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Article stringclasses 29 values	Section stringlengths 4 226	Revision Id int64 149k 1.29B	Timestamp stringlengths 20 25	Author stringlengths 2 39	Previous Section Text stringlengths 3 27.1k ⌀	Edited Section Text stringlengths 3 24.2k ⌀	Gold Labels stringclasses 209 values
Instruction cycle	Initiating the cycle	372,633,723	2010-07-09T19:56:21Z	Eamonnca1	The cycle is usually managed in modern computers by the [[Operating System]] (OS). However, since the OS usually resides on a disk, it cannot operate immediately on bootup. Therefore when a computer is initially booted, the cycle begins by searching for the code at a specific starting memory address, (0xfffffff0 in t...	The cycle is usually managed in modern computers by the [[Operating System]] (OS). However, since the OS usually resides on a disk, it cannot operate immediately on bootup. Therefore when a computer is initially booted, the cycle begins by searching for the code at a specific starting memory address, (0xfffffff0 in t...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Outside the "master clock"	373,413,412	2010-07-14T09:26:13Z	24.237.197.254	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the [[oesophagus]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[pancreas]], [[spleen]], [[thymus]], and the [[skin]].<ref>{{cite j...	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the [[esophagus]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[pancreas]], [[spleen]], [[thymus]], and the [[skin]].<ref>{{cite jo...	[11]
Context-free grammar	Algorithms	374,744,752	2010-07-21T21:28:49Z	1&only	* [[CYK_algorithm\|CYK algorithm]] * [[GLR_parser\|GLR parser]]	* [[CYK_algorithm\|CYK algorithm]] * [[GLR_parser\|GLR parser]] * [[Earley_algorithm\|Earley algorithm]]	[9]
Von Neumann architecture	External links	375,467,120	2010-07-26T01:39:40Z	TXiKiBoT	[http://www.pic24micro.com/harvard_vs_von_neumann.html Harvard vs von Neumann] [http://home.gna.org/vov/ A tool that emulates the behavior of a von Neumann machine] {{CPU technologies}} [[Category:Computer architecture]] [[Category:Flynn's Taxonomy]] [[Category:Reference models]] [[Category:Classes of computers]] ...	[http://www.pic24micro.com/harvard_vs_von_neumann.html Harvard vs von Neumann] [http://home.gna.org/vov/ A tool that emulates the behavior of a von Neumann machine] {{CPU technologies}} [[Category:Computer architecture]] [[Category:Flynn's Taxonomy]] [[Category:Reference models]] [[Category:Classes of computers]] ...	[9]
Meditation	Mindfulness	376,075,974	2010-07-29T12:13:34Z	Makeswell	null	{{Main\|Mindfulness (psychology)}} [[Mindfulness (psychology)\| Mindfulness]] has become a part of mainstream Western psychology. Jon Kabat-Zinn has defined mindfulness as 'moment to moment non-judgmental awareness'.<ref name="mindful tech talk">Jon Kabat-Zinn gives a Google Tech Talk about introductory mindfulness pract...	[1, 5, 7, 9, 4]
Alzheimer's disease	Diagnostic tools	378,158,056	2010-08-10T10:47:42Z	Mikael Häggström	[[File:InterlockingPentagons.svg\|right\|thumb\|Neuropsychological screening tests can help in the diagnosis of AD. In them patients have to copy drawings similar to the one shown in the picture, remember words, read or sum.]] [[Neuropsychological test]]s such as the [[mini-mental state examination]] (MMSE), are widely u...	[[File:InterlockingPentagons.svg\|right\|thumb\|Neuropsychological screening tests can help in the diagnosis of AD. In them patients have to copy drawings similar to the one shown in the picture, remember words, read or sum.]] [[Neuropsychological test]]s such as the [[mini-mental state examination]] (MMSE), are widely u...	[3, 9, 10, 4, 1]
Context-free grammar	Derivations and syntax trees	379,535,280	2010-08-18T05:54:28Z	174.114.248.239	There are two common ways to describe how a given string can be derived from the start symbol of a given grammar. The simplest way is to list the consecutive strings of symbols, beginning with the start symbol and ending with the string, and the rules that have been applied. If we introduce a strategy such as "always r...	There are two common ways to describe how a given string can be shown to be derivable from the start symbol of a given grammar. The simplest way is to list the set of consecutive derivations, beginning with the start symbol and ending with the string itself along with the rules applied to produce each intermediate step...	[11]
Bubble sort	In practice	379,592,248	2010-08-18T14:48:29Z	Blaisorblade	[[File:Bubble sort animation.gif\|thumb\|right\|280px\|A bubble sort, a sorting algorithm that continuously steps through a list, [[Swap (computer science)\|swapping]] items until they appear in the correct order.]] Although bubble sort is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, its ''[[Big O not...	[[File:Bubble sort animation.gif\|thumb\|right\|280px\|A bubble sort, a sorting algorithm that continuously steps through a list, [[Swap (computer science)\|swapping]] items until they appear in the correct order.]] Although bubble sort is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, its ''[[Big O not...	[1, 9]
Bubble sort	Performance	379,592,248	2010-08-18T14:48:29Z	Blaisorblade	Bubble sort has worst-case and average complexity both ''О''(''n''<sup><small>2</small></sup>), where ''n'' is the number of items being sorted. There exist many sorting algorithms with substantially better worst-case or average complexity of ''O''(''n'' log ''n''). Even other ''О''(''n''<sup><small>2</small></sup>) so...	Bubble sort has worst-case and average complexity both ''О''(''n''<sup><small>2</small></sup>), where ''n'' is the number of items being sorted. There exist many sorting algorithms with substantially better worst-case or average complexity of ''O''(''n'' log ''n''). Even other ''О''(''n''<sup><small>2</small></sup>) so...	[3, 6]
Context-free grammar	(Top)	381,555,111	2010-08-28T20:15:28Z	99.135.148.147	In [[formal language theory]], a '''context-free grammar''' ('''CFG'''), sometimes also called a '''[[phrase structure grammar]]''' is a [[formal grammar\|grammar]] which naturally generates a [[formal language]] in which clauses can be nested inside clauses arbitrarily deeply, but where grammatical structures are not a...	In [[formal language theory]], a '''context-free grammar''' ('''CFG'''), sometimes also called a '''[[phrase structure grammar]]''' is a [[formal grammar\|grammar]] which naturally generates a [[formal language]] in which clauses can be nested inside clauses arbitrarily deeply, but where grammatical structures are not a...	[1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9]
DNA sequencing	See also	383,009,717	2010-09-05T06:10:18Z	Adrian J. Hunter	* [[454 Life Sciences]] * [[Applied Biosystems]] * [[Cancer genome sequencing]] * [[Complete Genomics]] * [[DNA field-effect transistor]] * [[DNA sequencing theory]] * [[Full genome sequencing]] * [[Genome project]] * [[Illumina (company)]] * [[Joint Genome Institute]] * [[Sequence profiling tool]] * [[Single Molecule ...	* [[Cancer genome sequencing]] * [[Complete Genomics]] * [[DNA field-effect transistor]] * [[DNA sequencing theory]] * [[Genome project]] * [[Joint Genome Institute]] * [[Sequence profiling tool]] * [[Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing]]	[11]
