Article stringclasses 29
values | Section stringlengths 4 226 | Revision Id int64 149k 1.29B | Timestamp stringlengths 20 25 | Author stringlengths 2 39 | Previous Section Text stringlengths 3 27.1k ⌀ | Edited Section Text stringlengths 3 24.2k ⌀ | Gold Labels stringclasses 209
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Context-free grammar | Example 1 | 148,665 | 2002-08-10T11:08:47Z | Jan Hidders | null | A simple context-free grammar is
:S <tt>-></tt> aSb | ε
where | is used to separate different options for the same nonteminal and ε stands for the empty string. This grammar generates the language {a<sup>n</sup>b<sup>n</sup> : n ≥ 0} which is not [[regular language|regular]]. | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Hypnosis | (Top) | 258,324 | 2002-01-10T18:40:35Z | Sodium | The American Psychological Association Division of Psychological Hypnosis begins its definition of '''hypnosis''' "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or subject experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior." Any definition is necessarily... | The American Psychological Association Division of Psychological Hypnosis begins its definition of '''hypnosis''' "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or subject experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior." Any definition is necessarily... | [2] |
Human cloning | limits of cloning | 573,273 | 2003-01-09T05:04:34Z | 142.177.78.132 | null | First, none of these techniques provide ''exact'' clones - they would be 99.7% identical to the DNA donor, because some important genes--which are present outside the nucleus, in [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]]--come from the donor egg-cell. How much change this would lead to in the clone is being investigated, but it c... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 608,254 | 2002-06-13T15:22:13Z | Manning Bartlett | null | The '''Circadian rhythm''' is name given to the "internal body clock" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. Humans have been aware of these cycles since pre-history, as an understanding of these ryhthms was essential to early hunters. The formal study of t... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | External link | 658,196 | 2003-01-22T13:18:01Z | Olivier | null | *The University of [[Virginia]] offers an excellent [http://www.cbt.virginia.edu/tutorial/TUTORIALMAIN.html onlne tutorial] in this subject. | [1, 11] |
Genetic engineering | See also: | 944,393 | 2003-05-21T00:33:17Z | Anthere | * [[Cell biochemistry]]
* [[Cloning]]
* [[Engineer]]
* [[Gattaca]]
* [[Gene therapy]]
* [[Genetic modification]]
* [[Genetically modified food]]
* [[Genetically modified organism]]
* [[Genome]]
* [[Human Genome Project]]
* [[Protein engineering]]
* [[Proteomics]] | * [[Cell biochemistry]]
* [[Cloning]]
* [[Engineer]]
* [[Gattaca]]
* [[Gene therapy]]
* [[Genetically modified food]]
* [[Genetically modified organism]]
* [[Genome]]
* [[Human Genome Project]]
* [[Protein engineering]]
* [[Proteomics]] | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | External link | 1,752,787 | 2003-11-16T09:40:25Z | Denelson83 | *The University of [[Virginia]] offers an excellent [http://www.cbt.virginia.edu/tutorial/TUTORIALMAIN.html online tutorial] on this subject. | *The University of [[Virginia]] offers an excellent [http://www.cbt.virginia.edu/tutorial/TUTORIALMAIN.html online tutorial] on this subject. (404) | [11] |
Trie | (Top) | 1,971,036 | 2003-11-30T20:06:37Z | Dcoetzee | A '''trie''' is a [[tree data structure]] that is used for searching a key/value map. With a trie, the keys are restricted to strings whose alphabet has limited cardinality (e.g. the [[English alphabet]]). Each node has at most N+1 children (where N is the cardinality of the alphabet), and all of the children of that n... | In [[computer science]], a '''trie''' (confusingly pronounced "tree") is an [[ordered tree data structure|ordered tree]] [[data structure]] that is used to store an [[associative array]] where the keys are [[string]]s. Unlike a [[binary search tree]], no node in the tree stores the key associated with that node; instea... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Alzheimer's disease | Etiology | 2,400,383 | 2004-02-15T12:09:51Z | TonyClarke | Associated neuropathologic changes include loss of brain tissue cells (with a typical upward progression through [[memory]] centers such as the [[entorhinal cortex]] and the [[hippocampus]]) and collection of specific inclusions such as neurofibrillary ("tau") tangles and senile plaques. It is not yet certain whether t... | Associated neuropathologic changes include loss of brain tissue cells (with a typical upward progression through [[memory]] centers such as the [[entorhinal cortex]] and the [[hippocampus]]) and collection of specific inclusions such as neurofibrillary ("tau") tangles and senile plaques. It is not yet certain whether t... | [1, 2] |
Meditation | Specific Traditions | 2,455,196 | 2004-02-20T11:03:46Z | Luis Dantas | null | * [[Theravada]] Buddhist practice involves both Samadhi and Vipassana, as well as the developing of "loving kindness" (Metta).
* [[Zen Buddhism]] practices [[Zazen]], similar to Vipassana.
* Most Abrahamic traditions practice forms of meditation that use their God, Saints and/or Prophets as concentration focus
* Some ... | [1, 9, 4] |
Context-free grammar | Example 4 | 2,596,452 | 2004-03-02T12:01:21Z | 203.200.2.61 | Another interesting example for a context-free grammar is the grammar governing a class of Tamil language Poetry called Venpa.
Please read our Technical Paper on the subject from http://infitt.org/ti2003/papers/19_raman.pdf | Another interesting example for a context-free grammar is the grammar governing a class of Tamil language Poetry called Venpa.
Please read our Technical Paper entitled ''Context Free Grammar for Natural Language Constructs - An implementation for Venpa Class of Tamil Poetry'' on the subject from http://infitt.org/ti20... | [5] |
Human brain | Study of the brain | 3,376,755 | 2004-04-29T00:41:35Z | 172.197.86.214 | During many past millennia, the function of the brain was unknown. Ancient Egyptians threw the brain away prior to the process of [[mummification]]. Ancient thinkers such as [[Aristotle]] imagined that mental activity took place in the [[heart]]. The [[Alexandria]]n biologists [[Herophilus]] and [[Erasistratus]] wer... | Though folklore about the dormant 90 percent of the human brain has proven unfounded, researchers until the [[1990s|mid 1990s]] focused on only a small portion of the brain in efforts to understand its computational capacity.
