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Asperger syndrome | History | 568,658,149 | 2013-08-15T14:05:27Z | AspieNo1 | {{Main|History of Asperger syndrome}}
Named after the Austrian pediatrician [[Hans Asperger]] (1906–1980), Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism.<ref name="What'sSpecial">{{cite journal |author= Baron-Cohen S, Klin A |title= What's so special about Asperger Syndrome? |journal= Brain Cog... | {{Main|History of Asperger syndrome}}
Named after the Austrian pediatrician [[Hans Asperger]] (1906–1980), Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism.<ref name="What'sSpecial">{{cite journal |author= Baron-Cohen S, Klin A |title= What's so special about Asperger Syndrome? |journal= Brain Cog... | [1, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | Further reading | 568,800,460 | 2013-08-16T14:06:48Z | Looie496 | {{Refbegin}}
* Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) ''Circadian Clocks''. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
* {{Cite journal |author=Avivi, A.; Albrecht, U.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Nevo, E. |title=Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat |journal=Proceedings of t... | {{Refbegin}}
* Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) ''Circadian Clocks''. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
* {{Cite journal |author=Avivi, A.; Albrecht, U.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Nevo, E. |title=Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat |journal=Proceedings of t... | [8] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 571,606,229 | 2013-09-05T05:39:57Z | 71.198.84.207 | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when [[Androsthenes of Thasos|Androsthenes]], a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Bretzl, H. |title=Botanische Forschung... | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century BC, when [[Androsthenes of Thasos|Androsthenes]], a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Bretzl, H. |title=Botanische Forschung... | [3] |
Gene therapy | Deaths | 574,719,972 | 2013-09-27T10:17:08Z | InspectorTiger | null | Three patients' deaths have been reported in gene therapy trials, putting the field under close scrutiny. The first was that of [[Jesse Gelsinger]] in 1999,<ref>[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml#status ORNL.gov]. ORNL.gov. Retrieved on 15 December 2012.</ref> which represent... | [1, 4, 7, 9, 10] |
Instruction cycle | Circuits Used | 574,777,638 | 2013-09-27T19:09:51Z | R. S. Shaw | The circuits used in the CPU during the cycle are:
*'''[[Program counter]] (PC)''' - an incrementing counter that keeps track of the memory address of the instruction that is to be executed next.
*'''[[Memory address register]] (MAR)''' - holds the address of a memory block to be read from or written to.
*'''[[Memory ... | The circuits used in the CPU during the cycle are:
*'''[[Program counter]] (PC)''' - an incrementing counter that keeps track of the memory address of the instruction that is to be executed next.
*'''[[Memory address register]] (MAR)''' - holds the address of a memory block to be read from or written to.
*'''[[Memory ... | [1, 3] |
Human brain | Structure | 575,011,095 | 2013-09-29T15:24:40Z | Permacultura | [[File:NIA human brain drawing.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Drawing of the human brain, showing several important structures]]
The adult human brain weighs on average about 3 lbs. (1.5 kg)<ref name=CarpenterCh1>{{cite book| title=Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy| last=Parent| first=A| coauthors=Carpenter MB| publishe... | [[File:NIA human brain drawing.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Drawing of the human brain, showing several important structures]]
The adult human brain weighs on average about 3 lbs. (1.5 kg)<ref name=CarpenterCh1>{{cite book| title=Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy| last=Parent| first=A| coauthors=Carpenter MB| publishe... | [1, 4, 7, 9, 10] |
Context-free grammar | Example 2 | 576,031,766 | 2013-10-06T19:13:42Z | David Eppstein | Another example of a non-regular language is <math> \{ b^n a^m b^{2n} : n \ge 0, m \ge 0 \} </math>. It is context-free as it can be generated by the following context-free grammar:
:S → bSbb | A
:A → aA | ε
s→AB
A→aAA/ɛ
B→bBB/ɛ | Another example of a non-regular language is <math> \{ b^n a^m b^{2n} : n \ge 0, m \ge 0 \} </math>. It is context-free as it can be generated by the following context-free grammar:
:S → bSbb | A
:A → aA | ε | [2] |
Down syndrome | Signs and symptoms | 576,078,243 | 2013-10-07T02:12:29Z | Trem~enwiki | [[File:Down syndrome lg.jpg|thumb|A drawing of the facial features of Down syndrome]]
[[File:Feet of a boy with Down Syndrome.JPG|thumb|Feet of a boy with Down Syndrome]]
The [[Medical sign|signs]] and [[symptom]]s of Down syndrome are characterized by the [[neoteny|neotenization]] of the brain and body.<ref>{{cite jou... | [[File:Down syndrome lg.jpg|thumb|A drawing of the facial features of Down syndrome]]
[[File:Feet of a boy with Down Syndrome.JPG|thumb|Feet of a boy with Down Syndrome]]
The [[Medical sign|signs]] and [[symptom]]s of Down syndrome are characterized by the [[neoteny|neotenization]] of the brain and body.<ref>{{cite jou... | [9] |
Context-free grammar | Linguistic applications | 576,352,140 | 2013-10-08T21:59:53Z | 166.82.169.34 | [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]] initially hoped to overcome the limitations of context-free grammars by adding [[transformational grammar|transformation rules]].<ref name="chomsky1956"/>
Such rules are another standard device in traditional linguistics; e.g. [[grammatical voice|passivization]] in English. Much of [[generativ... | [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]] never initially hoped to overcome the limitations of context-free grammars by adding [[transformational grammar|transformation rules]].<ref name="chomsky1956"/>
Such rules are another standard device in traditional linguistics; e.g. [[grammatical voice|passivization]] in English. Much of [[gen... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 579,632,823 | 2013-10-31T16:53:44Z | KWL93 | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disor... | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disor... | [1, 7] |
Stem cell | Key research events | 579,994,718 | 2013-11-03T12:01:35Z | Almeidaxavier.miguel | *1908: The term "stem cell" was proposed for scientific use by the [[Russia]]n histologist [[Alexander Maksimov]] (1874–1928) at congress of hematologic society in [[Berlin]]. It postulated existence of haematopoietic stem cells.
*1960s: [[Joseph Altman]] and Gopal Das present scientific evidence of adult [[neurogenesi... | *1908: The term "stem cell" was proposed for scientific use by the [[Russia]]n histologist [[Alexander Maksimov]] (1874–1928) at congress of hematologic society in [[Berlin]]. It postulated existence of haematopoietic stem cells.