Methamphetamine	Psychological effects	383,216,694	2010-09-06T09:09:05Z	Editor182	Psychological effects can include [[euphoria]], [[anxiety]], increased [[libido]], [[alertness]], [[concentration]], [[energy]], [[self-esteem]], [[self-confidence]], [[sociability]], [[irritability]], [[aggression]], [[psychosomatic disorders]], [[psychomotor agitation]], [[hubris]], excessive feelings of [[Power (phi...	Psychological effects can include [[euphoria]], [[anxiety]], increased [[libido]], [[alertness]], [[concentration]], [[energy]], [[self-esteem]], [[self-confidence]], [[sociability]], [[irritability]], [[aggression]], [[psychosomatic disorders]], [[psychomotor agitation]], [[grandiosity]], excessive feelings of [[Power...	[3, 9, 4]
Circadian rhythm	Enforced longer cycles	384,686,579	2010-09-14T00:14:13Z	SmackBot	Modern research under very controlled conditions has shown the human period for adults to be just slightly longer than 24 hours on average. Czeisler et al. at Harvard found the range for normal, healthy adults of all ages to be quite narrow: 24 hours and 11 minutes ± 16 minutes. The "clock" resets itself daily to the 2...	Modern research under very controlled conditions has shown the human period for adults to be just slightly longer than 24 hours on average. Czeisler et al. at Harvard found the range for normal, healthy adults of all ages to be quite narrow: 24 hours and 11 minutes ± 16 minutes. The "clock" resets itself daily to the 2...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Impact of light–dark cycle	384,686,579	2010-09-14T00:14:13Z	SmackBot	The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep\|freerunning]] rhythm. Each "day", their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether their [[endogenous]] period is shorter or longer than 2...	The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep\|freerunning]] rhythm. Each "day", their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether their [[endogenous]] period is shorter or longer than 2...	[11]
Code injection	Benevolent	385,595,513	2010-09-18T20:31:49Z	AliveFreeHappy	Some people may use code injections with good intentions. For example, changing or tweaking the behavior of a program or system through code injection can "trick" the system into behaving in a certain way without any malicious intent.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Srinivasan\|first=Raghunathan\|title=Towards More Effective Virus D...	Some people may use code injections with good intentions. For example, changing or tweaking the behavior of a program or system through code injection can "trick" the system into behaving in a certain way without any malicious intent.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Srinivasan\|first=Raghunathan\|title=Towards More Effective Virus D...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	History	385,643,815	2010-09-19T01:58:05Z	Hmains	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=Bretzl H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|location=...	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book\|author=Bretzl H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|location=...	[11]
K-d tree	Sample Lua - NN Search	387,887,581	2010-09-30T10:03:50Z	146.64.23.60	<source lang="lua"> function kdsearchnn( here, point, best ) if here == nil then return best end if best == nil then best = here end -- consider the current node -- if distance(here,point) < distance(best,point) then best = here end -- search the near branch -...	<source lang="lua"> function kdsearchnn( here, point, best ) if here == nil then return best end if best == nil then best = here end -- consider the current node -- if distance(here,point) < distance(best,point) then best = here end -- search the near branch -...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	389,891,006	2010-10-10T15:01:44Z	Hordaland	{{Redirect\|Human clock\|the online clock\|Humanclock}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]...	{{Redirect\|Human clock\|the online clock\|Humanclock}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]...	[3]
Human cloning	(Top)	393,729,571	2010-10-30T03:44:09Z	Cmichael	{{Expand\|date=May 2009}} {{Cleanup\|date=November 2007}} '''Human cloning''' is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a [[human]] (not usually referring to monozygotic [[multiple birth]]s), human [[Cell (biology)\|cell]], or human [[Tissue (biology)\|tissue]]. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controversial ...	{{Expand\|date=May 2009}} {{Cleanup\|date=November 2007}} '''Human cloning''' is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a [[human]] (not usually referring to monozygotic [[multiple birth]]s), human [[Cell (biology)\|cell]], or human [[Tissue (biology)\|tissue]]. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controversial ...	[1, 3]
Parkinson's disease	Genetic	395,090,812	2010-11-06T01:20:10Z	Cjc22	PD traditionally has been considered a non-genetic disorder, however around 15% of individuals with PD have a first-degree relative who also has the disease.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> At least between 5 and 10% of the patients are now known to have monogenic forms of the disease.<ref name=lesage>{{cite journal \|autho...	PD traditionally has been considered a non-genetic disorder, however around 15% of individuals with PD have a first-degree relative who also has the disease.<ref name="pmid15172778"/> At least between 5 and 10% of the patients are now known to have monogenic forms of the disease.<ref name=lesage>{{cite journal \|autho...	[1, 7, 4, 9, 10]
Human cloning	Notable cloning attempts and claims	395,215,093	2010-11-06T19:17:56Z	Vsmith	* Dr. [[Panayiotis Zavos]], an American fertility doctor, revealedary 2004 at a London press conference that he had transferred a freshly-cloned embryo into the 35-year-old woman. On 04 February 2004, it emerged that the attempt had not worked and the woman did not become pregnant.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.dailym...	* Dr. [[Panayiotis Zavos]], an American fertility doctor, revealed on 17 January 2004 at a London press conference that he had transferred a freshly-cloned embryo into the 35-year-old woman. On 04 February 2004, it emerged that the attempt had not worked and the woman did not become pregnant.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http:/...	[3]
Circadian rhythm	Criteria	395,294,818	2010-11-07T04:34:37Z	72.174.18.48	Historically, to differentiate genuinely endogenous circadian rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones, three general criteria must be met: 1) the rhythms persist in the absence of cues, 2) they persist equally precisely over a range of temperatures, and 3) the rhythms can be adjusted to match the local time: * The r...	Historically, to differentiate genuinely endogenous circadian rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones, three general criteria must be met: 1) the rhythms persist in the absence of cues, 2) they persist equally precisely over a range of temperatures, and 3) the rhythms can be adjusted to match the local time: * The r...	[3]
Circadian rhythm	Light and the biological clock	395,500,666	2010-11-08T07:00:59Z	NJR ZA	Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species and lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in nocturnal rodents than ...	Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species and lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in nocturnal rodents than ...	[1, 7, 10]
