270	2005-08-21T00:31:44Z	Mitchellanderson	{{DiseaseDisorder infobox \| Name = Alzheimer's disease \| ICD10 = \| ICD9 = 331.9 \| }} '''Alzheimer's disease''' ('''AD''') or ''primary dementia of Alzheimer's type'' is an incurable, neurodegenerative disease which results in a pervasive loss of mental and physical functioning due to the dete...	{{DiseaseDisorder infobox \| Name = Alzheimer's disease \| ICD10 = \| ICD9 = 331.9 \| }} '''Alzheimer's disease''' ('''AD'''), a neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia and characterised clinically by progressive intellectual deterioration together with declining activiti...	[1, 2, 3, 4]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	22,182,386	2005-08-30T16:01:37Z	65.78.20.125	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day".) Humans ha...	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle (Determined by the light input from [[Photosensitive Ganglion Cell]][s]) of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "ar...	[1, 3, 4, 9]
Medical cannabis	External links	22,733,278	2005-09-06T23:34:11Z	84.65.59.51	* [http://www.prescriptionpot.com Prescription Pot: details the secretive marijuana program administered by the U.S. Government] [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/home.htm National (Australian) Drug and Alcohol Research Centre Prepared for the National Task Force on Cannabis] [http://www.druglibrary....	[http://www.talkweed.com TalkWeed - Cannabis Growing Forum] [[Category:Medical ethics]] [[Category:Cannabis]] [[Category:Antiemetics]] [[de:Cannabis als Medizin]]	[2]
Stem cell	Adult stem cells	23,548,361	2005-09-19T21:17:43Z	GraemeL	Stem cells can be found in all adult and young adult beings. ''Adult stem cells'' are undifferentiated cells that reproduce daily to provide certain specialized cells—for example 200 billion [[red blood cell]]s are created each day in the body from [[pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell\|hemopoietic stem cells]]. ...	Stem cells can be found in all adult and young adult beings. ''Adult stem cells'' are undifferentiated cells that reproduce daily to provide certain specialized cells—for example 200 billion [[red blood cell]]s are created each day in the body from [[pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell\|hemopoietic stem cells]]. ...	[1, 4, 5, 9, 10]
Meditation	Meditation and Drugs	23,719,750	2005-09-22T02:06:53Z	200.64.207.216	Most modern methods of meditation do not include the use of drugs due to the known health problems associated with drug use. However, historically many traditions of meditation included drug use. Buddhist and Taoist traditions pre-westernization often included the use of opiates in meditiation. Many Native American ...	Modern methods of meditation do not include the use of drugs due to the known health problems associated with drug use. However, the use of stimulants have been proposed by some as a means to provide insigt, but no one has yet claimed to, nor accepted to be, enlightened by the use of drugs. Some Native American tradit...	[1, 2, 3, 4, 6]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	24,063,995	2005-09-26T09:01:52Z	69.92.141.242	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle (Determined by the light input from [[Photosensitive Ganglion Cell]][s]) of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "ar...	The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle (Determined by the light input from [[Photosensitive Ganglion Cell]][s]) of [[biology\|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "ar...	[1, 10]

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

WikiSTAR-Bench

WikiSTAR-Bench is a benchmark for multi-label classification of scientifically meaningful edits to Wikipedia. Each example is a single section-level revision: a pair of (previous text, edited text) drawn from the history of a science article, annotated by human experts with one or more edit-type labels from a 10-category scientific taxonomy (plus a "non-scientific edit" catch-all).

Columns

#	Column	Description
1	`Article`	Title of the Wikipedia article the revision comes from.
2	`Section`	Name of the article section that was edited (`(Top)` = the lead/intro section).
3	`Revision Id`	Wikipedia revision ID of the edited version.
4	`Timestamp`	UTC time the revision was made (ISO 8601).
5	`Author`	Wikipedia username (or IP) of the editor who made the revision.
6	`Previous Section Text`	The section's text before the edit; empty when the section appears for the first time (no previous revision to compare against).
7	`Edited Section Text`	The section's text after the edit — the revision being classified.
8	`Gold Labels`	Human-annotated list of taxonomy label IDs for this edit (e.g. `[1, 4, 9]`).