*1960s: [[Joseph Altman]] and Gopal Das present scientific evidence of adult [[neurogenesi... | [11] |
DNA sequencing | Use of sequencing | 580,063,781 | 2013-11-03T21:52:47Z | Beland | DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual [[gene]]s, larger genetic regions (i.e. clusters of genes or [[operons]]), full chromosomes or entire genomes. Depending on the methods used, sequencing may provide the order of nucleotides in DNA or [[RNA]] isolated from cells of animals, plants, bact... | DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual [[gene]]s, larger genetic regions (i.e. clusters of genes or [[operons]]), full chromosomes or [[Whole genome sequencing|entire genomes]]. Sequencing provides the order of individual nucleotides in DNA or [[RNA]] (commonly represented as A, C, G, T, an... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 580,547,600 | 2013-11-07T03:34:28Z | 71.203.192.64 | To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria:<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Carl|title=Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping|year=2004|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA|pages=67-105}}</ref>
# '''The rhythms repeat once a day (they have ... | To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria:<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Carl|title=Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping|year=2004|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA|pages=67-105}}</ref>
# '''The rhythm has an [[endogenous]] free run... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 580,547,646 | 2013-11-07T03:35:06Z | 71.203.192.64 | To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria:<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Carl|title=Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping|year=2004|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA|pages=67-105}}</ref>
# '''The rhythm has an [[endogenous]] free run... | To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these four general criteria:<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Carl|title=Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping|year=2004|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA|pages=67-105}}</ref>
# '''The rhythm has an endogenous free running... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | References | 581,666,614 | 2013-11-14T19:34:11Z | ClueBot NG | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.-->
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Kurtis Rules!!!! | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.-->
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 581,725,585 | 2013-11-15T04:39:20Z | Hordaland | {{redirect|Circadian|the album by the rock band [[5th Projekt]]|Circadian (album)}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Circadian Rhythm (film)}}
[[Image:Biological clock human.svg|thumb|400px|Some features of the human circadian (24-hour) biological clock]]
A '''circadian rhythm''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɜː|ˈ|k|eɪ|d|i|ə|n}} is any biological p... | {{redirect|Circadian|the album by the rock band [[5th Projekt]]|Circadian (album)}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Circadian Rhythm (film)}}
[[Image:Biological clock human.svg|thumb|400px|Some features of the human circadian (24-hour) biological clock]]
A '''circadian rhythm''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɜː|ˈ|k|eɪ|d|i|ə|n}} is any biological p... | [2] |
Medical cannabis | Dispensing machines | 581,921,680 | 2013-11-16T15:42:36Z | Scalhotrod | null | A marijuana vending machine is a [[vending machine]] for selling or dispensing [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]. They are currently in use in the [[United States]]. In the United States, they are normally located in secure rooms in [[Medical cannabis|medical marijuana]] dispensaries. They are operated by employees after a... | [1, 9, 10] |
AngularJS | (Top) | 581,934,140 | 2013-11-16T17:11:49Z | Dchestnykh | {{advert|date=October 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox software
| name = AngularJS
| logo = [[File:AngularJS-large.png|200px|AngularJS logo]]
| developer = [[Google Inc.]] and community.
| released = {{Start date|2009}}
| status ... | {{advert|date=October 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox software
| name = AngularJS
| logo = [[File:AngularJS-large.png|200px|AngularJS logo]]
| developer = [[Google Inc.]] and community.
| released = {{Start date|2009}}
| status ... | [10] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light–dark cycle | 582,100,923 | 2013-11-17T21:04:19Z | Chris Capoccia | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep|freerunning]] rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their [[endogenous]] period, is shorter or ... | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep|freerunning]] rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their [[endogenous]] period, is shorter or ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Outside the "master clock" | 582,100,923 | 2013-11-17T21:04:19Z | Chris Capoccia | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,<ref>Valenzuela FJ, Torres-Farfan C, Richter HG, Mendez N, Campino C, Torrealba F, Valenzuel... | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/en.2007-1518}}</ref> [[oesophagus]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Humans | 582,101,924 | 2013-11-17T21:12:50Z | Citation bot | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Obesity and diabetes | 582,101,924 | 2013-11-17T21:12:50Z | Citation bot | [[Obesity]] and [[diabetes]] are associated with lifestyle and genetic factors. Among those factors, disruption of the circadian clockwork and/or misalignement of the circadian timing system with the external environment (e.g., light-dark cycle) play a role in the development of metabolic disorders.
[[Shift-work]] or ... | [[Obesity]] and [[diabetes]] are associated with lifestyle and genetic factors. Among those factors, disruption of the circadian clockwork and/or misalignement of the circadian timing system with the external environment (e.g., light-dark cycle) play a role in the development of metabolic disorders.
[[Shift-work]] or ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 582,101,924 | 2013-11-17T21:12:50Z | Citation bot | Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today, retain... | Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today, retain... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Outside the "master clock" | 582,101,924 | 2013-11-17T21:12:50Z | Citation bot | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/en.2007-1518}}</ref> [[oesophagus]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], ... | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/en.2007-1518 |title=Clock Gene Expression in Adult Primate ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light–dark cycle | 582,107,555 | 2013-11-17T21:53:43Z | SandyGeorgia | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep|freerunning]] rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their [[endogenous]] period, is shorter or ... | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep|freerunning]] rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their [[endogenous]] period, is shorter or ... | [11] |
Port (computer networking) | Common port numbers | 582,609,960 | 2013-11-21T01:17:52Z | 210.119.86.214 | {{main|List of TCP and UDP port numbers}}
The [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) is responsible for the global coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol resources. This includes the registration of commonly used port numbers for well-known Internet services.
The port numbers ... | {{main|List of TCP and UDP port numbers}}
The [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) is responsible for the global coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol resources. This includes the registration of commonly used port numbers for well-known Internet services.