Methamphetamine	Long-term effects	395,630,238	2010-11-08T22:52:39Z	Literaturegeek	null	[[Methamphetamine]] use has a high association with depression and suicide as well as serious heart disease, methamphetamine psychosis, anxiety and violent behaviours. Additionally methamphetamine has a very high addiction risk.<ref name="Darke-2008">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Darke \| first1 = S. \| last2 = Kaye \| first2...	[1, 7, 9, 4, 10]
Circadian rhythm	Origin	395,696,126	2010-11-09T06:48:40Z	ClueBot NG	i think that you are a fucking mess so fucking chap up and do some fucking thing . Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare fuck precise and regular environmental changes; they have great value in relation to the outside world. miss fucken de leo should get a fucken blow job right now Cellfuck	{{Ref improve section\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	[1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10]
Instruction cycle	2. Decode the instruction	397,063,576	2010-11-16T07:43:34Z	120.88.34.252	The CU passes the decoded information as a sequence of control signals to the relevant function units of the CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction such as reading values from registers, passing them to the ALU to perform mathematical or logic functions on them, and writing the result back to a register...	The instruction decoder interprets the instruction. If the instruction has an [[indirect address]], the effective address is read from main memory, and any required data is fetched from main memory to be processed and then placed into data registers. During this phase the instruction inside the IR (instruction registe...	[1, 2, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Circadian Rhythms in Plants	398,179,028	2010-11-22T03:26:47Z	Bjholm	null	Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is in and when to flower for the best chance of attracting insects to pollinate them and can include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission. <ref>{{Cite journal \| last = Webb \| fir...	[1, 7, 4]
Circadian rhythm	In plants	398,189,303	2010-11-22T04:57:23Z	Bjholm	Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is in and when to flower for the best chance of attracting insects to pollinate them and can include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last = Webb \| first...	Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is in and when to flower for the best chance of attracting insects to pollinate them and can include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last = Webb \| first...	[]
Circadian rhythm	In plants	398,197,233	2010-11-22T06:16:16Z	Bjholm	Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is in and when to flower for the best chance of attracting insects to pollinate them and can include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last = Webb \| first...	Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is in and when to flower for the best chance of attracting insects to pollinate them and can include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last = Webb \| first...	[1, 3, 4]
Circadian rhythm	In plants	398,198,210	2010-11-22T06:26:18Z	Bjholm	[[File:PLANTCIRC.jpg\|thumb\|PLANTCIRC\|Diagram showing a small portion of the negative feedback loop in Arabidopsis. LHY and CCA1 are considered negative elements due to its repression against TOC1 in the morning while TOC1 is considered a positive element because it results in increased transcription of LHY and CCA1 du...	[[File:PLANTCIRC.jpg\|thumb\|PLANTCIRC\|Diagram showing a small portion of the transcriptional feedback loop in Arabidopsis. LHY and CCA1 are considered negative elements due to its repression against TOC1 in the morning while TOC1 is considered a positive element because it results in increased transcription of LHY and ...	[3, 4]
Human cloning	(Top)	400,117,482	2010-12-02T13:18:16Z	Gabbe	{{Expand\|date=May 2009}} {{Cleanup\|date=November 2007}} '''Human cloning''' is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. It does not usually refer to monozygotic [[multiple birth]]s, human [[Cell (biology)\|cell]] or [[Tissue (biology)\|tissue]] reproduction. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controve...	{{Expand\|date=May 2009}} {{Cleanup\|date=November 2007}} '''Human cloning''' is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. It does not usually refer to monozygotic [[multiple birth]]s, human [[Cell (biology)\|cell]] or [[Tissue (biology)\|tissue]] reproduction. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controve...	[1, 3]
Bubble sort	Python implementation	400,894,453	2010-12-06T18:20:52Z	Josecgomez	The algorithm can also be expressed as: <code> '''def''' bubbleSort(aList): '''for''' i '''in''' range(1, len(aList)): swapped = True j=i '''while''' swapped == True '''and''' j > 0: '''if''' aList[j] < aList[j-1]: tempItem = aList[j] aList[j] ...	Here is a simple implementation in Python <source lang="python"> def BubbleSort(lst): lst = list(lst) #copy collection to list for passesLeft in range(len(lst)-1, 0, -1): for i in range(passesLeft): if lst[i] > lst[i + 1]: lst[i], lst[i + 1] = lst[i + 1], lst[i] return lst...	[1, 3]
Circadian rhythm	See also	402,409,953	2010-12-14T22:01:31Z	128.231.88.209	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Bacterial circadian rhythms]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]] * [[Diurnal cycle]] * [[Jet lag]] * [[Light effects on circadian rhyth...	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Bacterial circadian rhythms]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Circadian oscillator]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]] * [[Diurnal cycle]] * [[Jet lag]] * [[Light...	[4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Biological clock in mammals	402,871,368	2010-12-17T15:33:29Z	83.60.70.200	[[Image:Circadian rhythm labeled.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|Diagram illustrating the influence of light and darkness on circadian rhythms and related [[physiology]] and behaviour through the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] in humans.]] The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nucl...	[[Image:Circadian rhythm labeled.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|Diagram illustrating the influence of light and darkness on circadian rhythms and related [[physiology]] and behaviour through the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] in humans.]] The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nucl...	[1, 4]
Hypnosis	Historical figures	404,013,398	2010-12-24T11:11:57Z	89.238.178.23	{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Étienne Eugène Azam]] * [[Vladimir Bekhterev]] * [[Hippolyte Bernheim]] * [[Alfred Binet]] * [[James Braid (surgeon)]] * [[John Milne Bramwell]] * [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] * [[Émile Coué]] {{col-break}} * [[John Elliotson]] * [[Dave Elman]] * [[James Esdaile]] * [[George Estabrooks]] * [[...	{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Ormond Dale McGill]] * [[Étienne Eugène Azam]] * [[Vladimir Bekhterev]] * [[Hippolyte Bernheim]] * [[Alfred Binet]] * [[James Braid (surgeon)]] * [[John Milne Bramwell]] * [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] * [[Émile Coué]] {{col-break}} * [[John Elliotson]] * [[Dave Elman]] * [[James Esdaile]] * [...	[1, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Human health	404,670,023	2010-12-28T17:51:15Z	Spiral5800	{{mergefrom\|Sleep architecture\|discuss=Talk:Circadian rhythm#Merger proposal\|date=December 2010}} Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions. For example, appropriately timed treatment with [[angiotensin converting en...	{{mergefrom\|Sleep architecture\|discuss=Talk:Circadian rhythm#Merger proposal\|date=December 2010}} Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions. For example, appropriately timed treatment with [[angiotensin converting en...	[3]