Grey matter, the thin layer of cells covering the cerebrum, was believed by most scholars to... | [1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 4] |
Human cloning | The current law on human cloning | 3,999,167 | 2004-06-04T12:59:36Z | Paranoid | In 1998, 2001, and 2003 the US [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] voted to ban all human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic. Each time, divisions in the Senate over therapetic cloning prevented either competing proposal (a ban on both forms or reproductive cloning only) from pas... | In 1998, 2001, and 2003 the US [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] voted to ban all human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic. Each time, divisions in the Senate over therapetic cloning prevented either competing proposal (a ban on both forms or reproductive cloning only) from pas... | [1, 5, 9] |
Prion | Structural Features of Prion Proteins | 4,319,010 | 2004-06-27T22:44:52Z | 169.230.8.155 | null | A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins, conducted primarily by the research groups of [[Susan Lindquist]] and [[Jonathan S. Weissman.]]
All known yeast prion proteins contain regions that rich in the amino acids glutamine ... | [1, 4, 5, 9] |
Methamphetamine | (Top) | 4,775,632 | 2004-07-22T01:18:12Z | Eequor | '''Methamphetamine''' ("'''crystal meth'''") is a synthetic [[stimulant]] [[drug]] which induces a strong feeling of [[euphoria]] and is highly [[addiction|addictive]]. Pure methamphetamine is a colorless [[crystalline]] solid, sold on the streets as ''glass'', ''ice'', or ''crystal''. It is also sold as less pure crys... | '''Methamphetamine''' ("'''crystal meth'''") is a synthetic [[stimulant]] [[drug]] which induces a strong feeling of [[euphoria]] and is highly [[addiction|addictive]]. Pure methamphetamine is a colorless [[crystalline]] solid, sold on the streets as ''glass'', ''ice'', or ''crystal''. It is also sold as less pure crys... | [1, 9, 10, 4] |
Asperger syndrome | A gift and a curse | 5,815,404 | 2004-09-12T00:06:27Z | ScudLee | Recently, some researchers have speculated that many well-known people including [[Glenn Gould]], [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Isaac Newton]] had AS, as they showed some Asperger's related tendencies (such as intense interest in one subject and social problems); such diagnoses remain controversial, howev... | Recently, some researchers have speculated that many well-known people including [[Glenn Gould]], [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Isaac Newton]] had AS, as they showed some Asperger's related tendencies (such as intense interest in one subject and social problems); such diagnoses remain controversial, howev... | [4] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 6,701,639 | 2004-09-26T16:39:23Z | JTN | The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal body clock" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day").
Humans have ... | The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day").
Humans... | [9] |
Code injection | External links | 7,636,651 | 2004-10-13T19:41:22Z | 62.134.121.173 | null | *Article "[http://www.codeproject.com/threads/winspy.asp Three Ways to Inject Your Code into Another Process]" by [[Robert Kuster]]
*Article "[http://codebreakers-journal.com/viewarticle.php?id=36 Unpacking by Code Injection]" by [[Eduardo Labir]]
*Article "[http://www.technicalinfo.net/papers/CSS.html HTML Code Inject... | [1, 4, 5, 9] |
Prion | Classification | 7,671,425 | 2004-11-12T05:42:49Z | 203.114.131.19 | <table border="1">
<tr bgcolor="lightblue">
<th colspan="4">[[Mammal]]ian prions, agents of spongiform encephalopathies</th>
</tr><tr>
<th>Disease name</th>
<th>Natural host</th>
<th>Prion name</th>
<th>PrP isoform</th>
</tr><tr>
<td>[[Scrapie]]</td><td>[[Sheep]] and [[goat]]s</td><td>Scrapie prion</td><td>OvPrP<sup>S... | <table border="1">
<tr bgcolor="lightblue">
<th colspan="4">[[Mammal]]ian prions, agents of spongiform encephalopathies</th>
</tr><tr>
<th>Disease name</th>
<th>Natural host</th>
<th>Prion name</th>
<th>PrP isoform</th>
</tr><tr>
<td>[[Scrapie]]</td><td>[[Sheep]] and [[goat]]s</td><td>Scrapie prion</td><td>OvPrP<sup>S... | [11] |
Genetic engineering | Ethics | 8,062,427 | 2004-12-02T07:24:56Z | 67.38.162.238 | Proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is not harmful, and that it is necessary in order to maintain [[food]] production that will continue to match population growth. However, others argue that food distribution, not production, is the problem, citing that the population growth is actually a resul... | Proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is safe, and that it is necessary in order to maintain [[food]] production that will continue to match population growth. However, others argue that food distribution, not production, is the biggest problem, citing that the population growth is actually a resu... | [1, 2, 3, 6] |
Dream | Lucid dreaming | 8,144,234 | 2004-12-04T17:48:12Z | Conti | {{cleanup}}
Lucid dreaming researchers often define lucid dreaming as simply "being aware in a dream that one is dreaming". Many others define a lucid dream as a dream in which the dreamer has full awareness that the situation he is in is a construct of his mind, and thus can analyse the situation logically and react... | :''Main article: [[Lucid dreaming]]''
Lucid dreaming researchers often define lucid dreaming as simply "being aware in a dream that one is dreaming". Many others define a lucid dream as a dream in which the dreamer has full [[awareness]] that the situation he is in is a construct of his mind, and thus can analyse the ... | [9] |