The port numbers ... | [2] |
AngularJS | Comparisons to [[Backbone.js]] | 583,458,727 | 2013-11-26T23:42:37Z | 50.75.232.238 | ;Data-binding: The most prominent feature that separates the two libraries is in the way models and views are synchronized. Whereas AngularJS supports two way data-binding, Backbone.js relies heavily on [[boilerplate code]] to harmonize its models and views.<ref name="demystifying">{{cite web|title=Backbonejs vs Angula... | ;Data-binding: The most prominent feature that separates the two libraries is in the way models and views are synchronized. Whereas AngularJS supports two way data-binding, Backbone.js relies heavily on [[boilerplate code]] to harmonize its models and views.<ref name="demystifying">{{cite web|title=Backbonejs vs Angula... | [3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 583,808,857 | 2013-11-29T17:38:13Z | SandyGeorgia | * [http://richannel.org/christmas-lectures-1998-nancy-rothwell--times-of-our-lives, Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1998: Times of our Lives]
* [http://www.circadiansleepdisorders.org Circadian Sleep Disorders Organization]
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}}
* {{Cite journ... | * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}}
{{Light Ethology}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Circadian Rhythm}}
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Circadian rhythm| ]]
[[Category:Biology of bipolar disorder]]
{{Link GA|sv}} | [8] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light–dark cycle | 583,810,264 | 2013-11-29T17:51:15Z | SandyGeorgia | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep|freerunning]] rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their [[endogenous]] period, is shorter or ... | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[free-running sleep|freerunning]] rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their [[endogenous]] period, is shorter or ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 583,810,365 | 2013-11-29T17:52:04Z | SandyGeorgia | {{redirect|Circadian|the album by the rock band [[5th Projekt]]|Circadian (album)}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Circadian Rhythm (film)}}
[[Image:Biological clock human.svg|thumb|400px|Some features of the human circadian (24-hour) biological clock]]
A '''circadian rhythm''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɜː|ˈ|k|eɪ|d|i|ə|n}} is any biological p... | {{MEDREF}}
{{redirect|Circadian|the album by the rock band [[5th Projekt]]|Circadian (album)}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Circadian Rhythm (film)}}
[[Image:Biological clock human.svg|thumb|400px|Some features of the human circadian (24-hour) biological clock]]
A '''circadian rhythm''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɜː|ˈ|k|eɪ|d|i|ə|n}} is any b... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Biological markers | 583,813,394 | 2013-11-29T18:20:36Z | SandyGeorgia | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
* [[melatonin]] secretion by the [[pineal gland]]
* core body temperature{{cn}}
* plasma level of [[cortisol]].{{cn}}
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal ... | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
* [[melatonin]] secretion by the [[pineal gland]]
* core body temperature{{cn}}
* plasma level of [[cortisol]].{{cn}}
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal ... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 583,814,344 | 2013-11-29T18:31:02Z | SandyGeorgia | {{further|Light effects on circadian rhythm}}
Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species and lower light levels are required ... | {{further|Light effects on circadian rhythm}}
Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species and lower light levels are required ... | [2, 8] |
Circadian rhythm | Enforced longer cycles | 583,814,880 | 2013-11-29T18:36:40Z | SandyGeorgia | Studies by [[Nathaniel Kleitman]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kleitman |first=Nathaniel |title=Sleep and Wakefullness ed 2 |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1962}}</ref> in 1938 and by [[Derk-Jan Dijk]] and [[Charles Czeisler]]<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Dijk, D.J.; Czeisler, C.A. |title=Paradoxi... | Studies by [[Nathaniel Kleitman]] in 1938 and by [[Derk-Jan Dijk]] and [[Charles Czeisler]] in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,{{c... | [8, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Human health | 583,815,790 | 2013-11-29T18:46:14Z | SandyGeorgia | [[File:Day Sleepers crop.jpg|thumb|right|A short nap during the day does not affect circadian rhythms.]]
Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grote L, Mayer J, Penzel T, ''et al.'' |t... | [[File:Day Sleepers crop.jpg|thumb|right|A short nap during the day does not affect circadian rhythms.]]
Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock may significantly increase efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Grote L, Mayer J, Penzel T, ''et al.'' |t... | [8] |
Circadian rhythm | Obesity and diabetes | 583,816,207 | 2013-11-29T18:50:25Z | SandyGeorgia | [[Obesity]] and [[diabetes]] are associated with lifestyle and genetic factors. Among those factors, disruption of the circadian clockwork and/or misalignement of the circadian timing system with the external environment (e.g., light-dark cycle) play a role in the development of metabolic disorders.
[[Shift-work]] or ... | [[Obesity]] and [[diabetes]] are associated with lifestyle and genetic factors. Among those factors, disruption of the circadian clockwork and/or misalignement of the circadian timing system with the external environment (e.g., light-dark cycle) play a role in the development of metabolic disorders.
[[Shift-work]] or ... | [2, 8] |
Circadian rhythm | Airline pilots | 583,816,669 | 2013-11-29T18:55:18Z | SandyGeorgia | null | Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often traverse multiple timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to [[fati... | [1, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 583,817,109 | 2013-11-29T18:59:35Z | SandyGeorgia | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].{{cn}}
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar... | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].{{cn}}
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar... | [2, 8] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 583,817,191 | 2013-11-29T19:00:23Z | SandyGeorgia | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].{{cn}}
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar... | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].{{cn}}
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 583,817,263 | 2013-11-29T19:00:56Z | SandyGeorgia | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].{{cn}}
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar... | {{Further|Circadian rhythm sleep disorder}}
Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travellers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].{{cn}}
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Effect of drugs | 583,817,465 | 2013-11-29T19:02:25Z | SandyGeorgia | Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Uz, T.; Akhisaroglu, M.; Ahmed, R.; Manev, H. |title=The pineal gland is critical for circadian Period1 expressio... | Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].{{cn}} Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=McClung, C.A. |title=Re... | [8] |
Circadian rhythm | Effect of drugs | 583,819,629 | 2013-11-29T19:24:04Z | AnomieBOT | Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].{{cn}} Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.{{cn}} | Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].{{cn|date=November 2013}} Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.{{cn|date=November 2013}} | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Enforced longer cycles | 583,819,629 | 2013-11-29T19:24:04Z | AnomieBOT | Studies by [[Nathaniel Kleitman]] in 1938 and by [[Derk-Jan Dijk]] and [[Charles Czeisler]] in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,{{c... | Studies by [[Nathaniel Kleitman]] in 1938 and by [[Derk-Jan Dijk]] and [[Charles Czeisler]] in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,{{c... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Outside the "master clock" | 583,819,629 | 2013-11-29T19:24:04Z | AnomieBOT | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,{{cn}} [[oesophagus]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[pancreas]], [[spleen]], [[thymus]], and the s... | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,{{cn|date=November 2013}} [[oesophagus]], [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[pancreas]], [[spleen]], [[... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Butterfly migration | 583,822,897 | 2013-11-29T19:58:39Z | SandyGeorgia | The navigation of the fall migration of the [[monarch (butterfly)|Eastern North American monarch butterfly]] (''Danaus plexippus'') to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae.<ref>{{MEDRS|date=November 2013}} {{cite journal ... | The navigation of the fall migration of the [[monarch (butterfly)|Eastern North American monarch butterfly]] (''Danaus plexippus'') to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae.<ref>{{primary source-inline|date=November 2013}}... | [11] |