Gene therapy	Electroporation	404,880,269	2010-12-29T21:38:37Z	Thatbiotechguy	null	[[Electorporation]] is a method that uses short pulses of high voltage to carry DNA across the cell membrane. This shock is thought to cause temporary formation of pores in the cell membrane, allowing DNA molecules to pass through. Electroporation is generally efficient and works across a broad range of cell types. How...	[1, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Human health	405,060,211	2010-12-30T21:28:20Z	Hordaland	{{mergefrom\|Sleep architecture\|discuss=Talk:Circadian rhythm#Merger proposal\|date=December 2010}} Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions. For example, appropriately timed treatment with [[angiotensin converting en...	{{mergefrom\|Sleep architecture\|discuss=Talk:Circadian rhythm#Merger proposal\|date=December 2010}} Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions. For example, appropriately timed treatment with [[angiotensin converting en...	[11]
Port (computer networking)	Technical details	405,842,829	2011-01-04T07:01:04Z	202.88.225.58	Transport Layer protocols, such as the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP), the [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP), specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535. A process associates its input or output channel file desc...	Transport Layer protocols, such as the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP), the [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP), specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535. A process associates its input oerefore called an [[epheme...	[2]
Context-free grammar	(Top)	407,473,541	2011-01-12T14:04:20Z	137.44.35.234	In [[formal language theory]], a '''context-free grammar''' ('''CFG'''), sometimes also called a '''[[phrase structure grammar]]''', is a [[formal grammar\|grammar]] that naturally generates a [[formal language]] in which clauses can be nested inside clauses arbitrarily deeply, but where grammatical structures are not a...	In [[formal language theory]], a '''context-free grammar''' ('''CFG'''), sometimes also called a '''[[phrase structure grammar]]''', is a [[formal grammar\|grammar]] that naturally generates a [[formal language]] in which clauses can be nested inside clauses arbitrarily deeply, but where grammatical structures are not a...	[1, 2, 4, 5]
Medical cannabis	Breast cancer	408,204,371	2011-01-16T14:24:57Z	Edgar181	Hemp oil [see reference 101] has been proven to cure all forms of cancer, even when the patient is in a terminal condition. This cure has been hidden by the large pharmaceutical companies to continue the big business of cancer and the billions in profits it brings every year. Rick Simpson, the fellow who discovered the...	According to a 2007 study at the [[California Pacific Medical Center]] Research Institute, [[cannabidiol]] (CBD) may stop [[breast cancer]] from spreading throughout the body.<ref name=pmid18025276>{{Cite journal\|author=McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, Garcia A, Desprez PY \|title=Cannabidiol as a novel inhibi...	[2]
DNA sequencing	Maxam–Gilbert sequencing	408,428,795	2011-01-17T18:00:07Z	Ebudishorn	In 1976–1977, [[Allan Maxam]] and [[Walter Gilbert]] developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases.<ref name=Maxam77>{{cite journal \|author=Maxam AM, Gilbert W \|title=A new method for sequencing DNA \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=74 \|is...	In 1976–1977, [[Allan Maxam]] and [[Walter Gilbert]] developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases.<ref name=Maxam77>{{cite journal \|author=Maxam AM, Gilbert W \|title=A new method for sequencing DNA \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=74 \|is...	[1, 2, 3, 4]
Genetic engineering	Other uses	408,676,106	2011-01-18T22:40:58Z	Hoshin12	In [[materials science]], a [[genetically modified virus]] has been used to construct a more environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/virus-battery-0402.html \|title= New virus-built battery could power cars, electronic devices \|publisher=Web.mit.edu \|date=2009-...	One of the famous other uses of genetic engineering was the discovery of the Patty Jaffs. In [[materials science]], a [[genetically modified virus]] has been used to construct a more environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/virus-battery-0402.html \|title= New v...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	409,861,557	2011-01-24T23:53:51Z	Circadianblitz	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities on [[Earth]], including...	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven ~24-hr cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhythms have been wide...	[1, 3]
Circadian rhythm	Biological clock in mammals	409,865,218	2011-01-25T00:13:24Z	Circadianblitz	[[Image:Circadian rhythm labeled.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|Diagram illustrating the influence of light and darkness on circadian rhythms and related [[physiology]] and behaviour through the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] in humans.]] The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nucl...	[[Image:Circadian rhythm labeled.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|Diagram illustrating the influence of light and darkness on circadian rhythms and related [[physiology]] and behaviour through the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] in humans.]] The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nucl...	[3, 4]
DNA sequencing	Amplification and clonal selection	409,948,728	2011-01-25T11:19:08Z	Woohookitty	[[Image:DNA Sequencing gDNA libraries.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping DNA regions.(click to expand)]] Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long D...	[[Image:DNA Sequencing gDNA libraries.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Genomic DNA is fragmented into random pieces and cloned as a bacterial library. DNA from individual bacterial clones is sequenced and the sequence is assembled by using overlapping DNA regions.(click to expand)]] Large-scale sequencing aims at sequencing very long D...	[11]
Methadone	Analgesic	411,790,637	2011-02-03T15:15:28Z	Lupo11	In recent years, methadone has gained popularity among physicians for the treatment of other medical problems, such as an [[analgesic]] in chronic pain. The increased usage comes as doctors search for an opioid drug that can be dosed less frequently than shorter-acting drugs like morphine or [[hydrocodone]]. Another fa...	In recent years, methadone has gained popularity among physicians for the treatment of other medical problems, such as an [[analgesic]] in chronic pain. Due to its activity at the NMDA receptor it may be more effective against neuropathic pain; for the same reason tolerance to the analgesic effects maybe lesser compar...	[1, 4]