Gene therapy | Types of gene therapy | 8,382,446 | 2004-12-13T03:01:22Z | 67.68.4.153 | In theory it isn't possible to transform either [[somatic cell]]s (most cells of the body) or cells of the [[germline]] (such as [[stem cell]]s, [[sperm]] and [[Ovum|egg]]s). All gene therapy so far in people has been directed at somatic cells, whereas germline engineering in humans remains only a highly controversial ... | In theory it is possible to transform either [[somatic cell]]s (most cells of the body) or cells of the [[germline]] (such as [[stem cell]]s, [[sperm]] and [[Ovum|egg]]s). All gene therapy so far in people has been directed at somatic cells, whereas germline engineering in humans remains only a highly controversial pro... | [3] |
Stem cell | Ethical implications | 8,909,545 | 2004-12-29T03:04:39Z | Nectarflowed | Some [[ethicist]]s, [[philosopher]]s, [[theologian]]s and [[clergy]] are very concerned with the ethical implications of embryonic stem cell research. In the U.S. many [[ Fundamentalism | Fundamentalist ]] and [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Christianity|Christian]] groups have come out strongly against embryonic stem cell ... | Some [[ethicist]]s, [[philosopher]]s, [[theologian]]s and [[clergy]] are very concerned with the ethical implications of embryonic stem cell research. In the U.S. many [[ Fundamentalism | Fundamentalist ]] and [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Christianity|Christian]] groups have come out strongly against embryonic stem cell ... | [1, 2, 4, 5, 9] |
Stem cell | Embryonic stem cells | 9,029,657 | 2005-01-02T01:26:16Z | Nectarflowed | Stem cells which derived from the inner mass cells of a blastocyst (future [[embryo]]) have pluripotent properties—they are able to grow into any of the 200 cell types in the body. Embryonic stem cells can be obtained from a cloned embryo, created by fusing a denucleated [[egg cell]] with a patient's cell. The ... | Stem cells which derived from the inner mass cells of a blastocyst (future [[embryo]]) have pluripotent properties—they are able to grow into any of the 200 cell types in the body. Embryonic stem cells can be obtained from a cloned embryo, created by fusing a denucleated [[egg cell]] with a patient's cell. The ... | [1, 3, 4, 5, 9] |
Genetic engineering | External links | 9,059,806 | 2004-12-07T10:29:38Z | LiDaobing | *[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/gmplants/ Debate on the genetic modification of plants]
*[http://www.nanoaging.com/modules.php?name=News&new_topic=5 News about Genomics]
[[da:Gensplejsning]]
[[de:Gentechnologie]]
[[eo:Gentekniko]]
[[nl:Genetische manipulatie]]
[[es:ingeniería genética]]
[[pl:Inżynieria genetyczna]]
[... | *[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/gmplants/ Debate on the genetic modification of plants]
*[http://www.nanoaging.com/modules.php?name=News&new_topic=5 News about Genomics]
[[da:Gensplejsning]]
[[de:Gentechnologie]]
[[eo:Gentekniko]]
[[nl:Genetische manipulatie]]
[[es:ingeniería genética]]
[[pl:Inżynieria genetyczna]]
[... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 9,553,788 | 2005-01-16T03:13:47Z | Murtasa | The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day").
Humans... | The '''Circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around the day").
Humans... | [11] |
Human cloning | References | 10,101,737 | 2005-02-09T17:05:29Z | Ceyockey | * Hwang WS, et al. Evidence of a Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derived from a Cloned Blastocyst. ''Science''. 2004 Feb 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14963337&dopt=Abstract] | * Hwang WS, et al. Evidence of a Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derived from a Cloned Blastocyst. ''Science''. 2004 Feb 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14963337&dopt=Abstract]
{{fnb|1}} Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (UK) (August 11, 2004). '... | [1, 4] |
Methamphetamine | Cons | 11,557,216 | 2005-03-26T23:55:34Z | 212.55.212.99 | * Causes severe [[psychological addiction]]
* Causes [[depression]]
* Decreased thinking & brain activity {long-term}
* Causes severe tooth decay when smoked or snorted
* Damages the [[immune system]], making the user prone to infections
* Death | * Causes severe [[psychological addiction]]
* Causes [[depression]]
* Decreased thinking & brain activity {long-term}
* Causes severe tooth decay when smoked or snorted
* Damages the [[brain]], it is [[Neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]]
* Damages the [[immune system]], making the user prone to infections
* Death | [1, 9, 4] |
K-d tree | (Top) | 11,751,540 | 2005-04-01T01:13:39Z | Reedbeta | null | In [[computer science]], a '''''k''d-tree''' (short for ''k-dimensional tree'') is a [[space partitioning|space-partitioning]] [[data structure]] for organizing points in a ''k''-dimensional [[Euclidean space|space]]. ''k''d-trees are a special case of [[BSP tree]]s.
Technically, the letter ''k'' refers to the number... | [1, 4, 9] |
K-d tree | Complexity | 11,751,540 | 2005-04-01T01:13:39Z | Reedbeta | null | * Building a static ''k''d-tree from ''n'' points takes [[Big O notation|O]](''n'' log ''n'') time.
* Inserting a new point into a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time.
* Removing a point from a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time. | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Methamphetamine | Military use | 11,874,596 | 2005-04-04T06:01:26Z | 68.20.33.140 | Methamphetamine is sometimes given to fighting troops and [[aviator|pilots]] during [[war]]time by their government. It tends to suppress fear and emotion and make users aggressive and violent. This is appealing to military commanders who want their soldiers to charge into battle without fear.
During [[World War II]]... | Methamphetamine is sometimes given to fighting troops and [[aviator|pilots]] during [[war]]time by their governments. It tends to suppress fear, facilitate confident violence without hesitation and sharpen response times, for instance, in pilots.