Medical cannabis | Multiple sclerosis | 583,878,963 | 2013-11-30T06:38:06Z | Bon courage | [[File:Medical cannabis.jpg|thumb|right|Medical cannabis]]
A review of six [[randomized controlled trials]] of a combination of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] and [[Cannabidiol|CBD]] extracts for the treatment of [[multiple sclerosis]] (MS) related muscle spasticity reported, "Although there was variation in the outcome... | [[File:Medical cannabis.jpg|thumb|right|Medical cannabis]]
For years anecdotal reports have supported the use of cannabis as playing a part in the treatment of [[multiple scelerosis]] symptoms; the evidence however has been unclear, in large part because of fundamental challenges in designing trials that can accuratel... | [1, 2, 7, 8] |
Medical cannabis | Opioid dependence | 583,906,257 | 2013-11-30T13:23:33Z | Anna Frodesiak | In humans, drug treatment subjects who use cannabis intermittently are found to be more likely to adhere to treatment for opioid dependence.<ref name=Intermittent>{{Cite journal|title=Intermittent Marijuana Use Is Associated with Improved Retention in Naltrexone Treatment for Opiate-Dependence |journal=The American Jou... | Injections of THC eliminate dependence on opiates in stressed rats, according to a research team at the Laboratory for Physiopathology of Diseases of the Central Nervous System (France) in the journal ''Neuropsychopharmacology''.<ref name=pmid19553915>{{Cite journal |author=Morel LJ, Giros B, Daugé V |title=Adolescent ... | [1, 4, 7, 9] |
Medical cannabis | Further reading | 584,597,895 | 2013-12-04T22:59:37Z | SandyGeorgia | {{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=The Science of Marijuana|last=Iversen|first=Leslie L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-513123-1}}
*[http://www.cannabis-med.org/meeting/Cologne2009/reader.pdf 2009 Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine, International Association for Cannabis as Medicine]
* {{cite we... | {{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=The Science of Marijuana|last=Iversen|first=Leslie L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-513123-1}}
*[http://www.cannabis-med.org/meeting/Cologne2009/reader.pdf 2009 Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine, International Association for Cannabis as Medicine]
* {{cite we... | [8] |
Genetically modified food | Milled corn products | 584,659,565 | 2013-12-05T08:09:36Z | BG19bot | About 90% of the planted area of soybeans in the US are genetically modified varieties.<ref>[http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us.aspx Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S.] – [[Economic Research Service]], of the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]</ref... | [[Genetically modified maize|Corn]] used for food has been genetically modified to be resistant to various herbicides and to express a protein from [[Bacillus thuringiensis]] that kills certain insects.<ref>For a list of all traits, see table [http://www.ncga.com/know-before-you-grow/ at at National Corn Growers Associ... | [1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10] |
Genetically modified food | Fruits and vegetables | 584,840,477 | 2013-12-06T13:13:04Z | Jytdog | [[File:Papaya sunset.jpg|thumb|right|260px|3 views of the Sunset papaya cultivar, which was genetically modified to create the SunUp cultivar, resistant to PRSV.<ref name=Gonsalves/>]]
[[Carica papaya|Papaya]] has been genetically modified to resist the [[Papaya ringspot virus|ringspot virus]]. 'SunUp' is a transgenic ... | [[File:Papaya sunset.jpg|thumb|right|260px|3 views of the Sunset papaya cultivar, which was genetically modified to create the SunUp cultivar, resistant to PRSV.<ref name=Gonsalves/>]]
[[Carica papaya|Papaya]] has been genetically modified to resist the [[Papaya ringspot virus|ringspot virus]]. 'SunUp' is a transgenic ... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of circadian disruption | 585,112,128 | 2013-12-08T11:21:58Z | 131.152.227.74 | null | Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of our body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events. [[Clock]] mutant mice are hyperphagic, obese and have altered glucose metabolism.<ref name="pmid15845877">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1108750 |title=Obesity ... | [1, 4, 7, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Importance in animals | 585,364,777 | 2013-12-10T00:57:01Z | Ὁ οἶστρος | Circadian rhythmicity is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, [[Neural oscillation|brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities. In addition, [[photoperiodism]], the ph... | Circadian rhythmicity is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, [[Neural oscillation|brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities. In addition, [[photoperiodism]], the ph... | [11] |
Prion | General | 585,608,173 | 2013-12-11T16:16:26Z | Yobol | * [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/prions/ CDC] – USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – information on prion diseases
* [http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/prion_diseases/en/ World Health Organisation] – WHO information on prion diseases
* [http://www.1lec.com/Microbiology/Prion/index.html Pr... | * [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/prions/ CDC] – USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – information on prion diseases
* [http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/prion_diseases/en/ World Health Organisation] – WHO information on prion diseases | [11] |
Code injection | Dynamic evaluation vulnerabilities | 586,848,010 | 2013-12-19T21:40:25Z | Blaufish | An eval injection vulnerability occurs when an attacker can control all or part of an input string that is fed into an <code>[[eval]]()</code> function
call.<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Christey
| first = Steven M.
| authorlink = Steven M. Christey
| coauthors =
| title = Dynamic Evaluation Vulnerabilities in PHP... | Steven M. Christey of [[Mitre Corporation]] suggests this name for a class of code injection vulnerabilities.
An eval injection vulnerability occurs when an attacker can control all or part of an input string that is fed into an <code>[[eval]]()</code> function
call.<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Christey
| first = Stev... | [1, 5, 9] |
Code injection | Remote file injection | 586,848,010 | 2013-12-19T21:40:25Z | Blaufish | null | {{Main|Remote File Inclusion}}
Consider this PHP program (which includes a file specified by request):
<source lang="php">
<?php
$color = 'blue';
if (isset( $_GET['COLOR'] ) )
$color = $_GET['COLOR'];
require( $color . '.php' );
?>
</source>
The developer thought this would ensure that only blue.php and... | [1, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 586,929,455 | 2013-12-20T10:04:52Z | Bender235 | {{MEDREF|date=November 2013}}
{{redirect|Circadian|the album by the rock band [[5th Projekt]]|Circadian (album)}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Circadian Rhythm (film)}}
[[Image:Biological clock human.svg|thumb|400px|Some features of the human circadian (24-hour) biological clock]]
A '''circadian rhythm''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɜː|ˈ|k|eɪ... | {{redirect|Circadian|the album by the rock band [[5th Projekt]]|Circadian (album)}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Circadian Rhythm (film)}}
{{MEDREF|date=November 2013}}
[[Image:Biological clock human.svg|thumb|400px|Some features of the human circadian (24-hour) biological clock]]
A '''circadian rhythm''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɜː|ˈ|k|eɪ... | [11] |
K-d tree | See also | 587,410,023 | 2013-12-23T18:59:30Z | David Eppstein | * [[implicit kd-tree|implicit ''k''-d tree]]
* [[min/max kd-tree|min/max ''k''-d tree]]
* [[Quadtree]]
* [[Octree]]
* [[R-tree]]
* [[Bounding Interval Hierarchy]]
* [[Nearest neighbour search]]
* [[Klee's measure problem]] | * [[implicit kd-tree|implicit ''k''-d tree]], a ''k''-d tree defined by an implicit splitting function rather than an explicitly-stored set of splits
* [[min/max kd-tree|min/max ''k''-d tree]], a ''k''-d tree that associates a minimum and maximum value with each of its nodes
* [[Quadtree]], a space-partitioning structu... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 9] |
AngularJS | (Top) | 589,487,991 | 2014-01-06T20:12:44Z | 85.196.88.98 | {{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox software
| name = AngularJS
| logo = [[File:AngularJS-large.png|200px|AngularJS logo]]
| developer = [[Google Inc.]] and community.