Context-free grammar	Restrictions	411,942,270	2011-02-04T08:23:21Z	Eugenwpg	There are a number of important subclasses of the context free grammars: * [[Deterministic context-free grammar\|Deterministic grammars]] * [[LR parser\|LR(''k'')]], [[SLR grammar\|Simple LR]], and [[LALR parser\|Look-Ahead LR]] grammars (based on LR, [[GLR parser\|Generalized LR]] supports the full set of CFGs) * [[LL par...	There are a number of important subclasses of the context free grammars: * [[Deterministic context-free grammar\|Deterministic grammars]] * [[LR parser\|LR(''k'')]], [[SLR grammar\|Simple LR]], and [[LALR parser\|Look-Ahead LR]] grammars (based on LR, [[GLR parser\|Generalized LR]] supports the full set of CFGs) * [[LL par...	[4, 9]
Bubble sort	Performance	412,149,289	2011-02-05T13:39:56Z	Breawycker	Bubble sort has worst-case and average complexity both ''О''(''n''<sup>2</sup>), where ''n'' is the number of items being sorted. There exist many sorting algorithms with substantially better worst-case or average complexity of ''O''(''n'' log ''n''). Even other ''О''(''n''<sup>2</sup>) sorting algorithms, such as [[in...	Bubble sort has worst-case and average complexity both ''О''(''n''<sup>2</sup>), where ''n'' is the number of items being sorted. There exist many sorting algorithms with substantially better worst-case or average complexity of ''O''(''n'' log ''n''). Even other ''О''(''n''<sup>2</sup>) sorting algorithms, such as [[in...	[1, 9, 10]
Genetically modified food	Alfalfa	412,458,172	2011-02-07T02:07:28Z	Gandydancer	On 21 June 2010, the [[US Supreme Court]] issued its first ruling in regard to a GM crop. This was a ruling in regard to [[Roundup Ready]] [[alfalfa]].<ref>[http://www.scotuswiki.com/index.php?title=Monsanto_Company_v._Geertson_Seed_Farms Monsanto Company v. Geertson Seed Farms] at ScotusWiki - Briefs and Documents, et...	On 21 June 2010, the [[US Supreme Court]] issued its first ruling in regard to a GM crop. This was a ruling in regard to [[Roundup Ready]] [[alfalfa]].<ref>[http://www.scotuswiki.com/index.php?title=Monsanto_Company_v._Geertson_Seed_Farms Monsanto Company v. Geertson Seed Farms] at ScotusWiki - Briefs and Documents, et...	[1, 9]
Bubble sort	(Top)	412,542,958	2011-02-07T15:34:01Z	Glrx	{{Infobox Algorithm \|class=[[Sorting algorithm]] \|image=[[File:Bubblesort-edited.png\|Visualisation of bubblesort]] \|caption=A visual representation of how bubble sort works. \|data=[[Array data structure\|Array]] \|best-time= <math>O(n)</math> \|average-time= <math>O(n^2)</math> \|time=<math>O(n^2)</math> \|space=<math>O(1)<...	{{Infobox Algorithm \|class=[[Sorting algorithm]] \|image=[[File:Bubblesort-edited.png\|Visualisation of bubblesort]] \|caption=A visual representation of how bubble sort works. \|data=[[Array data structure\|Array]] \|best-time= <math>O(n)</math> \|average-time= <math>O(n^2)</math> \|time=<math>O(n^2)</math> \|space=<math>O(1)<...	[2]
Circadian rhythm	Criteria	413,664,530	2011-02-13T10:40:22Z	Gorton k	Historically, to differentiate genuinely endogenous circadian rhythms from induced or apparent ones, three general criteria must be met: # The rhythms persist in the absence of external cues (endogenous). # The rhythms persist in the circadian range over a range of temperatures (temperature compensation). # The rhythm...	To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria: # '''The rhythms repeat once a day (they have a 24-hour period).''' In order to keep track of the time of day, a clock must be at the same point at the same time each day, i.e. repeat every 24 hours. # '''The rhythms persist in the absen...	[1, 2, 3, 4, 6]
Circadian rhythm	See also	413,684,088	2011-02-13T13:45:53Z	Hordaland	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Bacterial circadian rhythms]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Circadian oscillator]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]]: the cryptochrome family genes * [[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]] * [[Diurnal cycle]] * [[Jet lag]] * [[Light...	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Bacterial circadian rhythms]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Circadian oscillator]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]]: the cryptochrome family genes * [[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]] * [[Diurnal cycle]] * [[Light effects on ci...	[2]
Circadian rhythm	Criteria	413,684,594	2011-02-13T13:50:22Z	Hordaland	To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria: # '''The rhythms repeat once a day (they have a 24-hour period).''' In order to keep track of the time of day, a clock must be at the same point at the same time each day, i.e. repeat every 24 hours. # '''The rhythms persist in the absen...	To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria: # '''The rhythms repeat once a day (they have a 24-hour period).''' In order to keep track of the time of day, a clock must be at the same point at the same time each day, i.e. repeat every 24 hours. # '''The rhythms persist in the absen...	[9]
Methadone	Cost	413,766,474	2011-02-13T22:14:41Z	108.66.46.249	In the Netherlands, MMT is fully covered under basic health insurance. Since every person over the age of 18 is obliged to have health insurance, everyone is covered. For opioid dependent homeless people, treatment costs are covered by government subsidies. In Germany, MMT is fully covered by all public and private i...	In the Netherlands, MMT is fully covered under basic health insurance. Since every person over the age of 18 is obliged to have health insurance, everyone is covered. For opioid dependent homeless people, treatment costs are covered by government subsidies. In Germany, MMT is fully covered by all public and private i...	[1, 3]
Circadian rhythm	Criteria	414,930,934	2011-02-20T10:30:04Z	Gorton k	To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria: # '''The rhythms repeat once a day (they have a 24-hour period).''' In order to keep track of the time of day, a clock must be at the same point at the same time each day, i.e. repeat every 24 hours. # '''The rhythms persist in the absen...	To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria: # '''The rhythms repeat once a day (they have a 24-hour period).''' In order to keep track of the time of day, a clock must be at the same point at the same time each day, i.e. repeat every 24 hours. # '''The rhythms persist in the absen...	[3, 4]
Stem cell	Fetal	417,996,478	2011-03-09T18:30:13Z	90.196.235.54	Fetal stem cells are primitive cell types found in the organs of fetuses.<ref name="isbn981-256-126-9"> {{cite book \|author=editors, Ariff Bongso & Eng Hin Lee ; forewords by Sydney Brenner & Philip Yeo. \|title=Stem Cells: From Benchtop to Bedside \|publisher=World Scientific \|location= \|year=2005 \|pages= \|isbn=9...	Fetal stem cells are primitive cell types. \|author=editors, Ariff Bongso & Eng Hin Lee ; forewords by Sydney Brenner & Philip Yeo. \|title=Stem Cells: From Benchtop to Bedside \|publisher=World Scientific \|location= \|year=2005 \|pages= \|isbn=981-256-126-9 \|oclc= }}</ref>	[2]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	418,045,869	2011-03-10T00:16:30Z	XLinkBot	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhythms have ...	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhythms have ...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	External links	418,045,869	2011-03-10T00:16:30Z	XLinkBot	* {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock field forward \|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms \|volume=...	* {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock field forward \|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms \|volume=...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	External links	418,046,621	2011-03-10T00:22:08Z	TCRfans	* {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock field forward \|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms \|volume=...	* {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock field forward \|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms \|volume=...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	418,051,262	2011-03-10T00:58:40Z	24.63.12.69	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhythms have ...	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhythms have ...	[11]