During [[World War II]], it was widely used by the armed forces of b... | [1, 3] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 12,469,820 | 2005-04-12T21:58:01Z | Spalding | null | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]] | [1, 9] |
Context-free grammar | See also | 12,476,030 | 2005-04-15T07:06:31Z | Tyler McHenry | * [[Parsing]]
* [[Formal grammar]]
* [[Parsing expression grammar]]
* [[SCIgen]], a random research paper generator
{{Formal languages and grammars}}
[[Category:Formal languages]]
[[de:Kontextfreie Grammatik]]
[[fr:Grammaire hors-contexte]]
[[pl:Język bezkontekstowy]]
[[ja:文脈自由#... | * [[Parsing]]
* [[Formal grammar]]
* [[Parsing expression grammar]]
{{Formal languages and grammars}}
[[Category:Formal languages]]
[[de:Kontextfreie Grammatik]]
[[fr:Grammaire hors-contexte]]
[[pl:Język bezkontekstowy]]
[[ja:文脈自由言語]]
[[zh:上下文Ą... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Plant Circadian Rhythms | 12,514,296 | 2005-04-18T08:26:08Z | Doucher | null | Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus, they are intimatly associated with their environment. This ability to anticipate daily changes in temperature and light period is of great advantage to plants. At the most basic level, circadian rhythms are the cyclical expression of [[genes]]. This cyclical expression is cont... | [1, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 12,514,496 | 2005-04-19T10:04:01Z | 217.41.241.254 | jihji | no such thing | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 12,525,256 | 2005-04-19T10:11:12Z | A scientist | no such thing | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day").
Humans ha... | [1, 9, 4] |
Hypnosis | References | 12,928,616 | 2005-04-27T14:01:01Z | Jpgordon | * Mind control, Research by G. Wagstaff, Dept. of Psychology, University of Liverpool
* Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief by G. Wagstaff, (1981).
* The Highly Hypnotizable Person, Michael Heap, Richard J. Brown & David A. Oakley, (2004), Routledge
* Better and Better Every Day, [[Emile Coue]], (1960).
* Uncommon Therapy,... | * Mind control, Research by G. Wagstaff, Dept. of Psychology, University of Liverpool
* Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief by G. Wagstaff, (1981).
* The Highly Hypnotizable Person, Michael Heap, Richard J. Brown & David A. Oakley, (2004), Routledge
* Better and Better Every Day, [[Emile Coue]], (1960).
* Uncommon Therapy,... | [11] |
Dream | Neurology of dreams | 13,284,872 | 2005-05-03T20:20:31Z | Squirrel-monkey | There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'' states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as sensory input, producing the vivid ha... | There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ... | [5] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 13,396,046 | 2005-05-07T12:12:54Z | 213.64.90.184 | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]] | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
Also have a look at the [[Reticular activating system]] in the [[Reticular formation]].
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]] | [9] |
Alzheimer's disease | External links | 13,902,999 | 2005-05-18T21:04:07Z | 71.36.39.51 | * [http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/Alzheimer.html Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms]
* [http://www.j-alz.com Journal of Alzheimer's Disease]
* [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/disorders/dis_details.php?disID=5 Mental Health Matters: Alzheimer's Disease]
* [http://www.psychforums.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=... | * [http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/Alzheimer.html Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms]
* [http://www.j-alz.com Journal of Alzheimer's Disease]
* [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/disorders/dis_details.php?disID=5 Mental Health Matters: Alzheimer's Disease]
* [http://www.psychforums.com/forums/viewforum.php?f=... | [11] |
Hypnosis | Psychological hypnosis | 13,937,260 | 2005-05-11T16:59:32Z | Kingturtle | MOOOOOO BITCH
In 1993, they defined hypnosis as "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or experimental participant experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior." (Executive Committee of the American Psychological Association Division of Ps... | The [[American Psychological Association]]'s Divison 30, the [[American Psychological Association Division of Psychological Hypnosis|Division of Psychological Hypnosis]] [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div30/], "brings together psychologists and other professionals interested in scientific and applied hypnosis".
In 19... | [9] |
Human cloning | The current status of cloned-embryo research | 14,066,435 | 2005-05-22T14:02:37Z | Visviva | In 1998, [[South Korean]] scientists claimed to have created the first cloned human embryo, but the results were never published and many doubt that they had done so.
In the [[November 25]], [[2001]], issue of the ''Journal of Regenerative Medicine'', a US company [[Advanced Cell Technology]] claimed that it had succ... | In 1998, [[South Korean]] scientists claimed to have created the first cloned human embryo, but the results were never published and many doubt that they had done so.
In the [[November 25]], [[2001]], issue of the ''Journal of Regenerative Medicine'', a US company [[Advanced Cell Technology]] claimed that it had succ... | [1, 4, 5, 9, 10] |
Prion | Molecular Properties of Prions | 14,369,688 | 2005-05-28T19:16:59Z | Purple | A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins.
[[Image:Yeast-Prion.gif|left| Atomic force micrograph of Sup35p prion domain amyloids]]
A typical yeast prion proteins contain a region ([[protein domain]]) with many repeats of the a... | A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins.