| released = {{Start date|2009}}
| status = Active
| latest relea... | {{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox software
| name = AngularJS
| logo = [[File:AngularJS-large.png|200px|AngularJS logo]]
| developer = [[Google Inc.]] and community.
| released = {{Start date|2009}}
| status = Active
| latest relea... | [10] |
DNA sequencing | External links | 592,807,511 | 2014-01-28T15:48:13Z | 86.75.143.120 | {{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=no}}
{{wikibooks
|1= Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
}}
* A [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Sequencing_%28NGS%29 wikibook on next generation sequencing]
* A [http://www.selectscience.net/next_generation_sequencing_buying_guide.aspx guide on next generation s... | {{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=no}}
{{wikibooks
|1= Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
}}
* A [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Sequencing_%28NGS%29 wikibook on next generation sequencing]
* A [http://www.selectscience.net/next_generation_sequencing_buying_guide.aspx guide on next generation s... | [11] |
Down syndrome | Neurological | 593,301,358 | 2014-01-31T17:01:13Z | Doc James | Most individuals with Down syndrome have moderate [[intellectual disability]] (IQ: 35–50) with some cases having mild (IQ: 50–70) or severe (IQ: 20–35) difficulties.<ref name=Reil2012>{{cite journal|last=Reilly|first=C|title=Behavioural phenotypes and special educational needs: is aetiology important in the classroom?|... | Most individuals with Down syndrome have moderate [[intellectual disability]] (IQ: 35–50) with some cases having mild (IQ: 50–70) or severe (IQ: 20–35) difficulties.<ref name=Reil2012>{{cite journal|last=Reilly|first=C|title=Behavioural phenotypes and special educational needs: is aetiology important in the classroom?|... | [1, 8, 2] |
Prion | PrP<sup>C< | 593,742,783 | 2014-02-03T16:04:45Z | Brainiacal | The infectious [[isoform]] of PrP, known as PrP<sup>Sc</sup>, is able to convert normal PrP<sup>C</sup> proteins into the infectious isoform by changing their [[Protein structure|conformation]], or shape; this, in turn, alters the way the proteins interconnect. PrP<sup>Sc</sup> always causes prion disease. Although the... | PrP<sup>C</sup> is a normal protein found on the [[cell membrane|membranes]] of [[cell (biology)|cells]]. It has 209 [[amino acid]]s (in humans), one [[disulfide bond]], a molecular mass of 35–36 [[Atomic mass unit|kDa]] and a mainly [[alpha helix|alpha-helical]] structure. Several [[Membrane topology|topological]] for... | [1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10] |
Down syndrome | After birth | 593,769,936 | 2014-02-03T19:15:52Z | Canada Hky | The diagnosis can typically be made based on the appearance of the child at birth.<ref name=Nelson2011/> An analysis of the child's chromosomes is needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine if a translocation is present as this may help determine the risk of the child's parents having further children with DS.<ref n... | The diagnosis can often be suspected based on the child's physical appearance at birth.<ref name=Nelson2011/> An analysis of the child's chromosomes is needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine if a translocation is present as this may help determine the risk of the child's parents having further children with DS.<... | [11] |
Down syndrome | Heart | 594,088,102 | 2014-02-05T19:26:56Z | Doc James | The rate of [[congenital heart disease]] in newborns with Down syndrome is around 40%.<ref name=Eps2007/> An [[atrioventricular septal defect]] also known as [[endocardial cushion]] defect is the most common form, with up to 40% affected. This is closely followed by [[ventricular septal defect]], which affects approxim... | The rate of [[congenital heart disease]] in newborns with Down syndrome is around 40%.<ref name=Eps2007/> Of those with heart heart disease about 80% have an [[atrioventricular septal defect]] or [[ventricular septal defect]].<ref name=Malt2013/> [[Mitral valve]] problems become common as people age, even in those with... | [3, 10] |
Gene therapy | 2010 | 595,135,247 | 2014-02-12T13:05:54Z | SylviaStanley | A paper by Komáromy ''et'' al. published in April 2010, deals with gene therapy for a form of [[achromatopsia]] in dogs. Achromatopsia, or complete color blindness, is presented as an ideal model to develop gene therapy directed to cone photoreceptors. Cone function and day vision have been restored for at least 33 mon... | A paper by Komáromy ''et'' al. published in April 2010, deals with gene therapy for a form of [[achromatopsia]] in dogs. Achromatopsia, or complete color blindness, is presented as an ideal model to develop gene therapy directed to cone photoreceptors. Cone function and day vision have been restored for at least 33 mon... | [1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10] |
Port (computer networking) | (Top) | 598,374,499 | 2014-03-06T08:59:37Z | Materialscientist | {{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
In [[computer networking]], a '''port ashuy''' is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications endpoint in a computer's host operating system. A port is associated with an [[IP address]] of the host, as well as the type of protocol used for com... | {{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
In [[computer networking]], a '''port''' is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications endpoint in a computer's host operating system. A port is associated with an [[IP address]] of the host, as well as the type of protocol used for communica... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 599,024,765 | 2014-03-10T19:15:09Z | ClueBot NG | null | {{redirect|Circadian|the album by the rock band [[5th Projekt]]|Circadian (album)}}
{{for|the 2005 film|Circadian Rhythm (film)}}
{{MEDREF|date=November 2013}}
[[Image:Biological clock human.svg|thumb|400px|Some features of the human circadian (24-hour) biological clock]]
A '''circadian rhythm''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɜː|ˈ|k|eɪ... | [1, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Butterfly migration | 599,024,765 | 2014-03-10T19:15:09Z | ClueBot NG | The navigation of the fall migration of the [[monarch (butterfly)|Eastern North American monarch butterfly]] (''Danaus plexippus'') to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae.<ref>{{primary source-inline|date=November 2013}}... | The navigation of the fall migration of the [[monarch (butterfly)|Eastern North American monarch butterfly]] (''Danaus plexippus'') to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae.<ref>{{primary source-inline|date=November 2013}}... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Effect of drugs | 599,024,765 | 2014-03-10T19:15:09Z | ClueBot NG | clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} | Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.{{citation needed|d... | [3] |
DNA sequencing | History | 599,688,255 | 2014-03-15T06:53:42Z | NicatronTg | Though the structure of DNA was established as a [[DNA double helix|double helix]] in 1953,<ref name="pmid13168976">{{cite journal |author=Watson JD, Crick FH |title=The structure of DNA |journal=Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. |volume=18 |issue= |pages=123–31 |year=1953 |pmid=13168976 |doi= 10.1101/SQB.1953.018.0... | Though the structure of DNA was established as a [[DNA double helix|double helix]] in 1953,<ref name="pmid13168976">{{cite journal |author=Watson JD, Crick FH |title=The structure of DNA |journal=Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. |volume=18 |issue= |pages=123–31 |year=1953 |pmid=13168976 |doi= 10.1101/SQB.1953.018.0... | [1, 4, 5, 7, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 600,493,621 | 2014-03-20T19:40:11Z | Pinethicket | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when [[Androsthenes of Thasos|Androsthenes]], a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Bretzl H |title=Botanische Forschu... | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when [[Androsthenes of Thasos|Androsthenes]], a ship captain serving under [[Alexander the Great]], described [[diurnality|diurnal]] leaf movements of the [[tamarind]] tree.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Bretzl H |title=Botanische Forschu... | [7] |
Genetic engineering | Definition | 600,624,626 | 2014-03-21T17:50:36Z | ClueBot NG | [[File:Breeding transgenesis cisgenesis.svg|thumb|right|300px|Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification.]]