Instruction cycle	3. Read the effective address	420,018,714	2011-03-21T19:33:31Z	Roni levin	null	In case of a memory instruction (direct or indirect) the execution phase will be in the next clock phase. If the instruction has an [[indirect address]], the effective address is read from main memory, and any required data is fetched from main memory to be processed and then placed into data registers(Clock Phase: T<s...	[1, 4, 9]
Meditation	Buddhism	420,806,787	2011-03-26T13:22:57Z	Januarythe18th	{{Main\|Buddhist meditation}} [[File:Buddha.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Dynamic tranquility: the Buddha in [[contemplation]].]] [[Buddhist meditation]] refers to the meditative practices associated with the religion and philosophy of Buddhism. Core meditation techniques have been preserved in ancient [[Buddhist texts]] and have pr...	{{Main\|Buddhist meditation}} [[File:Buddha.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Dynamic tranquility: the Buddha in [[contemplation]].]] [[Buddhist meditation]] refers to the meditative practices associated with the religion and philosophy of Buddhism. Core meditation techniques have been preserved in ancient [[Buddhist texts]] and have pr...	[1, 9, 5]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	421,059,308	2011-03-27T23:22:30Z	138.202.133.195	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhythms have ...	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the 5th Projekt album\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. <3 Circadian rhythms hav...	[11]
Hypnosis	Modern researchers	427,051,612	2011-05-02T11:57:37Z	198.140.178.250	{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Theodore X. Barber]] * [[Deirdre Barrett]] * [[Stephen Brooks (hypnotherapist)\|Stephen Brooks]] * [[Etzel Cardeña]] * [[Dave Elman]] * [[George Estabrooks]] {{col-break}} * [[Milton Erickson]] * [[Hans Eysenck]] * [[Jack Stanley Gibson]] * [[Ernest R. Hilgard]] * [[Clark L. Hull]] * [[I...	{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Theodore X. Barber]] * [[Deirdre Barrett]] * [[Stephen Brooks (hypnotherapist)\|Stephen Brooks]] * [[Etzel Cardeña]] * [[Dave Elman]] * [[George Estabrooks]] {{col-break}} * [[Milton Erickson]] * [[Hans Eysenck]] * [[Jack Stanley Gibson]] * [[Ernest R. Hilgard]] * [[Clark L. Hull]] * [[I...	[5, 9]
Human cloning	Ethical implications	427,079,223	2011-05-02T15:23:21Z	Hmrox	{{See also\|Ethics of cloning}} Advocates of human [[Somatic cell nuclear transfer\|therapeutic cloning]] believe the practice could provide genetically identical cells for [[regenerative medicine]], and tissues and organs for transplantation. Such cells, tissues and organs would neither trigger an immune response nor re...	{{See also\|Ethics of cloning}} Advocates of human [[Somatic cell nuclear transfer\|therapeutic cloning]] believe the practice could provide genetically identical cells for [[regenerative medicine]], and tissues and organs for transplantation. Such cells, tissues and organs would neither trigger an immune response nor re...	[1, 4, 5, 9]
Medical cannabis	Spasticity in multiple sclerosis	427,613,970	2011-05-05T17:43:12Z	Bigo2013	A review of six [[randomized controlled trials]] of a combination of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol\|THC]] and [[Cannabidiol\|CBD]] extracts for the treatment of MS related muscle spasticity reported, "Although there was variation in the outcome measures reported in these studies, a trend of reduced spasticity in treated patient...	A review of six [[randomized controlled trials]] of a combination of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol\|THC]] and [[Cannabidiol\|CBD]] extracts for the treatment of MS related muscle spasticity reported, "Although there was variation in the outcome measures reported in these studies, a trend of reduced spasticity in treated patient...	[1, 7]
Port (computer networking)	Technical details	427,849,529	2011-05-07T02:59:45Z	124.124.198.51	Transport Layer protocols, such as TCP and UDP, specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535. A process associates its input or output channel file descriptors (sockets) with a port number and an [[IP address]], a process ...	Transport Layer protocols, such as TCP and UDP, specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535. A process associates its input or output channel file descriptors (sockets) with a port number and an [[IP address]], a process ...	[11]
Stem cell	Properties	428,523,753	2011-05-11T03:21:44Z	Narayanese	The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties: * ''Self-renewal'' - the ability to go through numerous [[cell cycle\|cycles]] of [[cell division]] while maintaining the undifferentiated state. * ''Potency'' - the capacity to [[Cellular differentiation\|differentiate]] into specialized ...	The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties: * ''Self-renewal'' - the ability to go through numerous [[cell cycle\|cycles]] of [[cell division]] while maintaining the undifferentiated state. * ''Potency'' - the capacity to [[Cellular differentiation\|differentiate]] into specialized ...	[8]
Circadian rhythm	History	428,541,684	2011-05-11T06:46:47Z	ClueBot NG	(_(_)IIIIIID--------------,`(>_0)	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	[1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10]
Down syndrome	Other complications	428,897,396	2011-05-13T09:29:51Z	Josabeth	In the past, prior to current treatment, there was a 38–78% incidence of hearing loss in children with Down syndrome. Fortunately, with aggressive, meticulous and compulsive diagnosis and treatment of chronic ear disease (e.g. [[otitis media]], also known as Glue-ear) in children with Down syndrome, approximately 98% o...	Instability of the [[atlanto-axial joint]] occurs in approximately 15% of people with DS, probably due to [[ligamental laxity]]. It may lead to the neurologic symptoms of [[spinal cord compression]].<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Pueschel \| first1 = SM \| last2 = Scola \| first2 = FH \| title = Atlantoaxial instability in ...	[2, 8]
Circadian rhythm	External links	430,110,785	2011-05-20T22:38:15Z	99.20.85.109	* {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock field forward \|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms \|volume=...	* [http://www.waketimes.com/] Sleep Cycle Calculator] * {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock field f...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Enforced longer cycles	432,722,474	2011-06-05T18:57:55Z	Dreslough	Modern research under very controlled conditions has shown the human period for adults to be just slightly longer than 24 hours on average. Czeisler et al. at Harvard found the range for normal, healthy adults of all ages to be quite narrow: 24 hours and 11 minutes ± 16 minutes. The "clock" resets itself daily to the 2...	The ''28-hour day'' is presented as a concept of [[time management]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.dbeat.com/28/benefit2.htm \|title=28 Hour Day \|accessdate=2008-02-19 \|author=Digital Beat Productions \|year= 1997}}</ref> It builds on the fact that the week of seven days at 24 hours and a "week" of six days at 28 hours...	[2, 8]