[[Image:Yeast-Prion.gif|left| Atomic force micrograph of Sup35p prion domain amyloids]]
A typical yeast prion proteins contain a region ([[protein domain]]) with many repeats of the a... | [1, 3, 5] |
Prion | The Prion Hypothesis | 14,369,688 | 2005-05-28T19:16:59Z | Purple | The theory that [[transmissible spongiform encephalopathy|TSEs]] are caused by an infectious agent made solely of [[protein]] has been around since the 1960s. However it was not until [[1982]] that the prion protein itself was discovered, by [[Stanley B. Prusiner]] of [[UCSF]], who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in phys... | The theory that [[transmissible spongiform encephalopathy|TSEs]] are caused by an infectious agent made solely of [[protein]] has been around since the 1960s (Alper, 1967; Griffith, 1967). However it was not until [[1982]] that the prion protein itself was discovered, by [[Stanley B. Prusiner]] of [[UCSF]], who was awa... | [2, 3, 5] |
Stem cell | Origins of debate | 14,538,722 | 2005-06-01T18:04:27Z | Keetoowah | In [[1995]], Congress passed the [[Dickey Amendment]], prohibiting federal [[research funding|funding]] of research that involves the use of a human embryo. Privately funded research led to the breakthrough that made embryonic stem cell research possible in [[1998]], however, prompting the Clinton Administration to de... | In [[1995]], Congress passed the [[Dickey Amendment]], prohibiting federal [[research funding|funding]] of research that involves the use of a human embryo. Privately funded research led to the breakthrough that made embryonic stem cell research possible in [[1998]], however, prompting the Clinton Administration to de... | [11] |
Dream | Neurology of dreams | 15,087,765 | 2005-06-12T22:39:41Z | Conti | There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ... | There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ... | [1, 2, 4, 5] |
Dream | Neurology of dreams | 15,275,074 | 2005-06-12T23:00:07Z | Conti | There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ... | There are two competing stories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'', (developed by Hobson and McCarley), states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as ... | [1, 5] |
K-d tree | Determining where to evaluate a surface | 15,297,319 | 2005-06-11T02:05:42Z | 4.64.8.220 | null | In [[local regression]], it is common to evaluate the fitted surface directly only at the vertices of a ''k''d-tree and to interpolate elsewhere. This use, which is pictured in the image above, is to ensure that only as many direct evaluations are performed as are necessary. Since the ''k''d-tree "adapts" itself to the... | [1, 4, 9] |
Genetic engineering | Naming | 15,327,188 | 2005-05-29T03:30:20Z | Thunderbolt16 | ''Genetic modification''' or '''genetic manipulation''' are claimed to be neutral and possibly more technically correct terms for what is claimed, controversially, to be genetic engineering. Opponents question whether the concept of 'modification', with its implications of progress, are applicable here.
Many opponen... | The term "genetic engineering" is sometimes informally abbreviated as "genegineering."
"[[Transgenic]] organism" is now the preferred term for genetically modified organisms with extra-genome information, as opposed to "genetically engineered" organisms. | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms | 15,950,773 | 2005-05-23T09:39:40Z | 216.228.20.154 | Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to anticipate daily changes in temperature and light period is of great advantage to plants. At the most basic level, circadian rhythms are the cyclical expression of [[gene]]s. This cyclical expression is cont... | Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to anticipate daily changes in temperature and light period is of great advantage to plants. At the most basic level, circadian rhythms are the cyclical expression of [[gene]]s. This cyclical expression is cont... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 17,742,165 | 2005-06-28T07:18:37Z | 220.224.46.214 | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day").
Humans ha... | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants.
The formal study of this daily rhythm and other biological rhythms (such as seasonal ones) is called [[chronobiology]].
The circadian "cl... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 17,795,147 | 2005-06-28T23:07:16Z | Doucher | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants.
The formal study of this daily rhythm and other biological rhythms (such as seasonal ones) is called [[chronobiology]].
The circadian "cl... | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day").
Humans ha... | [1, 3, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 17,842,872 | 2005-06-29T17:56:46Z | MrSandman | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day").
Humans ha... | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day").
Humans ha... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Von Neumann architecture | Earliest stored-program computers | 18,303,095 | 2005-07-07T03:10:05Z | Bubba73 | Before the advent of the stored-program computer, computers were contolled either by executing one instruction at a time from [[punched cards]] or a [[paper tape]] (e.g. the [[Harvard Mark I]]) or wired for the current problem to be solved (e.g. the [[ENIAC]]). When the ENIAC was being designed, it was clear that rea... | Before the advent of the stored-program computer, computers were contolled either by executing one instruction at a time from [[punched cards]] or a [[paper tape]] (e.g. the [[Harvard Mark I]]) or wired for the current problem to be solved (e.g. the [[ENIAC]]). When the ENIAC was being designed, it was clear that rea... | [11] |
Stem cell | Success of adult stem cells | 19,407,500 | 2005-07-22T23:31:38Z | Nectarflowed | Adult stem cells have successfully treated over 100 medical conditions including [[blindness]] [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=P8&targetRule=10&xml=/health/2005/04/29/hstem29.xml], [[Krabbe's disease]] [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=24897], [[diabetes]] [http://n... | Adult stem cells have successfully treated over 100 medical conditions including [[blindness]] [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=P8&targetRule=10&xml=/health/2005/04/29/hstem29.xml], [[Krabbe's disease]] [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=24897], [[diabetes]] [http://n... | [3] |
Methamphetamine | Street names | 20,439,966 | 2005-08-06T23:56:52Z | 67.150.121.150 | [[Image:MethamphetaminePills.jpg|thumb|A handful of methamphetamine pills]]
Methamphetamine has many street names; it was known as ''rain'' in the [[1960s]], and terms in popular use today include ''shit'', ''glass'', ''ice'', ''crystal'', or ''tina'' for purer forms, or as less pure crystalline powder termed ''crank''... | [[Image:MethamphetaminePills.jpg|thumb|A handful of methamphetamine pills]]
Methamphetamine has many street names; it was known as ''rain'' in the [[1960s]], and terms in popular use today include ''shit'', ''glass'', ''ice'', ''crystal'', or ''tina'' for purer forms, or as less pure crystalline powder termed ''crank''... | [11] |
Alzheimer's disease | (Top) | 21,466,270 | 2005-08-21T00:31:44Z | Mitchellanderson | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name = Alzheimer's disease |
ICD10 = |
ICD9 = 331.9 |
}}
'''Alzheimer's disease''' ('''AD''') or ''primary dementia of Alzheimer's type'' is an incurable, neurodegenerative disease which results in a pervasive loss of mental and physical functioning due to the dete... | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name = Alzheimer's disease |
ICD10 = |
ICD9 = 331.9 |
}}
'''Alzheimer's disease''' ('''AD'''), a neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia and characterised clinically by progressive intellectual deterioration together with declining activiti... | [1, 2, 3, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 22,182,386 | 2005-08-30T16:01:37Z | 65.78.20.125 | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day".)