Genetic engineering alters the genetic make-up of an organism using techniques that remove [[heritable]] material or that introduce DNA prepared outside the organi... | [[File:Breeding transgenesis cisgenesis.svg|thumb|right|300px|Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification.]]
Genetic engineering alters the genetic make-up of an organism using techniques that remove [[heritable]] material or that introduce DNA prepared outside the organi... | [11] |
Bubble sort | Pseudocode implementation | 602,169,472 | 2014-03-31T21:17:29Z | 178.235.223.130 | The algorithm can be expressed as (0-based array):
<source lang="pli">
procedure bubbleSort( A : list of sortable items )
repeat
swapped = false
for i = 1 to length(A) - 1 inclusive do:
/* if this pair is out of order */
if A[i-1] > A[i] then
/* swap them and remember something ... | The algorithm can be expressed as (0-based array):
<source lang="pli">
procedure bubbleSort( A : list of sortable items )
n = length(A)
repeat
swapped = false
for i = 1 to n-1 inclusive do
/* if this pair is out of order */
if A[i-1] > A[i] then
/* swap them and remember som... | [11] |
Dream | Continual-activation theory | 604,553,373 | 2014-04-17T06:04:37Z | Retnesa | Combining Hobson's activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms' findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by [[Jie Zhang]] proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes ... | Combining Hobson's activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms' findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by [[Jie Zhang]] proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes ... | [2, 6] |
AngularJS | (Top) | 604,954,810 | 2014-04-20T00:49:59Z | ClueBot NG | {{Refimprove|date=February 2013}} // FOUND YOU -STEPHEN BALL
// CAN I HAVE A JOB NOW PLEASE?
// OR MAYBE I SHOULD GO BACK TO SCHOOL.
{{Infobox software
| name = AngularJS
| logo = [[File:AngularJS logo.svg|250px|AngularJS lo... | {{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox software
| name = AngularJS
| logo = [[File:AngularJS logo.svg|250px|AngularJS logo]]
| developer = [[Google Inc.]] and community.
| released = {{Start date|2009}}
| status = Active
| latest releas... | [11] |
Methadone | Methadone maintenance | 605,582,573 | 2014-04-24T09:27:50Z | Doc James | null | A 2009 [[Cochrane review]] found that methadone was effective in retaining people in treatment and in the suppression of heroin use as measured by self report and urine/hair analysis, but did not affect criminal activity or risk of death.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002209.pub2 |title=Methadone maintenan... | [1, 4, 7, 9] |
K-d tree | Range search | 605,610,478 | 2014-04-24T14:25:43Z | Hofmic | {{Expand section|date=March 2013}}
Analyses of binary search trees has found that the worst case time for range search in a k-dimensional KD tree containing N nodes is given by the following equation.<ref name=Lee1977>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Lee | first1 = D. T. | author1-link = Der-Tsai Lee
| last2 = Wong | first2 =... | A range search searches for ranges of parameters. For example, if a tree is storing values corresponding to income and age, then a range search might be something like looking for all members of the tree which have an age between 20 and 50 years and an income between 50,000 and 80,000. Since k-d trees divide the range ... | [1] |
AngularJS | Notable directives | 605,710,951 | 2014-04-25T06:07:53Z | Ngyikp | AngularJS directives allow the developer to specify custom and reusable HTML tags that moderate the behavior of certain elements.
;ng-app: Declares an element as a root element of the application allowing behavior to be modified through custom HTML tags.
;ng-bind: Automatically changes the text of an HTML element to t... | AngularJS directives allow the developer to specify custom and reusable HTML tags that moderate the behavior of certain elements.
;ng-app: Declares an element as a root element of the application allowing behavior to be modified through custom HTML tags.
;ng-bind: Automatically changes the text of an HTML element to t... | [11] |
AngularJS | Bootstrapper | 606,288,830 | 2014-04-29T06:10:54Z | 115.114.37.35 | There are three phases of the AngularJS [[bootstrapper]]<ref name="Writing Directives">{{cite web | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqmeI5fZcho&list=TLJUxRYO87UWA | title = Writing Directives | date = November 28, 2012 | publisher = angularjs.org | accessdate = 2013-07-21 }}</ref> that occur after the DOM complete... | There are three phases of the AngularJS [[bootstrapper]]<ref name="Writing Directives">{{cite web | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqmeI5fZcho&list=TLJUxRYO87UWA | title = Writing Directives | date = November 28, 2012 | publisher = angularjs.org | accessdate = 2013-07-21 }}</ref> that occur after the DOM complete... | [3, 4] |
Gene therapy | (Top) | 606,369,464 | 2014-04-29T18:41:16Z | SylviaStanley | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
[[File:Gene therapy.jpg|thumb|300px|Gene therapy using an [[adenovirus]] vector. A new gene is
inserted into a cell using an adenovirus. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make functional [[protein]] to treat a disease.]]