Circadian rhythm	Biological Clock in Humans	432,723,307	2011-06-05T19:03:40Z	Dreslough	null	Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik...	[1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10]
Circadian rhythm	Enforced longer cycles	432,762,916	2011-06-05T23:38:22Z	Looie496	The ''28-hour day'' is presented as a concept of [[time management]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.dbeat.com/28/benefit2.htm \|title=28 Hour Day \|accessdate=2008-02-19 \|author=Digital Beat Productions \|year= 1997}}</ref> It builds on the fact that the week of seven days at 24 hours and a "week" of six days at 28 hours...	Studies by [[Nathaniel Kleitman]]<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Kleitman \|first=Nathaniel \|title=Sleep and Wakefullness ed 2 \|location=Chicago \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|year=1962}}</ref> in 1938 and by [[Derk-Jan Dijk]] and [[Charles Czeisler]]<ref>{{Cite journal \|author=Dijk, D.J.; Czeisler, C.A. \|title=Paradoxi...	[2]
K-d tree	Informal description	432,971,629	2011-06-07T04:01:24Z	Dicklyon	The kd-tree is a [[binary tree]] in which every node is a k-dimensional point. Every non-leaf node can be thought of as implicitly generating a splitting [[hyperplane]] that divides the space into two parts, known as subspaces. Points to the left of this hyperplane represent the left sub-tree of that node and points ri...	The ''k''-d tree is a [[binary tree]] in which every node is a k-dimensional point. Every non-leaf node can be thought of as implicitly generating a splitting [[hyperplane]] that divides the space into two parts, known as subspaces. Points to the left of this hyperplane represent the left sub-tree of that node and poin...	[11]
K-d tree	Nearest neighbour search	432,974,138	2011-06-07T04:24:53Z	Dicklyon	<!-- Incomplete and wafty description of the KD-NN-algorithm --> [[Image:KDTree-animation.gif\|thumb\|300px\|Animation of NN searching with a ''k''-d tree in two dimensions]] The [[nearest neighbour search]] (NN) algorithm aims to find the point in the tree that is nearest to a given input point. This search can be done...	<!-- Incomplete and wafty description of the KD-NN-algorithm --> [[Image:KDTree-animation.gif\|thumb\|300px\|Animation of NN searching with a ''k''-d tree in two dimensions]] The [[nearest neighbour search]] (NN) algorithm aims to find the point in the tree that is nearest to a given input point. This search can be done...	[1, 4, 7, 9, 10]
Methadone	Dosage	433,829,457	2011-06-12T04:11:56Z	65.175.146.149	A majority of patients require 10–25 mg/d of methadone, or more, to achieve these effects and require treatment for an indefinite period of time, since methadone maintenance is a corrective but not a curative treatment for opiate addiction.<ref name="JosephStancliffLangrod"/> Lower doses are sometimes not as effec...	A majority of patients require 10–25 mg/d of methadone, or more, to achieve these effects and require treatment for an indefinite period of time, since methadone maintenance is a corrective but not a curative treatment for opiate addiction.<ref name="JosephStancliffLangrod"/> Lower doses are sometimes not as effec...	[10]
K-d tree	Volumetric objects	435,065,265	2011-06-19T09:30:28Z	Ludwig Boltzmann	Instead of points, a ''k''-d tree can also contain [[rectangle]]s or hyperrectangles.<ref>J. L. Bentley. [http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/361002.361007 Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching]. Communications of the ACM, 18(9):509-517, 1975.</ref> A 2D rectangle is considered a 4D object (x<sub>l...	Instead of points, a ''k''-d tree can also contain [[rectangle]]s or hyperrectangles. <ref>Rosenberg J. Geographical Data Structures Compared: A Study of Data Structures Supporting Region Queries. IEEE Transaction on CAD Integrated Circuits Systems 4(1):53-67</ref> Thus range search becomes the problem of returning al...	[2, 8]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	438,724,438	2011-07-10T10:46:19Z	24.242.60.20	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the album by the rock band 5th Projekt\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circad...	{{redirect\|Circadian\|the album by the rock band 5th Projekt\|Circadian (album)}} [[Image:Biological clock human.svg\|thumb\|400px\|Some features of the human circadian biological clock]] A '''circadian rhythm''' is an endogenously driven 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. Circadian rhyt...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	History	438,896,859	2011-07-11T12:02:03Z	Gorton k	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	[1, 3, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Origin	438,896,978	2011-07-11T12:03:04Z	Gorton k	{{Ref improve section\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	{{Ref improve section\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	History	438,897,272	2011-07-11T12:05:45Z	Gorton k	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	[1, 3]
Circadian rhythm	History	438,897,728	2011-07-11T12:09:53Z	Gorton k	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	[3, 9]
Circadian rhythm	History	441,002,887	2011-07-23T14:12:56Z	Rjwilmsi	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	The earliest known account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality\|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Bretzl, H. \|title=Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges \|locatio...	[11]
K-d tree	External links	441,277,096	2011-07-25T02:27:43Z	Kri	* [http://libkdtree.alioth.debian.org libkdtree++], an open-source STL-like implementation of ''k''-d trees in C++. * [http://www.autonlab.org/autonweb/14665/version/2/part/5/data/moore-tutorial.pdf?branch=main&language=en A tutorial on KD Trees] * [http://babel.isa.uma.es/mrpt/index.php/The_hierarchical_model_of_metri...	* [http://libkdtree.alioth.debian.org libkdtree++], an open-source STL-like implementation of ''k''-d trees in C++. * [http://www.autonlab.org/autonweb/14665/version/2/part/5/data/moore-tutorial.pdf?branch=main&language=en A tutorial on KD Trees] * [http://babel.isa.uma.es/mrpt/index.php/The_hierarchical_model_of_metri...	[1, 4]
Dream	Recalling dreams	444,971,689	2011-08-15T13:33:36Z	202.43.234.216	While the content of most dreams is dreamt only once, many people experience recurring dreams—that is, the same dream narrative or dreamscape is experienced over different occasions of sleep.	The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained. Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming.<ref name="npr"/> Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men.<ref name="npr">[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15778923 The Scienc...	[1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 4, 10]