Humans ha... | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle (Determined by the light input from [[Photosensitive Ganglion Cell]][s]) of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "ar... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Medical cannabis | External links | 22,733,278 | 2005-09-06T23:34:11Z | 84.65.59.51 | * [http://www.prescriptionpot.com Prescription Pot: details the secretive marijuana program administered by the U.S. Government]
*[http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/home.htm National (Australian) Drug and Alcohol Research Centre Prepared for the National Task Force on Cannabis]
* [http://www.druglibrary.... | [http://www.talkweed.com TalkWeed - Cannabis Growing Forum]
[[Category:Medical ethics]]
[[Category:Cannabis]]
[[Category:Antiemetics]]
[[de:Cannabis als Medizin]] | [2] |
Stem cell | Adult stem cells | 23,548,361 | 2005-09-19T21:17:43Z | GraemeL | Stem cells can be found in all adult and young adult beings. ''Adult stem cells'' are undifferentiated cells that reproduce daily to provide certain specialized cells—for example 200 billion [[red blood cell]]s are created each day in the body from [[pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell|hemopoietic stem cells]]. ... | Stem cells can be found in all adult and young adult beings. ''Adult stem cells'' are undifferentiated cells that reproduce daily to provide certain specialized cells—for example 200 billion [[red blood cell]]s are created each day in the body from [[pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell|hemopoietic stem cells]]. ... | [1, 4, 5, 9, 10] |
Meditation | Meditation and Drugs | 23,719,750 | 2005-09-22T02:06:53Z | 200.64.207.216 | Most modern methods of meditation do not include the use of drugs due to the known health problems associated with drug use. However, historically many traditions of meditation included drug use. Buddhist and Taoist traditions pre-westernization often included the use of opiates in meditiation. Many Native American ... | Modern methods of meditation do not include the use of drugs due to the known health problems associated with drug use. However, the use of stimulants have been proposed by some as a means to provide insigt, but no one has yet claimed to, nor accepted to be, enlightened by the use of drugs. Some Native American tradit... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 6] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 24,063,995 | 2005-09-26T09:01:52Z | 69.92.141.242 | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle (Determined by the light input from [[Photosensitive Ganglion Cell]][s]) of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "ar... | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle (Determined by the light input from [[Photosensitive Ganglion Cell]][s]) of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "ar... | [1, 10] |
Hypnosis | External links | 24,315,622 | 2005-09-29T12:43:23Z | Sam Spade | * T Egner, G Jamieson, J Gruzelier, (2005) Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe, NeuroImage, June 17. (Article in press [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNP-4GDSF00-2&_coverDate=06%2F17%2F2005&_alid=297941145&_rdoc=1&_... | * T Egner, G Jamieson, J Gruzelier, (2005) Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe, NeuroImage, June 17. (Article in press [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNP-4GDSF00-2&_coverDate=06%2F17%2F2005&_alid=297941145&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_q... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 24,508,483 | 2005-10-01T21:12:42Z | Jclerman | The '''circadian rhythm''' is a name given to the "internal '''body clock'''" that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle (Determined by the light input from [[Photosensitive Ganglion Cell]][s]) of [[biology|biological]] processes in animals and plants. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "ar... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day".) It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves. <!... | [1, 2, 3] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 24,523,110 | 2005-10-02T01:05:38Z | Jclerman | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day".) It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves. <!... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day".) It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves in ... | [1, 2, 5, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 24,523,110 | 2005-10-02T01:05:38Z | Jclerman | null | The circadian rhythm is linked to the light/dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "free running" rhythm. Each "day" their sleep cycle is pushed back- or foreward (depending whether they are nocturnal or diurnal animals) by approximately one hour. This is called a "ph... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 24,524,148 | 2005-10-02T01:23:34Z | Jclerman | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day".) It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves in ... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day".) It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves in ... | [2, 5] |
Human cloning | Techniques | 24,825,425 | 2005-10-05T17:26:29Z | Stephenb | Currently the most successful cloning technique is the same process which allowed [[Dolly the sheep]] to be cloned - [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]]. It is also the technique used by ACT, the first company to successfully clone a human embryo (see research section below). An [[egg cell]] taken from a donor has its [[... | Currently the most successful cloning technique is the same process which allowed [[Dolly the sheep]] to be cloned - [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]]. It is also the technique used by ACT, the first company to successfully clone a human embryo (see research section below). An [[egg cell]] taken from a donor has its [[... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 25,565,097 | 2005-10-15T05:36:28Z | 203.197.150.66 | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves in ... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves in ... | [1, 9, 10, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 25,566,103 | 2005-10-15T06:00:35Z | Jclerman | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves in ... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the roughly 24 hour cycles shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves in ... | [1, 4, 9] |
Hypnosis | (Top) | 26,382,516 | 2005-10-24T21:30:35Z | DrMattGomes | {{twoversions|25167249}}
'''Hypnosis''' is a procedure during which a hypnotist can make suggestions to a client, patient, or experimental participant to experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior. It typically involves an introduction to the procedure during which the subject is told that su... | {{twoversions|25167249}}
'''Hypnosis''' has been practiced for thousands of years and continues to be controversial. There is evidence that healing trances were used in the healing temples of India. Ancient Egyptian scrolls tell of the use of sleeping temples and the use of hypnotic inductions for healing. Througho... | [1, 2, 5, 9, 4] |
Medical cannabis | New York | 26,802,255 | 2005-10-29T16:54:32Z | 209.142.167.138 | New York ran a large scale study using 199 patients who had not found success with other antiemetic therapies. Each patient received 6,044 marijuana cigarettes, which were provided to the patient during 514 treatment episodes
*Conclusions: North Shore Hospital reported marijuana was effective at reducing emesis 92.9 p... | New York ran a large scale study using 199 patients who had not found success with other antiemetic therapies. Each patient received 6,indicated that approximately ninety-three (93) percent of marijuana inhalation treatment episodes are reported to be effective or highly effective when compared to other antiemetics.";... | [2, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 27,687,544 | 2005-11-08T04:05:01Z | Domaniac | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 27,699,405 | 2005-11-08T07:02:48Z | 165.91.50.120 | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in plants and animals. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of plant leaves... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in plants, animals and cyanobacteria. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement ... | [1, 4, 10] |
Trie | (Top) | 27,823,015 | 2005-11-09T14:37:42Z | Neurodivergent | [[Image: trie_example.png|thumb|right|A '''trie''' for keys 'to', 'tea', 'ten', 'in', 'inn'.]]