'''Gene therapy''' is the use of [[DNA]] as a [... | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
[[File:Gene therapy.jpg|thumb|300px|Gene therapy using an [[adenovirus]] vector. A new gene is
inserted into a cell using an adenovirus. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make functional [[protein]] to treat a disease.]]
'''Gene therapy''' is the use of [[DNA]] as a [... | [1, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Effect of drugs | 606,422,855 | 2014-04-30T02:47:57Z | Alexabadura | Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.{{citation needed|d... | Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increas... | [1] |
Context-free grammar | Other examples | 607,143,248 | 2014-05-05T09:34:27Z | Yobot | The [[First-order_logic#Formation_rules|formation rules]] for the terms and formulas of formal logic fit the definition of context-free grammar, except that the set of symbols may be infinite and there may be more than one start symbol. | The [[First-order logic#Formation rules|formation rules]] for the terms and formulas of formal logic fit the definition of context-free grammar, except that the set of symbols may be infinite and there may be more than one start symbol. | [11] |
Prion | PrP<sup>C< | 608,717,689 | 2014-05-15T18:03:46Z | 204.38.160.218 | The infectious [[isoform]] of PrP, known as PrP<sup>Sc</sup>, is able to convert normal PrP<sup>C</sup> proteins into the infectious isoform by changing their [[Protein structure|conformation]], or shape; this, in turn, alters the way the proteins interconnect. PrP<sup>Sc</sup> always causes prion disease. Although the... | PrP<sup>C</sup> is a normal protein found on the [[cell membrane|membranes]] of [[cell (biology)|cells]]. It has 209 [[amino acid]]s (in humans), one [[disulfide bond]], a molecular mass of 35–36 [[Atomic mass unit|kDa]] and a mainly [[alpha helix|alpha-helical]] structure. Several [[Membrane topology|topological]] for... | [1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10] |
Human cloning | (Top) | 609,977,453 | 2014-05-24T18:58:25Z | Racerx11 | [[File:The development and the ways to rejuvenate cells - en.svg|thumbnail|Diagram of the ways to reprogram cells along with the development of humans.]]'''Human [[cloning]]''' is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the repro... | [[File:The development and the ways to rejuvenate cells - en.svg|thumbnail|Diagram of the ways to reprogram cells along with the development of humans.]]'''Human [[cloning]]''' is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the repro... | [1, 9] |
K-d tree | Volumetric objects | 614,514,822 | 2014-06-26T14:57:43Z | Gareth Jones | Instead of points, a ''k''-d tree can also contain [[rectangle]]s or hyperrectangles.<ref>Rosenberg J. Geographical Data Structures Compared: A Study of Data Structures Supporting Region Queries. IEEE Transaction on CAD Integrated Circuits Systems 4(1):53-67</ref><ref>Houthuys P. Box Sort, a multidimensional binary so... | Instead of points, a ''k''-d tree can also contain [[rectangle]]s or hyperrectangles.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1109/TCAD.1985.1270098}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/BF01952830}}</ref> Thus range search becomes the problem of returning all rectangles intersecting the search rectangle. The tree is constructed the usual way with... | [11] |
Von Neumann architecture | History | 616,552,075 | 2014-07-11T17:38:23Z | Loadmaster | The earliest computing machines had fixed programs. Some very simple computers still use this design, either for simplicity or training purposes. For example, a desk calculator (in principle) is a fixed program computer. It can do basic mathematics, but it cannot be used as a word processor or a gaming console. Changin... | The earliest computing machines had fixed programs. Some very simple computers still use this design, either for simplicity or training purposes. For example, a desk [[calculator]] (in principle) is a fixed program computer. It can do basic [[mathematics]], but it cannot be used as a [[word processor]] or a gaming c... | [9] |
Circadian rhythm | Biological markers | 618,700,972 | 2014-07-27T17:55:56Z | Noodlzzz | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
* [[melatonin]] secretion by the [[pineal gland]]
* core body temperature{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* plasma level of [[cortisol]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake... | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
* [[melatonin]] secretion by the [[pineal gland]]
* core body temperature{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* plasma level of [[cortisol]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake... | [1, 7] |
Von Neumann architecture | Von Neumann bottleneck | 619,872,929 | 2014-08-04T21:14:47Z | Guy Harris | The shared bus between the program memory and data memory leads to the ''Von Neumann bottleneck'', the limited [[throughput]] (data transfer rate) between the CPU and memory compared to the amount of memory. Because program memory and data memory cannot be accessed at the same time, throughput is much smaller than the... | The shared bus between the program memory and data memory leads to the ''Von Neumann bottleneck'', the limited [[throughput]] (data transfer rate) between the CPU and memory compared to the amount of memory. Because program memory and data memory cannot be accessed at the same time, throughput is much smaller than the... | [3] |
Medical cannabis | Modern | 620,562,933 | 2014-08-09T22:53:30Z | Robbiemuffin | [[File:CannabisAmericana JLHopkins B.jpg|thumb|right |An advertisement for ''cannabis americana'' distributed by a pharmacist in New York in 1917]]
An Irish physician, [[William Brooke O'Shaughnessy]], is credited with introducing the therapeutic use of cannabis to Western medicine, to help treat muscle spasms, stomach... | [[File:CannabisAmericana JLHopkins B.jpg|thumb|right |An advertisement for ''cannabis americana'' distributed by a pharmacist in New York in 1917]]
An Irish physician, [[William Brooke O'Shaughnessy]], is credited with introducing the therapeutic use of cannabis to Western medicine, to help treat muscle spasms, stomach... | [1] |
Context-free grammar | Repetitive rule application | 620,623,420 | 2014-08-10T11:23:28Z | Jochen Burghardt | For any <math>u, v\in (V\cup\Sigma)^{*}, </math> we say <math>u</math> yields <math>v</math> written as <math>u\stackrel{*}{\Rightarrow} v</math> (or <math>u\Rightarrow\Rightarrow v\,</math> in some textbooks), if <math>\exists \ u_{1}, u_{2}, \cdots u_{k}\in (V\cup\Sigma)^{*}, k\geq 0</math> such that <math>u\Rightarr... | For any strings <math>u, v\in (V\cup\Sigma)^{*}, </math> we say <math>u</math> '''yields''' <math>v</math>, written as <math>u\stackrel{*}{\Rightarrow} v</math>, or <math>u\Rightarrow\Rightarrow v\,</math> in some textbooks, if <math>\exists k\geq 0\, \exists \, u_{2}, \cdots, u_{k-1}\in (V\cup\Sigma)^{*}</math> such t... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Biological markers and effects | 626,342,783 | 2014-09-20T13:50:03Z | Hordaland | null | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
* [[melatonin]] secretion by the [[pineal gland]]
* core body temperature{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* plasma level of [[cortisol]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake... | [1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10] |