Dream	See also	447,939,452	2011-09-01T23:03:55Z	Peterdjones	{{col-begin}}{{col-break}} * [[Cognitive neuroscience of dreams]] {{nb10}} * [[Daydream]] * [[Dimethyltryptamine]] * [[Dream argument]] * [[Dream art]] * [[Dream dictionary]] * [[Dream pop]] {{col-break}} * [[Dream sequence]] * [[Dream speech]] * [[Dream world (plot device)]] * [[Dream Yoga]] * [[Dreamwork]] * [[Lilith...	{{col-begin}}{{col-break}} * [[Cognitive neuroscience of dreams]] {{nb10}} * [[Daydream]] * [[Dimethyltryptamine]] * [[Dream argument]] * [[Dream art]] * [[Dream dictionary]] * [[Dream pop]] {{col-break}} * [[Dream sequence]] * [[Dream speech]] * [[Dream world (plot device)]] * [[Dream Yoga]] * [[Dreamwork]] * [[Incubu...	[9]
Circadian rhythm	Further reading	448,650,017	2011-09-05T21:53:29Z	Citation bot	{{Refbegin\|colwidth=45em}} * Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) ''Circadian Clocks''. North Holland Press, Amsterdam * {{Cite journal \|author=Avivi, A.; Albrecht, U.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Nevo, E. \|title=Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat \|journal=Pr...	{{Refbegin\|colwidth=45em}} * Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) ''Circadian Clocks''. North Holland Press, Amsterdam * {{Cite journal \|author=Avivi, A.; Albrecht, U.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Nevo, E. \|title=Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat \|journal=Pr...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Humans	448,650,017	2011-09-05T21:53:29Z	Citation bot	Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik...	Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik...	[11]
Port (computer networking)	Technical details	450,457,961	2011-09-14T12:22:22Z	Kvng	Transport Layer protocols, such as TCP and UDP, specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535. A process associates its input or output channel [[file descriptor]]s (sockets) with a port number and an [[IP address]], a proc...	Transport Layer protocols, such as TCP and UDP, specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535. A process associates its input or output channel [[file descriptor]]s (sockets) with a port number and an [[IP address]], a proc...	[1, 4, 9]
Stem cell	(Top)	450,470,946	2011-09-14T14:04:25Z	Jimmybass	{{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox Anatomy \| Name = {{PAGENAME}} \| Latin = cellula precursoria \| GraySubject = \| GrayPage = \| Image = Mouse embryonic stem cells.jpg \| Caption = [[Mus musculus\|Mouse]] [[Mammalian embryogenesis\|embryo]]nic stem cells with fluorescent marker \| Image2 = Human...	{{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox Anatomy \| Name = {{PAGENAME}} \| Latin = cellula precursoria \| GraySubject = \| GrayPage = \| Image = Mouse embryonic stem cells.jpg \| Caption = [[Mus musculus\|Mouse]] [[Mammalian embryogenesis\|embryo]]nic stem cells with fluorescent marker \| Image2 = Human...	[1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9]
Human brain	(Top)	451,586,472	2011-09-20T23:28:12Z	Tryptofish	{{About\|features specific to the human brain\|basic information about brains\|Brain}} {{Infobox Anatomy \| Name = Human brain \| Latin = Cerebrum \| GraySubject = 184 \| GrayPage = 736 \| Image = Skull and brain normal human.svg \| Caption = <small>Human brain and skull</small> \| Image2 = Cerebral lobes.png \| Caption2 = <smal...	{{About\|features specific to the human brain\|basic information about brains\|Brain}} {{Infobox Anatomy \| Name = Human brain \| Latin = Cerebrum \| GraySubject = 184 \| GrayPage = 736 \| Image = Skull and brain normal human.svg \| Caption = <small>Human brain and skull</small> \| Image2 = Cerebral lobes.png \| Caption2 = <smal...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Effect of drugs	452,891,215	2011-09-28T15:50:04Z	Looie496	Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the CNS may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].<ref>{{Cite journal \|author=Uz, T.; Akhisaroglu, M.; Ahmed, R.; Manev, H. \|title=The pineal gland is critical for circadian Period1 expression in the striatum and fo...	Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].<ref>{{Cite journal \|author=Uz, T.; Akhisaroglu, M.; Ahmed, R.; Manev, H. \|title=The pineal gland is critical for circadian Period1 expressio...	[3, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	See also	456,036,331	2011-10-17T17:13:00Z	Shahab Aalam	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Bacterial circadian rhythms]] * [[Circaseptan]], 7-day biological cycle * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Circadian oscillator]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]]: the cryptochrome family genes * [[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]] *...	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Bacterial circadian rhythms]] * [[Circaseptan]], 7-day biological cycle * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Circadian oscillator]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]]: the cryptochrome family genes * [[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]] *...	[4, 9]
Dream	Dreams in animals	457,587,372	2011-10-27T01:48:53Z	Rafafc91	null	REM sleep and the ability to dream seem to be embedded in the biology of many organisms that live on Earth. All mammals experience REM. The range of REM can bee seen across species: dolphins experience minimum REM, while humans remain in the middle and the opossum and the armadillo are among the most prolific dreamers...	[1]
Gene therapy	Inorganic Nanoparticles	457,733,735	2011-10-27T22:49:46Z	Biomat77	null	Inorganic nanoparticles, such as [[gold]], [[silica]], iron oxide (ex. [[magnetofection]]) and [[calcium phosphates]] have been shown to be capable of gene delivery.<ref>Wagner,DE and Bhaduri, SB. (2011)[http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ten.TEB.2011.0081 Progress and Outlook of Inorganic Nanoparticles for D...	[1, 4, 7, 9, 10]
Down syndrome	(Top)	458,536,630	2011-11-01T22:08:34Z	JohnC	{{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox disease \| Name = Down syndrome \| ICD10 = {{ICD10\|Q\|90\|\|q\|90}} \| ICD9 = {{ICD9\|758.0}} \| ICDO = \| Image = Drill.jpg <!--- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of c...	{{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox disease \| Name = Down's syndrome \| ICD10 = {{ICD10\|Q\|90\|\|q\|90}} \| ICD9 = {{ICD9\|758.0}} \| ICDO = \| Image = Drill.jpg <!--- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of...	[3, 9]
Stem cell	Potency definitions	461,098,580	2011-11-17T12:01:33Z	Heybbyy	[[Image:Stem cells diagram.png\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner mass cells within a blastocyst. The stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only the morula's cells are totipotent, able to become all tissues and a placenta.]] [[Image:Human embryonic stem ...	[[Image:Stem cells diagram.png\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner mass cells within a blastocyst. The stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only the morula's cells are totipotent, able to become all tissues and a placenta.]] [[Image:Human embryonic stem ...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	External links	464,010,565	2011-12-04T10:38:55Z	Hordaland	* {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock field forward \|journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms \|volume=...	* [http://csd-n.org Circadian Sleep Disorders Organization] * {{dmoz\|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}} * {{Cite journal\|author=Forger D, Gonze D, Virshup D, Welsh DK \|title=Beyond intuitive modeling: combining biophysical models with innovative experiments to move the circadian clock f...	[11]

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