In [[computer science]], a '''trie''' is an [[ordered tree data structure|ordered tree]] [[data structure]] that is used to store an [[associative array]] where the keys are [[string (computer science)|string]]s. Unlike a [[... | [[Image: trie_example.png|thumb|right|A '''trie''' for keys 'to', 'tea', 'ten', 'in', 'inn'.]]
In [[computer science]], a '''trie''' is an [[ordered tree data structure|ordered tree]] [[data structure]] that is used to store an [[associative array]] where the keys are [[string (computer science)|string]]s. Unlike a [[... | [1, 3] |
Stem cell | Types | 28,622,556 | 2005-11-17T22:07:44Z | TenOfAllTrades | Stem cells are categorized by ''potency'' which describes the specificity of that cell.
*'''[[Totipotent]]''' stem cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg cell are also totipotent. These cells can grow into any type of cell without e... | Stem cells are categorized by ''potency'' which describes the specificity of that cell.
*'''[[Totipotent]]''' stem cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg cell are also totipotent. These cells can grow into any type of cell without e... | [6] |
Bubble sort | Performance | 28,640,827 | 2005-11-18T02:59:47Z | Dcoetzee | null | For implementations in real programming languages, see [[wikisource:bubble sort|Wikisource]].
Bubble sort needs [[big O notation|O]](n<sup>2</sup>) comparisons to sort <math>n</math> items and can sort [[in-place algorithm|in-place]]. Although the algorithm is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and i... | [1, 4, 5, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 28,741,811 | 2005-11-19T10:11:17Z | 203.101.110.2 | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in plants, animals and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movem... | The circadian rhythm is neither fully dependent on nor fully independent of external cues such as sunlight and temperature. Early researchers identified that some sort of "internal" rhythm must exist, because plants and animals did not react immediately to artificially-induced changes in daily rhythms. However it has b... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 28,748,274 | 2005-11-19T12:53:27Z | Jclerman | The circadian rhythm is neither fully dependent on nor fully independent of external cues such as sunlight and temperature. Early researchers identified that some sort of "internal" rhythm must exist, because plants and animals did not react immediately to artificially-induced changes in daily rhythms. However it has b... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in plants, animals and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', meaning "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movem... | [1, 5, 9, 4] |
Context-free grammar | Undecidable problems | 28,785,973 | 2005-11-19T23:24:57Z | Dcoetzee | Although some operations on context-free grammars are decidable due to their limited power, unlike finite automata CFGs do have interesting undecidable problems. One of the simplest and most cited is the problem of deciding whether a CFG accepts the language of all strings. A reduction can be demonstrated to this probl... | Although some operations on context-free grammars are decidable due to their limited power, unlike finite automata CFGs do have interesting undecidable problems. One of the simplest and most cited is the problem of deciding whether a CFG accepts the language of all strings. A reduction can be demonstrated to this probl... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 28,822,951 | 2005-11-20T11:00:49Z | 84.202.87.198 | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in plants, animals and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around" and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of p... | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in plants, animals and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally, "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of ... | [11] |
Hypnosis | Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) and "Animal Magnetism" | 28,840,183 | 2005-11-20T17:18:55Z | 66.7.227.140 | null | Western scientists first became involved in hypnosis around [[1770]], when [[Franz Mesmer|Dr. Franz Mesmer]], a physician from Austria, started investigating an effect he called "[[animal magnetism]]" or "[[mesmerism]]" (the latter name still remaining popular today). Unfortunately, Mesmer had little scientific insigh... | [1, 5, 9, 4] |
Parkinson's disease | Causes | 29,526,273 | 2005-11-28T22:13:48Z | 24.11.111.63 | The cause of Parkinson's disease is not known. [[Geneticist]]s have since [[1997]] found nine different specific genetic defects, each of which causes the disease in one or a few families with extraordinarily high [[incidence]]s of the disease, but such families are rare. While a strong inheritance pattern occurs in on... | Having a really large penis can make mex much more pleasureable.
The cause of Parkinson's disease is not known. [[Geneticist]]s have since [[1997]] found nine different specific genetic defects, each of which causes the disease in one or a few families with extraordinarily high [[incidence]]s of the disease, but such f... | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | Cardinal symptoms | 30,018,484 | 2005-12-03T15:06:09Z | Arcadian | null | Symptoms may vary among patients, and additionally may vary greatly over time in a single patient.
However, the [[cardinal symptom]]s are:
*'''[[tremor]]''' (while this is the best known symptom, it is not displayed by an estimated 30% of patients. The classical Parkinsonian tremor is 4-7[[Hertz|Hz]], often unilateral,... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 30,237,675 | 2005-12-05T17:24:30Z | 131.111.85.79 | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | [3, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 30,271,901 | 2005-12-05T23:00:55Z | Jclerman | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 10] |
Hypnosis | James Esdaile (1805-1859) | 30,291,770 | 2005-12-06T02:02:01Z | 81.131.154.109 | Dr. [[James Esdaile]] performed over 300 operations using hypnosis as pain control. The development of chemical anesthetics soon saw the replacement of hypnotism in this role.