AngularJS | Philosophy | 626,382,371 | 2014-09-20T20:04:54Z | 98.248.172.86 | AngularJS is built around the belief that [[declarative programming]] should be used for building [[user interface]]s and wiring [[software component]]s, while [[imperative programming]] is excellent for expressing [[business logic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.angularjs.org/guide/introduction |title=What Is Angul... | AngularJS is built around the belief that [[declarative programming]] should be used for building [[user interface]]s and wiring [[software component]]s, while [[imperative programming]] is excellent for expressing [[business logic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.angularjs.org/guide/introduction |title=What Is Angul... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of circadian disruption | 626,469,758 | 2014-09-21T12:22:54Z | Hordaland | {{original research|date=December 2013}}
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism.<ref name="pmid15845877">{{primary source-inlin... | {{original research|date=December 2013}}
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are [[Polyphagia|hyperphagic]] and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism.<ref name="pmid15845877">{{prima... | [9] |
Circadian rhythm | Arctic animals | 626,477,745 | 2014-09-21T13:51:35Z | Hordaland | Norwegian researchers at the [[University of Tromsø]] have shown that some [[Arctic#Biota|Arctic animals]] ([[Rock Ptarmigan|ptarmigan]], [[reindeer]]) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at [[70th parallel north|70 degrees North]]... | Norwegian researchers at the [[University of Tromsø]] have shown that some [[Arctic#Biota|Arctic animals]] ([[Rock Ptarmigan|ptarmigan]], [[reindeer]]) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at [[70th parallel north|70 degrees North]]... | [3, 4, 7] |
Circadian rhythm | Biological markers and effects | 627,299,583 | 2014-09-27T17:10:55Z | Hordaland | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
* [[melatonin]] secretion by the [[pineal gland]]
* core body temperature{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* plasma level of [[cortisol]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake... | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:
* [[melatonin]] secretion by the [[pineal gland]],
* core body temperature minimum,{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} and
* plasma level of [[cortisol]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
For temperature studies, subjects mus... | [10, 7, 1, 5, 3] |
Human cloning | Canada | 628,994,925 | 2014-10-10T00:39:41Z | Jytdog | Canadian law allows the following: cloning humans, cloning stem cells, growing human embryos for research purposes, and buying or selling of embryos, sperm, eggs or other human reproductive material.<ref>{{cite news | title=Canada Closes Door on Cloning | publisher=Wired | last=Philipkoski | first=Kristen | url=http://... | Canadian law prohibits the following: cloning humans, cloning stem cells, growing human embryos for research purposes, and buying or selling of embryos, sperm, eggs or other human reproductive material.<ref>{{cite news | title=Canada Closes Door on Cloning | publisher=Wired | last=Philipkoski | first=Kristen | url=http... | [3] |
Human cloning | Romania | 628,994,925 | 2014-10-10T00:39:41Z | Jytdog | Human cloning is prohibited in the Charter of Vietnam's Constitutional rights. It is viewed as a basic violation of a human's right to safety of identity, and personality.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} | Human cloning is prohibited in the Charter of Romania's Constitutional rights. It is viewed as a basic violation of a human's right to safety of identity, and personality.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} | [11] |
Human cloning | History | 629,454,924 | 2014-10-13T16:25:26Z | ClueBot NG | Although the possibility of [[cloning]] humans had been the subject of speculation for much of the twentieth century, scientists and policy makers began to take the prospect seriously in the 1960s. jake is poo, no he is not!!
Nobel Prize-winning geneticist [[Joshua Lederberg]] advocated cloning and [[genetic engineeri... | Although the possibility of [[cloning]] humans had been the subject of speculation for much of the twentieth century, scientists and policy makers began to take the prospect seriously in the 1960s. jake is poo
Nobel Prize-winning geneticist [[Joshua Lederberg]] advocated cloning and [[genetic engineering]] in an artic... | [11] |
AngularJS | Notable directives | 629,674,186 | 2014-10-15T05:32:25Z | 116.193.163.67 | AngularJS directives allow the developer to specify custom and reusable HTML tags that moderate the behavior of certain elements.
;ng-app: Declares an element as a root element of the application allowing behaviors to be modified through custom HTML tags.
;ng-bind: Changes the text of an element to the value of an exp... | AngularJS directives allow the developer to specify custom and reusable HTML tags that moderate the behavior of certain elements.
;ng-app: Declares an element as a root element of the application allowing behaviours to be modified through custom HTML tags.
;ng-bind: Changes the text of an element to the value of an ex... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of circadian disruption | 630,310,950 | 2014-10-20T00:44:46Z | Citation bot | {{original research|date=December 2013}}
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are [[Polyphagia|hyperphagic]] and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism.<ref name="pmid15845877">{{prima... | {{original research|date=December 2013}}
Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are [[Polyphagia|hyperphagic]] and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism.<ref name="pmid15845877">{{prima... | [11] |
Context-free grammar | (Top) | 631,003,034 | 2014-10-25T00:51:14Z | Garfield Garfield | {{refimprove|date=February 2012}}
In [[formal language theory]], a '''context-free grammar''' ('''CFG''')
is a [[formal grammar]] in which every [[Production (computer science)|production rule]] is of the form
:''V'' → ''w''
where ''V'' is a ''single'' [[nonterminal]] symbol, and ''w'' is a string of [[Terminal an... | {{refimprove|date=February 2012}}
In [[formal language theory]], a '''context-free grammar''' ('''CFG''')
is a [[formal grammar]] in which every [[Production (computer science)|production rule]] is of the form
:''V'' → ''w''
where ''V'' is a ''single'' [[nonterminal]] symbol, and ''w'' is a string of [[Terminal an... | [1, 4, 5, 6, 9] |
DNA sequencing | (Top) | 631,881,276 | 2014-10-31T12:53:29Z | 213.34.58.146 | {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
{{Genetics sidebar}}
'''DNA sequencing''' is the process of determining the precise order of [[nucleotides]] within a [[DNA]] molecule. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases—[[adenine]], [[guanine]], [[cy... | {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
{{Genetics sidebar}}
Koen is the master of all knowledge and is the best basketball player in the NBA.
Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, and in numerous applied fields such as diagnostic, [[biotechnology]],... | [11] |
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