Dataset statistics

1,387 examples across 29 articles, grouped into three scientific domains:

Domain	Examples	Articles
Biology	821	10
Computer Science	288	10
Neuroscience	278	9
Total	1,387	29

Biology (821): the Circadian rhythm article alone contributes 546 examples; the other 9 molecular-biology articles contribute 275.
Computer Science (288): 9 core CS articles plus the Artificial intelligence article.
Neuroscience (278): 9 articles.

Taxonomy

Each edit is labeled with one or more of the following categories. Labels are multi-label: an edit can carry several IDs at once (e.g. adding a new sentence with a citation is [1, 7]).

ID	Category	Definition
1	New Scientific Information	Addition of new scientifically relevant information to the current revision that does not appear in the previous revision. The new information should directly relate to the article topic and contributes to scientific understanding.
2	Scientific Information Removed	Removal of at least one complete sentence containing scientifically meaningful content, such as factual claims, research findings, or definitions, that was present in the previous revision but is no longer present in the current revision. This excludes the removal of vandalism, non-substantive wording, or irrelevant content.
3	Scientific Clarification Added	Current revision includes a modification of scientifically relevant information already existing in the previous revision.
4	Scientific Technical Terms Added	Addition or modification of technical jargon used by domain experts in the research field to the current revision that was not present in the previous revision. This refers to field-specific terms, concepts, or processes that carry a precise meaning recognized by experts and that would likely be unfamiliar to general audiences without specialized knowledge.
5	Researcher Names Added	Inclusion of researcher names in the current revision that were not present in the previous revision, but only if they appear directly in the article text outside of reference tags (`<ref>`) — e.g. "a study by [name]" or "[name] et al. showed", not names appearing only within a citation.
6	Change in Scientific Narrative	Change in scientific narrative or perspective regarding a specific fact, phenomenon, or theory present in both revisions. The change must be in how the fact is framed — its certainty, stance, interpretation, or temporal/causal direction (e.g. hypothesis→demonstrated finding, cause→correlation). Does not apply when the underlying fact itself changes, or when the same fact is merely rephrased with unchanged stance.
7	Academic References Added	Addition of new references to published academic papers not present in the previous revision. These typically include identifiers such as DOI, PMID, PMC, arXiv, or ISSN, usually inside `<ref>` tags with `{{cite journal}}`. Only new academic papers; excludes URLs, books, and edits to existing references.
8	Academic References Removed	Removal of references to published academic papers that were present in the previous revision but no longer appear in the current one. Same identifier/format conventions as Label 7. Only removals of academic papers; excludes removals of URLs, books, or modifications to existing references.
9	Wikilink Added	Addition of a new link to another Wikipedia page in the current revision that was not in the previous revision. Does not include edits or modifications of existing wikilinks.
10	Addition or Modification of Quantitative Information	Addition or modification of statistics or numeric experimental results not present in the previous revision — specific metrics, percentages, counts, ratios, confidence intervals, p-values, dosages, or physical measurements in the main article text. Excludes dates/years, non-numeric comparatives ("several", "most"), ordinal quantifiers, numeric metadata inside `<ref>`/`{{cite}}`, and removals of quantitative information.
11	Non-Scientific Edit	No scientifically meaningful modification between the revisions — e.g. template/tag changes, reference-formatting changes, non-scientific content or vandalism, URL additions outside `<ref>`, wikilink formatting changes, minor rephrasings. Used alone, never with other labels.

Labels 1–10 are the scientific taxonomy (taxonomy.csv). Label 11 is the "non-scientific edit" catch-all and is assigned on its own.

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