The deaths of Braid and Esdaile curbed the interest in hypnotism. Experimentation was revived into the [[1880s]], mainly in continental Europe ... | Dr. [[James Esdaile]] claimed to have performed over 300 operations using hypnosis-like "magentism" as pain control. The development of chemical anesthetics soon saw the replacement of hypnotism in this role. In fact, a committee of inquiry appointed to examine his practice found that patients exhibit "...a grotesque w... | [3, 6, 1] |
Dream | (Top) | 30,533,115 | 2005-12-08T00:14:17Z | RxS | '''Dreaming''' is the [[subjective]] [[experience]] of [[remembered and imaginary]] images, sounds/voices, [[word]]s, [[thought]]s or [[sensation]]s during [[sleep]], with the dreamer usually not being able to influence the experience. The scientific discipline of dream research is [[oneirology]]. Dreaming has been ass... | {{otheruses}}
[[Image:Pierre-Cécile Puvis de Chavannes 003.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Pierre-Cécile Puvis de Chavannes: ''The Dream'', 1883]]
'''Dreaming''' is the [[subjective]] [[experience]] of [[remembered and imaginary]] images, sounds/voices, [[word]]s, [[thought]]s or [[sensation]]s during [[sleep]], with the dream... | [1, 4, 9] |
Methamphetamine | Methods of use | 30,634,754 | 2005-12-08T21:23:07Z | Psy guy | Methamphetamine can be swallowed, snorted, smoked, dissolved in water and injected, or inserted anally (with or without dissolution in water). As with all addictive drugs, the potential for addiction is greater when it is delivered by methods that cause the concentration in the blood to rise quickly, principally becaus... | Methamphetamine can be swallowed, snorted, smoked, dissolved in water and injected, or inserted anally (with or without dissolution in water). As with all addictive drugs, the potential for addiction is greater when it is delivered by methods that cause the concentration in the blood to rise quickly, principally becaus... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 31,227,023 | 2005-12-13T19:39:18Z | 71.106.166.3 | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | [1, 9, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms | 31,450,725 | 2005-12-15T09:57:58Z | 131.111.8.97 | Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to synchronize with daily changes in temperature and light is of great advantage to plants. At the most basic level, circadian rhythms are the cyclical expression of [[gene]]s. This cyclical expression is contr... | Plants are [[sessile]] organisms and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to synchronize with daily changes in temperature and light is of great advantage to plants. For example, the circadian clock makes an essential contribution to [[photosynthesis]], with the outcome that the cloc... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 31,458,243 | 2005-12-15T11:59:20Z | 131.111.8.103 | Believed to have originated from the earliest cells as a result of protection of replicating DNA from high UV radiation of day time. As a result, replication was strictly limited during a dark cycle. The fungus, ''Neurospora'', displays this clock mechanism. | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated from the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was strictly limited during a dark cycle. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechani... | [1, 3, 9] |
Code injection | Shell Injection | 31,511,740 | 2005-12-15T20:19:31Z | Blaufish | null | Shell Injection is named after [[Unix shell|Unix shells], but applies to most systems which allows software to programmatically execute [[Command line]]. Typical sources of Shell Injection is calls system(), StartProcess(), java.lang.Runtime.exec() and similar APIs.
Consider the following short PHP
<pre><nowiki>
<HTML... | [1, 4, 9] |
Code injection | Validate | 31,521,885 | 2005-12-15T21:34:54Z | Blaufish | Validate (or sanitizing) user input is to ensure that input is safe prior to use.
One strategy is to '''terminate on suspicious input'''. This is the safest strategy. If expecting input to be limited to [[charset]] ''A-Z'' or ''a-z'' but '''; ls -l /''' is received - the program is terminated.
Another strategy which... | Validate (or sanitizing) user input is to ensure that input is safe prior to use. The best way to do this is to ''Terminate on suspicious input'' and use a ''Filter in known goods'' strategy to determine if execution should be terminated or not.
'''Terminate on suspicious input'''.
This is a very safe strategy. If un... | [1, 3] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 31,732,502 | 2005-12-17T14:29:34Z | 84.122.82.4 | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
Also have a look at the [[Reticular activating system]] in the [[Reticular formation]].
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[de:Circadiane Rhythmik]]
[[nl:Biologische klok]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]] | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
Also have a look at the [[Reticular activating system]] in the [[Reticular formation]].
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[de:Circadiane Rhythmik]]
[[es:Reloj circadiano]]
[[nl:Biologische klok]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]] | [9] |
Parkinson's disease | Genetic predispositions | 32,735,594 | 2005-12-26T04:13:13Z | GoldRingChip | null | While a strong inheritance pattern occurs in only a very small percentage of cases, an affected individual is three to four times more likely than an unaffected individual to have a close relative with Parkinson's. Having a parent with Parkinson's raises one's lifetime risk of developing the disorder threefold, from th... | [1, 9, 10, 4] |
Hypnosis | Dissociation and neodissociation theories | 33,651,696 | 2006-01-02T23:00:53Z | 208.12.24.35 | <!-- (Kroger, 1977, p. 28) -->
This theory of hypnosis, postulated by [[Pierre Janet]], states that while in hypnosis, areas of an individual's behavioral control is split off from ordinary awareness. In this case, hypnosis would remove some control from the conscious mind and the individual will respond with autonomic... | <!-- (Kroger, 1977, p. 28) -->
The Dissociative Theory of hypnosis, postulated by [[Pierre Janet]], states that while in hypnosis, areas of an individual's awareness are split off from ordinary awareness. In this case, hypnosis can systematically remove such awareness from the conscious mind and the individual will res... | [3, 4] |
Hypnosis | Forensic Application | 33,660,737 | 2006-01-03T00:18:50Z | PeregrineAY | Scientific knowledge of hypnosis applied to Legal problems is called forensic hypnosis. Because the experience of hypnosis can lead to the creation of fantasy and honestly held but false memory, most U.S. Courts apply stringent criteria before admitting testimony that was elicited through hypnotic suggestion. In the U.... | Scientific knowledge of hypnosis applied to Legal problems is called forensic hypnosis.Courts prior to 1968 consistently excluded post-hypnotic testimony on the grounds that it was unreliable and apt to influence a jury unduly. Now hypnosis practice is growing stronger and still admissible in courtroom testimonies as l... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 35,270,623 | 2006-01-15T14:06:24Z | La goutte de pluie | ''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in plants, animals, fungi and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movemen... | ''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24 hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "around a day.") It was initially discovered in... | [2, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 35,270,623 | 2006-01-15T14:06:24Z | La goutte de pluie | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | [1, 4, 9] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.